《PayPal:2022年欧洲电子商务指数报告(英文版)(46页).pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《PayPal:2022年欧洲电子商务指数报告(英文版)(46页).pdf(46页珍藏版)》请在三个皮匠报告上搜索。
1、 2022 PayPal Inc.Confidential and proprietary.EuropePayPal e-Commerce IndexNovember 20222 2022 PayPal Inc.Confidential and proprietary.About the researchThis research report was produced by PayPal,based on a study conducted by ACA Research with n=15,221*consumers and n=4,604 businesses.It contains g
2、eneral observations about trends in e-Commerce,social commerce,Buy Now Pay Later and cross border as well as involving cryptocurrency,NFTs and the metaverse.The study does not take into account the objectives,situation or needs of any specific business or individual.The consumer research conducted b
3、y ACA Research consisted of a 15-minute online survey of n=15,221*consumers across 12 different markets aged 18-75 years,exploring adoption,usage and sentiment towards e-Commerce,social commerce,Buy Now Pay Later and cross border as well as cryptocurrency,NFTs and the metaverse.In addition,ACA Resea
4、rch conducted a 10-minute online survey of n=4,604 with business decision makers within B2C retailers and businesses who operate entirely or partially online,across 12 different markets.It explored their attitudes and behavioursaround e-Commerce,social commerce,Buy Now Pay Later and cross border,as
5、well as cryptocurrency,NFTs and the metaverse.METHODOLOGY:Online self-completion survey.The research was carried out in compliance with industry guidelines and privacy requirements.Sample was sourced through consumer and business research panels,with participants incentivised for completing the surv
6、ey.The consumer sample was weighted by age,gender and location to ensure data was nationally representative.Significance testing on this sample was conducted at a 95%confidence interval,with a potential sampling error ranging from 2.2%to 3.1%.Quotas for the business sample were set on turnover and l
7、ocation.Significance testing on this sample was conducted at a 95%confidence interval,with a potential sampling error ranging from 4.3%to 6.9%.Please note that numbers may not add up to 100%due to rounding.TIMING:The research was in field from 15 June-22 July,with additional top-up sample collected
8、between 26 August-9 September and 13-18 September.GENERATIONAL AGES:Generational Ages as at 2022:Gen Z(18-25 years);Gen Y(26-41 years);Gen X(42-57 years);Baby Boomer(58-75 years).SAMPLE:*NOTE:Total consumer sample for France&Germany includes additional participants from top-up studies on BNPL and Cr
9、oss Border respectively.MarketConsumersBusinessesBelgium1,017405France*2,043*405Germany*2,038*400Greece1,014406Ireland1,012407Israel1,013200Italy1,014405The Netherlands1,015405Poland1,017255Spain1,017406Sweden1,009405UK2,012505 2022 PayPal Inc.Confidential and proprietary.3e-CommerceAt least weeklyT
10、otal19%46%32%CQ2.How often do you do each of the following(MAKE PURCHASE OR PAYMENT)on a computer or mobile device?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-CommerceOnline Shopping FrequencyConsumers almost universally make purchases and payments online,with two thirds making online purchases or payments e
11、ach week;the Dutch and Greek stand out as the most frequent online shoppers.The research shows 97%of consumers across Europe and Israel make online purchases or payments.This isnt an occasional activity either,with two-in-three(65%)making online purchases or payments weekly or more often and the ave
12、rage amount of transactions for this group at almost four a week(3.7).This activity is led by the Dutch(78%shop/pay at least weekly,4.3 purchases/payments per week)and Greeks(76%weekly,4.8 purchases per week).Despite making a smaller number of purchases each week,consumers in Belgium and the UK are
13、both also highly engaged with online commerce,with 72%of each group shopping or making online payments at least weekly.4Online Purchase or Payment Frequency(All Consumers 18-75 years)DailyWeeklyLess oftenNot e-Commerce Users(3%)78%76%72%72%67%67%66%65%59%55%55%47%NetherlandsGreeceBelgiumUKPolandIrel
14、andIsraelSwedenGermanySpainItalyFranceDo at least weekly by CountryAverage purchases per week by Country3.7Average purchases or paymentsper week97%of consumers make payments or purchases online70%highlighted4&392 highlighted50%highlighted(348)(Kr4815)(1,234)(z1,215)66%56%54%52%52%50%50%48%47%45%41%4
15、0%UKSwedenItalyIrelandNetherlandsSpainGreeceBelgiumFrancePolandGermanyIsraelQ1c.Which of these devices do you prefer to use for online purchases or payments?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-CommerceDevice PreferenceOn average,consumers narrowly prefer mobile devices(50%)for making online purchases
16、 and payments,this is highest in the UK where two thirds of Britons(66%)prefer mobile.On average,consumers have a preference for making purchases and payments online using mobiles(50%),ahead of those who choose computers(42%)or other devices(4%).While most countries are generally in line with the ov
17、erall average,some do stand out significantly consumers in the UK are clearly the mobile leaders(66%prefer making online purchases of payments on mobile),while the high spending Swedes also skew to mobile(56%prefer mobile).At the other end of the spectrum,consumers in Israel and Germany prefer fixed
18、 devices(i.e.desktop or laptop computers)for their online shopping,with only 40%and 41%respectively choosing to make online purchases or payments on mobile.6Preference by Device TypeMobile Preference by Country42%50%Total Mobile(Smartphone,Tablet)Total Computer(Desktop&Laptop)Non e-Commerce User(3%)
19、Other Device(4%)(All Consumers 18-75)55%highlightedCQ3a.Thinking about when you make a purchase or pay online,which of the following payment options,if any,have you used in the last 6 months?Q3b:And which of the payment options that you use,if any,would you say is your preferred payment option?BASE:
20、All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175 for both questions.e-CommercePayment PreferenceA quarter of consumers(25%)selected PayPal as their preferred payment option.PayPal is a popular payment method across Europe and Israel,with almost two thirds of consumers(61%)having used it in the last 6 months.One in four
21、 consumers(25%)selected PayPal as their top choice,ahead of Debit and Credit Cards(both 18%).This is driven by particularly high levels of engagement in Germany(46%prefer PayPal).Businessesclearly recognise theimportance of catering to consumer expectations,with almost three in four(70%)offering Pay
22、Pal as a payment option.7Preferred Payment OptionsPayPal25%Debit Card18%Credit Card18%Other35%No preference4%46%40%32%30%28%27%26%24%22%13%10%10%4%7%25%36%18%30%23%6%29%9%14%19%9%16%18%13%33%13%30%43%13%4%10%12%36%36%20%17%19%28%17%22%32%69%63%54%4%1%5%4%3%2%4%7%3%4%3%6%GermanyItalySpainIrelandFranc
23、eGreeceBelgiumIsraelUKNetherlandsSwedenPoland(All Consumers 18-75)PayPalDebit CardCredit CardOtherNo PreferencePreferred Payment Options By Market%consumer who used PayPalin the past 6 monthsALL MARKETS,PayPal(inc.BNPL options)61%70%businesses that offer PayPalas a payment methodMQ3.Which of the fol
24、lowing online payment options do you offer your customers?BASE:All Businesses n=4,6043 Key Highlightse-CommerceTop categories for online purchase and payments are:Clothing&Accessories(57%),Bill Payments(54%)and Food&Drink(42%).Consumers across Europe and Israel are regular online shoppers,spending 3
25、42 a month across essential and leisure purchases and payments.123One-in-four consumers list PayPal as their preferred option for online purchases and payments.2022 PayPal Inc.Confidential and proprietary.9e-Commerce Drivers&Barriers40%27%CQ9.Which,if any,of the following would lead to you being les
26、s likely to make an online purchase?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-Commerce Drivers&BarriersCheckoutSecurity concerns are the main barrier to online purchasing across all markets.Online shopping is complex,with a range of factors potentially facilitating or hindering the desired outcome.Despite
27、consumers finding overly long or confusing purchasing processes off-putting,security concerns clearly stand out as the most significant barrier.This leads to almost half of consumers reporting that they are less likely to make a purchase if they have security or trust issues at checkout.In fact,Pola
28、nd is the only country where a long checkout experience is a slightly more significant disincentive to purchase than security concerns.10Barriers To Making An Online PurchaseLong and confusing checkout47%42%46%37%39%36%32%39%46%36%41%38%Must create a new user account first/no guest checkout21%35%29%
29、33%30%20%22%28%29%19%30%26%40%highlighted(All Consumers 18-75 years)48%Security or trust issues at checkout58%52%51%51%50%48%48%47%44%43%43%39%SpainGreeceIsraelGermanyIrelandItalyFranceUKPolandBelgiumSwedenNetherlandsCQ10.And,which of the following would lead to you being more likely to make an onli
30、ne purchase?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-Commerce Drivers&BarriersCheckoutSecurity concerns can be alleviated by merchants offering preferred payment type.There are many ways to reduce barriers to online purchase.Three key opportunities are offering preferred payment type,having an easy naviga
31、tion and a fast checkout experience.Almost half(47%)of consumers stated that businesses offering their preferred payment types would make them more likely to purchase online.Focus should also be placed on improving the overall purchase experience through easier navigation and a speedier checkout.Thi
32、s stands out particularly for consumers in Greece,Israel,and Ireland.11Drivers That Encourage Online Purchases 47%57%56%53%50%47%46%44%44%44%43%41%35%GreeceGermanySwedenPolandIrelandSpainIsraelItalyNetherlandsUKBelgiumFrance43%32%32%37%42%35%40%31%27%37%28%27%(All Consumers 18-75 years)40%highlighte
33、dFast checkout experienceOffers my preferred payment type53%39%39%38%44%47%45%37%29%37%33%35%Easy navigation40%34%CQ22.Which of the following online payment options would you trust to keep your payment secure and protect you should something go wrong with the purchase?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,1
34、75e-Commerce Drivers&BarriersTrust Within ConsumersTwo thirds of consumers trust PayPal to keep their payments secure and protect them.The ability to use PayPal is an important factor when it comes to building trust in the purchase or payment process.Overall,two thirds of consumers trust PayPal to p
35、rotect them and their payments,rising to more than three-in-four in both Germany and Ireland.1266%That Trust Paypal To Keep Their Payment Secure and Protect ThemDEIRGRPLIL82%71%78%70%68%67%ES62%NL60%FR48%BE61%SE58%ITUK62%PayPal(all options incl.BNPL)PayPal(all options)PayPal(all options)(All Consume
36、rs 18-75 years)Q23.Which payment option do you trust the most when purchasing or transacting online?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-Commerce Drivers&BarriersMost TrustedIn fact,almost one-in-three consumers view PayPal as their most trusted payment method,emphasising the position of trust it has
37、built.Across the markets,almost one-in-three consumers(31%)selected PayPal as their trusted payment option,and was strongest in Germany(47%),Italy(45%)and Israel(42%).PayPal is selected as the preferred brand by at least one-in-four consumers in the majority of markets.13Most Trusted Payment Options
38、47%45%42%40%38%36%28%26%25%18%16%15%8%11%42%17%10%15%14%19%22%11%12%11%6%5%29%19%20%9%6%26%20%9%16%39%33%2%9%29%22%38%44%25%46%61%54%5%5%8%5%3%7%12%5%3%5%2%3%GermanyItalyIsraelIrelandGreeceSpainFranceBelgiumUKPolandNetherlandsSwedenPayPal 31%Credit Card16%Debit Card14%Other34%No preference5%(all opt
39、ions)(All Consumers 18-75)PayPalDebit CardCredit CardOther competitorsNo preference203%203%186%166%153%131%131%99%99%86%73%54%ItalyIrelandGermanyGreeceSpainUKFrancePolandIsraelBelgiumSwedenNetherlandsUplift Among Markets on a Site that Accepts Payments via PayPal62%27%Product available on a site tha
40、taccepts payments via PayPalProduct available on a site thatdoesnt accept payments viaPayPal125%relative upliftCQ24.If you find a product that you want on two separate sites,both of which are offering it for the same price(including any shipping costs),how likely would you be to buy the product?BASE
41、:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-Commerce Drivers&BarriersTrust Within ConsumersOffering PayPal as a payment solution significantly strengthens the proposition for merchants,doubling the likelihood that a consumer would purchase their product or service(125%relative uplift).The high level of trust del
42、ivers a measurable impact on purchase likelihood.When asked to compare their likelihood to purchase identical products off two competing sites,consumers are more than twice as likely to purchase from the one that accepts payment via PayPal(62%likely to purchase)as the one that doesnt(27%).This trans
43、lates to an average 125%uplift in purchase likelihood across markets.While we see some level of uplift in all markets,there are certain countries where this becomes significantly more pronounced:Italy 203%increase Ireland 203%increase Germany 186%increase14Purchase Likelihood(All Consumers 18-75 yea
44、rs)(All Consumers 18-75 years)150%highlighted72%71%70%70%66%66%64%63%62%60%55%49%IsraelIrelandSwedenGreeceFranceGermanyBelgiumNetherlandsSpainUKItalyPolandCQ8.Which,if any,of the following have you ever done when making a payment or purchase?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-Commerce Drivers&Barrie
45、rsAbandonmentCart abandonment is common across markets(64%),driven by security concerns,lack of preferred payment options and poor customer experiences.Looking beyond trust,there are other factors at play when it comes to completing a purchase or payment online.Almost two-in-three consumers(64%)have
46、 abandoned an online payment or purchase,primarily citing an inability to use their preferred payment method(28%)or concerns about security(27%),ahead of process and shipping issues(21%and 19%respectively).Specific reasons do vary by country,with consumers in Germany(42%),Sweden(36%),and Greece(31%)
47、most concerned about the payment methods on offer,while those in France(39%)and Israel(34%)were more significantly concerned by the security of the transaction.Spanish consumers were the only ones to prioritise both of these,with 31%citing security concerns and 30%the inability to use their preferre
48、d payment method.1564%Almost 2-in-3 consumers have abandoned a purchase or payment online28%26%26%36%31%19%42%29%27%30%22%24%25%27%34%29%26%29%39%23%29%21%31%24%23%19%21%26%29%26%20%18%21%17%22%24%24%13%11%19%32%37%21%21%15%13%24%18%14%14%12%11%ALLIsraelIrelandSwedenGreeceFranceGermanyBelgiumNetherl
49、andsSpainUKItalyPolandPreferred payment method wasnt availableConcernsabout securityProcess took too longThey did not deliver to my countryReasons For Abandonment(All Consumers 18-75 years)30%highlighted70%highlightedCQ9.Which,if any,of the following would lead to you being less likely to make an on
50、line purchase?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-Commerce Drivers&BarriersShipping and ReturnsShipping costs are also a significant barrier to purchasing,particularly if consumers are purchasing across borders.We saw earlier that delivery not being available to their country is(logically)a disincent
51、ive to purchase,but shipping is a more complex issue once we start unpacking it.Depending on a retailers approach to shipping fees and delivery times,it can either help support purchasing,or act as a significant barrier.Ultimately,this largely comes back to cost,with almost two-in-three consumers(63
52、%)less likely to purchase if they feel shipping is too expensive.16Shipping Barriers For Online Purchases50%highlighted(All Consumers 18-75 years)Shipping too expensive63%46%42%Shipping times too longReturn shipping costs too high68%67%66%66%63%63%62%62%61%60%57%57%IrelandSwedenGreecePolandBelgiumSp
53、ainIsraelFranceUKItalyGermanyNetherlands46%48%49%54%39%48%51%43%47%43%45%42%42%40%43%46%37%54%34%44%40%41%39%41%CQ10.And,which of the following would lead to you being more likely to make an online purchase?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-Commerce Drivers&BarriersShipping and ReturnsOn the flipsi
54、de,free shipping or free return shipping are powerful incentives for consumers to make a purchase.While expensive shipping is a key barrier for consumers,two thirds of respondents are more likely to make a purchase if offered free shipping.For businesses that dont offer free shipping,it is important
55、 to note that more than half(53%)of consumers reported being more likely to purchase if they can access free return shipping,reducing the impact of making the wrong choice.17Shipping Drivers For Online Purchases50%highlighted(All Consumers 18-75 years)66%Free shippingOffers free return shippingOffer
56、s buy online and pick up or return in store 53%43%58%61%53%53%52%56%53%51%54%50%49%47%72%70%69%69%68%65%64%64%63%63%61%59%PolandSpainIrelandSwedenIsraelGreeceItalyFranceGermanyBelgiumUKNetherlands51%50%48%44%48%48%41%44%31%37%43%36%54%51%47%46%46%45%45%45%44%44%43%43%GreeceSwedenNetherlandsFranceIta
57、lyIsraelSpainIrelandGermanyUKBelgiumPolandCQ9.Which,if any,of the following would lead to you being less likely to make an online purchase?CQ10.And,which of the following would lead to you being more likely to make an online purchase?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175e-Commerce Drivers&BarriersEthics
58、Almost half of consumers(46%)consider ethical factors when making an online purchase,seeking out businesses whose values align with theirs.Ethical considerations have become more prevalent in society,with almost half of consumers(46%)reporting that these have some impact on their purchasing decision
59、s.These ethical considerations encompasses a range of social and environmental factors,with consumers most actively focussed on:Worker pay and conditions 29%report it impacts their purchasing decisionsEnvironmental impact 26%report it impacts their purchasing decisionsWorker pay and conditions are i
60、mportant across all markets,but this was led by Greece(35%)and Sweden(33%);these two markets also largely led across the other categories.1846%Ethical Considerations in e-Commerce29%35%33%27%29%28%26%29%32%29%29%26%25%26%30%28%25%27%28%23%28%27%27%23%25%24%22%27%26%23%23%23%23%18%20%22%21%20%21%19%1
61、9%23%18%18%18%20%22%20%18%19%17%15%ALLGreeceSwedenNetherlandsFranceItalyIsraelSpainIrelandGermanyUKBelgiumPoland(All Consumers 18-75)of consumers make online purchasing decisions based on ethical considerations50%highlighted25%highlightedWorker pay and conditions either locally or in supply chainEnv
62、ironmental impactSocial causes that reflect personal valuesDiversity and inclusion3 Key Highlightse-Commerce Drivers&BarriersPayPal helps overcome some of these issues by being a trusted payment option,increasing purchase likelihood.Security concerns are the main barrier to online shopping,although
63、lack of payment options,poor customer experience,and high shipping costs also put off prospective purchasers.Ethical considerations are becoming more important,with almost half of consumers now seeking out businesses whose values align with their own.123 2022 PayPal Inc.Confidential and proprietary.
64、20Social Commerce20%23%23%23%22%30%18%13%22%16%16%15%14%19%25%18%20%26%24%22%17%14%18%16%17%12%17%21%16%19%13%22%19%15%18%15%15%11%15%ALLGreeceIsraelSwedenPolandGermanyUKItalyNetherlandsFranceIrelandBelgiumSpain54%46%46%46%45%43%41%41%41%39%37%37%GreeceIsraelSwedenPolandGermanyUKItalyNetherlandsFran
65、ceIrelandBelgiumSpain71%70%69%68%67%66%65%65%63%59%57%55%IrelandIsraelSpainNetherlandsItalyGreecePolandSwedenBelgiumFranceGermanyUK43%consumers who have made a purchase through social media in the past 6 monthsCQ11.Which of the following social media or streaming platforms,if any,have you made a pur
66、chase or payment through in the last 6 months?MQ8.Do you currently,or will you in the next 6 months sell via social media platforms?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175,All Merchants,n=4,604Social CommerceAdoptionAlmost half of consumers(43%)have purchased through social platforms in the last 6 months.
67、Social commerce is a significant element of the e-Commerce landscape,with almost one-in-two consumers(43%)having purchased through social platforms in the last six months.This is driven by purchasing activity on more traditional social media platforms such as YouTube(20%),Facebook(19%)and Instagram(
68、17%),with consumers in Greece and Germany standing out for the broadest usage of these platforms.Businesses recognise the opportunity,with almost two-in-three(65%)selling via social media platforms.While this varies by country,more than half in any individual market have embarked on their social com
69、merce journey.2165%businesses who sell online,currently sell via social mediaTop 3 Social Platforms UsedYouTubeFacebookInstagram(All Consumers 18-75)70%highlighted50%highlighted20%highlightedCQ15.How often,if at all,do you make purchases or payments through social media or streaming platforms?CQ16.I
70、n total,how much money have you spent on all purchases or payments made through a social media or streaming platform in the last month?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175,Social Shoppers,n=5,785Social Commerce FrequencyOne-in-six consumers(17%)shop through social media or streaming platforms each week
71、,with an average monthly spend of 141.Consumers are regularly shopping through social media or streaming channels,with around one in six(17%)making weekly(or more frequent)purchases.This rises to more than one in five Greeks(25%),Israelis(22%)and Dutch(22%),while the Spanish(11%),Belgians(12%)and Ir
72、ish(12%)are the least frequent social shoppers.When combined with purchasing volumes,this translates to an average monthly social commerce spend across the markets of 141,with the Israelis(186)and the Dutch(174)the highest spending consumers.22141Average monthly spend 6%11%41%43%DailyWeeklyLess Ofte
73、n17%Shop on social media or streaming platforms at least weekly(All Consumers 18-75)Social Shopping FrequencyDEUKIRESITGRPLILSEBEFRNL25%15822%18622%17418%15318%13115%13115%11314%11214%12712%13112%16011%102Shop on socialweeklyav.monthly spend(Social shoppers)Shop on socialweeklyav.monthly spend(Socia
74、l shoppers)Never(Social Shoppers)(104)(Kr1,523)(894)(z1440)96%Promoteweekly24%av.%of salesvia social96%Promoteweekly30%av.%of salesvia social95%Promoteweekly25%av.%of salesvia social94%Promoteweekly15%av.%of salesvia social94%Promoteweekly29%av.%of salesvia social94%Promoteweekly29%av.%of salesvia s
75、ocial93%Promoteweekly16%av.%of salesvia social91%Promoteweekly29%av.%of salesvia social90%Promoteweekly27%av.%of salesvia social86%Promoteweekly19%av.%of salesvia social85%Promoteweekly24%av.%of salesvia social24%Average%of sales made via socialMQ4.Approximately what percentage of your sales are mad
76、e through social media platforms?MQ7.Approximately,how often,if ever,does your business use each of the following social media platforms to promote/market your business?BASE:Businesses who sell online,n=4,604Social Commerce FrequencyBusinesses are achieving strong results off the back of their onlin
77、e posting and promotions,reporting that almost a quarter of sales(24%)are currently made through social channels.Businesses are almost universally(98%)promoting their products and services through social media channels.Social media platforms are proving to be an important revenue channel for busines
78、ses,with respondents in Ireland,the Netherlands,Israel and Poland reporting that one third of sales are made via these platforms.While slightly lower,businesses in Greece,Sweden,Belgium,France and Germany all report around one quarter of sales via social platforms.2398%of online businesses promote o
79、n social media92%6%2%WeeklyOccasionallyNeverDEUKIRESITGRPLILSEBEFRNL96%Promoteweekly25%av.%of salesvia social(Businesses that sell online)Business Social Media Promotion31%23%22%22%22%21%21%20%19%19%19%18%17%17%17%17%16%14%13%10%35%34%35%33%35%31%32%35%36%30%28%21%32%34%34%25%28%21%22%19%66%57%57%55
80、%57%52%53%55%56%49%46%39%49%52%51%42%45%35%35%29%Clothing&AccessoriesHealth&BeautyTicketsOnline or Digital GamingToys&GamesElectronics&ComputingSubscriptionsSporting GoodsBooks&MagazinesTravel&TourismFood&DrinkBill PaymentsCharityHome&GardenDigital or Virtual GoodsGroceryTransportGovernment feesCryp
81、tocurrencyFuelCQ13.Which of the following product categories,if any,have you,or would you buy directly from your social media or streaming platforms(e.g.Instagram etc.)?BASE:Social Shoppers,n=5,785Social CommerceProduct CategoriesThere is still untapped growth in social shopping,with the potential t
82、o double penetration across most categories.Social shopping is diverse,with consumers purchasing products and services across a wide range of categories.With that said,one category stands out above all others-on average across the markets close to one-in-three consumers(31%)have purchased,and an add
83、itional third(35%)would purchase Clothing&Accessories through social channels.Beyond this,the spread across product categories is relatively even,with high levels of current purchasing activity also evident across:Health&Beauty 23%Tickets 22%Online or Digital Gaming 22%Toys and Games 22%24Social Sho
84、pping Product CategoriesTop 5 Have Bought or Would Buy Social Shopping Categories38%36%36%36%32%31%29%29%28%28%27%24%31%27%25%28%25%23%20%22%21%17%18%13%29%26%31%24%19%20%20%20%18%20%18%17%28%23%29%24%18%22%18%19%22%22%21%16%29%20%25%22%22%20%21%19%24%24%21%16%GreeceIrelandIsraelSwedenUKSpainFranceI
85、talyPolandNetherlandsBelgiumGermanyClothing&AccessoriesHealth&BeautyTicketsOnline or Digital GamingToys&Games(Social Shoppers 18-75 years)(Social Shoppers 18-75 years)Have BoughtWould ConsiderNET30%highlightedCQ12.Thinking specifically about the social media or streaming platforms you use personally
86、,which of the following,if any,do you feel apply to you?CQ14.Thinking about purchasing through social media or streaming platforms,which of the following statements,if any,do you feel apply to you personally?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175Social CommercePurchasing MotivationsDespite widespread eng
87、agement with social commerce,more than one-in-three consumers still prefer to go directly to a website to make a purchase.While many consumers are comfortable purchasing through social channels,a significant minority(35%)still prefer to link through to the businesss website to make a purchase.This p
88、reference is most evident in Greece(47%agree)and Israel(41%agree),although others arent far behind.On average,one-in-four consumers state that they would only purchase through social media if they can use their PayPal account for convenience and safety.This is strongest in Greece(38%)and Spain(30%).
89、We also see that some consumers are using social platforms for inspiration,with one-in-five across markets purchasing something after seeing it on a social or streaming platform.25Social Shopping Behaviours(All Consumers 18-75 years)35%22%Ive purchased something after seeing it on social media or a
90、streaming platform25%Id only buy from a social media platform if I could use my PayPal account for convenience and safety18%discover products on social media that they dont find anywhere else47%41%38%37%37%37%34%34%33%32%27%27%GreeceIsraelSwedenIrelandItalySpainFranceNetherlandsUKBelgiumPolandGerman
91、y38%29%23%27%27%30%21%19%27%20%17%25%32%24%25%26%22%25%18%21%22%17%20%19%23%23%21%21%16%22%12%15%18%13%20%16%When I see a product on social media,I prefer to go to the website to purchase25%highlighted28%26%25%22%22%21%21%20%19%17%17%16%IsraelGreeceFranceSpainSwedenPolandIrelandUKItalyBelgiumNetherl
92、andsGermany27%28%16%24%21%23%23%18%20%15%17%16%15%17%10%13%15%9%14%12%9%9%14%12%18%16%10%14%13%11%15%14%10%7%12%10%CQ14.Thinking about purchasing through social media or streaming platforms,which of the following statements,if any,do you feel apply to you personally?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175
93、Social CommercePurchasing MotivationsEven if consumers are not purchasing through social channels,they play an important role in providing shopping inspiration.Social media platforms are clearly a place for businesses to be promoting themselves,with just over one-in-five consumers searching social m
94、edia to see products or services they are interested in being used in real life.Influencers play a role in promoting products and services,with more than one-in-ten consumers having purchased products used by social media influencers.However,consumers appear more interested in posts from brands than
95、 influencers,with 21%of consumers saying they follow their favourite brands on social media.26Social Purchasing Motivations(All Consumers 18-75 years)21%I search social media for products/services I am interested in buying to see them used in real life13%Ive bought products or services used by socia
96、l media influencers21%I follow my favourite brands on social media/streaming platforms13%I follow influencers on social media/streaming platforms to see what they are wearing/using20%highlighted3 Key HighlightsSocial shoppers spend an average of 141 a month.43%of consumers have made a purchase throu
97、gh social platforms in the last six month.Top product categories for social shopping are:Clothing&Accessories(31%),Health&Beauty(23%),Tickets(22%),Online or Digital Gaming(22%),Toys and Games(22%).123Social Commerce 2022 PayPal Inc.Confidential and proprietary.28Buy Now Pay Later BehavioursCQ4a.Thin
98、king about when you make a purchase or pay online,which of the following Buy Now Pay Later services,if any,have you used in the last 6 months?Q4b.And which of the Buy Now Pay Later services that you use,if any,would you say is your preferred payment option?BASE:All Consumers 18-75 n=13,184,BNPL User
99、s,n=1,898,*Only markets that have a PayPal BNPL product are displayed.*Results for Spain,Italy,Israel,Greece and Ireland not shown due to sample sizes under n=100Buy Now Pay LaterAdoption and UsageAround one in five consumers use BNPL,with the highest level of penetration in France,Sweden,the Nether
100、lands,Germany and the UK.29Preference for PayPal BNPL options,where they are available*(BNPL Users 18-75 years)*28%25%23%22%22%12%11%FranceSwedenNetherlandsGermanyUKPolandBelgiumUsage of any Buy Now Pay Later service(All Consumers 18-75 years)21%of consumers are BNPL Users*20%highlightedFR47%Pay in
101、4XDE54%Bezahlung nach 30 Tag&RatenzahlungUK29%Pay in 3One in five research respondents use Buy Now Pay Later(BNPL),but there are significant levels of variation in usage by market.At the upper end,this increases to more than one in four consumers in France and Sweden,and more than one in five in eac
102、h of the Netherlands,Germany,and the UK.In Germany,PayPal Bezahlung nach 30 Tag&Ratenzahlung dominates more than half of preference in the market,with Pay in 4X performing strongly in France.CQ19.How many times have you made an online purchase using a Buy Now Pay Later service in the past 3 months?C
103、Q20.How much have you spent across all of your Buy Now Pay Later accounts in the last 3 months?BASE:BNPL Users,n=1,898,*Results for Spain,Italy,Israel,Greece and Ireland not shown due to sample sizes under n=100Buy Now Pay LaterSpend and TransactionsThe average monthly spend on BNPL transactions is
104、147,led by Sweden,France,the Netherlands,and Germany.Looking at BNPL spend,we see the same three markets at the top of the list.Consumers in Sweden,France,and the Netherlands are not only the most likely to be using BNPL but are also more regular purchasers(among BNPL users).This unsurprisingly puts
105、 them at the top of the list for monthly spending,with the average BNPL users in Sweden spending almost 200 per month on BNPL purchases.Whilst spend does vary somewhat in other markets,BNPL users in all countries except Poland(99)spend at least 100 per month on purchases they make using BNPL.64 64 8
106、0 44 68 74 59 49All consumersSwedenFranceNetherlandsGermanyUKBelgiumPoland 147 197 165 150 141 125 118 99All consumersSwedenFranceNetherlandsGermanyUKBelgiumPolandAverage Spent on BNPL TransactionsAverage Number of BNPL Transactions(One month;BNPL Users 18-75*)150 highlightedBNPL Average Spend Per T
107、ransaction460 highlighted(One month;BNPL Users 18-75*)(One month;BNPL Users 18-75*)(108)(Kr1,972)(63)(Kr643)34343333(z371)(z195)30CQ18.Which of the following categories have you BNPL USERS/would you BNPL CONSIDERERS purchase using Buy Now Pay Later services?BASE:BNPL Users,n=1,898,*Results for Spain
108、,Italy,Israel,Greece and Ireland not shown due to sample sizes under n=100While we can see varying levels of usage,there is still significant upside for BNPL across markets;ultimately consumers are open to purchasing most products and services using BNPL.Fashion is consistently the top BNPL category
109、,with at least two-in-five BNPL users in all countries having purchased Clothing and Accessories using BNPL,rising to at least half of users in France,Sweden,the UK and the Netherlands.While technology is typically the next most popular category for BNPL purchases,it is outperformed by Health&Beauty
110、 products in some markets specifically,Sweden(47%vs.42%),the Netherlands(27%vs.26%),and Belgium(28%vs.22%).Meanwhile,BNPL users in Poland are choosing to purchase Home&Garden products more regularly using BNPL than any market other than France,making it the joint second most popular category in this
111、 country.Buy Now Pay LaterProduct Categories52%37%33%28%27%27%26%25%24%25%24%23%22%23%20%17%16%33%41%40%42%45%42%43%44%42%32%36%33%40%32%35%37%33%84%78%73%69%72%69%68%69%66%57%59%56%62%55%55%54%49%Clothing&AccessoriesElectronics&ComputingHealth&BeautyToys&GamesHome&GardenSporting GoodsLuxury RetailT
112、ravel&TourismTicketsGrocerySubscriptionsFood&DrinkBooks&MagazinesBill PaymentsOnline or Digital GamesDigital or Virtual GoodsGovernment FeesHave BoughtWould ConsiderNETBuy Now Pay Later Product Categories(BNPL Users 18-75 years)Top 5 Have Bought Buy Now Pay Later Categories59%56%54%54%47%46%42%67%42
113、%32%26%26%22%31%44%47%29%27%25%28%28%46%29%25%21%19%23%25%46%29%23%19%21%21%31%FranceSwedenUKNetherlandsGermanyBelgiumPolandClothing&AccessoriesElectronic&ComputingHealth&BeautyToys&GamesHome&Garden(BNPL Users 18-75 years)30%highlighted31Relative uplift=%difference between the proportion of consumer
114、s who would buy on a site if it didnt vs did offer(any BNPL service/PayPal BNPL service)CQ24.If you find a product that you want on two separate sites,both of which are offering it for the same price(including any shipping costs),how likely would you be to buy the product?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=
115、13,175PayPal can help play a role in delivering this growth,with consumers substantially more comfortable purchasing a product from a site that offers a PayPal BNPL service.For a business,offering BNPL on their site could provide a significant improvement to sales conversions,with consumers more lik
116、ely to purchase from a site that offers BNPL than one that doesnt.The impact is most evident in Greece,France and Italy.Offering a PayPal BNPL service can take this even further,with consumers in Greece almost twice as likely to purchase the same product from a site that offers a PayPal BNPL service
117、 vs one that doesnt.Note:PayPal Pay Later eligibility and availability is subject to merchant status,sector and integration.Consumer eligibility is subject to status and approval.Product features differ by market.See relevant product terms for more details.PayPal Pay Later cross-border messaging is
118、subject to approval by PayPal.Buy Now Pay LaterPreferred OptionsUplift Among Markets on a Site that Accepts BNPL Payments via PayPal(All Consumers 18-75 years)Relative uplift if a site offers a PayPal BNPL Service(vs.one that doesnt)Relative uplift if a site offers any BNPL Service(vs.one that doesn
119、t)DEUKIRESITGRPLILSEBEFRNLALL 48%47%49%49%49%48%42%46%38%43%37%45%39%that would purchase on a site that offers a PayPal BNPL service45%94%75%72%57%57%53%50%39%25%24%17%15%21%48%19%36%43%18%22%24%4%7%28%13%8%323 Key HighlightsBuy Now Pay LaterClothing&Accessories is the top BNPL category in all but o
120、ne market.Buy Now Pay Later usage is highest in France,followed by Sweden,the Netherlands,Germany and the UK.Businesses can benefit from offering PayPal BNPL,as it increases the likelihood of purchase when compared to sites that dont offer it.123 2022 PayPal Inc.Confidential and proprietary.34Cross
121、BorderQ33.What proportion of your online shopping is from international retailers(i.e.based outside your country)?If unsure,please provide your best estimate.BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,177Cross BorderInternational BuyingConsumers consistently shop internationally,with at least a fifth of purchase
122、s in each market originating from an international seller.The majority of consumers(74%)are shopping internationally,with an average of 31%of online shopping conducted with international retailers.French consumers are the least likely to shop internationally,but nonetheless almost two thirds(60%)of
123、them have still engaged in this behaviour.At the other end of the spectrum,we see that in addition to a high proportion of consumers in Ireland,Germany and Israel shopping internationally,they also have the highest proportion of online shopping done via international retailers(44%Ireland,38%for both
124、 Germany and Israel).35(All Consumers 18-75)*Proportion of Consumers Shopping Internationally31%of online shoppingon average is done internationally2%27%21%24%13%13%74%Shop InternationallyIRITGRPLILSEBEFRNLShop InternationallyAv.proportion international retailers87%83%82%79%76%73%33%44%38%38%30%31%S
125、hop InternationallyAv.proportion internationalretailers73%72%69%69%62%60%29%32%25%26%21%20%100%international50-99%international20-49%international1-19%international0%internationalNot sureESUKDE1%19%38%27%14%1%Q22.In the last 6 months,approximately what percentage of your online sales turnover came f
126、rom international customers?If you are unsure,please provide your best estimate.BASE:Online Businesses,n=4,604Cross BorderInternational SellingThis is also reflected on the business side,with a vast majority(85%)tapping into an international customer base.A high proportion of businesses sell interna
127、tionally,with nearly a third of total revenue on average being generated from these sales.We can see that while French consumers are somewhat less likely to purchase from overseas businesses,French retailers have no doubts about selling into international markets,leading the way at 91%.Alongside Fra
128、nce,the top export markets are Germany,Ireland,Poland,Israel,and Belgium(although the remaining markets are not far behind).36Proportion of Turnover from International Customers85%Sell InternationallyUKIRESITGRPLILSEBEFRNLSell Internationallyav.proportion turnover from internationalsales91%89%86%86%
129、86%86%33%30%35%33%34%31%Sell Internationallyav.proportion turnover from internationalsales91-100%international51-90%international21-50%international1-20%international0%internationalNot sureDE85%83%82%82%82%81%29%19%20%28%24%30%29%of revenue is generated from international salesQ35.You say you have m
130、ade purchases online from websites in other countries.Please select your main reasons for shopping on websites in other countries rather than the country where you live?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=9665Cross BorderPurchasing MotivationsFrom a consumer perspective,there are two main reasons that drive
131、international shopping access to better prices(50%)and access to products they cant find locally(39%).Price and access to products not found locally are the key drivers of international shopping;almost one in three do however also cite the ability to find new and interesting products as a reason to
132、shop internationally,while one in five are motivated by the opportunity to use their preferred payment method.These sentiments appear to be felt more strongly in some of the smaller markets,with consumers in Israel and Greece in particular more likely to agree with all of these opinions.37Cross Bord
133、er Purchasing Motivations(International Shoppers 18-75 years)*Better pricesI can discover new and interesting productsAccess to items not available in my own countryI can use my preferred payment method60%56%54%54%51%51%49%49%48%47%44%35%IsraelGreeceIrelandBelgiumFranceSpainSwedenPolandGermanyItalyN
134、etherlandsUK41%42%43%36%34%39%44%40%38%39%31%31%37%35%31%27%27%31%33%39%30%27%26%25%23%25%24%21%18%23%16%17%23%18%18%15%30%highlighted50%31%39%20%57%51%50%45%43%43%39%38%35%35%34%29%GreeceIrelandGermanyIsraelSpainItalyUKSwedenBelgiumNetherlandsFrancePolandQ24.If you find a product that you want on t
135、wo separate sites,both of which are offering it for the same price(including any shipping costs),how likely would you be to buy the product if it?Q34.Thinking specifically about making a purchase online,which,if any,of the following statements do you agree with?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,177Cross
136、 BorderPurchasing MotivationsThere are trust concerns that emerge when consumers are purchasing in international markets;PayPal can help alleviate these.More than two in five consumers(42%)agreed that they feel more secure shopping with international retailers if PayPal is available,rising to more t
137、han half of consumers in Greece(57%)and Ireland(51%).Offering PayPal as a payment method can also positively impact the likelihood of consumers making a purchase.When comparing the same product from an international site that offers PayPal vs.one that doesnt offer PayPal,consumers in most countries
138、are more than twice as likely to purchase from the one that does offer PayPal,rising to more than four times as likely in Germany,and more than three in Ireland and Italy.38Cross Border Purchasing Security(All Consumers 18-75 years)*When PayPal is available,I feel more secure to shop on internationa
139、l stores356%247%213%188%151%145%143%132%97%94%90%75%GermanyIrelandItalySpainGreeceFranceUKPolandSwedenIsraelBelgiumNetherlandsUplift Among Countries on Intl Sites that Accepts Payments via PayPal40%highlighted150%highlighted58%24%Product available on anint.site that acceptspayments via PayPalProduct
140、 available on anint.site doesnt acceptpayments via PayPal146%relative upliftPurchase Likelihood on International Sites-PayPal vs No PayPal Option42%3 Key HighlightsCross BorderCross border shopping is largely driven by a desire for access to better prices and products not available in their home mar
141、ket.Most consumers shop internationally,with around a third of their purchases made from international businesses.123Security is key for consumers,with the availability of a trusted payment solution like PayPal providing a greater level of comfort when shopping in international stores.2022 PayPal In
142、c.Confidential and proprietary.40Tech Trends:Crypto,NFTs and the MetaverseCQ25.Which of the following best describes you when it comes to cryptocurrency?CQ31.Which,if any,of the following statements about cryptocurrencies do you agree with?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175Tech TrendsCryptocurrencyMo
143、re than one-in-four consumers(27%)have owned cryptocurrencies at some point,however one-in-four are concerned about the safety and security when trading.More than a quarter of consumers have owned cryptocurrency at some point,with almost one-in-five still having funds invested.There are however dive
144、rgent views among consumers,with one in four respondents indicating they were concerned about safety and security when trading cryptocurrency.Consumers in Greece are clearly the most engaged with cryptocurrency.More than two-in-five Greeks have owned cryptocurrency at some point,while approaching on
145、e in three(29%)are keen to learn more.41GEN ZGEN YGEN XCryptocurrency Ownership and Beliefs(All Consumers 18-75 years)29%23%22%21%20%19%18%17%17%17%12%12%12%11%10%5%6%7%11%9%8%8%9%6%GreeceNetherlandsPolandSpainItalyIrelandSwedenIsraelBelgiumGermanyUKFranceof consumers have owned cryptocurrency at so
146、me point27%19%Currently ownCurrently OwnOwned PreviouslyNET41%34%31%26%25%26%29%26%25%25%21%17%25%Concerned about the safety and security when trading cryptocurrency 20%Want to learn more about cryptocurrencies29%28%28%27%27%26%25%23%22%21%20%18%GreeceIrelandPolandSpainIsraelSwedenUKBelgiumNetherlan
147、dsFranceGermanyItaly29%25%22%23%31%20%17%15%15%15%15%18%GreeceIrelandPolandSpainIsraelSwedenUKBelgiumNetherlandsFranceGermanyItaly25%highlightedCQ25.Which of the following best describes you when it comes to NFTs?CQ32.Which,if any,of the following statements about NFTs and virtual spaces/the metaver
148、se do you agree with?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175Tech TrendsNFTNon-Fungible Tokens(NFTs)are more of a niche product,with less than half as many consumers currently owning an NFT as those who currently own cryptocurrency.Non-Fungible Tokens(NFTs)are unique cryptographic assets that exist on a bl
149、ockchain and cannot be replicated.They represent a niche investment option,with more consumers saying that they dont trust investing in NFTs(27%)or that they are concerned about the safety and security of trading NFTs(21%),than those who have either owned them(14%)or are interested in learning more(
150、19%).Consumers in Greece are the most likely to own NFTs(14%),while those in Belgium and France lead the way in indicating interest in learning more about NFTs(31%and 25%respectively).42NFT Ownership and Beliefs(All Consumers 18-75 years)14%10%9%9%8%8%7%6%6%5%5%4%9%8%6%9%8%5%8%5%5%6%5%6%GreeceSweden
151、ItalyNetherlandsIsraelGermanyPolandIrelandSpainUKBelgiumFranceof consumers have owned a NFT at some point14%22%18%15%18%16%13%16%11%11%11%10%10%27%Dont trust investing in NFTs21%Are concerned about the safety and security of trading NFTs19%Want to learn more about NFTs21%23%15%23%25%19%18%20%18%22%2
152、4%19%23%19%18%15%22%14%10%14%16%20%31%25%33%31%28%28%28%28%27%27%27%25%21%21%SpainPolandItalyUKIrelandBelgiumGermanyFranceNetherlandsSwedenGreeceIsraelCurrently OwnOwned PreviouslyNET25%highlighted8%Currently own41%58%47%45%44%43%41%40%40%37%32%30%27%40%56%47%43%47%41%39%39%42%38%34%30%26%39%58%47%4
153、4%44%37%39%39%37%37%36%28%28%39%55%43%43%43%41%39%39%40%37%32%26%26%38%55%44%43%43%42%35%39%38%36%33%27%27%ALLGreeceSpainPolandSwedenItalyIsraelUKIrelandNetherlandsGermanyBelgiumFranceCQ29.Thinking now about virtual spaces/the metaverse,which of the following best describes you?CQ30.Which of the fol
154、lowing do you currently,or would you consider doing in a virtual space/the metaverseBASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175Tech TrendsMetaverseThe metaverse stands out as an area with significant growth potential;almost one-in-four consumers(23%)have participated in virtual spaces,with a further 27%open t
155、o the idea.Half of consumers(50%)are either current metaverse participants(23%)or considering testing it out(27%).Focussing on current usage,we can again see Greek consumers at the top of the list,with more than one in three(34%)already having experience of virtual spaces.Following Greece,Sweden(30%
156、),the Netherlands(27%),and Israel(26%)are the countries that are most engaged with virtual spaces.Looking to the future,there is clearly an appetite to use virtual spaces for a wide range of activities,including virtual browsing(41%)and shopping(39%),education and training(40%),online gaming(39%),vi
157、rtual shopping(39%)and arts and live entertainment(38%).43Metaverse Participation(All Consumers 18-75 years)34%30%27%26%24%23%23%22%21%18%17%15%34%26%21%28%24%26%22%32%18%39%36%23%GreeceSwedenNetherlandsIsraelUKIrelandGermanyPolandBelgiumSpainItalyFrance68%56%48%54%49%50%45%54%39%57%53%38%Top 5 Have
158、 Done/Would Consider Metaverse UsageVirtual browsingEducation and trainingOnline gamingVirtual shoppingArt and live entertainment(All Consumers 18-75 years)Have ParticipatedConsidering Participating40%highlightedNET27%Havent yet participated,but are considering doing so23%of consumers have participa
159、ted in a virtual space/the metaverseCQ32.Which,if any,of the following statements about NFTs and virtual spaces/the metaverse do you agree with?BASE:All Consumers 18-75,n=13,175Tech TrendsMetaverseIn fact,around one-in-seven(14%)consumers already believe that more engagement will happen in virtual s
160、paces than the real world in the future,and that virtual spaces will be an important shopping destination(13%).The potential to grow metaverse participation is highlighted by the fact that one in seven consumers(14%)already believe that more engagement will happen in virtual spaces than the real wor
161、ld,and that virtual spaces will become important shopping destinations(13%).As weve seen previously,Greek consumers are again the most engaged with new technologies and innovations,with one in four(25%)believing that virtual spaces will overtake real life in the future.Consumers are clearly also con
162、sidering the future retail opportunity as part of this process,with around one in ten wanting their favourite store to exist within the virtual environment(11%),or to be able to purchase physical products within virtual spaces(10%).Activities in the Virtual Space/Metaverse(All Consumers 18-75 years)
163、14%Believe that,in the future,we will engage with more people in virtual spaces/the metaverse than in real life13%Believe that virtual spaces/the metaverse will become important channels for shopping11%Would like their favourite store to exist within virtual spaces/the metaverse10%Would like to be a
164、ble to purchase physical products within virtual spaces/the metaverse25%19%14%14%13%12%12%12%11%11%11%10%GreeceIsraelItalySwedenPolandIrelandSpainNetherlandsBelgiumFranceUKGermany20%15%15%14%15%13%14%12%11%9%11%11%19%13%10%10%13%9%11%9%7%8%9%8%16%12%9%10%14%10%9%11%8%6%9%7%4415%highlighted3 Key High
165、lightsTech TrendsThe metaverse is coming,with half of consumers having either entered virtual spaces(23%),or being open to the idea(27%).There is a level of consumer interest in learning more about Cryptocurrencies and NFTs.More than one in ten consumers(13%)believe that virtual spaces/the metaverse
166、 will become important channels for shopping.12346 2022 PayPal Inc.Confidential and proprietary.The information in this report is provided as-is,and while we work to make sure information is accurate,PayPal takes no responsibility for users actions,inactions,or decisions based on the information pre
167、sented.MEDIA CONTACT:About PayPal PayPal has remained at the forefront of the digital payment revolution for more than 20 years.By leveraging technology to make financial services and commerce more convenient,affordable,and secure,the PayPal platform is empowering more than 429 million consumers and businesses in more than 200 markets to join and thrive in the global economy.For more information,visit .To find out more about PayPals Enterprise solutions for your business,please visit your local page:BelgiumGermanyFranceGreeceIrelandItalyIsraelThe NetherlandsPolandSwedenSpainUnited Kingdom