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1、2022Global Skills Report 2022 Table of Contents2Table of ContentsIntroduction Executive SummaryHow to Read the ReportGlobal Skill TrendsRegional and Country Skill TrendsCareer PathwaysState-by-State Skill TrendsTechnical AppendixEndnotesNorth AmericaUnited States Latin America and the CaribbeanBrazi
2、lMexicoAsia PacificAustralia India TaiwanEuropeSpainUnited KingdomThe Middle East and North AfricaSaudi ArabiaUnited Arab EmiratesUnited StatesIndia1113 29303435 468INTR ODUC TI ON4Global Skills Report 2022 IntroductionExecutive SummaryThe great reskillingThe way we
3、work is changing.Automation and digital technologies are revolutionizing almost every industry,from agriculture to manufacturing.The coronavirus pandemic has transformed what people demand from their working lives.And global instability and inflation mean that a well paid,secure job that leads to lo
4、ng-term career growth is more important than ever.These transformations are remaking the worlds labor market.By the middle of this decade,an estimated 85 million jobs may disappear,while another 97 million new ones will take their place.1 In the middle of these changes,it can be difficult to know wh
5、at skills workers need to develop to stay ahead.Thats where Courseras Global Skills Report comes in.Whether you are a worker,student,educator,workforce leader,or employer,youll find the information you need to stay ahead.In our 2022 report,we present data from the more than 100 million people who ha
6、ve used Coursera to learn new skills.2 We concentrate on three of the most important skill areas:business,technology,and data science.As in previous years,we show regional and country-specific skill trends.Youll also find more information on our Career Pathways,in which we work with industry partner
7、s to offer Professional Certificates that provide skills training for some of todays most in-demand jobs.At Coursera,we connect learners,educators,workforce development institutions,and employers with a single goal:a world where everyone,everywhere,has the power to transform their life through learn
8、ing.We now have more than 100 million registered learners worldwide.Thats an increase from 77 million in last years Global Skills Report.Here are some of our top findings:Digital skills are the shared language of the modern economy.Not every worker needs to learn how to code,but every worker needs t
9、o be literate in digital skills.Three-quarters of workers in a recent survey said that they felt unprepared for jobs in the digital-first economy.3 As workers reskill,the most popular skills in the last year in the technology and data science domains,respectively,were theoretical computer science al
10、ong with probability and statistics.Womens participation continued to rise.Forty-seven percent of the people enrolled in courses are now women,up from 45%last year and 38%two years ago.Throughout the world,however,women learners lag in STEM enrollment.The developing world had the highest rate of lea
11、rner growth.While learners grew in every region of the world,Asia Pacific and Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest percent changes.Learners in the developing world showed relatively high levels of business skills proficiency,but scored lower in technology and data science.5Global Skills Report 2022 In
12、troduction Lower levels of internet access mean lower levels of skills proficiency.The internet may be the great equalizer,but internet access is not equal.Countries in the lowest 25%of learner performance had average internet access rates of 54.2%,while those in the highest 25%had access rates of 8
13、3.6%.Courses in human skills had more learners from developed countries,while those in digital skills had more from developing ones.Skills like storytelling and resilience had an over-representation of learners from high-income countries compared to Coursera as a whole.Skills like audit,mobile devel
14、opment,and geovisualization had an over-representation of learners from low-income countries.The U.S.held steady in its overall skills proficiency rankingyet it lost meaningful ground in core technology and data science skills.In last years report,learners in the U.S.ranked 29th in the world:a posit
15、ion that they maintain this year.However,while their proficiency in business skills rose,learners in the U.S.fell behind other high-income countries in a number of key technology and data science skills,including software engineering,cloud computing,and mathematics.Europe leads the world in skills p
16、roficiency.Seven of the top ten performing countries in this years report are located in Europe.In addition,for the second year in a row,learners in Switzerland achieved the highest level of aggregate skills proficiency.Proficiency in technology and data science skills varies widely across the Asia-
17、Pacific region.Propelled by learners who perform the best in the world in technology and data science skills,Indonesia rose 39 positions in this years aggregate skills proficiency rankings.Yet,in other parts of the region,such as India,Taiwan,and the Philippines,learners slid backward in the digital
18、 skills needed to power modernization and growth.Learners used Coursera to understand the pandemic.People also used Coursera to develop the skills that would help them understand the COVID-19 pandemic.Enrollment in classes that cover epidemiology,resilience,and risk management skills is now four tim
19、es higher than it was prior to the pandemic.See what Coursera can do for you.Whether you are a learner,employer,educator,or workforce development leader,Coursera can help you achieve your goals.Reach out to us today to learn more about Coursera for Government,Coursera for Campus,and Coursera for Bus
20、iness.6Global Skills Report 2022 How to Read the ReportHow to Read the ReportAbout Coursera learner dataThe skill trends and proficiency analyses in this report represent a view of the world through the 100 million learners on Coursera.An individuals ability to access and use Coursera is influenced
21、by many factors,including internet infrastructure,educational background or past training,and local culture or norms.We also use learner profile data such as gender,age,and location.The results may also be influenced by local economic or social conditions.For example,economic downturns sometimes dri
22、ve learners to Coursera.Our industry partnerships also sometimes quickly bring thousands of new learners onto the platform.In general,our goal is to objectively represent what is happening across the Coursera ecosystem.Sometimes our results capture what is happening across an entire economy.Other ti
23、mes,the demographics and behavior of Coursera learners means that some results should not be extrapolated or interpreted as representing broad populations.Reading the country rankingsFor each graph in the regional sections,we show the percentile rankings of countries within each domain.A country tha
24、t is at 100%ranks at the top of the 102 countries,while a country at 0%is at the bottom.We break these percentile rankings into four categories:Lagging:25th percentile or belowEmerging:26th-50th percentileCompetitive:51st-75th percentileCutting-edge:76th percentile or above7Global Skills Report 2022
25、 How to Read the ReportGlossary of terms In this report,we use a few specialized terms.Heres what they mean.Learner:A person who is enrolled in a course on Coursera.A person can be enrolled in multiple classes,but we count them as a learner once.Skills:What people are learning.To figure out what ski
26、lls each class teaches,we use Courseras Skills Graph,which draws information from open-source taxonomies like Wikipedia and insights from Coursera educators and learners.A single course often covers several different skills.Domains:Educators use Coursera to teach many different topics,but in this re
27、port we focus on three areas:business,technology,and data science.They are our most popular and directly provide skills that employers need.Business:These are skills that involve the management and operation of firms.Some examples are project management,marketing,and supply chain systems.Technology:
28、These are skills that involve computer science and applied mathematics.Some examples are software engineering,linear algebra,and Java.Data Science:These are skills that involve the creation and use of information.Some examples are SQL,big data,and machine learning.Digital and Human Skills:No matter
29、their domain,we think about skills in two broad categories:digital and human.Digital skills include everything from social media to cybersecurity,and theyre increasingly important,particularly as businesses have accelerated their digital transformations during the pandemic.Human skills include a ran
30、ge of cognitive,social,and emotional skills,such as creativity,critical thinking,information interpretation,decision-making,and communication.The two categories are complementary.People use human skills to effectively and ethically make use of digital skills.Likewise,digital skills enhance human ski
31、lls.Over-indexing:This measures skills that are more popular with certain groups than on Coursera as a whole.For example,if a skill is over-indexed for learners with college degrees by 1.10 x,that means 1.10 x more learners in that group are pursuing that skill than learners as a whole.Change over t
32、ime:Changes in values between last years Global Skills Report and this one are given in percent change or,for country rankings,the numerical value of the change.The Global Skills Report for 2022 covers Q2 2021 to Q2 2022.Developed and Developing Economies:Although there is no universal definition,we
33、 follow UN conventions,4 which put Australia,Canada,Israel,Japan,South Africa,and the countries of Europe that are neither former Soviet states nor the former Yugoslavia in the developed world.States that were previously part of the Soviet Union or Yugoslavia are economies in transition,while all ot
34、her countries are developing.8Global Skills Report 2022 How to Read the ReportG LO B A L S K ILL TR ENDS9Global Skills Report 2022 Global Skill TrendsEmerging(25%-50%)Where They Are:Latin America,the Middle East,and North AfricaAverage GDP per Capita:$14,367Opportunities for Growth:Investing resourc
35、e extraction revenue into diversified skills trainingGlobal Skill TrendsLagging(0-25%)Where They Are:Parts of Sub-Saharan Africa and the CaribbeanAverage GDP per Capita:$5,418Opportunities for Growth:Improving the capacity of workers to participate in the digital economyCompetitive(50%-75%)Where The
36、y Are:The U.S.,parts of Southeast Europe,and parts of Asia PacificAverage GDP per Capita:$20,337Opportunities for Growth:Upskilling workers to take advantage of new job opportunitiesCutting-edge(75%-100%)Where They Are:Europe and parts of Asia PacificAverage GDP per Capita:$33,975Opportunities for G
37、rowth:Investing in the skills required for innovation and next-generation technology10Global Skills Report 2022 IntroductionR EG I ON A L A ND COUNTR Y SK ILL TR ENDS11Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsREGIONAL SKILL TRENDS North AmericaLearners are focusing on the skills needed to lead
38、 the global economy93%internet access(3%)52%women learners(1%)34 median age(0%)40%learning on mobile(1%)21.7M Coursera Learners(28%)Lagging 0-25%Emerging 25%-50%Competitive 50%-75%Cutting-edge 75%-100%12Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsGlobal RankRank ChangeCountry NameBusinessTechnolo
39、gyData Science293United States96%43%54%7523Canada5%54%73%North America North Americas economy has rebounded unevenly.While COVID-19 continues to pose health risks,the job market in the U.S.has come a long way since its recession in 2020.With an unemployment rate of 3.8%in February 2022,5 the country
40、 has recovered 90%of the jobs lost during the pandemic.6 Canadas unemployment rate has also fallen from a peak of 13.4%to 5.3%in March.7 In both countries,8 the pandemic widened the gap between haves and have-nots,particularly for minorities and those with lower levels of education.9 To keep disadva
41、ntaged groups from falling further behind,education leaders should invest more resources in workforce development.Skills proficiency in the U.S.held steady,but dropped in Canada.Between this years Global Skills Report and the last,the U.S.stayed the same,but Canada10 slipped 23 spots.To stay competi
42、tive,workforce leaders will have to redouble their efforts.13Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends34 Median Age19M Coursera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning on Mobile51%39%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT United StatesThe U.S.labor market may be what one news story called“the pit of despair for employers,”
43、11 but its also a chance for workers to rethink what they want from their careers and how to get it.As workers are being pushed out of old occupations and pulled into new ones,the U.S.labor market is undergoing a sweeping transformation.12 In this pivotal moment,state and local governments have the
44、opportunity to invest in training programs that will set the foundation for a stronger,more inclusive economy.Learners in the U.S.focused on human skills like project management,decision making,planning,and experiments.As multinational companies offshore technical skills like computer programming,13
45、 learners in the U.S.should recognize that it may not be enough to simply have digital skills.No matter their jobs,theyll need human skills to thrive.Business leaders should prioritize training programs that develop these skills.Women in the U.S.are close to gender parity,but lag behind men in STEM.
46、The percentage of women in the U.S.enrolled in courses has been above or near 50%since 2020.Enrollment in STEM courses is lower but rising.In 2019,35%of STEM learners in the U.S.were women.14 In this years report,that figure was 42%.Workforce leaders should prioritize inclusive approaches that will
47、help achieve gender parity.The U.S.remains behind the curve in math.Learners in the U.S.scored at a 40%proficiency level in mathematics.The states with the highest proficiency learners were Maine,Washington,and New Hampshire.At the bottom were Mississippi,Louisiana,and Tennessee.Education leaders in
48、 these states should look for new ways to improve learner outcomes.Over-indexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceProject Management(1.47x)Operating Systems(2.02x)SQL(1.64x)Decision Making(1.4x)Network Architecture(1.9x)Experiment(1.57x)General Accounting(1.
49、35x)Computer Architecture(1.51x)Data Management(1.43x)Operations Management(1.35x)User Experience(1.38x)Data Visualization(1.43x)Planning(1.34x)Design and Product(1.37x)Data Analysis(1.23x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank5Rank59Rank48Rank Change32Rank Change26Rank Change20Sales100%Databases62%Mach
50、ine Learning65%Leadership and Management67%Computer Programming60%Mathematics40%Strategy and Operations75%Cloud Computing36%Statistical Programming45%Communication26%Software Engineering22%Data Visualization44%Human Resources39%Web Development43%Data Analysis52%Accounting100%Security Engineering18%D
51、ata Management51%Entrepreneurship73%Computer Networking70%Probability and Statistics61%Finance58%Mobile Development69%Marketing98%Theoretical Computer Science74%Operating Systems21%1314Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsREGIONAL SKILL TRENDS Latin America and the CaribbeanA tenuous recov
52、ery and long-term effects of climate change present chances to invest in skills67%internet access(5%)50%women learners(1%)32 median age(1)47%learning on mobile(4%)17.9M Coursera Learners(23%)Lagging 0-25%Emerging 25%-50%Competitive 50%-75%Cutting-edge 75%-100%15Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Ski
53、ll TrendsGlobal RankRank ChangeCountry NameBusinessTechnologyData Science3437Peru24%83%64%4117Venezuela28%64%76%5427El Salvador29%61%51%558Trinidad and Tobago88%21%28%578Costa Rica54%34%48%6317Brazil16%73%34%6918Ecuador10%58%61%7212Chile4%70%56%732Uruguay8%71%39%787Colombia9%50%50%828Bolivia23%24%44
54、%838Honduras13%59%22%8611Guyana59%27%7%878Argentina7%36%45%895Mexico1%53%41%904Dominican Republic15%11%40%91N/AJamaica56%14%2%953Guatemala6%10%32%968Puerto Rico27%4%14%974Panama2%9%18%Latin America and the Caribbean The regional economy is struggling.According to the United Nations,average regional
55、GDP growth slowed to 2.1%in 2022,down from 6.2%in 2021.15 In addition to uncertainty around the pandemic,that report cited low levels of investment,productivity,and employment;increased inflation;and the continuing impacts of the pandemic.To avoid a long-term economic slowdown,regional leaders shoul
56、d prioritize workforce development across business,technology,and data science.The Caribbean is outpacing South America.The Caribbean Development Bank projects GDP growth of 9.1%for the region in 2022,powered by strong performance in the oil and gas sectors in countries like Guyana and Trinidad and
57、Tobago.16 Further economic gains should come as tourism destinations lift COVID restrictions.17 To grow sustainably,workforce leaders should reinvest these gains in diversified skills training that include both human and digital skills.16Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends33 Median Age4.
58、1M Coursera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning on Mobile47%47%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT BrazilAs a major agricultural exporter,Brazil is exposed to the economic harms of global warming,which could reduce its GDP between 0.4%and 1.8%annually through the end of the century.18 Although commodity prices are current
59、ly rising,19 they may also trap the economy in resource extraction unless leaders pivot to more regenerative models.20Technological skills are the key to a resilient economy.As the Brazilian economy faces headwinds from inflation,drought,supply-chain disruptions,and the pandemic,21 technological inn
60、ovation has the potential to spread prosperity,provided that Brazilian firms can adapt.22 This years Global Skills Report has good news for Brazils technology sector:technology skills proficiencies rose from 48%last year to 72%this year.Business leaders should continue to seek out and promote worker
61、s with these skills,as well as provide training to workers who want to develop them.Climate tech requires data science.As the worlds fourth-largest emitter of greenhouse gasses,Brazil is also positioned to lead the world in reducing its environmental impact.23 One way to make gains is through climat
62、e tech:innovative solutions to address everything from resource extraction to livestock production.Education leaders should prioritize the data science skills that will power these solutions.Over-indexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceHuman Learning(2.09x
63、)Software Testing(1.54x)Epidemiology(2.05x)Negotiation(1.72x)Human Computer Interaction(1.41x)Python Programming(1.63x)Market Research(1.47x)User Experience(1.41x)Mathematical Theory&Analysis(1.54x)Adaptability(1.45x)Python Programming(1.37x)Mathematics(1.27x)Sales(1.4x)Mathematical Theory&Analysis(
64、1.3x)Calculus(1.23x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank86Rank29Rank68Rank Change1Rank Change24Rank Change12Sales14%Databases55%Machine Learning52%Leadership and Management11%Computer Programming42%Mathematics8%Strategy and Operations8%Cloud Computing99%Statistical Programming46%Communication32%Softwa
65、re Engineering64%Data Visualization16%Human Resources23%Web Development78%Data Analysis20%Accounting5%Security Engineering38%Data Management88%Entrepreneurship9%Computer Networking63%Probability and Statistics37%Finance66%Mobile Development48%Marketing98%Theoretical Computer Science41%Operating Syst
66、ems41%1617Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsAs an exports-oriented economy,Mexico excels in manufacturing,including automobiles and electronics.Following the recession,its economy is projected to grow by 3.3%in 2022.24 The country may be in for a difficult future,however,as it has embra
67、ced fossil fuel production instead of renewables.Vulnerable to shifts in the supply chain,it has not widely adopted artificial intelligence and automation in manufacturing.As one analyst recently stated:“I dont see Mexico recognizing those changes much less preparing.”25 Workforce leaders in Mexico
68、have the opportunity to prepare by investing in their skills development.Skills proficiency levels are growing but still lag behind the rest of the region.The second-largest economy in the region,Mexico tends to underperform on economic growth,inclusion,and poverty reduction.26 Part of the challenge
69、 is the countrys lower levels of skill development.Further investments in workforce development will pay off but only if leaders make them.Technology skills proficiency levels are up.With more than 600 technology companies in Guadalajara Mexicos Silicon Valley27 skilled workers do not lack job optio
70、ns.The good news for employers is that skill levels are rising.In last years Global Skills Report,learners in Mexico scored at a 10%proficiency level in technology skills.In this years report,they scored at a 52%proficiency level.Education leaders should find ways to build on this improvement.Over-i
71、ndexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceAccounting(2.12x)Interactive Design(1.72x)Data Analysis Software(2.1x)Human Learning(1.61x)Mobile Development(1.6x)Epidemiology(2.03x)Data Analysis Software(1.59x)Graph Theory(1.34x)Bioinformatics(1.37x)Negotiation(1.
72、46x)Mathematics(1.29x)Graph Theory(1.35x)Finance(1.41x)Calculus(1.28x)Mathematics(1.29x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank102Rank49Rank61Rank Change5Rank Change42Rank Change16Sales4%Databases13%Machine Learning20%Leadership and Management3%Computer Programming36%Mathematics55%Strategy and Operations
73、5%Cloud Computing91%Statistical Programming50%Communication4%Software Engineering55%Data Visualization13%Human Resources2%Web Development86%Data Analysis38%Accounting6%Security Engineering9%Data Management55%Entrepreneurship3%Computer Networking76%Probability and Statistics83%Finance2%Mobile Develop
74、ment68%Marketing13%Theoretical Computer Science28%Operating Systems16%32 Median Age5.1M Coursera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning on Mobile52%47%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT Mexico1718Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsREGIONAL SKILL TRENDS Asia PacificRegional competition will push countries to prio
75、ritize skills65%internet access(5%)41%women learners(1%)32 median age(4)47%learning on mobile(5%)31.8M Coursera Learners(40%)Lagging 0-25%Emerging 25%-50%Competitive 50%-75%Cutting-edge 75%-100%19Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsGlobal RankRank ChangeCountry NameBusinessTechnologyData
76、Science339Indonesia30%100%100%53Singapore90%95%82%63Japan67%98%91%147Hong Kong84%78%86%2454Kazakhstan31%96%55%2634Korea,Republic of75%68%68%31N/ACyprus71%67%60%338Australia58%63%71%3517Vietnam42%65%72%394Malaysia69%49%57%4333Myanmar87%23%43%4924Thailand49%48%62%5011Bangladesh79%35%31%5113New Zealand
77、45%39%65%5216China72%25%58%5330Taiwan32%47%66%5922Sri Lanka33%56%36%642Pakistan50%51%23%684India39%46%26%704Philippines62%29%21%7718Nepal25%28%37%8412Uzbekistan40%19%29%Asia Pacific Economic challenges make skills even more important.In April,the World Bank highlighted three shocks the invasion of U
78、kraine,a slowdown in China,and rate hikes from the U.S.Federal Reserve that led it to cut its predictions of regional GDP growth from 5.4%to 5%.28 To weather these difficulties,countries in the region will require high levels of workforce skills proficiency and business leaders must prioritize human
79、 and digital skills.Skills development powers island nations.Developing human capital pays off.Countries like Singapore,Indonesia,and Japan that have invested heavily in their human capital lead the region in skills proficiency.Skill development will become increasingly important as skills,rather th
80、an jobs,become the new career currency.29 Countries that have historically performed well in this area should continue their investments,while workforce leaders in the region may want to look to them as examples.20Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends35 Median Age1.1M Coursera LearnersWome
81、n LearnersLearning on Mobile51%35%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT AustraliaTied to both the U.S.and China,Australia could find itself in difficult circumstances as global tensions rise.30 Reliant on exports like oil,gas,and iron ore,Australias economy has low levels of diversification and complexity.31 Although a
82、 new business innovation and investment visa32 may improve conditions,without investing in skills development,Australia risks leaving itself open to global instability.If Australian education leaders place greater emphasis on skills development,the country will have a more resilient future.Australia
83、 rose eight ranks in skills proficiency year over year.Buoyed by its business skills proficiency level,which rose from 31%to 58%,Australia climbed eight ranks between last year and the present.Education leaders should continue to invest in training to keep these proficiency levels high in coming yea
84、rs.Australia is focusing on digital skills and has the skills proficiencies to back it up.The Australian government is focusing on improving digital skills and has spent more than$100 million on training its workforce in this critical area.33 Australia is building on a strong foundation,with its wor
85、kers scoring at a 70%proficiency level in data science and 62%in technology.The countrys workforce leaders should continue to prioritize these domains.Skills training can make Australia a talent destination,not just a source.Historically,Australia has struggled to keep its most talented workers at h
86、ome,as it faces a talent drain to other English-speaking countries.Thats particularly true for its creative industries,according to the Australian Broadband Advisory Committee.34 Increased investment by business leaders in training in human skills like critical thinking,collaboration,and leadership
87、will have a strong effect.Over-indexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceResilience(1.55x)Calculus(1.24x)Geovisualization(1.29x)Adaptability(1.36x)Software Architecture(1.19x)Bayesian Statistics(1.29x)Critical Thinking(1.27x)Computer Programming Tools(1.19x)
88、Data Visualization Software(1.19x)Data Visualization Software(1.24x)Data Structures(1.14x)SQL(1.15x)Spreadsheet Software(1.21x)Mathematical Theory&Analysis(1.1x)Data Visualization(1.15x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank43Rank39Rank31Rank Change27Rank Change1Rank Change4Sales67%Databases74%Machine L
89、earning62%Leadership and Management44%Computer Programming53%Mathematics60%Strategy and Operations19%Cloud Computing81%Statistical Programming56%Communication47%Software Engineering38%Data Visualization75%Human Resources80%Web Development90%Data Analysis84%Accounting34%Security Engineering32%Data Ma
90、nagement72%Entrepreneurship51%Computer Networking31%Probability and Statistics70%Finance67%Mobile Development31%Marketing64%Theoretical Computer Science67%Operating Systems61%2021Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends28 Median Age15.7M Coursera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning on Mobile38%60%
91、COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT IndiaIndia is an important market for technology companies.Last year,its tech sector grew at twice the rate of its economy as a whole.35 Powered by major homegrown companies like Jio,Infosys,and Tata Consultancy Services alongside Western multinationals like Twitter,Amazon,and Alph
92、abet,whose CEO was born in Tamil Nadu,the industry has already earned a record$227 billion in revenue this fiscal year.36 Workforce leaders in India should invest in the human and digital skills that will continue to power this critical sector of its economy.Skills proficiency held steady,but data s
93、cience skills lagged behind.With rankings virtually unchanged year-over-year,India continues to need to develop skilled talent.Especially as multinational technology companies look to South Asia as a significant market,workforce development leaders must find ways to improve skill levels in data scie
94、nce.The number of open data science jobs in the country rose 47.1%between 2020 and 2021.37 With a data science proficiency level of 26%,Indias companies may struggle to find the talent to fill those roles without more training.Education leaders should invest more resources in these areas.Learners in
95、 India concentrated on financial skills.Reflecting a fintech market estimated at$31 billion in 2021,38 the third-largest in the world,learners in India are over-indexed in skills including investment management(1.38x),blockchain(1.33x),and risk management(1.22x).These are skills that business leader
96、s can leverage.Over-indexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceInvestment Management(1.38x)Programming Languages(1.23x)Machine Learning Algorithms(1.2x)Data Visualization Software(1.37x)Linear Algebra(1.21x)Regression(1.18x)Blockchain(1.33x)Algorithms(1.19x)A
97、pplied Machine Learning(1.17x)Data Analysis Software(1.28x)Mobile Development(1.13x)Linear Algebra(1.17x)Risk Management(1.22x)Distributed Computing Architecture(1.1x)Artificial Neural Networks(1.17x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank62Rank56Rank76Rank Change11Rank Change6Rank Change12Sales37%Databa
98、ses17%Data Analysis23%Leadership and Management36%Computer Programming25%Data Visualization10%Strategy and Operations10%Cloud Computing74%Probability and Statistics26%Communication66%Software Engineering48%Machine Learning41%Human Resources74%Web Development56%Mathematics39%Accounting14%Security Eng
99、ineering30%Statistical Programming14%Entrepreneurship26%Computer Networking39%Data Management22%Finance71%Mobile Development54%Marketing35%Theoretical Computer Science64%Operating Systems58%2122Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends30 Median Age687K Coursera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning o
100、n Mobile43%37%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT TaiwanTaiwan has considerable economic strengths,with global demand for semiconductors causing an economic windfall.39 But as production ramps up in other parts of the world,the boom will not last forever.In many ways,its economy resembles that of other export-intensi
101、ve economies that rely on a single resource.Accordingly,Taiwans education leaders must continue to invest in skills development to broaden its economic base.A semiconductor shortage will be made worse by a talent shortage.As a shortage of semiconductor chips continues to hold back the worlds economy
102、,Taiwans manufacturers are working hard to increase supply.In January,TSMC,the worlds largest semiconductor manufacturer,announced it would spend a record$44 billion to build the chips that power everything from computers to cars.40 To keep pace,Taiwans workforce leaders need to improve its skills p
103、roficiency level in technology,which dropped 24%in the last year.Economic diversification will require improvements in human skills that can transfer across multiple business domains.As a report from the Brookings Institution recently argued,41 as China42 and the U.S.43 insource chip manufacturing,T
104、aiwan may find itself overly reliant on a narrow segment of global trade.To navigate these uncertain times,the country needs a more flexible workforce.Proficiency especially lagged in human resources(8%),sales(22%),and entrepreneurship(26%),which means that workforce leaders need to prioritize train
105、ing in these cross-functional skills.Over-indexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceSupply Chain Systems(1.45x)User Experience(1.46x)Bayesian Statistics(1.15x)Advertising(1.32x)Human Computer Interaction(1.21x)Data Structures(1.09x)Project Management(1.28x)D
106、esign and Product(1.15x)Statistical Programming(1.08x)Brand Management(1.18x)Data Structures(1.12x)Python Programming(1.06x)Operations Management(1.15x)Python Programming(1.09x)Experiment(1.06x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank70Rank55Rank36Rank Change32Rank Change24Rank Change19Sales22%Databases76
107、%Machine Learning68%Leadership and Management39%Computer Programming43%Data Visualization84%Strategy and Operations27%Cloud Computing60%Probability and Statistics41%Communication55%Software Engineering34%Machine Learning15%Human Resources8%Web Development51%Mathematics55%Accounting86%Security Engine
108、ering1%Statistical Programming56%Entrepreneurship26%Computer Networking4%Data Management75%Finance40%Mobile Development78%Marketing45%Theoretical Computer Science79%Operating Systems48%2223Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsREGIONAL SKILL TRENDS EuropeAn uncertain continent must embrace
109、its strengths85%internet access(2%)47%women learners(1%)33 median age(1)40%learning on mobile(11%)17.4M Coursera Learners(23%)Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skills TrendsLagging 0-25%Emerging 25%-50%Competitive 50%-75%Cutting-edge 75%-100%24Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsGlobal R
110、ankRank ChangeCountry NameBusinessTechnologyData Science10Switzerland99%94%97%25Denmark94%97%97%41Belgium98%89%90%78Netherlands82%90%93%82Sweden81%87%94%95Germany92%85%88%103Bulgaria80%86%95%119Austria97%74%92%122Belarus26%99%96%131Finland65%91%98%151Italy86%84%79%169France68%88%87%178Norway75%80%89
111、%1911Serbia73%79%83%207Poland41%92%80%213Ukraine21%93%81%Europe Europes competitive advantage lies in high-skill workers.Despite the economic toll of Russias invasion of Ukraine,Europes markets remain strong.Among the ten countries with the most skilled workers globally,eight are located in Europe.4
112、4 Firms seeking talent should look to these countries,while education leaders throughout the region should continue to prioritize training for high-growth,in-demand skills in business,technology,and data science.The Digital Markets Act may open opportunities for smaller technology companies.In the s
113、pring,the European Union passed new antitrust rules to reduce the market power of American technology giants.45 When these regulations come into force,they could open space for local firms to recruit high-skill talent.Business leaders should prepare by training this talent now.Global RankRank Change
114、Country NameBusinessTechnologyData Science2232Armenia44%81%84%254Spain61%69%85%2711Hungary60%72%78%288Greece89%42%69%308Latvia78%66%53%3235Georgia53%82%49%378Lithuania20%75%75%3810United Kingdom38%60%74%406Romania46%76%46%429Estonia25%62%75%4526Croatia64%45%59%4710Turkey52%57%47%484Slovakia37%55%63%
115、5827Ireland43%38%52%6251Czech Republic19%41%67%6638Portugal36%37%38%745Azerbaijan76%12%25%25Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends2536Median Age1.7M Coursera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning on Mobile50%41%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT SpainSpain is positioned to prosper.In 2022,the countrys tourism sect
116、or is expected to reach 88%of its pre-pandemic size.46 The national government is investing$12.4 billion in semiconductor manufacturing.47 Even olive oil exports are on the rise.48 Yet high inflation and the economic costs of Russias invasion of Ukraine recently caused Spains second-largest bank to
117、lower its predictions for the countrys GDP growth to 4.1%in 2022.49 And structural challenges loom large.50 Keeping pace with technological shifts will require investments in workforce development,especially in human and digital skills.Spain is an entrepreneurial nation on the rise.The government re
118、cently embarked on a ten-year plan to transform the country into“Spain Entrepreneurial Nation.”51 Although the country has some ways to go,it has made progress,climbing four ranks in the last year and improving its proficiency level in business and technology skills.To achieve its goals,the countrys
119、 education leaders will continue to need to make workforce training a priority.Learners in Spain are embracing technologies at the frontier of innovation.Learners are over-represented in areas of cutting-edge technology that include bioinformatics(1.41x),blockchain(1.39x),and computer vision(1.25x).
120、Business leaders seeking to work in these areas should look to hire workers in the country.Over-indexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceFinTech(1.45x)Distributed Computing Architecture(1.21x)Bioinformatics(1.41x)Blockchain(1.39x)Interactive Design(1.19x)Co
121、mputer Vision(1.25x)Resilience(1.35x)Mathematical Theory&Analysis(1.19x)Artificial Neural Networks(1.2x)Data Analysis Software(1.3x)Python Programming(1.14x)Deep Learning(1.19x)Negotiation(1.23x)Linear Algebra(1.12x)Data Analysis Software(1.18x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank41Rank33Rank16Rank Ch
122、ange17Rank Change8Rank Change2Sales66%Databases14%Machine Learning84%Leadership and Management75%Computer Programming75%Mathematics76%Strategy and Operations56%Cloud Computing55%Probability and Statistics86%Communication16%Software Engineering90%Machine Learning68%Human Resources63%Web Development83
123、%Mathematics94%Accounting25%Security Engineering22%Statistical Programming70%Entrepreneurship70%Computer Networking95%Data Management87%Finance70%Mobile Development90%Marketing71%Theoretical Computer Science48%Operating Systems3%26Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends2634Median Age2.6M Cou
124、rsera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning on Mobile49%39%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT United KingdomOf all the countries in the G7,the United Kingdom faces the most difficult economic circumstances.52 In addition to continuing challenges in implementing Brexit,the country is also behind on workforce development.Acc
125、ording to McKinsey,53 to realize the full benefits of reskilling,more than 90%of U.K.workers will need to be retrained.Workforce development leaders should make this a top priority.Tech skills in the U.K.lag behind most of Europe.Technology companies in the U.K.are on the upswing,with new records fo
126、r investment in four of the last five years.With particular strengths in artificial intelligence,biotech,cybersecurity,and fintech,the U.K.is the third-largest market for technology,behind only the U.S.and China.54 But that industry requires high levels of talent,and the U.K.may be at risk of fallin
127、g back further.Learners in the U.K.scored highly on finance and marketing but performed less well in strategy and operations along with leadership and management.While the countrys learners may be strong in digital skills,they fall behind in the human skills that the economy also requires.To enable
128、long-term,sustainable growth,leaders in government,business,and education must also prioritize these skills.Over-indexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceFinTech(1.3x)Graph Theory(1.24x)Bayesian Statistics(1.32x)Resilience(1.29x)User Experience(1.19x)Bioinf
129、ormatics(1.3x)Blockchain(1.26x)Mathematical Theory&Analysis(1.11x)Graph Theory(1.14x)Adaptability(1.22x)Calculus(1.11x)Probability Distribution(1.05x)Critical Thinking(1.16x)Linear Algebra(1.11x)General Statistics(1.05x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank64Rank42Rank28Rank Change8Rank Change1Rank Cha
130、nge4Sales46%Databases61%Machine Learning75%Leadership and Management29%Computer Programming56%Mathematics78%Strategy and Operations15%Cloud Computing74%Statistical Programming57%Communication38%Software Engineering46%Data Visualization67%Human Resources48%Web Development79%Data Analysis68%Accounting
131、15%Security Engineering29%Data Management60%Entrepreneurship37%Computer Networking42%Probability and Statistics81%Finance80%Mobile Development56%Marketing51%Theoretical Computer Science75%Operating Systems35%27Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsREGIONAL SKILL TRENDS The Middle East and N
132、orth AfricaThe transition away from the fossil fuel economy is happening,but more skill development is needed77%internet access(1%)37%women learners(0%)29 median age(1)57%learning on mobile(3%)5.9M Coursera Learners(40%)Lagging 0-25%Emerging 25%-50%Competitive 50%-75%Cutting-edge 75%-100%28Global Sk
133、ills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsGlobal RankRank ChangeCountry NameBusinessTechnologyData Science239United Arab Emirates100%33%35%361Israel18%75%77%445Saudi Arabia91%40%15%465Kuwait85%31%25%5616Tunisia57%44%42%618Qatar95%13%16%768Jordan47%26%33%7929Egypt35%25%30%8125Lebanon63%20%17%929Oman51%8%
134、8%9321Morocco11%15%19%994Iraq14%7%4%10011Algeria3%3%11%10220Sudan12%2%3%The Middle East and North Africa Womens enrollment held steady.The share of women in professional and technical jobs in the region will more than double by the end of the decade,55 which makes skills training all the important t
135、o prepare for those roles.The percentage of women learners was 37%in both last years Global Skills Report and this one.Fifty-seven percent of learners used mobile devices.With countries like Egypt,Saudi Arabia,and Iraq having the highest regional rates of smartphone use,56 learners in the region tur
136、n to mobile devices more frequently than anywhere outside of Sub-Saharan Africa.Especially as data costs come down,the region is primed for an“ed tech revolution.”57Strong business skills lay the foundation for future growth.Here,learners tend to score highly on business skills,but lower in data sci
137、ence and technology.By investing in skills development across all three domains,the Middle East and North Africa can realize its“outstanding potential for innovative entrepreneurship,”58 as a recent study of regional innovation concluded.29Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends34Median Age6
138、82K Coursera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning on Mobile32%58%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT Saudi ArabiaWith oil prices reaching record highs,Saudi Arabias economy is expected to grow 2.8%in the next year,according to the IMF.59 And as the Brookings Institution observed,that wealth is powering“one of the most rapi
139、d transformations in the world,”as record numbers of women enter the workforce and the labor market becomes more fluid.60 As the kingdom transitions to a more sustainable economy,it is building on recent successes:In 2020,the World Economic Forum reported that Saudi Arabia was among the top 10 count
140、ries globally for digital literacy.61 Leaders across industry,workforce development,and higher education should reinforce these strengths.Saudi Arabia is investing substantially in technology skills.The countrys non-oil private sector recently recorded its highest growth in the last four years.62 Re
141、investing those revenues in workforce development will pay off in the long term.One way the countrys workforce leaders are preparing for its future is through the Human Capability Development Program,a part of its Vision 2030 initiative.63Business skills in Saudi Arabia are strong suits.At a 91%prof
142、iciency rank,learners in Saudi Arabia demonstrate high levels of business skills proficiency,with strengths including accounting,human resources,and strategy and operations.The countrys workforce leaders should find ways to build on this advantage and expand into additional business skills,such as f
143、inance,business analytics,and digital marketing.Skills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceSupply Chain Systems(2.1x)Operating Systems(1.4x)Epidemiology(1.36x)Organizational Development(1.42x)Network Architecture(1.33x)Data Analysis Software(1.22x)Audit(1.39x)Interactive De
144、sign(1.3x)Probability&Statistics(1.19x)Strategy(1.35x)Computer Graphics(1.27x)Data Visualization Software(1.18x)Budget Management(1.33x)Computer Architecture(1.18x)Data Analysis(1.13x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank10Rank62Rank88Rank Change1Rank Change16Rank Change3Sales89%Databases43%Machine Lea
145、rning20%Leadership and Management88%Computer Programming22%Mathematics38%Strategy and Operations93%Cloud Computing22%Statistical Programming22%Communication84%Software Engineering62%Data Visualization8%Human Resources97%Web Development11%Data Analysis17%Accounting93%Security Engineering96%Data Manag
146、ement12%Entrepreneurship86%Computer Networking87%Probability and Statistics20%Finance44%Mobile Development39%Marketing73%Theoretical Computer Science36%Operating Systems76%Over-indexing Skills2930Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill Trends34Median Age642K Coursera LearnersWomen LearnersLearning
147、on Mobile42%44%COUNTRY SPOTLIGHT United Arab EmiratesGas and oil extraction account for around 30%of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates.64 This natural resource wealth presents both a challenge and an opportunity.As the world moves away from fossil fuels,the UAE has the chance to leverage its domin
148、ant economic activities to reinvest in long-term resiliency.In 2020,the government launched a 50-year plan65 to make that transition.So far,its economic outlook remains strong:the country is on track for GDP growth of 5%to 6%in the next few years.66 Whether that wealth will result in a higher-skill
149、workforce depends on the choices the country makes.The UAE has embraced a diverse,high-skill economic model.The UAE has been preparing for the post-oil era with a more diversified,high-skill economy.This bet has paid off,with proficiency levels in the UAE leading the region for the second year in a
150、row.However,education leaders will need to address weaknesses in technology and data science skills.Learners in the UAE scored high in security engineering.At an 89%proficiency level,these are the skills that the country needs for initiatives like its Cybersecurity Council,which launched in 2020.67
151、Business leaders should find ways to put those skills to work.Over-indexing SkillsSkills Ranking&Proficiency LevelsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceAudit(1.55x)Graphic Design(1.3x)Data Analysis Software(1.35x)Negotiation(1.47x)Design and Product(1.21x)Data Visualization Software(1.25x)Sales(1.31x
152、)Computer Graphics(1.19x)Data Analysis(1.17x)Strategy(1.26x)Software Testing(1.11x)Epidemiology(1.14x)General Accounting(1.25x)Operating Systems(1.11x)Big Data(1.12x)BusinessTechnologyData ScienceRank1Rank69Rank67Rank Change0Rank Change1Rank Change2Sales80%Databases57%Machine Learning14%Leadership a
153、nd Management100%Computer Programming34%Mathematics75%Strategy and Operations100%Cloud Computing34%Statistical Programming38%Communication100%Software Engineering29%Data Visualization48%Human Resources100%Web Development41%Data Analysis61%Accounting90%Security Engineering89%Data Management42%Entrepr
154、eneurship100%Computer Networking57%Probability and Statistics48%Finance57%Mobile Development17%Marketing92%Theoretical Computer Science45%Operating Systems58%3031Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsC A R EER PATH WAYS32Global Skills Report 2022 Career TrainingWorkers out of jobs or seekin
155、g better ones need pathways to success,particularly for those jobs that involve digital skills.To improve employment outcomes for students,citizens,and employees at all stages of their work lives,Coursera offers Professional Certificates in Career Academy:a curated suite of courses offered by leadin
156、g industry partners,including Google,IBM,Meta,and more.There were around 1.8 million enrollments in the Professional Certificates in the Career Academy last year,a number that has grown from less than 100,000 in 2019.The number of courses in our Professional Certificate portfolio has grown as well,a
157、s has the percentage of women pursuing Professional Certificates,which increased from 25%in 2019 to 40%in the last year.The Career Academy enables any business,government,or academic institution to give individuals even those with no college degree or prior work experience the opportunity to grow in
158、to a new career.By pursuing these Professional Certificates,job seekers meet employer demand by learning skills that prepare them for specific roles,build job confidence using real-world tools,and create a portfolio that demonstrates what they have learned to prospective employers.These courses also
159、 provide a roadmap for the labor market,including information on job titles,skill requirements,open roles,and salaries(where available).Here are some of the available Professional Certificates in Career Academy:IntroductionGlobal Skills Report 2022 Career PathwaysGoogle Digital Marketing&E-Commerce
160、Professional CertificateOFFERED BY GOOGLE 6 months at 10 hours per weekPrepare for an entry-level job in digital marketing and e-commerceIBM Full Stack Software Developer Professional CertificateOFFERED BY IBM 9 months at 3 hours per weekPrepare for an entry-level job as a full stack cloud developer
161、Google Project Management Professional CertificateOFFERED BY GOOGLE 6 months at 10 hours per weekPrepare for an entry-level job as a project managerIBM Data Science Professional CertificateOFFERED BY IBM 3 months at 12 hours per weekPrepare for an entry-level job as a data scientistGoogle IT Support
162、 Professional CertificateOFFERED BY GOOGLE 6 months at 5 hours per weekPrepare for an entry-level job as an IT support specialistMeta Social Media Marketing Professional CertificateOFFERED BY META 5-6 months at 6-10 hours per weekPrepare for an entry-level job as a social media marketerSalesforce Sa
163、les Development Representative Professional CertificateOFFERED BY SALESFORCE 5 months at 5 hours per weekPrepare for an entry-level job as a sales development representativeMeta Marketing Analytics Professional CertificateOFFERED BY META 5-6 months at 4-5 hours per weekPrepare for an entry-level job
164、 as a marketing analyst33Global Skills Report 2022 Career TrainingS TATE-BY-S TATE SK ILL TR ENDS34Global Skills Report 2022 State-by-State Skill TrendsThe United States is split regionally on learner performance,as it is on many other measures.While many states have high levels of skills proficienc
165、y,others are falling behind,especially those in the southern part of the country.To close these gaps and create new talent hubs,state and local governments can invest in modern workforce development programs that equip learners with the skills needed to enter high-growth,in-demand jobs.STATE-BY-STAT
166、E SKILL TRENDS United StatesLagging 0-25%Emerging 25%-50%Competitive 50%-75%Cutting-edge 75%-100%35Global Skills Report 2022 State-by-State Skill TrendsAcross India,learner performance is divided,with states in southern areas tending to perform better than those in northern regions.As their citizens
167、 and companies compete in a global economy,states across India will need to make workforce development a priority particularly in data science skills,where learners have the greatest growth opportunities.STATE-BY-STATE SKILL TRENDS IndiaLagging 0-25%Emerging 25%-50%Competitive 50%-75%Cutting-edge 75
168、%-100%36Global Skills Report 2022 Regional Skill TrendsTECHNI C A L A PPEND I X37Global Skills Report 2022 Technical AppendixTechnical AppendixOverviewCourseras Global Skills Report assesses the skill proficiency of learners,measures which skills are trending globally,and identifies fields of study
169、and roles that engage highly with the essential skills for the future of work.This years Global Skills Report report focuses on the 102 countries with the most learners on the Coursera platform.These 102 countries account for over 80%of learners on the Coursera platform.Building the Global Skills Re
170、port involves data from several components:The Coursera Skills Graph Skill Proficiency Scores and Benchmarking by Country Correlations with Third-Party Data Over-Indexing Skills Time to Skill and SkillSet The Coursera Skills GraphThe Coursera Skills Graph maps the connections among skills,content,ca
171、reers,and learners on the Coursera platform.For the Global Skills Report,we leverage the following parts of the Skills Graph:Skill to skill:Describes the connections among skills and generates a skills taxonomy where broad,higher-level skills are parents of more granular,lower-level skills(see Figur
172、e 1).Skill to content:Maps skills to the Coursera courses that teach them.Skill to assessment:Maps skills to the graded items that assess them.Graded items on Coursera can be of several types:multiple choice quizzes,peer review assignments like essays and projects,or programming assignments.Skill to
173、 learner:Connects competencies to learners who have demonstrated them by passing relevant graded items.We measure this using a variant of the Glicko algorithm,described further below.38Global Skills Report 2022 Technical AppendixRelationships among skillsWe assemble a vast skills taxonomy of over 36
174、,000 skills in the subject areas of business,technology,and data science through a combination of open-source taxonomies like Wikipedia and crowdsourcing from Coursera educators and learners.Guided by open-source data combined with knowledge from industry experts,we assemble a structured taxonomy th
175、at connects Coursera domains to the set of skills within them,ranging from competencies down to very specific skills.For the Global Skills Report,we focus on measuring performance at the competency level.To illustrate the mapping among domains,competencies,and skills,Figure 1 shows a snapshot of a s
176、ubsection of Courseras Skills Taxonomy.Sample of Courseras skills taxonomyThe full set of competencies for which we measure learner proficiency in the Global Skills Report,grouped by domain,are listed below.39Global Skills Report 2022 Technical AppendixBusiness Skills in this domain focus on the pra
177、ctice and day-to-day running of a business.Technology Skills in this domain focus on the creation,maintenance,and scaling of computer systems and software.Data Science Skills in this domain focus on capturing and utilizing the data generated within a business for decision-making and/or powering unde
178、rlying products and services.1)Accounting is about proper record keeping and communication of financial information for corporations in accordance with government regulations.Sample skills:Auditing,Financial Accounting1)Computer Networking is the process of creating a digital telecommunications netw
179、ork where connected devices exchange data with each other.Sample skills:Cloud Computing,Internet of Things1)Data Management comprises everything related to managing and accessing data for reporting,analysis,and model building.Sample skills:Cloud APIs,Hadoop2)Communication is the practice of discussi
180、on between two or more individuals in written or oral forms.Sample skills:People Skills,Writing2)Databases are an organized collection of data,generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system.Sample skills:Relational Database,Key Value Database2)Data Visualization involves the cre
181、ation and study of visual representations of data to communicate information clearly and efficiently.Sample skills:Tableau,Plotting Data3)Finance is focused on the efficient allocation of capital towards investment opportunities under conditions of risk or uncertainty.Sample skills:Financial Ratios,
182、Blockchain3)Operating Systems consists of building system software that provides common services for other types of computer programs.Sample skills:Mobile App Development,C Programming Language3)Machine Learning creates algorithms and statistical models that computer systems can use to perform a spe
183、cific task without explicit instructions.Sample skills:Multi-Task Learning,Deep Learning4)Management is about how to set a companys strategy and coordinate the effort of employees.Sample skills:People Management,Business Analytics4)Security Engineering is a specialized field that focuses on the secu
184、rity aspects in the design of systems that need to be able to deal robustly with possible sources of disruption.Sample skills:Cybersecurity,Cryptography 4)Math is the study of numbers and their relationships,applying these principles to models of real phenomena.Sample skills:Calculus,Linear AlgebraS
185、et of competencies in the Global Skills Report40Global Skills Report 2022 Technical AppendixBusiness(cont.)Technology(cont.)Data Science(cont.)5)Marketing is the process of creating relationships with potential and actual customers,allowing businesses to identify how they should present themselves a
186、nd who they should cater to.Sample skills:Digital Marketing,Product Placement5)Software Engineering involves applying rigorous principles to the design,development,maintenance,testing,and evaluation of computer software.Sample skills:Software Architecture,Software Development5)Statistical Programmin
187、g is the set of programming languages and tools used to create statistical models and algorithms.Sample skills:R,Python6)Sales is focused on taking a companys products and services to market and transacting with actual customers.Sample skills:Cross-Selling,Lead Generation6)Computer Programming is th
188、e process that professionals use to write code that instructs how a computer,application or software program performs.Sample skills:JavaScript,Java6)Statistics deals with all aspects of data collection,organization,analysis,interpretation,and presentation.Sample skills:Regression,AB Testing7)Entrepr
189、eneurship is the process of designing,launching and running a new business.Sample skills:Adaptability,Innovation7)Theoretical Computer Science focuses on mathematical aspects of computer science and the theory behind algorithms,data structures,computational complexity,and related topics.Sample skill
190、s:Algorithms,Cryptography7)Data Analysis is the process of inspecting,cleansing,transforming,and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information,informing conclusions,and supporting decision-making.Sample skills:Exploratory Data Analysis,Spatial Data Analysis 8)Strategy and Operations
191、consists of the planning and strategic work organizations undertake to grow and prosper.Sample skills:Operations Management,Strategy8)Cloud Computing involves delivering computing resources,namely hardware,software,or software development platforms via the internet.Sample skills:Software as a Servic
192、e,Kubernetes9)Human Resources refers to the corporate function of overseeing the various aspects of employment,such as onboarding/offboarding,labor law compliance,employee benefits,and talent acquisition.Sample skills:Benefits,Employee Relations9)Web Development is the work involved in developing we
193、b sites.It can range from developing a simple static page to complex web applications such as e-commerce sites.Sample skills:Angular,HTML and CSS10)Mobile Development is the process of developing software applications for mobile devices such as mobile phones or tablets.Sample skills:Android Developm
194、ent,iOS Development41Global Skills Report 2022 Technical AppendixRelationships between skills and contentThe skills in the Coursera Skills Taxonomy are mapped to the courses that teach them using a machine-learning model trained on a data set of university instructor and learner-labeled skill-to-cou
195、rse mappings.Features of the model include occurrence counts(e.g.,in the lecture transcripts,assignments,and course descriptions)and learner feedback.With over 9,000 courses in business,technology,and data science from top-ranked university and industry partners around the world,our catalog spans th
196、e wide variety of skills that are relevant to the competencies in this report.For each skill-course pair,this machine learning model outputs a score that captures how likely it is that the skill is taught in the course.To define the set of skill-to-course tags that power this report,we tune a cutoff
197、 threshold based on expert feedback from our content strategy team.When a skill within a competency is tagged to a course,we extract the graded items in that course as being relevant for assessing a given competency.These competency-to-assessment mappings were reviewed with industry experts to ascer
198、tain their fidelity and adjusted as needed.This final set serves as the pool we use to measure individual learners skill proficiencies.Coursera skills benchmarkingTo benchmark skill proficiency at the country level,we first benchmark the skill proficiency of each learner in each skill.Then,we aggreg
199、ate those proficiencies to compute statistics like the country skills proficiency in a particular skill.Individual skill scoresWith the set of assessments for each competency defined,we consider grades for all learners taking relevant assessments and train machine learning models to simultaneously e
200、stimate individual learners skill proficiencies(i.e.,how proficient each learner is in each competency)and individual assessment difficulties(i.e.,how challenging each assessment is).Each skill has its own model to estimate these parameters.This methodology allows us to measure learner skill profici
201、encies adjusting for item difficulty.This is essential because the Coursera platform contains a wide variety of courses ranging from the introductory college level to the advanced graduate level.Adjusting for item difficulty ensures we neither penalize learners for taking difficult courses nor over-
202、reward learners for strong performance in easy courses.Because learners attempt various numbers of graded items at various levels of difficulty,we also assess the precision with which we are measuring skill proficiency for each learner through the calculation of standard errors.The full details of o
203、ur methodology for individual skill scoring are detailed in a public technical paper.7642Global Skills Report 2022 Technical AppendixCountry skill scoresWith the set of assessments for each competency defined,we consider grades for all learners taking relevant assessments and train machine learning
204、models to simultaneously estimate individual learners skill proficiencies(i.e.,how proficient each learner is in each competency)and individual assessment difficulties(i.e.,how challenging each assessment is).Each skill has its own model to estimate these parameters.For computing the aggregate score
205、s in business,technology,and data science,we take the average of the country scores in each of the competencies within those domains.Similarly,to get the overall score of a country for use in the correlations with third party data,we take the average of that countrys business,technology,and data sci
206、ence scores.We compare countries to each other via a percentile ranking of all skills proficiency estimates.Performance bands for a groups skill proficiency are computed by segmenting skill proficiencies into quartiles:Cutting-Edge for 76th percentile or above Competitive for 51st to 75th percentile
207、 Emerging for 26th to 50th percentile Lagging for 25th percentile or belowCourseras over 100 million registered learners span the globe and myriad industries,and the Global Skills Report reflects the average skill proficiency of learners in each country on the Coursera platform,accounting for the pr
208、ecision with which we measure each individuals skill proficiency.Note that the Global Skills Report estimate may not reflect the average skill proficiency of all members within an entity because Coursera learners are not necessarily representative of a country.Correlations with third-party dataUsing
209、 the average skill proficiency of each country across business,technology,and data science,we are able to link our dataset at the country level with other country-level indicators.This allows us to correlate the rankings with external metrics of interest.We take the following metrics from the World
210、Bank:GDP per capita Share of individuals with access to the internet Share of income held by the top 10%Human Capital IndexWe take the following metrics from the International Labor Organization(ILO):Labor force participation rateOver-indexing skillsTo determine which skills learners are most intere
211、sted in within a particular country group or job group,we look for skills that over-index in the data by number of enrollments.While trending skills reveal what is generally popular,over-indexing skills reveal what is disproportionately popular within a particular group.The methodology is fairly str
212、aightforward and works as follows:1.Compute the share of enrollments in courses teaching skill S overall(say 20%)2.Compute the share of enrollments in courses teaching skill S from students within group G(say 30%)3.Compute the“skill quotient”of skill S for group G as(30%/20%=1.5)We restrict to skill
213、s with greater than 1,000 enrollments to ensure the over-indexing skills are sufficiently popular(and then use the“skill-quotient”formula to show the ones that are uniquely popular within a given group of learners).The notion of whether a course teaches a skill is derived from the Coursera Skills Gr
214、aph,described earlier in this appendix.43Global Skills Report 2022 EndnotesEndnotes1.“The Future of Jobs Report 2020,”World Economic Forum.2020.2.“10 years of learning:Coursera celebrates 100 million global learners and a new Machine Learning Specialization from co-founder Andrew Ng,”Coursera.2022.3
215、.“The Digital Skills Gap:What Workers Need for the Jobs of the Future,”Rand Review.2022.4.“Glossary of Statistical Terms,”OECD.2005.5.“Unemployment rates were lower in February in 31 states and D.C.and stable in 19 states,”United States Bureau of Labor Statistics.2002.6.“The next phase of the US job
216、s recovery has begun,”CNN.2022.7.“Unemployment rate hit record low 5.3%in March:Statistics Canada,”Global News.2022.8.“Technological revolution of work during pandemic shows promise but also inequality,”National Post.2022.9.“Americas income divide unchanged by pandemic,unless youre a minority or les
217、s educated,”NBC.2021.10.“Making Canadas skills-development system up-to-date and more effective should be evidence-based and grounded in top-quality research,”Institute for Research on Public Policy,2021.11.“Job openings and number of people quitting hit record highsits the pit of despair for employ
218、ers,”CNBC.2022.12.“The Labor Market Is Undergoing a Seismic Shift as Markets Await Septembers Jobs Report,”U.S.News and World Report.2021.13.“Big Quit sends worlds back office back offshore,”Reuters.2021.14.“New Coursera Study Indicates a Narrowing Gender Gap in Online Learning,”Bloomberg.2021.15.“L
219、atin America and the Caribbeans Growth Will Slow to 2.1%in 2022 amid Significant Asymmetries between Developed and Emerging Countries,”Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.2022.16.“CDB projects regional economic growth of 9.1%in 2022,”Caribbean Development Bank.2022.17.“These Cari
220、bbean Islands Are Making It Easier to Visit by Dropping COVID-19 Travel Restrictions,”Travel+Leisure.2022.18.“Climate change in Brazil:dealing with uncertainty in agricultural productivity models and the implications for economy-wide impacts,”Spatial Economic Analysis.2020.19.“Brazil Exports Hit Rec
221、ord High in March on Commodity Prices,War,”Bloomberg.2022.20.“The role of resource extraction in a“circular”world,”United Nations Environment Programme.2021.21.“Brazil economic outlook,”Deloitte Insights.202222.“Brazil in the digital transformation:Opportunities and challenges,”OECD.2020.23.“Pathway
222、s to a Low-Carbon Economy for Brazil,”McKinsey.2020.24.“Economic Survey of Mexico,”OECD.2022.25.“How Serious Are Mexicos Economic Problems?”Forbes.2021.26.“The World Bank In Mexico,”World Bank.2022.27.“Why is Guadalajara known as Mexicos Silicon Valley?”CodersLink.2021.28.“World Bank East Asia and t
223、he Pacific Economic Update,”World Bank.2022.29.“When Skills,Not Jobs,Become the Currency of Work,”Mercer.2021.30.“Australia would be among the biggest economic losers from a new cold war,”The Conversation.2022.31.“Australias Lack of Economic Complexity Is a Problem,”The Diplomat.2022.32.“Business In
224、novation and Investment(Provisional)visa,”Australian Government Department of Home Affairs.2021.33.“Australias Digital Economy,”Australian Government.2022.34.“Australia:long on creativity:short on digitalisation,”Gilbert+Tobin.2022.35.“Indian IT sector growing at almost twice the rate of economy,”Ti
225、mes of India.2022.36.“Indian tech industry crosses$200 bn revenue mark in FY22,”Mint.2022.37.“Data science jobs that are set to be in demand in the future,”Times of India.2022.38.“Indias FinTech market size at$31 billion in 2021,third largest in world:Report,”The Economic Times.2022.39.“2 charts sho
226、w how much the world depends on Taiwan for semiconductors,”CNBC.2021.40.“TSMC plans to spend record$44bn on capacity expansion in 2022,”Nikkei Asia.2022.44Global Skills Report 2022 Endnotes41.“Taiwans continued success requires economic diversification of products and markets,”Brookings.2021.42.“Ten
227、sions with Beijing throw spotlight on Taiwans unique role in global tech,”CNN.2022.43.“Intel to outsource more chip production after record year,”Nikkei Asia.2021.44.“The Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2021:Talent Competitiveness in Times of COVID,”INSEAD,Accenture,and the Portulans Institute.4
228、5.“EU targets U.S.tech giants with a new rulebook aimed at curbing their dominance,”CNBC.2022.46.“Spains tourist sector seen reaching 88%of pre-pandemic size in 2022,”Reuters.2022.47.“Spain Plans to Invest$12.4 Billion in Chips,Semiconductors,”Bloomberg.2022.48.“Olive Oil Sales and Exports on the Ri
229、se in Tunisia and Spain,”Olive Oil Times.2022.49.“Spain Economic Outlook.Second Quarter 2022,”BBVA Research.2022.50.“Past,present and future of the Spanish labour market:when the pandemic meets the megatrends,”Applied Economic Analysis.2021.51.“Spains ten-year plan to put startups in the economic dr
230、iving seat,”TechCrunch.2021.52.“UK GDP growth to slow to worst in G7 in 2023,says IMF,”The Guardian.2022.53.“The economic case for reskilling in the UK:How employers can thrive by boosting workers skills,”McKinsey.2020.54.“UK tech sector on track for another record year of investment,”Computer Weekl
231、y.2021.55.“Why positive change in Middle East starts with bringing women into the work force,”Arab News,2022.56.Smartphone Growth Surges in Middle East by 23%,”Flurry.2021.57.“The Middle East is primed for an ed-tech revolution.Now it needs to build on that momentum,”ZDNet.2021.58.“Innovation Networ
232、ks and Knowledge Clusters Accelerating Value Creation in the Middle East and North Africa,”Entrepreneurial Rise in the Middle East and North Africa:The Influence of Quadruple Helix on Technological Innovation.2022.59.“Saudi Arabias economy to grow by 2.8 percent amid record-high oil prices:IMF,”Alar
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234、audi Arabia.2022.64.“2022 Index of Economic Freedom:United Arab Emirates,”The Heritage Foundation.2022.65.“UAE Next 50,”The Government of the United Arab Emirates.2022.66.“UAE hopeful of 5%-6%economic growth in 2022 and beyond,”Reuters.2022.67.“Deloitte signs MoU with Cyber Security Council to advance the cyber security agenda in the UAE,”Deloitte.2022.68.For more technical details on our algorithm,see Reddick,Rachel.“Using a Glicko-based Algorithm to Measure In-Course Learning.”Educational Data Mining Conference Proceedings,July 2019.