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1、Digitalisation in Europe 20222023Evidence from the EIB Investment SurveyDigitalisation in Europe 20222023Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey Digitalisation in Europe 20222023Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey European Investment Bank,2023All rights reserved.About the EIB Investment Survey(E
2、IBIS)The EIB Group Survey on Investment and Investment Finance is a unique,annual survey of some 12 800 firms.It comprises firms in all EU Member States,as well as a sample of US firms which serves as a benchmark.It collects data on firm characteristics and performance,past investment activities and
3、 future plans,sources of finance,financing issues and other challenges that businesses face.Using a stratified sampling methodology,EIBIS is representative across all Member States of the European Union and for the United States,as well as for firm size classes(micro to large)and four main sectors.I
4、t is designed to build a panel of observations to support time series analysis,and these observations can also be linked to firm balance sheet and profit and loss data.EIBIS has been developed and is managed by the Economics Department of the European Investment Bank,with support for development and
5、 implementation by Ipsos MORI.For more information see:http:/www.eib.org/eibis.About this publicationThis is a report by the EIB Economics Department.The data source for this report is the EIB Investment Survey(EIBIS)2022.Results are weighted by industry group(sector),firm size-class and country.The
6、 methodology of the EIBIS survey is available at:https:/www.eib.org/en/about/economic-research/surveys-data/about-eibis.Contact:eibiseib.org.About the EIB Economics DepartmentThe mission of the EIB Economics Department is to provide economic analyses and studies to support the Bank in its operations
7、 and in the definition of its positioning,strategy and policy.Director Debora Revoltella heads the department and its team of 45 economists.economicseib.orgwww.eib.org/economicsMain contributors to this publicationBianca Brunori,Pter Harasztosi,Chiara Merante,Dsire Rckert and Christoph Weiss.Acknowl
8、edgementsThe comments of Sini Liukkonen are gratefully acknowledged.DisclaimerThe views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Investment Bank.For further information on the EIBs activities,please consult our website,www.eib
9、.org.You can also contact our InfoDesk,infoeib.org.Published by the European Investment Bank.Printed on FSC Paper.pdf:QH-BS-23-001-EN-N ISBN 978-92-861-5541-3 ISSN 2600-4313 doi:10.2867/745542eBook:QH-BS-23-001-EN-E ISBN 978-92-861-5540-6 ISSN 2600-4313 doi:10.2867/579816print:QH-BS-23-001-EN-C ISBN
10、 978-92-861-5542-0doi:10.2867/421636 ContentsContents Overview.1 Digitalisation in the European Union.2 The EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index.7 Digital divides between European firms.10 How digital infrastructure enables firms digitalisation.15 Investment in digital infrastructure by European mun
11、icipalities.19 Intangible investment and innovation.24 Digital skills,employment and management.26 Product market regulation and market power.30 International trade and firms resilience.33 Investment in climate change.36 Conclusion and policy recommendations.38 References.39 Country pages.42 Appendi
12、x A:The EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index.69 Appendix B:Comparing the EIBIS to other data sources.70 Overview|1 OverviewOverview The European Union is closing the digitalisation gap with the United States.More than half of European firms responded to the pandemic by investing in digitalisation,an
13、d they are rapidly catching up with their US peers in implementing advanced digital technologies.Despite this,Europe is not well positioned in digital innovation,and is at risk of developing dependencies in several critical technologies.Digitalisation drives firms resilience to economic disruption a
14、nd climate change,and it has helped European firms adjust at a time of repeated shocks.Digital companies displayed more resilience to the economic and trade disruptions unleashed by the COVID-19 crisis and the war in Ukraine,suggesting that they found more efficient ways of working.Digital firms gen
15、erally perform better than non-digital firms,tending to be more productive.They are also more likely to engage in international trade and invest in addressing the physical and transition risks of climate change.Successfully managing the digital transition and taking advantage of its long-term benefi
16、ts goes beyond technology adoption.The digital transformation is a societal change.Striking the right technological balance is a complex process for the European Union,which is caught between global players that are defining the cutting edge of digital innovation,national preferences and societal an
17、d regulatory patterns that set boundaries on the use of digital technologies.To make the most of the digital transformation,the European Union will need to position itself well in the global environment,creating better internal conditions for innovation in technologies that are crucial to European i
18、nterests,while staying within the boundaries of the European economic model.Firms digitalisation depends on external and internal factors.These include adequate digital infrastructure and competition-friendly regulation,as well as management decisions on investment in employee training and trade wit
19、h firms in innovative sectors,which accelerates the spread of digital technologies.A coordinated policy framework is crucial to addressing infrastructure gaps,improving digital skills,developing the innovation environment and regulating efficiently.Governments and municipalities also need to embrace
20、 digitalisation themselves.For many regions,this implies a coherent approach to digital governance,guided by the needs of people and firms.Debora Revoltella Director,Economics Department European Investment Bank 2|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Digitalisation in the European UnionDigitalisation
21、in the European Union More than half of firms invested in digitalisation in response to the COVID-19 crisis.In the European Union,53%of firms report taking action to become more digital for example by providing services online according to the results of the EIB Investment Survey(EIBIS)conducted fro
22、m April to July 2022(EIB,2023).However,significant differences exist between countries and firm sizes(Jaumotte et al.,2023).Investment in digitalisation as a response to COVID-19(%of firms),by country Source:EIBIS 2022.The share of firms that invested in digitalisation as a response to COVID-19 is h
23、igher in the United States than in the European Union,and this gap increased from 2021 to 2022.Micro and small firms are lagging behind medium-sized and large firms.In the European Union,only 30%of microenterprises stated that they took steps to improve digitalisation in 2022,compared with 62%of lar
24、ge firms.European micro and small firms are also less likely than their US peers to report having invested in becoming more digital.In addition to moving ahead with basic digitalisation,European firms are accelerating the adoption of new,advanced digital technologies after putting these processes on
25、 hold in the first year of the pandemic.The European Union has been closing its digital adoption gap with the United States over the past four years.The share of EU firms implementing advanced digital technologies increased from 2021 to 2022,reaching 69%compared with 71%in the United States.Digitali
26、sation in the European Union|3 Investment in digitalisation as a response to COVID-19(%of firms)a)by region b)by firm size Source:EIBIS(2021-2022).Source:EIBIS 2021-2022.Note:The numbers on top of the bars indicate differences in percentage points between the United States and the European Union.Que
27、stion:As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,have you taken any actions or made investments to become more digital(e.g.,moving to online service provision)?Adoption of advanced digital technologies(%of firms)Source:EIBIS 2019-2022.Note:The numbers on top of the bars indicate differences in percentag
28、e points between the United States and the European Union.A firm is identified as having adopted an“advanced digital technology”if at least one digital technology specific to its sector was implemented in parts of the business and/or if the entire business is organised around at least one digital te
29、chnology.Firms were asked about four different digital technologies specific to their sector(see Box 1).Question(2019-2021):Can you tell me for each of the following digital technologies if you have heard about them,not heard about them,implemented them in parts of your business,or whether your enti
30、re business is organised around them?Question(2022):To what extent,if at all,are each of the following digital technologies used within your business?Not used in the business;used in parts of the business;entire business is organised around this technology.08020022EUUS121502040
31、608020212022EUUS20204060802022220222MicroSmallMediumLargeEUUS 4|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 However,implementing advanced digital technologies requires more significant investment than simple digitalisation activities such as providing services online.Beyond t
32、he short-term response to COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine,the digital transformation of the EU economy will require the adoption of more advanced digital technologies,such as 3-D printing,advanced robotics,the internet of things,big data analytics and artificial intelligence,drones,online platforms
33、and augmented reality.The uptake of advanced digital technologies varies largely among EU countries.Although there are notable digital success stories in Europe,many countries are still behind the cutting edge of digital technology dissemination and adoption.Use of advanced digital technologies(%of
34、firms),by country Source:EIBIS 2022.Advanced robotics and online platforms remain the most widespread digital technologies.The implementation of the most advanced digital technologies has progressed over the past four years.The gap in the adoption of internet of things technologies between the Europ
35、ean Union and the United States has narrowed,from 18 percentage points in 2021 to 12 percentage points in 2022.Firm size plays a key role in the adoption of advanced digital technologies.80%of firms with more than 250 employees use advanced digital technologies,compared with 45%of firms with fewer t
36、han ten employees.This disparity is likely to slow the digital transformation in Europe(Revoltella,Rckert and Weiss,2020).The difference in adoption rates is particularly pronounced for advanced robotics,which supports the idea that certain technologies involve major integration costs,and that large
37、 firms are more likely to adopt these technologies(Acemoglu et al.,2022).Digitalisation in the European Union|5 Adoption of specific digital technologies(%of firms)a)European Union,2019-2022 b)European Union vs.the United States,2022 Source:EIBIS 2019-2022.Note:3-D printing is also known as additive
38、 manufacturing(manufacturing,construction and infrastructure).Robotics is automation using advanced robotics(manufacturing).The internet of things refers to electronic devices that communicate with each other without human assistance(all sectors).Big data/artificial intelligence refers to cognitive
39、technologies,such as big data analytics and artificial intelligence(manufacturing,services and infrastructure).Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles(construction).Augmented reality refers to augmented or virtual reality,such as providing information integrated with real-world objects presented using a
40、 head-mounted display(construction and services).Online platforms refer to a platform that connects customers with businesses or customers with other customers(services and infrastructure).Question:See page 3 for the exact wording of the question.02040602002200EUUS 6|Digitalisa
41、tion in Europe 2022-2023 Box 1.Digital technologies in the EIB Investment Survey In the EIBIS,firms are polled about the use of four advanced digital technologies that are specific to their sector.They are asked the following question:“Can you tell me for each of the following digital technologies i
42、f you have heard about them,not heard about them,implemented them in parts of your business,or whether your entire business is organised around them?”A firm is identified as“digital”if at least one digital technology is implemented in parts of the business and/or if the entire business is organised
43、around one digital technology.Firms in manufacturing are surveyed about the use of(a)3-D printing,also known as additive manufacturing;(b)robotics:automation via advanced robotics;(c)the internet of things,such as electronic devices that communicate with each other without human assistance;and(d)big
44、 data/artificial intelligence:cognitive technologies,such as big data analytics and artificial intelligence.Firms in construction are surveyed about the use of(a)3-D printing;(b)drones:unmanned aerial vehicles;(c)the internet of things;and(d)virtual reality:augmented or virtual reality,such as when
45、information is integrated with real-world objects and presented using a head-mounted display.Firms in services are surveyed about the use of(a)virtual reality;(b)platforms,which connect customers with businesses or customers with other customers;(c)the internet of things;and(d)big data/artificial in
46、telligence.Firms in infrastructure are surveyed about the use of(a)3-D printing;(b)platforms;(c)the internet of things;and(d)big data/artificial intelligence.The EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index|7 The EIBThe EIBIS IS Corporate Digitalisation IndexCorporate Digitalisation Index The EIBIS Corporat
47、e Digitalisation Index explores the degree of digital adoption in the European Union and the United States from various perspectives.This composite index summarises indicators on digitalisation as well as firms assessments of digital infrastructure and investments.It allows us to group countries acc
48、ording to how firms assess their digitalisation:frontrunners,strong,medium,moderate and modest.The EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index consists of six components:use of advanced digital technologies,digital uptake during COVID-19,digital infrastructure,investment in software and data,investment in
49、employee training,and use of a strategic monitoring system.It is based on firm-level data collected by the EIBIS in 2022.Appendix A contains more details on the index and its components.EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index Source:EIBIS 2022.The key findings of the EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Inde
50、x are:The European Union has been closing its digital adoption gap with the United States.There are several European countries that outperform the United States.European firms tend to perceive digital infrastructure as a major obstacle to investment more often than US firms.What is more,European fir
51、ms are less likely than US firms to have become more digital during the COVID-19 pandemic.8|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Based on the index,Finland and Denmark are the top two digital countries,followed by Belgium and Sweden.The top-performing EU countries,in selected areas of digitalisation,a
52、re Slovenia for the use of advanced digital technologies,Austria for the uptake of digitalisation during the COVID-19 pandemic,Estonia for digital infrastructure,Malta for investment in software and data,France for investment in employee training,and Finland for the use of formal strategic business
53、monitoring.EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index,by country Source:EIBIS 2022.The EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index rounds out the European Commissions Digitalisation Economy and Society Index(DESI)by adding firms perception about digitalisation.However,the two indices display a strong positive co
54、rrelation across countries.The main differences between the two are:All six components of the EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index are based on firms assessment of digitalisation and questions from the same survey,which simplifies comparisons across countries.The various components of DESI combine d
55、ata on households,individuals,e-government services and enterprises from different sources and data providers.DESI does not include US firms,yet the data are of paramount importance for analysing the digitalisation gap or the digital divide between the European Union and the United States.The infras
56、tructure component of the EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index captures whether firms consider digital infrastructure to be a major obstacle to their investment activities,whereas the connectivity component of DESI 020406080100FI DK BE SE NL ES AT SI MTDE SK EE US EU EL CZ RO PT IT HU IE CY LV LT FR
57、 LU PL HR BGFrontrunnerStrongMediumModerateModestUse of advanced digital technologiesInfrastructureMore digital during COVID-19Software investmentTraining investmentStrategic business monitoring The EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index|9 captures the quality of broadband access offered to households
58、 in the European Union.The EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index does not cover digital public services,in contrast to DESI.However,the EIBIS index does capture whether firms use formal strategic business monitoring systems,which is an indicator of management practices.Similarly,as the EIBIS is speci
59、fically for firms,it does not cover individuals use of internet services and online transactions,which are included in DESI.DESI and EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index,by country Source:European Commissions Digital Economy and Society Index(DESI)and EIBIS 2022.BGCZEEHRHULTLVPLROSISKCYELESITMTPTATB
60、EDEDKFIFRIELUNLSE6070809070EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation IndexDigitalisation Economy and Society Index 10|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Digital divides between European firmsDigital divides between European firms Companies that were already digital before the pandemic are more likel
61、y to have invested further in digitalisation in response to COVID-19.The crisis may have further deepened the digital divide,as leading firms have accelerated digitalisation,while laggard firms fell further behind(Rckert et al.,2021;Anderton,Botelho and Reimers,2023).Only 36%of non-digital firms in
62、Europe have used the crisis as an opportunity to begin investing in their digital transformation,while 60%of firms that were already using advanced digital technologies invested in becoming more digital in 2022.Importantly,the share of European firms that started investing in digitalisation is signi
63、ficantly lower than in the United States,where 58%of non-digital firms invested in becoming more digital in 2022.Investment in digitalisation as a response to COVID-19(%of firms),by prior adoption of advanced digital technologies a)2021 b)2022 Source:EIBIS 2021-2022.Note:The numbers on top of the ba
64、rs indicate differences in percentage points between the United States and the European Union.Question:As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,have you taken any actions or made investments to become more digital(e.g.,moving to online service provision)?See Box 1 for the definition of the adoption of
65、 advanced digital technologies.Digitalisation varies widely among economic sectors.For example,83%of firms in the machinery and transport equipment sector use advanced digital technologies,far more than in the construction sector(52%).One explanation for differing levels of digitalisation is that di
66、fferent industries produce different products,and that only certain tasks can be performed using advanced digital technologies.There is also a strong correlation in all industries between the use of advanced technologies and digital uptake during the pandemic.80EUUSNo advanced digital tec
67、hnologiesUser of advanced digital technologies23EUUSNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologies Digital divides between European firms|11 Investment in digitalisation(%of firms),by sector Source:EIBIS 2022.Question:As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,have you
68、taken any actions or made investments to become more digital(e.g.,moving to online service provision)?See Box 1 for the definition of the adoption of advanced digital technologies.Firms have been grouped into four different digitalisation profiles to better determine whether gaps are emerging.The fo
69、ur categories neither,basic,advanced and both are based on companies implementation of advanced digital technologies,and the steps they took to become more digital as a response to the COVID-19 crisis.Corporate digital divide profiles Became more digital as a response to COVID-19 Yes Basic Both No N
70、either Advanced No Yes User of advanced digital technologies The share of EU firms that did not invest in digitalisation decreased in the second year of the pandemic.Of EU firms,20%did not invest in their digital transformation in 2022,down from 26%in 2021.The share of people that work for firms in
71、the FoodTextiles and other manufacturingChemicals and pharmaceuticalsRaw materials and basic manufacturing productsComputer,electronics and electrical equipmentMachinery and transport equipmentElectricity,gas and waterConstructionTradeTransportationTourism and other servicesIT and telecommunications
72、40506070805060708090More digital during COVID-19User of advanced digital technologies 12|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023“neither”group in the European Union fell from 31%in 2021 to 25%in 2022,but remains significantly above the United States(15%).It is encouraging that,over time,less firms and wo
73、rkers fall into this category.However,firms that fall into the“neither”category may need stronger or specific policy support to prevent them from falling behind,while sustaining business dynamics and ensuring the efficient allocation of resources.Corporate digital divide profiles a)Share of firms(in
74、%)b)Share of employment(in%)Source:Authors calculations based on EIBIS 2021-2022,Eurostat and the US Census.Note:See the figure on page 11 for the definition of corporate digital divide profiles.Source:EIBIS 2021-2022.Note:See the figure on page 11 for the definition of corporate digital divide prof
75、iles.A non-negligible share of firms embarked on their digitalisation journey during the crisis.These companies have not implemented any advanced digital technology in their business yet but have taken action to become more digital as a response to COVID-19 for example,by providing services online a
76、nd are categorised as“basic”digital companies.In the European Union,13%of firms fall into this category.The share has remained stable over time.At the other end of the spectrum,69%of EU firms have already adopted advanced digital technologies.Among firms that have implemented advanced digital techno
77、logies in their business,some firms did not invest in increased digitalisation during the pandemic.These firms are categorised as“advanced.”Finally,firms that use digital technologies and that also invested further in digitalisation as a response to the pandemic are categorised as“both”because they
78、have fully embraced the digital transformation.42%of European firms fell into this category in 2022(a 9 percentage point increase compared to 2021),and one in two firms in the United States.020406080100EUUSEUUS20212022NeitherBasicAdvancedBoth020406080100EUUSEUUS20212022NeitherBasicAdvancedBoth Digit
79、al divides between European firms|13 The digital divide between firms may continue to grow over time.Looking ahead to the next three years,the top investment priorities for more digitally advanced firms are expanding capacity and developing new products,processes or services.For non-digital firms,on
80、 the other hand,replacing capacity(including existing buildings,machinery,equipment and IT)is more often mentioned as the investment priority.In addition,about 20%of non-digital firms report that they do not have any investment plans.Firms that are more advanced in digitalisation are also more optim
81、istic about the business prospects in their sector.The differences in investment risk are exacerbating the digital divide.Investment priority over the next three years and outlook(%of firms),by digital profile a)Investment priority b)Outlook Source:EIBIS 2022.Note:See the figure on page 11 for the d
82、efinition of corporate digital divide profiles.Question:Looking ahead to the next three years,which of the following is your investment priority?Source:EIBIS 2022.Note:See the figure on page 11 for the definition of corporate digital divide profiles.Question:Do you think that each of the following w
83、ill improve,stay the same,or get worse over the next 12 months?At the same time,firms lagging in digitalisation were less optimistic that sales would be higher in 2022 than in 2019.Only 35%of firms in the“neither”group in the European Union expected sales to increase,compared to 46%of firms in the“b
84、oth”category.This gap was even higher in the United States,at 33 percentage points.01020304050ReplacingcapacityCapacityexpansionNewproducts,processes orservicesNo plansNeitherBasicAdvancedBoth-10-5051015Availability ofinternal financeAvailability ofexternal financeBusinessprospectsNeitherBasicAdvanc
85、edBoth 14|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Outlook on sales(%of firms),by digital profile Source:EIBIS 2022.Note:See the figure on page 11 for the definition of corporate digital divide profiles.Question:Compared to 2019,do you expect your sales or turnover in 2022 to be higher,lower or about the
86、same?354336460204060800100NeitherBasicAdvancedBothEUHigherAbout the sameLowerNet balance(right)4060800100NeitherBasicAdvancedBothUSHigherAbout the sameLowerNet balance(right)How digital infrastructure enables firms digitalisation|15 How digital infrastructure enables
87、 firms How digital infrastructure enables firms digitalisationdigitalisation Digital infrastructure played a critical role during the COVID-19 crisis.14%of EU firms surveyed in the EIBIS consider access to digital infrastructure to be a major obstacle to investment.A key consideration is internet ac
88、cess and speed.Internet speed estimates at NUTS 21 level in the European Union in 2019 Source:Authors calculations based on Ookla.Note:The figure shows data from the first quarter of 2019 and is based on more than 11 million internet speed tests during this period.Internet speed is proxied by the me
89、asure of average latency when internet speed tests are performed using the website S.Latency is the time it takes for data 1 The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics(NUTS)classification divides up the economic territory of the European Union and identifies regions eligible for support fr
90、om EU cohesion policy.There are 242 regions in the NUTS 2 classification in the European Union.16|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 to be transferred between its original source and its destination,measured in microseconds.The measure is transformed as the inverse of latency(one over latency)to sho
91、w a positive increase when internet speed is higher.The original data are provided at the level of mercator tiles(approximately 610.8 metres by 610.8 metres at the equator),which is aggregated to NUTS 2 level averages,using the number of tests as weights.Persistent and major differences in access to
92、 digital infrastructure continue to exist between EU regions.While internet speed has increased throughout the European Union,regions that previously had poor internet access have experienced the greatest relative improvement recently.Internet speed more than doubled from 2019 to 2021 in some EU reg
93、ions primarily in France,Poland and Romania.However,the improvement in digital access has not been sufficient to close regional gaps in digital access.Instead,regions that already had better digital infrastructure have increased internet speed more quickly in absolute terms(in microseconds).This sug
94、gests that digital infrastructure gaps between regions have been widening over time.Change in internet speed in European regions,2019-2021 a)Relative increase(in%)b)Absolute increase(in microseconds)Source:Authors calculations based on Ookla.Note:The figure shows data from the first quarter of 2019
95、to the first quarter of 2022.Each point represents a NUTS 2 region in the European Union.The left panel shows the increase in internet speed(the inverse of average latency)in relative terms,while the right panel shows the increase in absolute terms.See above for the definition of internet speed in a
96、 region.Regions with faster internet speed tend to have a higher share of digital firms.Regions with fast internet(where internet speed is above median internet speed across NUTS regions)have a higher share of firms that use advanced digital technologies and a higher share of firms that invested in
97、becoming more digital as a response to COVID-19.Digital firms that operate in regions with slow internet cite the lack of adequate digital infrastructure as an investment barrier.0500406080Change in internet speed from Q1 2019 to Q1 2022(in%)Internet speed in Q1 2019:inverse of latency(in
98、 microseconds)020406080020406080Change in internet speed from Q1 2019 to Q1 2022(in s)Internet speed in Q1 2019:inverse of latency(in microseconds)How digital infrastructure enables firms digitalisation|17 Digital adoption and regional internet speed a)Digital uptake(%of firms)b)Digital infrastructu
99、re as obstacle(%of firms)Source:Authors calculations based on EIBIS 2022 and Ookla 2021.Note:See page 16 for the definition of internet speed in a region.See Box 1 for the definition of the adoption of advanced digital technologies.Questions:As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,have you taken any
100、actions or made investments to become more digital(e.g.,moving to online service provision)?Thinking about your investment activities,to what extent is access to digital infrastructure a major obstacle?Source:Authors calculations based on EIBIS 2022 and Ookla 2021.Note:See page 16 for the definition
101、 of internet speed in a region.Questions:Thinking about your investment activities in the last financial year,to what extent is access to digital infrastructure an obstacle?Is it a major obstacle,a minor obstacle or not an obstacle at all?The returns from digitalisation are greater for firms located
102、 in regions with better infrastructure and faster internet speed.Better digital infrastructure has provided additional productivity gains for firms that invested in becoming more digital as a response to COVID-19.In regression analysis,the effect can be seen as the positive interaction between inves
103、tment in digitalisation and fast internet(EIB,2023).This highlights how critical digital infrastructure was in supporting firms rapid digital transformation during the pandemic(Jaumotte et al.,2023).More generally,it also illustrates how complementary public and private digital investments can impro
104、ve firm performance and economic resilience(Anderton,Botelho and Reimers,2023;Harasztosi,Rckert and Weiss,2023).020406080More digital as aresponse to COVID-19User of advanceddigital technologiesRegions with slow internetRegions with fast internet0510152025Fast internetSlow internetNo advanced digita
105、l technologiesUser of advanced digital technologies 18|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Digital adoption,digital infrastructure and firm productivity Source:Authors calculations based on EIBIS 2022 and Ookla 2021.Note:Firms in the EU27.Total factor productivity is expressed in natural logarithms.T
106、he ordinary least squares(OLS)regressions control for firm size,firm age,country and sector(three groups of EU countries and four macroeconomic sectors).Region with slow internet:NUTS 2 region with average latency higher than the median latency across all regions(based on Ookla data).See page 16 for
107、 the definition of internet speed in a region.00.020.040.060.080.1Interaction term:More digital x Fast internetRegions with fast internetMore digital as a response to COVID-19Estimated coefficientDependent variable:Total factor productivity Investment in digital infrastructure by European municipali
108、ties|19 Investment in digital infrastructure by European Investment in digital infrastructure by European municipalitiesmunicipalities The EIB Municipality Survey 2022 asked municipalities in the European Union about the development and deployment of different digital capabilities.These included(1)e
109、nsuring the integrity and protection of IT systems(cybersecurity);(2)providing digital or online government services;(3)systematically assessing the adequacy of digital infrastructure;(4)deploying and using remote sensors(such as real-time traffic or weather monitoring);and(5)employing staff to work
110、 exclusively on digitalisation plans.The municipality survey response can be used to create an indicator of digital capability and sophistication,acting as a proxy for the degree to which municipalities are addressing the challenges of digitalisation.Municipalities are considered to have advanced di
111、gital capability and sophistication if they have implemented at least three of the five digital capabilities included in the survey.Municipalities in Central and Eastern Europe tend to be less digitally advanced.About one-third of municipalities in Central and Eastern Europe can be classified as dig
112、itally advanced,compared with half of municipalities in Southern Europe and 45%of municipalities in Northern and Western Europe.Municipal administrative digital capability and sophistication(%of municipalities)Source:EIB Municipality Survey 2022.Question:Thinking about digital technologies:for each
113、of the following,please tell me whether your municipality has already implemented,has plans to implement in the 2022-2026 period or has no plans to implement in the 2022-2026 period.The coronavirus pandemic forced municipalities to find new ways of working.Most municipalities in the European Union h
114、ave already implemented measures to support the integrity and protection of IT systems.Most municipalities also provide digital or online government services.However,deploying remote sensors and 020406080100Integrity/protectionof IT systemsProvision of digitalor onlinegovernmentservicesAssessment of
115、adequacy of digitalinfrastructureDeployment/use ofremote sensorsDedicated staffworking ondigitalisation plansHas already implementedPlans to implement in 2022-2026 periodNo plans to implement 20|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 employing staff to work exclusively on digitalisation plans appear to
116、be less of a priority in the short to medium term(2022 to 2026).Municipalities with greater digital capability and sophistication are less likely to report a lack of investment in digital infrastructure.This correlation is particularly strong in Southern Europe,where digitally advanced municipalitie
117、s are more likely to judge their investment in digital infrastructure to have been broadly adequate over the last three years(from 2019 to 2021)than municipalities that are digital laggards.Assessment of digital infrastructure(%of municipalities),by digital capability Source:EIB Municipality Survey
118、2022.Note:See page 19 for the definition of municipalities with advanced digital capabilities.Question:In the last three years,that is to say,between 2019 and 2021,would you say that within your municipality the level of investment in digital infrastructure projects was broadly adequate,slightly lac
119、king or substantially lacking?What is more,municipalities that have advanced,more sophisticated digital capabilities are more likely to state that they are planning to increase investment in digital infrastructure.A large share of municipalities that are behind in digital capabilities,in particular
120、in Northern and Western Europe,do not plan to increase investment in infrastructure between 2022 and 2026.This could exacerbate the infrastructure gap with municipalities that have advanced digital capabilities.Policy support will be key to reducing disparities in access to digital infrastructure ac
121、ross EU regions.Municipalities that have lower digital capabilities and sophistication tend to be less optimistic about the digital transition.In contrast,municipalities that have advanced digital capabilities feel that digitalisation offers more opportunities than challenges.Overall,this evidence s
122、uggests a growing digital divide between municipalities.020406080100Behind in digitalAdvanced indigitalBehind in digitalAdvanced indigitalBehind in digitalAdvanced indigitalCentral and Eastern EuropeSouthern EuropeNorthern and Western EuropeSubstantially lackingSlightly lackingBroadly adequate Inves
123、tment in digital infrastructure by European municipalities|21 Outlook for digital infrastructure spending(%of municipalities),by digital capability Source:EIB Municipality Survey 2022.Note:See page 19 for the definition of municipalities with advanced digital capabilities.Question:For digital infras
124、tructure,if you compare the average annual infrastructure investment you are planning for the 2022-2026 period vs.the average annual infrastructure investment recorded in 2019-2021,does your municipality expect to increase,decrease or have around the same level of spendings on infrastructure investm
125、ent?Opportunities and challenges posed by digitalisation(%of municipalities),by digital capability Source:EIB Municipality Survey 2022.Note:See page 19 for the definition of municipalities with advanced digital capabilities.Question:Thinking about digitalisation,do you expect this global trend to pr
126、esent opportunities or challenges to your municipality?Access to digital and technical skills represent major obstacles to the digital transformation of municipalities in the European Union.These obstacles are more prevalent among municipalities that are behind in digital capabilities.Improving digi
127、tal capabilities and sophistication is not only about financing digital infrastructure investments but also about the skills that are required.020406080100Behind in digitalAdvanced indigitalBehind in digitalAdvanced indigitalBehind in digitalAdvanced indigitalCentral and Eastern EuropeSouthern Europ
128、eNorthern and Western EuropeDecreaseAround the sameIncrease020406080100Behind in digitalAdvanced indigitalBehind in digitalAdvanced indigitalBehind in digitalAdvanced indigitalCentral and Eastern EuropeSouthern EuropeNorthern and Western EuropeMostly challengesBroadly balancedNo impactMostly opportu
129、nities 22|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Skills and expertise as major barriers to digitalisation(%of municipalities),by digital capability Source:EIB Municipality Survey 2022.Note:See page 19 for the definition of municipalities with advanced digital capabilities.The numbers to the right of the
130、 bars indicate the difference in percentage points between municipalities that are digitally behind and municipalities that are digitally advanced.Question:For each of the following areas,to what extent is access to experts a major problem to the delivery of your municipalitys investment programme?M
131、ajor obstacles to implementation of infrastructure investment activities(%of municipalities),by digital capability Source:EIB Municipality Survey 2022.Note:See page 19 for the definition of municipalities with advanced digital capabilities.Question:To what extent is each of the following an obstacle
132、 to the implementation of your infrastructure investment activities?Is it a major obstacle,a minor obstacle or not an obstacle at all?Municipal digital capabilities are positively correlated with firms uptake of digital technologies.Firms have higher rates of digital adoption in countries where a hi
133、gh share of municipalities are digitally sophisticated.In addition,there is a slightly negative correlation 28940Tendering and procurementFinancial knowledge and skillsLegal and regulatory understandingEngineering and technical skillsDigital skillsAdvanced in digitalBehind in digital-1-12
134、3445Agreement among stakeholdersTechnological uncertaintyLength of regulatory processAccess to core infrastructureRegulatory uncertaintyAgreement with other municipalities,regional or national governmentTechnical capacityLack of funds or financingAdvanced in digitalBehind in digital Inves
135、tment in digital infrastructure by European municipalities|23 between the municipal adoption of digital technologies and the share of firms reporting digital infrastructure as an investment obstacle.Digital capability of municipalities(%of municipalities)and digital activities of firms(%of firms)a)U
136、se of advanced digital technologies b)Digital infrastructure as obstacle to investment Source:EIB Municipality Survey 2022 and EIBIS 2022.Note:See page 19 for the definition of municipalities digital capabilities and Box 1 for the definition of firms use of advanced digital technologies.Only municip
137、alities with at least 30 observations are considered.Source:EIB Municipality Survey 2022 and EIBIS 2022.Note:See page 19 for the definition of municipalities digital capabilities.Question:Thinking about your investment activities,to what extent is access to digital infrastructure an obstacle?Only mu
138、nicipalities with at least 30 observations are considered.ATBEBGCZFIFRDEELHUITNLPLPTROESSE5060708090020406080100Use of advanced digital technologies by firms(in%)Digital capability of municipalities(in%)ATBEBGCZFIFRDEELHUITNLPLPTROESSE0020406080100Digital infrastructure as obstacle to inv
139、estment for firms(in%)Digital capability of municipalities(in%)24|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Intangible investment and innovationIntangible investment and innovation Digital firms tend to invest more,especially in research and development.In the European Union and in the United States,more a
140、dvanced digital firms have a higher investment intensity(defined as investment spending over turnover).This higher investment intensity can be explained by the higher productivity of digital firms and the stronger demand for their goods and services.Firms that have adopted advanced digital technolog
141、ies tend to allocate a larger share of their investment activities to R&D,especially in the European Union.Nevertheless,the correlation between investment in digitalisation and the wide range of firm performance metrics considered in this report such as productivity and innovation activities does no
142、t necessarily imply causation.Composition of investment(in%)Source:EIBIS 2022.Digital firms tend to invest more in innovation.The share of active innovators either incremental or leading innovators,such as firms that invest in R&D and that introduce new products,processes and services to the company
143、 or to their market is higher among digital firms.At the same time,non-digital firms are less likely to invest in innovation.In other words,they are less likely to conduct R&D and to develop new products,processes or services.There tends to be a greater difference between digital and non-digital fir
144、ms investment in innovation in the European Union than in the United States.Operating in a more innovative environment helps firms to digitalise.Firms operating in highly digitally innovative environments were more likely to invest in digitalisation as a response to COVID-19.At the same time,highly
145、digitally innovative regions and weaker regions show no significant difference in the use of advanced 020406080100No advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologiesNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologiesUSEUShare of investment Land,business buildings
146、and infrastructureMachinery and equipmentResearch and developmentSoftware,data,IT infrastructureTrainingOrganisation and business process improvement Intangible investment and innovation|25 technologies.This suggests that,while the innovative environment may have played a role in fostering digital t
147、ransformation during the pandemic,the adoption of advanced digital technologies does not necessarily depend on location,and other factors are at play.Innovation profiles(%of firms)Source:EIBIS 2022,firms in the EU27.Note:See Veugelers et al.(2019)for the definition of innovation profiles and the fig
148、ure on page 11 for the definition of corporate digital divide profiles.Digital adoption and innovative environments(%of firms)Source:EIBIS 2022 and PATSTAT(PCT)data prepared in collaboration with the Expertise Centre for Research and Development Monitoring(ECOOM).Note:The digital innovative environm
149、ent in a region is considered strong if the digital patent intensity(the share of digital patents out of all patents held in the region)is above the 75th percentile of the distribution of digital patent intensity across NUTS 2 regions.Question:As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,have you taken an
150、y actions or made investments to become more digital(e.g.,moving to online service provision)?See Box 1 for the definition of the adoption of advanced digital technologies.020406080100No advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologiesNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advance
151、d digital technologiesUSEUBasicAdoptingDeveloperActive innovators020406080More digital as a response to COVID-19User of advanced digital technologiesRegions with weak digital innovative environmentRegions with strong digital innovative environment 26|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Digital skills
152、,employDigital skills,employment and managementment and management The availability of workers with digital skills supports the digital transformation.Firms operating in regions where the population has above-average digital skills are more likely to have implemented advanced digital technologies.Th
153、ey also tend to have invested in becoming more digital as a response to COVID-19 more often.This could be because firms usually prefer hiring skilled labour already available on the market rather than bearing the costs of in-house training(Brunello et al.,2023).To fully reap the benefits of digitali
154、sation,improvements in education and training systems will be needed,as well as online learning for groups that are currently excluded from the digital economy.Digital adoption and digital skills(%of firms)Source:EIBIS 2022,Regional Innovation Scoreboard(RIS,2021)and European Innovation Scoreboard(E
155、IS,2021).The growing digital divide poses risks for the labour market.In Europe,36%of employees are associated with firms that have not adopted advanced digital technologies,compared with approximately 32%in the United States.Part of this is because there are many more small firms in the European Un
156、ion than in the United States.Smaller firms tend to be less digital,which has implications for the workers they employ.As shown below,non-digital firms tend to pay lower wages and are less likely to create new jobs.During the pandemic,they were also less likely to train their workers.Digital firms p
157、ay higher wages on average.Many economists argue that digital technologies such as artificial intelligence,machine learning and industrial robots have an impact on employment,wages,the demand for skills and job polarisation because of automation and skill-biased technological change(Acemoglu and Aut
158、or,2011;Autor,2015;EIB,2018;Frank et al.,2019;Acemoglu and Restrepo,2020).The higher demand for skilled workers is reflected in the higher average wages paid by 020406080More digital as a response to COVID-19User of advanced digital technologiesRegions with low digital skillsRegions with high digita
159、l skills Digital skills,employment and management|27 digital firms.The digital transformation often goes hand in hand with the automation of routine jobs.This automation often comes at the expense of demand for low and medium-skilled jobs.On the other hand,to use digital technologies,firms need to h
160、ave a pool of qualified personnel with the right skills.While digitalisation can disrupt employment and tasks,the jobs created by digital firms often appear to be relatively well paid.Median wage per employee(in logarithm)Source:EIBIS 2022.Note:The figure shows the median wage per employee for firms
161、 that adopted advanced digital technologies and firms that did not.The wage per employee is computed as the wage bill divided by the number of employees.The most advanced digital firms were able to increase employment in the European Union compared to before the pandemic.On average,EU firms that ado
162、pted advanced digital technologies and invested in becoming more digital during the coronavirus pandemic have increased the number of workers they employ since the beginning of 2020.In the European Union,furloughed workers remained employed in part because of short-time work schemes and relaxed obli
163、gations to file bankruptcy.By contrast,the United States relied on direct transfers and loans to support households and firms,independent of whether existing employment continued.Most advanced digital firms in the United States were also better able to keep staff than non-digital firms.10.110.210.31
164、0.410.510.6EUUSNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologies 28|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Employment growth since beginning of 2020(in%)Source:EIBIS 2022.Firms driving structural change can support the adaptation of skills.Firms adopting new digital technologies tend
165、 to be more profitable and are in a better position to invest in the human capital of their employees.Similarly,investment in digital skills and an environment that is conducive to learning about them is more likely to come from digital companies than those not investing in digital transformation.Fo
166、stering the spread of technologies could also help to increase and gradually broaden participation in training.Investment in employee training and use of a strategic business monitoring system(%of firms)Source:EIBIS 2022,firms in the EU27.Note:To compute the share of firms investing in training,the
167、percentage of firms that invest more than EUR 50 per employee in training was used.Digital transformation may also come with downsides for employment.Digital firms are more optimistic about how digitalisation will help create jobs in the future.However,certain specific digital technologies must be e
168、xamined because they are expected to induce job losses.For example,the introduction of advanced robotics in 280100No advanced digitaltechnologiesUser of advanced digitaltechnologiesNo advanced digitaltechnologiesUser of advanced digitaltechnologiesEUUSDecreaseStableIncreaseNet
169、balance(right)45366259020406080Investing in employee trainingUsing strategic business monitoringNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologies Digital skills,employment and management|29 recent years has contributed to net job creation so far.But,looking ahead,many firms expec
170、t automation using robots to lead to a reduction in employment.This is particularly true of firms in Central and Eastern Europe(EIB,2021).In contrast,the employment effects of other digital technologies,such as platforms or big data/artificial data,are expected to be more neutral.The most advanced d
171、igital firms tend to implement better management practices than non-digital firms.Digital companies use formal strategic business monitoring systems(with key performance indicators)more often than non-digital companies.This EIBIS-based evidence is in line with results from previous studies highlight
172、ing the importance of management practices for technology adoption and firm performance(Bloom et al.,2019).The European Union and its members need to create incentives for firms to improve their track record on environmental,social and corporate governance metrics an area where digital technologies
173、may help firms monitor progress.30|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Product market regulation and market powerProduct market regulation and market power Regulation has a direct impact on competition and innovation.Policymakers are paying increasing attention to the role competition regulation play
174、s in innovation and digital adoption.Several studies highlight the positive impact that a competition-friendly regulatory environment has on innovation(Akcigit,Ates and Impulliti,2018;Perla,Tonetti and Waugh,2021).However,while competition may lead firms to innovate more,it may also decrease firms i
175、ncentives to innovate due to decreasing rents from innovating(Aghion et al.,2005;Griffith and van Reenen,2021).In addition,trade regulation affects competition for imports and innovation,but the effects differ between countries and firms(Shu and Steinwender,2019).Policymakers therefore face a crucia
176、l trade-off between rewarding inventors with monopoly power and fostering competition to expand the technology frontier.Lower regulatory barriers to firm entry and competition tend to enhance digitalisation.Firms that operate in countries with lower regulatory barriers proxied by the OECD Product Ma
177、rket Regulation indicators at the country level tend to invest more in digitalisation.Moreover,leading innovators are more prevalent in countries with low regulatory barriers.The association with investment in digitalisation suggests that national regulatory systems can play an important role in the
178、 ability of firms to react to crises.Digitalisation is at the centre of the policy discussion on rising market concentration and competition policies.Digital technologies often come with features such as scale and synergies,which give an advantage to large firms and foster market concentration(Haske
179、l and Westlake,2017).This contributes to the superstar firm phenomenon,where a few firms can dominate a very large share of their market(Philippon,2019;Autor et al.,2020).In the past two decades,there has been a rising productivity gap between firms at the global frontier and laggards(Andrews,Criscu
180、olo and Gal,2016).Frontier firms are typically larger,more innovative and have higher rates of digital technology adoption.The trends of rising market concentration and markups tend be more pronounced in sectors in which digital technologies,especially digital services,are developed or widely adopte
181、d(Calligaris,Criscuolo and Marcolin,2018;Diez,Leigh and Tambunlertchai,2018).The rapid increase in the adoption of digital technologies and its acceleration during the pandemic have added new layers to this debate on polarisation and winner-takes-all market dynamics(Rckert et al.,2021).Product marke
182、t regulation and market power|31 Digital adoption and regulatory environment(%of firms)Source:Authors calculations based on EIBIS 2022 and OECD Product Market Regulation indicators 2018.Question:As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,have you taken any actions or made investments to become more digi
183、tal(e.g.,moving to online service provision)?See Box 1 for the definition of the adoption of advanced digital technologies.Firms operating in more concentrated markets tend to be more digital.Competition(or the lack thereof)can be measured with the share of sales of the top five or top ten firms in
184、a country and industry.2 Firms operating in markets where the top five(or top ten)firms play a more dominant role are more likely to be digital(EIB,2023).In other words,market concentration is strongly associated with digital adoption.In more concentrated markets,firms are more likely to remain amon
185、g the top market leaders.Sectors where the top five(or top ten)firms play a dominant role in market share tend to have lower turnover among top firms.This winner-takes-all market dynamic is particularly strong in the chemicals and pharmaceuticals sector and in utilities(electricity,gas and water),bu
186、t also in the digital sectors,such as computer and electronics,machinery and transport equipment,and IT and telecommunications.These sectors are also those that experience stronger digital adoption.Policymakers should focus on the conditions and incentives needed to help smaller firms transform digi
187、tally.The results linking market concentration to digital adoption do not indicate the direction of causality.However,the positive correlation between market concentration and digital adoption is in line with previous studies.For example,Acemoglu et al.(2022)argue that the high adoption costs of adv
188、anced digital technologies can be a major issue for small firms,creating advantages for large firms in the adoption and use of these technologies.This dynamic,in turn,further drives market concentration.Therefore,policymakers should develop measures to support the digital transformation of smaller f
189、irms,as this may contribute to more dynamic and 2 Using Orbis data,Bajgar et al.(2019)measure market concentration using the top four,top eight and top 20 firms in an industry.020406080More digital as a response to COVID-19User of advanced digital technologiesHigh regulatory barriersLow regulatory b
190、arriers 32|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 competitive markets.Smaller firms might otherwise fall victim to bigger firms with excessive market power,and their disappearance might result in lower market contestability and openness to innovation.Such issues are particularly relevant for Europes str
191、ategic autonomy in certain industries,keeping in mind that Europe needs to increase the resources available for research,innovation and critical technologies.Market concentration and persistence of top firms(in%),by sector Source:Authors calculation based on Orbis.Note:Persistence refers to the annu
192、al probability of remaining among the top five firms in terms of market share.FoodTextiles and other manufacturingChemicals and pharmaceuticalsRaw materials and basic manufacturing productsComputer,electronics and electrical equipmentMachinery and transport equipmentElectricity,gas and waterConstruc
193、tionTradeTransportationTourismIT and telecommunications657075808590202530354045505560Persistence among the top five firmsMarket share of top five firms International trade and firms resilience|33 International trade and firms resilienceInternational trade and firms resilience The rise of the interne
194、t and digital technologies has improved trade-related information flows and reduced communication costs.They have made it easier for firms to find foreign customers and to integrate foreign suppliers into their production processes,enhancing participation in global value chains and reaping the benef
195、its of economies of scales(Abel-Koch,2013;WTO,2019).Trade in digital services from the European Union has also grown rapidly in the past decade.Firms that engage in international trade are more likely to use advanced digital technologies or build their business around such technologies.Exporters and
196、 importers are over 10 percentage points more likely to adopt advanced digital technologies than non-traders.The difference for firms that both export and import(two-way traders)is even higher,by more than 20 percentage points.This is in line with evidence showing that exporters and importers are mo
197、re likely to invest in the development of new products and modern technologies to maintain their market share(Melitz and Redding,2021).Probability of digitalisation(in%),by trade profile Source:EIBIS 2022.Note:The bars represent the probability of digitalisation by trade profile,estimated from logis
198、tic regressions.The regressions control for country and sector(27 EU countries and the United States,and 12 sectors).Questions:In 2021,did your company export or import goods and/or services?To what extent,if at all,are each of the following digital technologies used within your business?Please,say
199、if you do not use the technology within your business.And as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,have you taken any actions or made investments to become more digital?International traders were more likely to increase their digitalisation efforts as a response to COVID-19.One-third of non-trading fi
200、rms invested to increase digitalisation during the pandemic,compared to 40%of exporters and importers and more than 50%of two-way traders.020406080Digitaltechnologies3-D printingRoboticsInternet ofThingsBig dataVirtual realityPlatformsDronesBecomingmore digitalin Covid-19Non-traderExporterImporterTw
201、oway Trader 34|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Firms in sectors that are more integrated in the world economy through global value chains tend to be more digital.The most digitalised manufacturing sectors,such as manufacturing of machinery and transport equipment and manufacturing of electronic d
202、evices(see page 11),are more likely to rely on foreign produced inputs(backward participation)than less digitalised sectors.In addition,these sectors are more likely to provide inputs to enterprises in other countries(forward participation).Digitalisation and global value chain(GVC)participation a)G
203、VC backward participation b)GVC forward participation Source:Authors calculations based on EIBIS 2022 and OECD Trade in Value Added(TiVA)database 2021 edition.Note:The left panel shows the average backward participation,while the right panel shows the average forward participation of a sector agains
204、t the average share of digitalised companies in the same sector.The backward participation expresses to what degree the exports of a sector relied on imported value added.The forward participation means the degree to which the export value of a sector is used in other countries production.See Box 1
205、for the definition of the adoption of advanced digital technologies.Digital firms are more likely to have reported major trade disruptions since the start of the pandemic.This is not surprising,as firms engaged in international trade are more likely to be affected by disruptions to global value chai
206、ns,logistics,access to materials or new trade regulations.However,this finding holds even when taking into account firms trade engagements.Digital firms are more likely to take action to mitigate the adverse effects of trade disruptions.The right panel of the following figure reveals that firms usin
207、g advanced digital technologies are more likely to take action to mitigate the adverse effects of trade disruptions by either diversifying across trade partners or looking for domestic markets.This finding suggests that digitalisation increases the resilience and adaptive capacity of the economy to
208、unexpected large economic shocks.FoodTextiles and other manufacturingChemicals and pharmaceuticalRaw materials and basic manuf.productsComputer,electronics and electrical eq.Machinery and transport equipmentElectricity,gas and waterConstructionTradeTransportationTourism and other servicesIT and tele
209、communication055405060708090GVC backward participationShare of firms using advanced digital technologiesFoodTextiles and other manufacturingChemicals and pharmaceuticalRaw materials and basic manuf.productsComputer,electronics and electrical eq.Machinery and transport equipmentElectricity
210、,gas and waterConstructionTradeTransportationTourism and other servicesIT and telecommunication055405060708090GVC forward participationShare of firms using advanced digital technologies International trade and firms resilience|35 Probability of trade disruption and taking action in respon
211、se(in%)Source:EIBIS 2022.Note:The bars represent the probability of trade disruption(left)and the probability of taking action in response to trade disruption(right),estimated from logistic regressions.The regressions control for country and sector(27 EU countries and the United States,and 12 sector
212、s).The regressions in the left panel also control for trade status,the regressions in the right for trade status and major disruption reported.Questions:In 2021,did your company export or import goods and/or services?To what extent,if at all,are each of the following digital technologies used within
213、 your business?Please,say if you do not use the technology within your business?And as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,have you taken any actions or made investments to become more digital?Since 2021,did any of the following present an obstacle to your businesss activities?Is your company taking
214、 any actions to mitigate the impact of these disruptions?020406080EUUSEUUSMajor trade disruptionTaking action in response to trade disruptionNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologies 36|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Investment in climate changeInvestment in climate c
215、hange The development of new green and digital technologies is stagnating,a trend that should be a warning signal for policymakers.If emerging digital technologies are properly employed,they can play an essential role in tackling environmental challenges.Examples include smart urban mobility,precisi
216、on agriculture,sustainable supply chains,environmental monitoring and disaster prediction.In addition,digital technologies can be instrumental in monitoring climate change and facilitating the much-needed shift towards a circular economy.The cloud,in combination with mobile and social media,can shif
217、t products or even entire industries fully online.Moreover,3-D printing creates opportunities for manufacturing biodegradable inputs(Lacy and Rutqvist,2015;IPCC,2022).Digital technologies are put forward as key enablers of the green transition and the achievement of the sustainability goals defined
218、in the European Green Deal.To maintain its long-term competitiveness,the European Union clearly has a role to play in combining digital technologies with innovations devoted to addressing the challenges of climate change.If Europe wants to live up to its ambition,significant investments in digitalis
219、ation are required,especially if it hopes to catch up with the United States strong head start in digital innovation(Veugelers et al.,2023).Digital firms have invested more in measures to build resilience to the physical risks of climate change.They are more likely to report that they have invested
220、in adaptation strategies,or strategies that involve changing procedures and/or operations to increase the organisations resilience.The link between firms digital profiles and investments in avoiding or reducing exposure to climate risks is more pronounced in the European Union than in the United Sta
221、tes.Digital firms also invest more in measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Firms that are more advanced in digitalisation tend to invest more often to tackle the challenges of climate change.Digital firms tend to report more often that they have already invested and plan to invest more in cli
222、mate adaptation in the next three years.If used in the right way,emerging technologies could be critical to tackling environmental challenges and supporting the twin green and digital transition.Investment in climate change|37 Climate investment(%of firms)a)Investments to mitigate the physical risk
223、of climate change b)Investments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Source:EIBIS 2022.Question:Has your company developed or invested in any of the following measures to build resilience to the physical risks to your company caused by climate change?Source:EIBIS 2022.Question:Is your company investin
224、g or implementing any of the following to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?Less polluting technologies,energy efficiency,renewable energy,waste minimisation,recycling,sustainable transport options.Investments to tackle climate change(%of firms)a)Already invested b)Plans to invest Source:EIBIS 2022.Qu
225、estion:Which of the following applies to your company regarding investments to tackle the impacts of weather events and to help reduce carbon emissions?Company has already invested,company invested this year,company intends to invest over the next three years.010203040EUUSNo advanced digital technol
226、ogiesUser of advanced digital technologies020406080100EUUSNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologies020406080EUUSNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologies0204060EUUSNo advanced digital technologiesUser of advanced digital technologies 38|Digital
227、isation in Europe 2022-2023 Conclusion and policy recommendationsConclusion and policy recommendations Digitalisation drives firms resilience to economic disruption and climate change,and it has helped European businesses resist repeated shocks.Digital companies displayed more resilience to the econ
228、omic and trade disruptions unleashed by the COVID-19 crisis and the war in Ukraine,suggesting that the crisis forced firms to find more efficient ways of working.Digital firms generally perform better overall than non-digital firms and tend to be more innovative and productive.They are also more lik
229、ely to engage in international trade and invest in addressing the physical and transition risks of climate change.Digital technologies will be key to meeting the ambitious goals of the European Green Deal.Successfully managing the digital transition and taking advantage of its long-term benefits goe
230、s beyond technology.The digital transformation is a societal change.Striking the right technological balance is a complex process for the European Union.It is caught between global players that are defining the cutting edge of digital innovation,national preferences and societal and regulatory patte
231、rns that set boundaries on the use of digital technologies.To make the most of the digital transformation,the European Union will need to position itself well in the global environment,creating better conditions for innovation in technologies that are crucial to European interests and taking full ad
232、vantage of the benefits of digitalisation,while staying within the boundaries of the European economic model.Policymakers need to pay equal attention to measures aimed at facilitating the use of digital technologies and to those addressing potential problems,such as the automation of tasks.While pot
233、ential productivity gains from digital technologies are large and the risk of not keeping up with digital developments high,digitalisation does present potential problems for industries and societies.New technologies tend to reinforce the need for skilled labour and can replace low-skilled workers w
234、ho perform routine tasks.The European Year of Skills,which puts skills centre stage,is thus a highly welcome initiative.It helps people obtain the right skills for quality jobs and helps companies,in particular small and medium enterprises,address skills shortages in the European Union.Policy measur
235、es need to ensure that the labour force can upskill and reskill to make the best use of new digital technologies in their workplace.More than ever,accomplishing these diverse aims will require finding synergies between private and public investment.References|39 ReferencesReferences Abel-Koch,J.(201
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254、 Austria(AT)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUATAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUAT79686953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBec
255、ame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%ATEU54382023020406080ATEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in AT Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Fir
256、ms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|43 Belgium(BE)02040608010
257、0Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUBEAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUBE76666953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa re
258、sponse to COVID-19Share of firms,in%BEEU406080BEEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in BE Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to pro
259、tect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 44|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Bulgaria(BG)020406080100
260、Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUBGAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUBG65306953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa res
261、ponse to COVID-19Share of firms,in%BGEU34382023020406080BGEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in BG Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to prot
262、ect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|45 Croatia(HR)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using
263、 advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUHRAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUHR66396953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share
264、of firms,in%HREU433880HREUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in HR Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical cl
265、imate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 46|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Cyprus(CY)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using ad
266、vanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUCYAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUCY60386953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of
267、firms,in%CYEU63383323020406080CYEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in CY Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical clima
268、te risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|47 Czech Republic(CZ)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital t
269、echnologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUCZAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUCZ72376953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%CZEU383
270、82423020406080CZEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technology Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2
271、022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19Digital adoption by firm size in CZ Digital adoption in firms 48|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Denmark(DK)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital tec
272、hnologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUDKAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUDK80436953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%DKEU37381
273、323020406080DKEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in DK Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders t
274、aking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|49 Estonia(EE)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanc
275、ed digital technologyEUEEAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUEE69486953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%EEEU45382923020406080EEEUShare o
276、f firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in EE Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect
277、 against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 50|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Finland(FI)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced
278、 digital technologyEUFIAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUFI75626953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%FIEU433880FIEUShare of
279、firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in FI Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect a
280、gainst trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|51 France(FR)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUFRA
281、ugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUFR56436953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%FREU34383023020406080FREUShare of firms,in%Using advanced
282、digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in FR Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Sour
283、ce:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 52|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Germany(DE)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUDEAug
284、mented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUDE706080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%DEEU43382423020406080DEEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced di
285、gital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in DE Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source
286、:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|53 Greece(EL)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUELAugmented/virtual reality3-
287、D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUEL606080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%ELEU423880ELEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot usin
288、g advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in EL Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100
289、MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 54|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Hungary(HU)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUHUAugmented/virtual reality3-D
290、printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUHU53446953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%HUEU273880HUEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using
291、advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in HU Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100Mi
292、croSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|55 Ireland(IE)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUIEAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data
293、and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUIE645080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%IEEU253880IEEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital techno
294、logyDigital adoption by firm size in IE Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShar
295、e of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 56|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Italy(IT)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUITAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and
296、AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUIT684080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%ITEU306080ITEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technology
297、Digital adoption by firm size in IT Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of
298、 firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|57 Latvia(LV)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEULVAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatf
299、ormsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EULV65446953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%LVEU38382923020406080LVEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm
300、 size in LV Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced
301、 digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 58|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Lithuania(LT)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEULTAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatf
302、ormsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EULT56386953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%LTEU506080LTEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm
303、 size in LT Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced
304、 digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|59 Luxembourg(LU)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEULUAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotic
305、s020406080Share of firms,in%EULU68456953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%LUEU373880LUEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in LU Digital
306、adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyB
307、ecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 60|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Malta(MT)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUMTAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020
308、406080Share of firms,in%EUMT64656953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%MTEU36382523020406080MTEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in MT Digital adop
309、tion in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecam
310、e more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|61 Netherlands(NL)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUNLAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firm
311、s,in%EUNL72426953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%NLEU29382523020406080NLEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in NL Digital adoption in firms Use o
312、f advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a
313、 response to COVID-19 62|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Poland(PL)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUPLAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,i
314、n%EUPL66466953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%PLEU303820PLEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in PL Digital adoption in firms Use of a
315、dvanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a re
316、sponse to COVID-19 Country pages|63 Portugal(PT)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUPTAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUPT6247695302040608
317、0Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%PTEU48382723020406080PTEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in PT Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital techno
318、logy in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 64|
319、Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Romania(RO)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUROAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EURO73566953020406080U
320、sing advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%ROEU60382323020406080ROEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in RO Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technolo
321、gy in firms,by technology type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Count
322、ry pages|65 Slovakia(SK)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUSKAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUSK79366953020406080Using advanced digitalt
323、echnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%SKEU28382323020406080SKEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in SK Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technol
324、ogy type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 66|Digitalisation in Europe
325、 2022-2023 Slovenia(SI)020406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUSIAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUSI83506953020406080Using advanced digitalte
326、chnologyBecame more digital asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%SIEU306080SIEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in SI Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technolo
327、gy type Firms taking action to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Country pages|67 Spain(ES)02
328、0406080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUESAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUES80526953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digit
329、al asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%ESEU363880ESEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in ES Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking acti
330、on to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 68|Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023 Sweden(SE)02040
331、6080100Share of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyEUSEAugmented/virtual reality3-D printingDronesBig data and AIInternetof thingsPlatformsAdvanced robotics020406080Share of firms,in%EUSE76626953020406080Using advanced digitaltechnologyBecame more digital
332、asa response to COVID-19Share of firms,in%SEEU393880SEEUShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyNot using advanced digital technologyDigital adoption by firm size in SE Digital adoption in firms Use of advanced digital technology in firms,by technology type Firms taking action
333、to protect against physical climate risks Traders taking action to protect against trade shocks Source:EIBIS 2022.020406080100MicroSmallMediumLargeShare of firms,in%Using advanced digital technologyBecame more digital as a response to COVID-19 Appendix A:The EIBIS Corporate Digitalisation Index|69 Appendix A:The EIBAppendix A:The EIBIS IS Corporate Digitalisation Corporate Digitalisation IndexInde