《APEC:2023年亚太区域妇女与经济仪表板(英文版)(161页).pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《APEC:2023年亚太区域妇女与经济仪表板(英文版)(161页).pdf(161页珍藏版)》请在三个皮匠报告上搜索。
1、The APEC Women and the EconomyDashboard 2023APEC Policy Support Unit August 2023 Prepared by:Rhea Crisologo Hernando and Carlos Kuriyama*Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Policy Support Unit Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel:(65)6891-9600 Fax
2、:(65)6891-9690 Email:psugroupapec.org Website:www.apec.org Produced for:APEC Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC#223-SE-01.7 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Singapore License.To view a copy of th
3、is license,visit http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/sg/.*The authors would like to thank members of the APEC Policy Partnership on Women and The Economy for their valuable comments.The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of APEC
4、Member Economies.i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY KEY FINDINGS:Gaps hold back progress The results of the 2023 APEC Women and the Economy Dashboard show significant progress in key areas affecting womens economic participation and social inclusion.However,policy and data gaps persist,limiting womens access to ma
5、rkets and opportunities,which serve to hold them back from participating fully in the economy.This is the first edition of the Dashboard with data after the start of the pandemic,which allows comparing the conditions that women are currently facing with the situation before the start of the COVID-19
6、 pandemic.This has been useful to identify areas where changes have occurred,most likely motivated or caused by the pandemic.For example:Womens access to finance and credit has improved considerably amid the pandemic,with more women in the region having formal financial and mobile money accounts.The
7、 marked narrowing in the gap between women and men in access to finance and credit is noteworthy,as reflected in the increased uptake of digital financial services among women in APEC.This development could be due in large part to the accelerated shift to digitalization amid COVID-19-related movemen
8、t restrictions.This indicates that efforts are being exerted to ensure that women are not left behind in APECs journey towards financial and digital inclusion.The participation of women in the labor force declined significantly at the start of the pandemic,as many frontline services employing mostly
9、 women were affected by COVID-19-related restrictions.In addition,many women decided to quit their jobs to support sick family members,as well as to assist children to keep up with their education online as schools remained closed,and take care of pre-school age children as childcare facilities shut
10、 down.In recent years,the participation of women in the labor force has slightly recovered,but it is still below pre-pandemic times.Firms have been affected by additional difficulties to access international markets since the start of the pandemic.The temporary closure of borders affected trade,seve
11、rely limiting the cross-border movement of natural persons,while export restrictions targeting essential goods and supply chain bottlenecks added to the challenges.In recent years,the implementation of trade-restrictive measures is complicating efforts to support the post-pandemic recovery,particula
12、rly affecting MSMEs,many of which are owned or managed by women.Other findings worth highlighting in the Dashboard,are as follows:Expanded internet access and coverage of mobile network service have facilitated the uptake of digital financial services among women.Navigating rapid technological chang
13、es require upgraded digital skills.Having STEM-related skills could contribute greatly to womens technological know-how,helping to bridge the digital gender divide and opening up more opportunities for women to be part of high-growth and high-paying sectors.Available data shows that women represent
14、a minority in the areas of STEM,R&D,and research and innovation in many APEC economies.However,data gaps in these fields ii remain glaring,preventing informed policy interventions to effectively respond to the issue of low participation in these areas.A crucial policy gap is that most APEC economies
15、 do not have laws mandating non-discrimination in credit access based on sex.In terms of access to employment,APEC has started to remove restrictions based on sex in labor markets,including allowing women to work in jobs that are deemed dangerous in the same way as men do,but not all APEC economies
16、permit women to work in industrial jobs in the same way as men.The majority of APEC economies have established laws against domestic violence and sexual harrasment together with dedicated courts to respond swiftly to such cases.Womens health and productivity would greatly improve if all 21APEC econo
17、mies put in place laws that protect women from all forms of violence and in all settings:private,public and online.Wage inequality between women and men still prevails,with only a handful of APEC economies having laws that mandate equal remuneration for women and men doing work of equal value.This p
18、olicy gap puts a dent on efforts to encourage women to participate more in the labor market since having a significant gap in wages between women and men is a demotivating factor.Efforts to achieve gender equality in leadership positions are insufficient.Women remain underrepresented in leadership p
19、ositions,both in the public and private sectors.This has negative implications on advancing gender equality policies within companies and economies as a whole.Womens participation in the workforce and professional opportunities towards leadership positions could be limited by the greater number of h
20、ours that women spend doing unpaid care and domestic work in comparison to men.SCOPE OF THE DASHBOARD Background The APEC Women and the Economy Dashboard seeks to provide a snapshot of the status of women in the region by monitoring trends over the years using a set of indicators,to measure progress
21、,highlight data and policy gaps as well as bring attention to socio-cultural issues that impact on womens participation in the economy.The first edition of the Dashboard was launched in 2015.Since then,an updated version of the Dashboard is released every two years to reflect changes in the status o
22、f women in APEC.The list of indicators is updated in each biennial edition to consider factors such as data availability and the relevance of certain indicators.The Dashboard indicators,endorsed by the APEC Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy(PPWE),were selected based on the five priority pi
23、llars identified by the PPWE:1)access to capital and assets;2)access to markets;3)skills,capacity-building and health;4)leadership,voice and agency;and 5)innovation and technology.1 The goal was to identify credible and up-to-date 1 For additional information,please see the APECs Declaration during
24、the 2011 High Policy Dialogue on Women and the Economy http:/www.apec.org/Meeting-Papers/Ministerial-Statements/Women/2011_women.aspx and the APECs Statement iii metrics aligned with the PPWEs priorities to give policymakers a clear picture of womens conditions,available opportunities and prevailing
25、 gaps.International organizations are the main data sources,including the International Labor Organization(ILO),the International Telecommunication Union(ITU),the Inter-Parliamentary Union(IPU),the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),the United Nations(UN),the World Bank(WB)
26、,the World Economic Forum(WEF),and the World Health Organization(WHO),among others.The Dashboard intends to support the integration of gender perspectives across APEC.Technical working groups and sub-fora within APEC can use the Dashboard,with its cross-cutting indicators covering a wide range of as
27、pects of womens participation,as a tool to identify projects and areas under their purview where gender perspectives can be incorporated.Updates in the 2023 Dashboard Rapid technological changes observed in the last few years and accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic when daily necessities such as bu
28、ying essential goods shifted online to curb the spread of the virus,raised the issue of womens digital and financial inclusion.Aside from having basic digital skills,mobile phone and internet access,women also need to have a financial or mobile money account to be able to conduct transactions online
29、.Awareness of these issues led PPWE members to strengthen the Dashboard by adding relevant indicators on womens access to digital finance.New indicators on ownership of financial or mobile money accounts and credit or debit cards augment Pillar 1 on access to capital and assets,and Pillar 5 on innov
30、ation and technology now includes the indicator on digital payments made or received by women.The Dashboard also includes a new indicator on whether women can work in jobs deemed dangerous,enhancing Pillar 2 on access to markets.The inclusion of these new indicators has improved the relevance of the
31、 Dashboard and especially put a spotlight on womens access to credit,markets,and digital opportunities.The 2023 Dashboard is composed of 90 indicators covering the period 2008-2022,leaner in comparison to the 2021 Dashboard(Table 1).The removal of some indicators was necessary because the data serie
32、s was either discontinued or not updated for several years.The current Dashboard shows a more even distribution of indicators across the five pillars,with particular emphasis on innovation and technology,reflective of its increasing role in our daily lives.Table 1.2023 Dashboard Indicators during th
33、e 2012 APEC Women and the Economy Forum http:/www.apec.org/Meeting-Papers/Ministerial-Statements/Women/2012_women.aspx.PillarNumber of indicators2023 Dashboard2021 Dashboard1.Access to capital and assets17162.Access to markets17203.Skills,capacity-building and health15154.Leadership,voice and agency
34、17215.Innovation and technology2423Total 9095 iv Most of the indicators have updated data until the period 2020-2022;however,data issues persist,particularly on female graduates in Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics(STEM)programmes,women researchers and those in the field of research and
35、 development(R&D),as well as the percentage of firms with female owners and managers.These data gaps prevent the depiction of a more accurate picture of womens participation across different areas and their representation in leadership roles in the private sector.This report contains 22 dashboards,o
36、ne for each of the 21 APEC member economies and another for the APEC region as a whole.This Executive Summary focuses on the main results obtained by APEC as a region.In some cases,APEC aggregates were not calculated due to the lack of data in several APEC members.MAIN RESULTS BY PRIORITY AREAS 1.Ac
37、cess to Capital and Assets Economies in the region continue to safeguard womens rights to property and inheritance in 2022,with 19 APEC members upholding womens ownership rights to immovable property;while in 18 economies,daughters and female surviving spouses have inheritance rights equal to their
38、male counterparts.These laws ensure that women and girls have access to assets that they can use either as collateral for loans to fund entrepreneurship activities or as capital to invest in financial instruments and other economic opportunities.However,womens access to credit remains hampered by cr
39、editors discrimination based on sex.From 2008 up to 2022,only one economy was added to those that have laws prohibiting discrimination in credit access based on sex,for a total of 9 APEC economies.Nonetheless,APEC womens access to formal financial institutions is gaining ground.Based on the 2021 Wor
40、ld Bank Global Financial Inclusion Index(Global Findex),around 81 percent of women in the region reported having an account at a bank or another type of financial institution,or a mobile money account,which is a substantial increase from 59 percent in 2011.Similarly,the proportion of women owning a
41、debit or credit card surged to 70 percent in 2021 from 43 percent a decade ago.It is also notable that more women are either saving at or borrowing from a formal financial institution,reflecting a more inclusive financial system.v Greater inclusiveness in financial services has been critical to narr
42、ow considerably the gap between womens and mens access to finance and credit in APEC(Table 2).For example,the gap between women and men in account ownership has fallen to 1.6 percent in 2021 from as much as 5 percent a decade ago.Debit or credit card ownership follows the same trend.Women are almost
43、 at par with men in saving at a financial institution,while the proportion of women who borrowed jumped by 10 percent in 2021 from 2017 compared to 8.0 percent for men during the same comparable period.Table 2.Gap between women and men in access to finance and credit(%)Source:Global Findex Equal acc
44、ess to finance and credit provides women with more options to earn income or avail of investment opportunities that offer higher returns,empowering them to make economic decisions that could lift entire households out of poverty.Contributing to household income also allows women to have an equal say
45、 in family decisions,including girls education,among others.Being part of the workforce remains an important component of womens economic empowerment.In APEC,however,female labor force participation has steadily declined,from 59.8 percent in 2008 to 57.9 percent in 2022,with a significant drop in 20
46、20 to 56.4 percent at the height of the pandemic when economies plunged into economic recession.2 The reopening of borders and businesses combined with massive fiscal support to preserve lives and livelihoods and 2 It should be noted that the downward trend in employment rates affects both men and w
47、omen.However,front-facing jobs employing a greater number of women were significantly affected by the COVID-19 restrictions,while more women also opted to quit jobs to take care of sick family members and young children.20021Account at a bank,financial institution or mobile money account5
48、.01.73.91.6Owns a debit or credit card4.41.44.01.6Saved at a financial institution-0.50.03.80.3Borrowed from a formal financial institution1.30.82.30.3 vi boost growth-enhancing sectors,including travel and tourism as well as food and beverage where women are more likely to be employed,has helped li
49、ft womens employment in 2021-2022.However,workforce participation by women in the region so far has remained below pre-pandemic levels.The ILO has warned of certain factors that could derail recovery from the pandemic.For example,stubborn inflation and monetary tightening could dampen business inves
50、tment and household consumption,slowing down economic activity.In fact,recovery in hours worked has remained uneven across economies.During the third quarter of 2022,hours worked were still below the pre-pandemic level in the fourth quarter of 2019,equivalent to a deficit of 40 million full-time job
51、s.This result could disrupt progress in reducing the gap between women and men in terms of the number of hours worked.3 2.Access to Markets Labor markets in the APEC region have progressively removed restrictions to encourage more women to participate.For example,women can now work the same night ho
52、urs as men in all APEC economies.In 2022,18 APEC members mandated non-discrimination in employment based on sex,while 17 economies prohibited the dismissal of pregnant women.The same year also saw 16 members allowing women to work in the same way as men in jobs deemed dangerous.Still,economies could
53、 do more to boost womens access to labor markets,particularly since only 14 APEC members allow women to work in industrial jobs in the same way as men do.Access to international markets by domestic economies was adversely affected by the temporary closure of borders and related supply chain bottlene
54、cks amid the pandemic.Trade openness in the region as measured by trade freedom declined to 80.5 index points in 2022 following a high of 84-85 index points pre-pandemic.APEC should be mindful of this development given the 3 ILO,“Multiple crises threaten the global labor market recovery”(ILO Monitor
55、 on the World of Work,10th edition:October 2022)vii importance of keeping trade open,especially ensuring the smooth flow of food,medicines,vaccines and other essential goods amid a challenging time for the global economy.Moreover,wider access to international markets is needed to support the post-pa
56、ndemic recovery of micro,small and medium enterprises(MSMEs),majority of which are women-owned or women-led.Access to markets needs to be ably supported by access to care facilities,particularly affordable care services for children,the elderly and people with disabilities,in order to redistribute u
57、npaid care work so that women can spend more time in the formal economy according to their preferred levels of participation.Available data from 10 APEC economies reveal that,although childcare fees have gone down by around 10 percent from as high as 33-44 percent of net household income in 2004,it
58、still averaged almost 20 percent as of 2019.4 In APEC economies,women spend an average of 4 hours and 20 minutes daily doing unpaid care and domestic work,almost three times the time spent by men.5 Communities would benefit from access to infrastructure to reduce unpaid domestic work,which is dispro
59、portionately undertaken by women.For example,in low-income economies where basic facilities such as safe drinking water and electricity are lacking,women spend six times as much as men doing unpaid household chores,such as fetching water and getting firewood.6 Moreover,while access to electricity by
60、 rural and urban communities in the APEC region has remained adequate and in fact,has continued to expand from 2008 to 2021,access to safely managed drinking water services has seen minimal improvement from 2008 to 2020.In addition,only 72 percent of people living in the APEC region has access to sa
61、fely managed sanitation services,although this is already a considerable increase compared to the 46 percent recorded in 2008.It remains imperative for economies to upgrade basic infrastructure and services as well as expand their coverage to include people living in rural or remote areas.Having saf
62、e drinking water and adequate sanitation together with access to electricity would greatly help women to focus their energies on remunerated production or entrepreneurial activities.3.Skills,Capacity-building,and Health APEC is almost at par with men in literacy as well as enrolment in primary,secon
63、dary and tertiary education,attaining a score within the range of 98.1-98.6 in the past decade.However,it should be highlighted that the pandemic has also exacted a toll on womens education as seen in the slight drop in gender equality in educational attainment from 98.6 in 2018-2020 to 98.2-98.4 in
64、 2021-2022.4 APEC Economic Committee,“APEC Economic Policy Report 2020:Structural Reform and Womens Empowerment”,(APEC:Economic Committee,November 2020).5 APEC PSU Policy Brief no.43,“Unpaid Care and Domestic Work:Counting the Costs”,(APEC:PSU,March 2022).6 Oxfam,“Making Care Count:An Overview of th
65、e Womens Economic Empowerment and Care Initiative”(Oxford:Oxfam,2020).viii Nonetheless,positive results in educational performance leading to reduced gap between women and men had already been found by the OECDs Programme for International Student Assessment(PISA)in 2018.The PISA scores showed that
66、girls in the region were already at par with boys in mathematics;and in reading,girls were keeping better scores than boys.Continued improvements are also observed in the maternal mortality ratio,which has gone down from 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2008 to 28 maternal deaths in 202
67、1,while births attended by skilled health personnel rose to 98 percent of live births in 2019 from 92 percent a decade ago.The APEC region recognizes that domestic violence is one of the most pervasive problems that women deal with,whether at home or in the workplace,in private,public or online sett
68、ings.To address violence against women,20 APEC economies have put in place laws that provide protection to women who are victims of domestic abuse.Of these,19 economies have established specialized courts or procedures to effectively process cases of domestic violence and swiftly mete out punishment
69、 to send a message of intolerance to such abuses.Laws against sexual harassment in the workplace were also established in 17 APEC economies in 2022,an increase from 12 members in 2008.Bolstering these laws are criminal penalties or civil remedies,which are in force in 15 members.Instituting these la
70、ws on violence against women not only help to deter abusers but also strengthen support for womens mental,physical and emotional health,with the intention of enabling them to remain in the workforce and maintain their productivity.4.Leadership,Voice,and Agency As economies implement measures to enco
71、urage more women to enter the labor market,equal effort is required to ensure that women stay in the labor force.Removing restrictions to womens entry in the workforce must thus be accompanied by good practices that support womens career advancement while recognizing that they also have family respo
72、nsibilities.ix In APEC,14 economies provided at least 14 weeks of paid maternity leave while 11 economies granted paid parental leave in 2022,a significant improvement from single-digit levels in 2008.There is room for improvement,especially encouraging more economies to provide maternity and patern
73、ity leaves to recognize that raising and nurturing a family is a co-responsibility between women and men.It also makes economic sense for men to share equally in family duties.It will help women balance career and family,potentially paving the way for a faster career progression and higher wage.When
74、 women earn more,they contribute more to household income,taking away financial pressures from men.This will allow men to spend quality time with their families instead of working countless hours as the main breadwinner.The gap in wages between women and men persists.Data from the Global Gender Gap
75、Report(GGGR)reveal that wage equality for similar work has remained unchanged within the range of 0.66-0.69 for more than a decade,before settling at 0.70 in 2022.This means that womens remuneration is only at 70 percent of the remuneration received by men.Having laws that mandate equal pay for wome
76、n and men doing work of equal value would significantly support efforts towards gender equality in wages.However,in the APEC region,only 11 economies have approved such laws as of 2022,which is a small increase from 8 economies almost 15 years ago.Women are able to make economic and mobility decisio
77、ns in the majority of APEC economies.For example,women can enter a business and sign a contract in the same way as men in all 21 APEC economies.Unhindered access to starting a business or signing a contract boosts womens engagement in entrepreneurship and other economic opportunities,including obtai
78、ning a loan to expand a business or investing in financial assets.Meanwhile,women are subject to the same requirements,procedures and processes as men when obtaining a passport in 19 APEC economies.Freedom of movement widens womens education and employment prospects;it also gives them opportunities
79、to partner with international investors or seek out new markets to grow their business.While APEC as a whole promotes womens agency and entrepreneurship,the region remains a laggard in terms of womens representation in leadership positions.A comparison of data between 2008 to 2022 reveals that only
80、27 percent of seats in parliaments and ministerial positions were held by women,already the highest levels reached so far.Overall,women are still x quite far from achieving parity with men in political decision-making at 27.6 in 2022,with 100 as the ideal score.Data on womens management and/or owner
81、ship roles in the private sector has remained scarce for almost two decades now,making it difficult to monitor progress in this area.Available data in 2020 from 10 APEC economies show that,like in the public sector,the proportion of women in leadership roles in the private sector,particularly among
82、managers,is quite low,with wide variations among economies.This result tallies with the 2022 report from Equileap on gender equality in the corporate sector covering Asia-Pacific economies.Specifically,the report points to uneven progress in gender equality in the workplace,with women making up only
83、 4 percent of chief executive officers(CEOs),10 percent of chief financial officers(CFOs)and 5 percent of board chairs.7 Globally,women make up 31 percent of business leaders,with varying shares per industry,according to high-frequency data from LinkedIn.8 Based on the limited data,there seems to be
84、 more women owners than women managers in APEC,possibly due to the combination of a thriving ecosystem of MSMEs in the region and the shift to self-employment and entrepreneurial activities at the peak of the pandemic when employers reduced the number of staff amid business closures.In fact,from 201
85、9 to 2020,the percentage of women who found a business surged by 43 percent globally,while the number of unicorn companies9 owned by women went up from 18 in 2020 to 83 in 2021,almost a five-fold increase.10 The factors behind the continued low representation of women in leadership positions need to
86、 be understood in order to be addressed appropriately and effectively(see Box 1).Box 1:Women face more headwinds in the pursuit of leadership roles The persistent underrepresentation of women in leadership roles,both in the public and private sectors,has highlighted the fact that women face more hea
87、dwinds than men when advancing to higher positions.The 2022 GGGR rightly calls the gaps between women and men in the workforce,including in leadership roles in industries and politics as“an emerging crisis”.11 According to the GGGR,more women were promoted into leadership positions in industries whe
88、re women were already highly represented.This implies that,in sectors or industries that have low representation of women in the workforce,the probability of women advancing into leadership roles is low.Indeed,in sectors such as technology,agriculture,energy,supply chain and transportation,manufactu
89、ring and infrastructure that have low representation of women in the entire workforce,men make up the majority of leadership positions.12 7 Equileap,“Gender Equality in Asia Pacific”(Equileap,2020).8 World Economic Forum,“Global Gender Gap Report2022”,(WEF:GGGR,July 2022).9 Unicorn companies are pri
90、vately held startup companies with a value of over USD 1.0 billion.10 WEF:GGGR,July 2022.11 WEF:GGGR,July 2022.12 WEF GGR,July 2022.xi In a similar vein,a report by the ILO(2020)covering G20 members and guest economies13 finds a low representation of women in managerial positions in traditonally mal
91、e-dominated industries such as construction at 13.7 percent,and mining and quarrying at 19.6 percent.In contrast,women managers in health and social work consist of 67 percent of the total mangerial positions,and 61 percent in the education sector.Overall,women in management positions has averaged 3
92、0 percent in G20 econmies since 2010,peaking at 32.4 percent in 2019.14 The 2023 OECD-Social Institutions and Gender Index(SIGI)shows that,globally,women hold only around 25 percent of management positions.Behind this underrepresentation is systemic discrimination embedded in social institutions.In
93、particular,persistent sex-based discriminatory laws,attitudes,social norms and practices hinder womens progress across all sectors,restricting their ability to contribute to the economy and society.15 A World Values Survey reveals that globally,35.0 percent of the world population strongly thinks th
94、at men make better executives than women.In APEC,33.4 percent of the regions population thinks the same way,although there are wide variations among individual member economies.16 The above findings corroborate the results of a recent study by McKinsey(2022)that a“broken rung”in the first step up to
95、 the manager position exists,where for every 100 men who advance in their careers,only 87 women are promoted.This means that men significantly outnumber women in the initial stage of career promotion so that women may never catch up.17 Moreover,the study cites that,although women are as likely as me
96、n to aspire to senior-level roles,they report sex or being a parent as a factor in being denied a higher position.The bias based on sex that exists in organizations and societies negatively affect womens motivation to proactively seek leadership roles.It is imperative to acknowldge that discriminati
97、on against women remains a major obstacle towards gender equality in leadership roles.This recognition should spring economies into action,by implementing policy interventions to ensure equal opportunities in the workplace across industries,from entry to career promotions and leadership positions.An
98、other concern affecting women in their professional goals is the time they spend doing unpaid work in comparison to men.Whilst work-from-home arrangements could enable women to balance career and family responsibilities;however,it also tends to increase womens burden of unpaid care and domestic work
99、,particularly when there are young children or sick family members to take care of.The absence of data in many economies on time spent doing unpaid work prevents having a clearer picture of womens share of unpaid work amid the pandemic,to understand its impact on womens labor market decisions.For yo
100、ung girls,growing up in a society that has few women as leaders would mean having few role models and this could have negative consequences on girls mindsets and aspirations.Beyond being role models,having women leaders bring diversity in perspectives and talents that could improve company policies
101、and practices in mentorship and leadership development as well as risk-taking and social and environmental responsibility,among others.In political leadership,women leaders could lead structural reforms aimed at eliminating discrimination on the basis of sex in all forms and in various settings,from
102、 households to workplaces.A purposeful move in designing and implementing policies that advance gender equality will inevitably expand womens access to education,finance,labor market,social services and healthcare,and their representation in public and private leadership.13 G20 members include Argen
103、tina;Australia;Brazil;Canada;China;France;Germany;India;Indonesia;Italy;Japan;Korea;Mexico;Russia;Saudi Arabia;South Africa;Trkiye;United Kingdom;United States,and the European Union.Guest economies included in the ILO report include Rwanda;Spain;Singapore;Switzerland;and the United Arab Emirates.14
104、 International Labor Office(ILO),“Women in Managerial and Leadership Positions in the G20”(ILO,October 2020).15 OECD-SIGI 2023,“Gender Discrimination in Social Norms:Measuring the Invisible”(OECD-SIGI,2023).16 World Values Survey Trend File(1981-2022)and APEC PSU staff calculations.17 Alexis Krivkov
105、ich,Wei Wei Liu,Hilary Nguyen,Ishanaa Rambachan,Nicole Robinson,Monne Williams,and Lareina Yee,“Women in the Workplace 2022”(McKinsey&Company,October 2022).xii 5.Innovation and Technology The restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift to digitalization and increased
106、global uptake of financial services to conduct daily transactions online.In APEC,more women have been using mobile phones or the internet to buy something online,with the proportion going up in 2021 to 64 percent of total female population(age 15+)from 41 percent in 2017,equivalent to an increase of
107、 about 23 percentage points.In addition,the proportion of women who have made or received digital payments in 2021 jumped by 14 percentage points to 77 percent from the level in 2017.Access to the internet,digital platforms,mobile money and financial services could open up a whole new array of oppor
108、tunities for women to earn more income with better-paying digital work,entrepreneurship or financial investments.Increased digital transactions reflect womens wider access to financial services.Moreover,the ease of access and usage of digital financial services encourages account ownership in formal
109、 financial institutions and use of mobile money services,providing a crucial pathway towards greater financial and digital inclusion.Financial and digital inclusion requires fast,reliable and secure internet connection as well as a wider network coverage to include people living in remote areas.Data
110、 in 2021 showed that almost 76 percent of the population in the APEC region used the internet,while 99 percent of the total population are covered by a mobile network signal.The growing use of digital technologies in APEC is supported by improving efficiency and affordability of online services.In p
111、articular,the index measuring the quality of government online service for the region as a whole has been showing consistent improvement through the years,while the average per-minute cost of mobile cellular usage is gradually going down in purchasing power parity terms.xiii Another important aspect
112、 of digital inclusion is having digital skills to be able to navigate through rapid technological changes.In this regard,having STEM-related competencies would contribute to a full participation in this digital era.It could also equip women with skills needed to be part of the workforce of a high-gr
113、owth and high-paying sector such as information technology,artificial intelligence and robotics,among others.However,APEC womens participation in STEM fields has remained low for almost two decades.Although data on women in STEM do not cover the majority of APEC economies and are only up to 2018 for
114、 most of those covered,only two economies reported womens participation at near or slightly higher than 50 percent.For the rest of the economies with data,STEM engagement by women averaged below 35 percent.The same low participation is seen in female researchers and female personnel in the R&D secto
115、r,where data are also intermittent and incomplete.Data gaps on womens engagement in STEM and R&D fields are particularly disconcerting in light of the dynamic changes in technology,with the sectors increasing value translating into high growth with relatively high remuneration careers.According to t
116、he OECD-SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Southeast Asia,womens persistently low participation in the STEM fields is a result of a combination of social norms,stereotypes and biases based on sex.These biases start to be internalised in primary school where learning materials and teaching approaches perp
117、etuate stereotypes by assigning functions and skills to girls and boys.Compounding the problem is the lack of role models as there are few female teachers,educators and experts in the STEM fields who could encourage girls to pursue studies and careers in these areas.18 Meanwhile,monitoring environme
118、ntal conditions remains vital since air pollution and exposures to hazardous matters affect womens health and well-being.When women are healthy,they are able to participate in the economy and society.In parallel,checking air quality,the use of household fuels and level of exposure to harmful particu
119、lates as well as wastewater treatment and management could help gauge APECs contribution to mitigate climate change.Available data suggests that air quality in the APEC region has continued to improve during the monitoring period of 2008-2022,although at a slow pace.Economies have implemented measur
120、es to lessen usage of household solid fuels and reduce exposures to unhealthy particulates.APEC economies have also improved practices to manage waste.Meanwhile,data also showed that the level of fish stocks in the region has remained low at around 32 percent,indicating continued illegal fishing pra
121、ctices and exploitation of fish stocks.This could have serious negative consequences,both for the environment and the regions food security.18 OECD,“OECD-SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Southeast Asia”(OECD,2021).xiv FINAL REMARKS:Addressing gaps and maintaning relevance of the Dashboard The Dashboard
122、 has been monitoring progress in womens economic participation and social inclusion since the first report was launched in 2015.Since then,a number of indicators have been removed or replaced to ensure that the Dashboard remains a useful and relevant tool to monitor progress in womens conditions and
123、 access to key areas.Despite these adjustments,there are areas where more suitable indicators are needed.For example,indicators on womens health are insufficient.Aside from the maternal mortality rate and skilled attendants at birth,the only other indicator on womens health is the prevalence of anem
124、ia among women of reproductive age,which have not been updated by the main source since 2019.Other indicators,particularly on womens reproductive health could be added to provide a basic understanding of the status of reproductive health in the APEC region.It is essential to monitor trends in womens
125、 uptake of available products and services,and understand where the gaps are:it could be gaps in policies,stakeholder engagement,public campaigns,resources and/or services provision.Discrimination on the basis of sex remains a major obstacle towards gender equality.APEC economies need to allocate re
126、sources to counter persistent sex-based biases.There are different approaches that economies could adopt to end discrimination based on sex,keeping in mind to implement what is feasible and appropriate given available resources and socio-cultural realities.For example,economies could look into incor
127、porating gender equality in education curriculums to guide mindsets of girls and boys from a young age;generating more sex-disaggregated data to formulate better-informed and well-targeted policy interventions(e.g.in terms of representation in leadership positions);implementing policies and practice
128、s in the workplace that promote equal opportunities for women in recruitment,training and promotion;and enforcing existing laws to reduce sex-based discrimination in access to education,employment,and finance and credit,among others.APEC economies are guided by the La Serena Roadmap for Women and In
129、clusive Growth(2019-2030)to ensure that women fully and equally participate in the economy.The Roadmap has four targets:1)have in place laws,policies,and regulations that prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in employment access,opportunities and conditions;2)have in place non-discrimination
130、laws,policies and regulations that provide equal access to capital and credit for both sexes;3)increase the regions gender balance among STEM graduates in tertiary education,and in positions in research and R&D;and 4)increase the regions gender balance in leadership positions,closing the gap for wom
131、en.Whilst the Dashboard shows progress in APEC in a number of areas covered by the Roadmap,more work needs to be done to achieve the 2030 targets.Working together to achieve these targets should form part of the priorities of APEC economies to make economic growth and development more sustainable an
132、d inclusive,benefitting all,including women.xv TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.i APEC WOMEN AND THE ECONOMY DASHBOARD,2023.1 INDIVIDUAL DASHBOARDS.6 Australia.6 Brunei Darussalam.11 Canada.16 Chile.21 China.26 Hong Kong,China.31 Indonesia.36 Japan.41 Korea.46 Malaysia.51 Mexico.56 New Zealand.61
133、 Papua New Guinea.66 Peru.71 The Philippines.76 Russia.81 Singapore.86 Chinese Taipei.91 Thailand.96 United States.101 Viet Nam.106 TECHNICAL NOTES.111 1 APEC WOMEN AND THE ECONOMY DASHBOARD,2023*1.Access to Capital and Assets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 202
134、0 2021 2022 1.1 Property and Inheritance Rights 1.1.1 Women and men have equal ownership rights to property(Y/N)Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 1.1.2 Equality of inheritance rights b
135、etween sons and daughters(Y/N)Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 1.1.3 Equality of inheritance rights between husbands and wives(Y/N)Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Ye
136、s=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 1.2 Labor Market Participation 1.2.1 Proportion of women population ages 15 and older that is economically active(in%,modelled ILO estimate)59.8 59.4 59.0 59.0 58.9 58.6 58.5 58.4 58.3 58.1 58.2 58.3 56
137、.4 57.6 57.9 1.2.2 Ratio of female to male labor force participation(in%,modelled ILO estimate)78.4 78.4 78.3 78.4 78.5 78.5 78.7 78.8 79.0 79.3 79.6 80.1 79.8 80.3 80.5 1.2.3 Women and men can retire at the same age with full pension benefits(Y/N)Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Ye
138、s=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 1.3 Financial Services:Availability,Access,Literacy,Outreach and Learning 1.3.1 Commercial banks(per 100,000 adults)14.7 14.8 14.8 15.4 15.7 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.3 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.3 14.0 1.3.2 SIGI“Acces
139、s to Credit”measurement of womens right and de facto access to bank loans(Score=0,.5,or 1)0.12 0.07 0.05 1.3.3 Existing law against discrimination in access to credit on the basis of sex(Y/N)Yes=8/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Y
140、es=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 1.3.4 Account at a bank or equivalent,female(%,age 15+)59.0 72.4 73.4 81.2 1.3.5 Account at a bank or equivalent,male(%,age 15+)64.0 74.1 77.3 82.8 1.4 Financial Services:Formal Savings and Borrowing 1.4.1 Saved at a financial institution,female(%age 15+)32.1 38.6 34.3 42.2
141、 1.4.2 Loan from a financial institution,female(%age 15+)9.9 28.1 29.2 39.1 1.5 Building Credit 1.5.1 Owns a debit or credit card,female(%,age 15+)42.7 53.7 61.7 69.8 1.5.2 Owns a debit or credit card,male(%,age 15+)47.0 54.9 65.5 71.2 1.5.3 Made a utility payment,female(%,age 15+)76.5 69.9 63.4 1.5
142、.4 Made a utility payment,male(%,age 15+)73.4 69.2 64.7 *See Technical Notes(pages 111-144)for the description,methodology and data sources of the dashboard indicators.Blank entries for the APEC dashboard mean that data are not avialble or no APEC aggregates were calculated.Blank entries for individ
143、ual economy dashboards correspond to unavailability of data.2 Dashboard-APEC 2.Access to Markets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2.1 Infrastructure 2.1.1 People using safely managed drinking water services(%of population)80.5 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.8 8
144、0.9 81.0 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.3 81.4 2.1.2 People using safely managed sanitation services(%of population)46.0 48.0 50.0 52.1 54.3 56.5 58.7 61.1 63.5 65.9 68.4 70.9 72.1 2.1.3 Access to electricity(rural%)94.6 95.3 96.4 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.6 97.5 97.8 98.2 98.3 98.4 98.0 98.7 2.1.4 Access to electr
145、icity(urban%)99.4 99.6 99.6 99.7 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.5 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.8 99.8 99.9 2.1.5 Quality of infrastructure(scale of 1-7)4.6 4.6 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 2.2 Competitive Access for Entrepreneurs 2.2.1 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy(scale of 1-7)4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.
146、3 4.4 2.2.2 Extent of market dominance(scale of 1-7)4.5 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 2.2.3 Intensity of local competition(scale of 1-7)5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 2.3 Access to International Trade 2.3.1 Access of domestic companies to international markets(scale of 0-100)7
147、8.1 80.3 81.3 81.1 80.8 81.5 81.8 82.0 82.8 83.7 84.7 84.1 84.3 82.9 80.5 2.4 Vulnerable Employment 2.4.1 Proportion of contributing family members(%of total employed)13.0 12.4 12.0 11.6 11.1 10.6 10.3 9.7 9.2 8.8 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.0 2.4.2 Female unemployment rate(%of female labor force,modelled ILO est
148、imate)4.4 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.7 3.9 3.7 2.5 Non-Discrimination in Employment Access,Opportunity,and Conditions 2.5.1 SIGI Freedom of movement(Score 0,.5,or 1)0.08 0.14 2.5.2 Existing law mandating non-discrimination based on sex in employment(Y/N)Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/
149、21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 Yes=18/21 2.5.3 Wage equality between women and men for similar work(score of 0 to 1)0.67 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.70 2.5.4 Whether women are abl
150、e to work in the same industries as men(Y/N)Yes=10/21 Yes=10/21 Yes=11/21 Yes=11/21 Yes=12/21 Yes=12/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=14/21 Yes=14/21 2.5.5 Whether a woman can work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes=14/21 Yes=14/21
151、Yes=14/21 Yes=14/21 Yes=14/21 Yes=14/21 Yes=15/21 Yes=15/21 Yes=15/21 Yes=15/21 Yes=15/21 Yes=15/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 2.5.6 Whether women can work the same night hours as men(Y/N)Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21
152、 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 3 Dashboard-APEC 3.Skills,Capacity-Building,and Health Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 3.1 Educational Attainment 3.1.1 How close women are to achieving equality with men in literacy;net enrolment in primar
153、y and secondary schools;and gross enrolment in tertiary school(scale of 0-100)97.7 97.6 98.1 98.1 98.5 98.4 98.5 98.4 98.4 98.3 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.2 98.4 3.2 Educational Achievement 3.2.1 Mean scores of girls in math(scale of 700)471.19 472.70 471.12 473.91 3.2.2 Mean scores of girls in reading(scale
154、 of 700)483.56 486.97 480.37 479.58 3.2.3 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in math 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 3.2.4 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in reading 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 3.3 Technical Vocational Education and Training 3.3.1 Percentage of female secondary education,vocational pupils(%)47.7
155、 47.7 44.8 44.7 44.7 44.5 44.6 45.2 44.8 44.4 3.4 Health and Safety 3.4.1 Prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age(%of women ages 15-49)17.5 17.0 16.7 16.5 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.5 3.4.2 Maternal mortality(ratio,per 100,000 live births)70.2 68.8 66.6 63.2 60.6 58.8 55.9 5
156、4.1 48.6 47.0 42.0 27.1 26.4 27.7 3.4.3 Female population 15+living with HIV/AIDS(%)0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 3.4.4 Hospital Beds(per 10,000 population)31.1 32.3 32.9 33.9 35.4 37.0 37.7 38.6 39.6 41.0 3.4.5 Attended births(%of live births)92.3 92.6 93.7 9
157、4.3 94.8 95.5 95.5 95.8 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.8 3.4.6 Whether there is legislation that specifically addresses domestic violence(Y/N)Yes=16/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 3.4.7 Whether there i
158、s a specialized court or procedure for cases of domestic violence(Y/N)Yes=17/20 Yes=17/20 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 3.4.8 Whether there is legislation against sexual harassment in employment(Y/N)Yes=12/21 Yes=12/21 Yes=12/21 Yes=12/21 Yes=14/21 Yes=15/21 Yes=16/21 Y
159、es=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=17/21 3.4.9 Existence of womens legal protection from domestic violence such as rape,assault,and harassment(score of 0,.25,.5,.75,or 1)0.29 0.62 0.43 4 Dashboard-APEC 4.Leadership,Voice and Agency Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011
160、2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 4.1 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics(CRVS)4.1.1 Whether economies maintain continuous,permanent,compulsory and universal recording of vital events(notably,live births,deaths and causes of death)Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Ye
161、s=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 Yes=16 4.2 Womens agency 4.2.1 Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 Yes=19/21 4.2
162、.2 Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 4.2.3 Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes
163、=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 Yes=21/21 4.3 Womens Participation in Courts 4.3.1 Does a womans testimony carry the same evidentiary weight as a mans(Y/N)Yes=19/19 Yes=19/19 Yes=19/19 Yes=19/19 Yes=19/19 Yes=20/20
164、Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 Yes=20/21 4.4 Care Economy:Time spent on unpaid work 4.4.1 Average time spent on unpaid work,female(hours per day)4.5 Conditions for Career Advancement 4.5.1 Whether the law mandates equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value(Y/N)Yes=8/21 Yes
165、=8/21 Yes=7/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=10/21 Yes=11/21 Yes=11/21 4.5.2 Whether there are laws penalizing or preventing the dismissal of pregnant women(Y/N)Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=16/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=
166、17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 Yes=17/21 4.5.3 Whether the law mandates paid maternity leave of at least 14 weeks(Y/N)Yes=8/21 Yes=10/21 Yes=10/21 Yes=11/21 Yes=11/21 Yes=11/21 Yes=11/21 Yes=11/21 Yes=12/21 Yes=12/21 Yes=12/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=13/21 Yes=14/21 Yes=14/21 4.5.4 Wh
167、ether the law mandates paid parental leave(Y/N)Yes=3/21 Yes=4/21 Yes=5/21 Yes=6/21 Yes=7/21 Yes=7/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=8/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=9/21 Yes=10/21 Yes=10/21 Yes=10/21 Yes=10/21 Yes=11/21 4.6 Private Sector Leadership 4.6.1 Percentage of firms that report female participation in ownership(%)4.6.2 Per
168、centage of Firms that report female participation in top management(%)4.7 Political Leadership 4.7.1 Proportion of women in ministerial level positions(%)14.4 16.1 0.0 14.3 16.2 15.5 18.3 19.4 20.1 26.6 4.7.2 Proportion of seats held by women in parliament(%)18.4 19.0 18.9 18.8 19.5 20.0 19.5 20.0 2
169、0.8 21.4 22.5 23.3 24.4 26.2 26.7 4.7.3 How close women are to equality with men at the highest levels of political decision-making(scale of 0-100)14.5 14.8 15.8 15.7 15.0 15.6 17.1 16.9 17.4 19.4 20.4 21.3 23.5 25.6 27.6 4.8 Positions of influence:Judiciary and Academia 4.8.1 Ratio of Male to Femal
170、e Judges 4.8.2 Ratio of Male to Female University Presidents 5 Dashboard-APEC 5.Innovation and Technology Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 5.1 Mobile Technology 5.1.1 Mobile phone subscriptions as percentage of the population,total(%)67.5 75.6 83.7
171、 90.4 97.2 103.0 106.5 107.1 112.0 117.0 121.0 126.6 124.8 127.2 5.1.2 Percentage of total population covered by a mobile network signal(%)94.6 95.9 98.0 97.9 97.6 97.4 97.1 97.2 98.6 98.9 99.4 99.3 99.3 5.2 Internet Use 5.2.1 Percentage of population who are internet users,(%)32.6 36.5 40.9 44.0 47
172、.5 49.5 51.6 54.7 58.8 60.5 64.9 69.1 73.4 76.3 5.2.2 Female internet users(%of population)70.6 72.6 75.9 5.2.3 Used the internet to buy something online,female(%age 15+)24.6 40.8 64.3 5.2.4 Used the internet to buy something online,male(%age 15+)23.9 39.1 60.7 5.2.5 Made or received digital payment
173、s,female(%age 15+)53.3 63.3 77.2 5.2.6 Made or received digital payments,male(%age 15+)54.7 67.2 78.6 5.3 Networked Readiness 5.3.1 Affordability:Mobile cellular tariffs,average per-minute cost($PPP)0.40 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.31 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.22 5.3.2 Government online service
174、(scale of 0-1,)0.60 0.59 0.66 0.65 0.67 0.73 0.77 0.79 5.3.3 Technological readiness(scale of 1-7)4.3 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.3.4 International internet bandwidth(in Gbit/s)527 753 1008 1320 1715 2186 3036 3977 5964 8734 5.3.5 Women who own a mobile phone(%of population)5.3.6 Men who o
175、wn a mobile phone(%of population)5.3.7 Fixed internet broadband subscriptions(per 100 inhabitants)18.8 21.4 23.9 26.8 28.9 30.4 31.5 37.4 41.1 46.7 48.2 51.8 55.4 59.9 5.4 Women in Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics(STEM)Programmes 5.4.1 Percentage of female graduates in tertiary educati
176、on from STEM fields(%)5.4.2.from Engineering,Manufacturing and Construction(%)24.9 5.4.3 Percentage of women researchers(%)5.4.4 Percentage of women R&D personnel(%)5.5 Green Awareness and Activity 5.5.1 Household air quality(scale of 0-100)55.0 55.8 56.6 57.3 58.0 58.7 59.2 59.9 60.5 61.1 61.7 62.3
177、 62.3 62.3 62.3 5.5.2 Exposure to air pollution(scale of 0-100)45.4 45.8 46.4 46.9 47.3 47.5 47.6 48.1 49.0 49.9 50.0 49.7 49.7 49.7 49.7 5.5.3 Wastewater treatment(scale of 0-100)5.5.4 Waste management(scale of 0-100)60.4 60.4 67.9 5.5.5 Fish stocks(scale of 0-100)32.9 31.6 31.8 31.3 32.1 31.9 30.0
178、 28.1 27.7 29.0 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9 6 INDIVIDUAL DASHBOARDS Dashboard-Australia Australia 1.Access to Capital and Assets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1.1 Property and Inheritance Rights 1.1.1 Women and men have equal ownership rights to pr
179、operty(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.1.2 Equality of inheritance rights between sons and daughters(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.1.3 Equality of inheritance rights between husbands and wives(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Y
180、es Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.2 Labor Market Participation 1.2.1 Proportion of women population ages 15 and older that is economically active(in%,modelled ILO estimate)58.5 58.7 58.6 58.8 58.8 58.7 58.6 59.1 59.3 59.8 60.5 61.0 60.2 61.2 62.1 1.2.2 Ratio of female to male labor force participation(in
181、%,modelled ILO estimate)82.7 83.2 82.9 83.5 83.9 84.3 84.9 85.6 86.7 87.4 88.0 88.5 88.7 89.3 90.2 1.2.3 Women and men can retire at the same age with full pension benefits(Y/N)No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.3 Financial Services:Availability,Access,Literacy,Outreach and Learn
182、ing 1.3.1 Commercial banks(per 100,000 adults)31.6 31.2 30.8 30.4 30.9 30.1 29.2 28.8 27.7 29.6 28.2 26.4 25.4 24.1 1.3.2 SIGI“Access to Credit”measurement of womens right and de facto access to bank loans(Score=0,.5,or 1)0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3.3 Existing law against discrimination in access to credit on t
183、he basis of sex(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.3.4 Account at a bank or equivalent,female(%,age 15+)98.6 99.0 99.2 100.0 1.3.5 Account at a bank or equivalent,male(%,age 15+)99.6 98.7 99.9 98.6 1.4 Financial Services:Formal Savings and Borrowing 1.4.1 Saved at a fi
184、nancial institution,female(%age 15+)59.0 59.3 62.3 69.9 1.4.2 Loan from a financial institution,female(%age 15+)15.3 66.1 63.8 59.4 1.5 Building Credit 1.5.1 Owns a debit or credit card,female(%,age 15+)94.5 95.1 93.9 98.2 1.5.2 Owns a debit or credit card,male(%,age 15+)95.2 91.4 92.1 96.0 1.5.3 Ma
185、de a utility payment,female(%,age 15+)76.6 76.6 82.9 1.5.4 Made a utility payment,male(%,age 15+)78.6 83.2 76.0 7 Dashboard-Australia 2.Access to Markets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2.1 Infrastructure 2.1.1 People using safely managed drinking
186、 water services(%of population)2.1.2 People using safely managed sanitation services(%of population)62.7 63.6 64.6 65.6 66.5 67.5 68.5 69.4 70.4 71.4 72.3 73.3 74.3 2.1.3 Access to electricity(rural%)100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1.4 Access to
187、electricity(urban%)100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1.5 Quality of infrastructure(scale of 1-7)5.4 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.7 2.2 Competitive Access for Entrepreneurs 2.2.1 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy(scale of 1-7)5.9 5.5 5.2 4.
188、9 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.5 2.2.2 Extent of market dominance(scale of 1-7)5.2 5.3 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.3 2.2.3 Intensity of local competition(scale of 1-7)5.7 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 2.3 Access to International Trade 2.3.1 Access of domestic companies to international mark
189、ets(scale of 0-100)83.8 84.8 85.1 84.4 86.2 86.2 86.4 86.4 86.4 86.2 86.2 87.6 88.2 89.8 90.0 2.4 Vulnerable Employment 2.4.1 Proportion of contributing family members(%of total employed)0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.4.2 Female unemployment rate(%of female labor force,mod
190、elled ILO estimate)4.6 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.6 6.2 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.1 6.4 5.0 3.5 2.5 Non-Discrimination in Employment Access,Opportunity,and Conditions 2.5.1 SIGI Freedom of movement(Score 0,.5,or 1)0.0 0.0 2.5.2 Existing law mandating non-discrimination based on sex in employment(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes
191、Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.3 Wage equality between women and men for similar work(score of 0 to 1)0.64 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.65 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.67 2.5.4 Whether women are able to work in the same industries as men(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
192、 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.5 Whether a woman can work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.6 Whether women can work the same night hours as men(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8 Dashbo
193、ard-Australia 3.Skills,Capacity-Building,and Health Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 3.1 Educational Attainment 3.1.1 How close women are to achieving equality with men in literacy;net enrolment in primary and secondary schools;and gross enrolment
194、in tertiary school(scale of 0-100)100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.5 99.1 3.2 Educational Achievement 3.2.1 Mean scores of girls in math(scale of 700)509.48 497.82 490.99 488.30 3.2.2 Mean scores of girls in reading(scale of 700)532.85 529.54 518.87 51
195、8.57 3.2.3 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in math 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 3.2.4 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in reading 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 3.3 Technical Vocational Education and Training 3.3.1 Percentage of female secondary education,vocational pupils(%)38.6 37.9 39.3 3.4 Health and Safet
196、y 3.4.1 Prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age(%of women ages 15-49)7.4 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.5 3.4.2 Maternal mortality(ratio,per 100,000 live births)5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.4.3 Female population 15+living with HIV/AIDS(%)0.03 0.0
197、3 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 3.4.4 Hospital Beds(per 10,000 population)38.2 37.7 37.8 37.9 37.5 37.4 37.9 38.2 38.4 3.4.5 Attended births(%of live births)99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.2 99.0 99.8 98.8 98.8 99.4 98.7 98.8 3.4.6 Whether there is legislation that specifically
198、addresses domestic violence(Y/N)No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.7 Whether there is a specialized court or procedure for cases of domestic violence(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.8 Whether there is legislation against sexual harassment in employment(Y/N)Yes Yes
199、 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.9 Existence of womens legal protection from domestic violence such as rape,assault,and harassment(score of 0,.25,.5,.75,or 1)0.25 0.25 0.25 9 Dashboard-Australia 4.Leadership,Voice and Agency Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2
200、016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 4.1 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics(CRVS)4.1.1 Whether economies maintain continuous,permanent,compulsory and universal recording of vital events(notably,live births,deaths and causes of death)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2 W
201、omens agency 4.2.1 Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2.2 Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2.3 Can a woman register a busines
202、s in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.3 Womens Participation in Courts 4.3.1 Does a womans testimony carry the same evidentiary weight as a mans(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.4 Care Economy:Time spent on unpaid work 4.4.1 Ave
203、rage time spent on unpaid work,female(hours per day)4.5 4.5 Conditions for Career Advancement 4.5.1 Whether the law mandates equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.5.2 Whether there are laws penalizing or prevent
204、ing the dismissal of pregnant women(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.5.3 Whether the law mandates paid maternity leave of at least 14 weeks(Y/N)No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.5.4 Whether the law mandates paid parental leave(Y/N)No No No Ye
205、s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.6 Private Sector Leadership 4.6.1 Percentage of firms that report female participation in ownership(%)4.6.2 Percentage of Firms that report female participation in top management(%)4.7 Political Leadership 4.7.1 Proportion of women in ministerial level
206、 positions(%)24.1 23.3 20.7 17.2 17.2 24.1 21.4 26.7 26.7 43.5 4.7.2 Proportion of seats held by women in parliament(%)26.7 27.3 24.7 24.7 24.7 26.0 26.0 26.7 28.7 28.7 28.7 30.5 30.5 31.1 38.4 4.7.3 How close women are to equality with men at the highest levels of political decision-making(scale of
207、 0-100)19.1 19.1 19.2 18.6 18.5 19.4 18.9 19.3 19.3 23.2 23.2 23.1 25.8 25.8 41.2 4.8 Positions of influence:Judiciary and Academia 4.8.1 Ratio of Male to Female Judges 2.9 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 4.8.2 Ratio of Male to Female University Presidents 2.3 10 Dashboard-Australia
208、5.Innovation and Technology Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 5.1 Mobile Technology 5.1.1 Mobile phone subscriptions as percentage of the population,total(%)104.1 102.5 102.2 106.4 107.1 107.9 106.8 108.2 109.7 108.4 110.7 110.3 105.2 105.3 5.1.2 Pe
209、rcentage of total population covered by a mobile network signal(%)99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 5.2 Internet Use 5.2.1 Percentage of population who are internet users(%)71.7 74.3 76.0 79.5 79.0 83.5 84.0 84.6 86.5 86.5 90.0 93.6 96.4 96.2 5.2.2 Female internet user
210、s(%of population)78.4 84.9 86.1 5.2.3 Used the internet to buy something online,female(%age 15+)68.7 67.5 79.6 5.2.4 Used the internet to buy something online,male(%age 15+)67.7 67.9 75.1 5.2.5 Made or received digital payments,female(%age 15+)97.6 96.1 99.9 5.2.6 Made or received digital payments,m
211、ale(%age 15+)97.1 95.6 98.0 5.3 Networked Readiness 5.3.1 Affordability:Mobile cellular tariffs,average per-minute cost($PPP)0.47 0.67 0.28 0.28 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.27 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.27 5.3.2 Government online service(scale of 0-1,)0.81 0.79 0.84 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.94 5.3.3 Technological
212、 readiness(scale of 1-7)5.21 5.39 4.97 5.11 5.61 5.82 5.64 5.65 5.66 5.72 5.3.4 International internet bandwidth(in Gbit/s)150 450 700 900 1100 1300 450 560 800 1430 5.3.5 Women who own a mobile phone(%of population)5.3.6 Men who own a mobile phone(%of population)5.3.7 Fixed internet broadband subsc
213、riptions(per 100 inhabitants)25.0 24.1 25.0 24.8 25.2 25.9 27.8 28.7 30.5 32.2 33.7 34.7 35.4 35.3 5.4 Women in Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics(STEM)Programmes 5.4.1 Percentage of female graduates in tertiary education from STEM fields(%)31.1 30.9 30.2 30.7 31.0 31.7 32.1 37.0 38.0 38
214、.0 5.4.2.from Engineering,Manufacturing and Construction(%)26.1 26.1 24.6 24.9 25.6 22.9 23.2 5.4.3 Percentage of women researchers(%)5.4.4 Percentage of women R&D personnel(%)5.5 Green Awareness and Activity 5.5.1 Household air quality(scale of 0-100)89.6 90.6 91.6 92.5 93.4 94.1 94.7 95.4 96.3 97.
215、0 97.5 98.1 98.1 98.1 98.1 5.5.2 Exposure to air pollution(scale of 0-100)94.2 95.1 96.1 96.9 98.0 98.3 98.5 98.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.5.3 Wastewater treatment(scale of 0-100)93.2 93.5 94.1 94.1 92.3 92.4 95.0 92.7 99.4 92.7 92.9 5.5.4 Waste management(scale of 0-100)77.3 77.3
216、 95.0 5.5.5 Fish stocks(scale of 0-100)15.2 15.3 15.1 15.1 12.8 11.6 11.2 13.6 15.2 16.5 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 11 Dashboard Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam 1.Access to Capital and Assets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1.1 Property and Inhe
217、ritance Rights 1.1.1 Women and men have equal ownership rights to property(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.1.2 Equality of inheritance rights between sons and daughters(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 1.1.3 Equality of inheritance rights between hus
218、bands and wives(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 1.2 Labor Market Participation 1.2.1 Proportion of women population ages 15 and older that is economically active(in%,modelled ILO estimate)56.2 56.3 56.3 56.4 56.3 56.3 56.3 56.3 56.3 56.3 57.4 55.2 54.7 55.1 55.5 1.2.2 Ratio of femal
219、e to male labor force participation(in%,modelled ILO estimate)66.9 78.4 78.3 78.4 78.5 78.5 78.7 78.8 79.0 79.3 79.6 80.1 79.8 80.3 80.5 1.2.3 Women and men can retire at the same age with full pension benefits(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.3 Financial Services:Av
220、ailability,Access,Literacy,Outreach and Learning 1.3.1 Commercial banks(per 100,000 adults)23.0 23.7 23.3 23.2 22.8 23.0 20.4 21.0 19.7 18.5 17.3 17.6 17.4 16.2 1.3.2 SIGI“Access to Credit”measurement of womens right and de facto access to bank loans(Score=0,.5,or 1)0.0 0.0 1.3.3 Existing law agains
221、t discrimination in access to credit on the basis of sex(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 1.3.4 Account at a bank or equivalent,female(%,age 15+)1.3.5 Account at a bank or equivalent,male(%,age 15+)1.4 Financial Services:Formal Savings and Borrowing 1.4.1 Saved at a financial institu
222、tion,female(%age 15+)60.8 1.4.2 Loan from a financial institution,female(%age 15+)14.3 1.5 Building Credit 1.5.1 Owns a debit or credit card,female(%,age 15+)1.5.2 Owns a debit or credit card,male(%,age 15+)1.5.3 Made a utility payment,female(%,age 15+)1.5.4 Made a utility payment,male(%,age 15+)12
223、Dashboard Brunei Darussalam 2.Access to Markets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2.1 Infrastructure 2.1.1 People using safely managed drinking water services(%of population)2.1.2 People using safely managed sanitation services(%of population)2.1.3
224、Access to electricity(rural%)100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1.4 Access to electricity(urban%)100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1.5 Quality of infrastructure(scale of 1-7)4.7 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.1
225、 4.4 2.2 Competitive Access for Entrepreneurs 2.2.1 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy(scale of 1-7)3.5 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.6 3.3 3.4 2.2.2 Extent of market dominance(scale of 1-7)3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.2.3 Intensity of local competition(scale of 1-7)4.8 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.8 5.1 4.6 4
226、.7 2.3 Access to International Trade 2.3.1 Access of domestic companies to international markets(scale of 0-100)81.8 85.2 89.1 89.1 84.0 85.0 84.6 84.6 2.4 Vulnerable Employment 2.4.1 Proportion of contributing family members(%of total employed)0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0
227、 2.4.2 Female unemployment rate(%of female labor force,modelled ILO estimate)7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 8.6 9.2 10.0 10.1 8.3 8.8 9.0 8.7 2.5 Non-Discrimination in Employment Access,Opportunity,and Conditions 2.5.1 SIGI Freedom of movement(Score 0,.5,or 1)0.75 0.75 2.5.2 Existing law mandating non-
228、discrimination based on sex in employment(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 2.5.3 Wage equality between women and men for similar work(score of 0 to 1)0.71 0.74 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 2.5.4 Whether women are able to work in the same industries as men(Y/N)No
229、No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.5 Whether a woman can work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.6 Whether women can work the same night hours as men(Y/N)No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
230、Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 13 Dashboard Brunei Darussalam 3.Skills,Capacity-Building,and Health Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 3.1 Educational Attainment 3.1.1 How close women are to achieving equality with men in literacy;net enrolment in primary and s
231、econdary schools;and gross enrolment in tertiary school(scale of 0-100)99.3 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.4 98.9 98.6 99.3 99.2 99.0 99.0 99.2 99.2 99.7 99.7 3.2 Educational Achievement 3.2.1 Mean scores of girls in math(scale of 700)433.95 3.2.2 Mean scores of girls in reading(scale of 700)423.08 3.2.3 Ratio o
232、f boys scores to girls scores in math 0.98 3.2.4 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in reading 0.93 3.3 Technical Vocational Education and Training 3.3.1 Percentage of female secondary education,vocational pupils(%)37.5 38.8 41.0 43.6 49.6 47.2 44.1 43.5 45.6 45.4 47.4 3.4 Health and Safety 3.4.1
233、Prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age(%of women ages 15-49)15.2 15.0 14.9 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.2 16.7 3.4.2 Maternal mortality(ratio,per 100,000 live births)0.0 15.1 15.6 0.0 43.4 15.0 14.5 59.7 31.0 31.0 0.0 32.4 30.8 16.3 3.4.3 Female population 15+living with HIV/
234、AIDS(%)3.4.4 Hospital Beds(per 10,000 population)27.0 26.0 24.6 24.6 24.4 24.2 24.3 27.7 27.6 28.5 34.3 36.0 38.8 39.1 3.4.5 Attended births(%of live births)99.7 99.9 99.8 99.7 99.8 99.7 99.9 100.0 100.0 99.8 99.8 99.6 99.7 99.6 3.4.6 Whether there is legislation that specifically addresses domestic
235、 violence(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.7 Whether there is a specialized court or procedure for cases of domestic violence(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.8 Whether there is legislation against sexual harassment in employment(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No
236、 No No No No 3.4.9 Existence of womens legal protection from domestic violence such as rape,assault,and harassment(score of 0,.25,.5,.75,or 1)0.75 0.75 14 Dashboard Brunei Darussalam 4.Leadership,Voice and Agency Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 4.
237、1 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics(CRVS)4.1.1 Whether economies maintain continuous,permanent,compulsory and universal recording of vital events(notably,live births,deaths and causes of death)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2 Womens agency 4.2.1 Can a woman apply
238、 for a passport in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2.2 Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2.3 Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Y
239、es Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.3 Womens Participation in Courts 4.3.1 Does a womans testimony carry the same evidentiary weight as a mans(Y/N)No No No No No 4.4 Care Economy:Time spent on unpaid work 4.4.1 Average time spent on unpaid work,female(hours per day)4.5 Condition
240、s for Career Advancement 4.5.1 Whether the law mandates equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value(Y/N)No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 4.5.2 Whether there are laws penalizing or preventing the dismissal of pregnant women(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No
241、No No No 4.5.3 Whether the law mandates paid maternity leave of at least 14 weeks(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 4.5.4 Whether the law mandates paid parental leave(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 4.6 Private Sector Leadership 4.6.1 Percentage of firms that report f
242、emale participation in ownership(%)4.6.2 Percentage of Firms that report female participation in top management(%)4.7 Political Leadership 4.7.1 Proportion of women in ministerial level positions(%)7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 4.7.2 Proportion of seats held by women in parliament(%)6.5 9
243、.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 4.7.3 How close women are to equality with men at the highest levels of political decision-making(scale of 0-100)2.8 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 6.1 4.8 Positions of influence:Judiciary and Academia 4.8.1 Ratio of Male to Female Judges 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1
244、.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.8.2 Ratio of Male to Female University Presidents 1.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 15 Dashboard Brunei Darussalam 5.Innovation and Technology Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 5
245、.1 Mobile Technology 5.1.1 Mobile phone subscriptions as percentage of the population,total(%)103.7 105.8 109.9 110.4 115.5 113.9 108.5 110.0 122.9 126.6 130.3 131.2 121.5 135.5 5.1.2 Percentage of total population covered by a mobile network signal(%)97.0 98.7 99.3 99.1 99.0 99.0 99.0 5.2 Internet
246、Use 5.2.1 Percentage of population who are internet users(%)46.0 49.0 53.0 56.0 60.3 64.5 68.8 71.2 90.0 94.9 95.0 95.0 96.1 98.1 5.2.2 Female internet users(%of population)90.0 99.8 99.8 5.2.3 Used the internet to buy something online,female(%age 15+)5.2.4 Used the internet to buy something online,
247、male(%age 15+)5.2.5 Made or received digital payments,female(%age 15+)5.2.6 Made or received digital payments,male(%age 15+)5.3 Networked Readiness 5.3.1 Affordability:Mobile cellular tariffs,average per-minute cost($PPP)0.43 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.45 0.42 0.43 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.20 5.3.2 Gov
248、ernment online service(scale of 0-1,)0.47 0.48 0.63 0.50 0.53 0.69 0.74 0.73 5.3.3 Technological readiness(scale of 1-7)3.64 3.77 4.00 3.86 3.95 3.75 3.60 4.49 5.3.4 International internet bandwidth(in Gbit/s)1 2 5 5 10 14 15 21 35 44 103 64 138 5.3.5 Women who own a mobile telephone(%of population)
249、99 99 5.3.6 Men who own a mobile telephone(%of population)99 91 5.3.7 Fixed internet broadband subscriptions(per 100 inhabitants)4.4 5.1 5.5 5.8 4.9 6.7 7.3 8.2 8.5 9.5 11.4 12.4 16.1 17.8 5.4 Women in Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics(STEM)Programmes 5.4.1 Percentage of female graduate
250、s in tertiary education from STEM fields(%)49.1 50.4 41.7 50.5 49.4 49.2 51.9 54.3 5.4.2.from Engineering,Manufacturing and Construction(%)38.5 43.9 28.2 43.3 41.4 41.8 45.0 47.7 49.6 47.7 52.3 5.4.3 Percentage of women researchers(%)45.2 5.4.4 Percentage of women R&D personnel(%)48.2 5.5 Green Awar
251、eness and Activity 5.5.1 Household air quality(scale of 0-100)66.9 68.3 69.2 69.8 70.2 70.6 71.0 71.5 72.6 73.9 74.7 75.2 75.2 75.2 75.2 5.5.2 Exposure to air pollution(scale of 0-100)64.4 65.5 66.1 64.9 61.8 58.1 55.6 54.8 57.3 59.9 59.5 57.8 57.8 57.8 57.8 5.5.3 Wastewater treatment(scale of 0-100
252、)40.0 37.8 39.8 6.0 5.8 5.5.4 Waste management(scale of 0-100)42.5 42.5 85.5 5.5.5 Fish stocks(scale of 0-100)16 Dashboard Canada Canada 1.Access to Capital and Assets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1.1 Property and Inheritance Rights 1.1.1 Women
253、 and men have equal ownership rights to property(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.1.2 Equality of inheritance rights between sons and daughters(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.1.3 Equality of inheritance rights between husbands and w
254、ives(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.2 Labor Market Participation 1.2.1 Proportion of women population ages 15 and older that is economically active(in%,modelled ILO estimate)62.6 62.4 62.4 62.2 62.1 62.2 61.5 61.2 61.3 61.5 61.3 61.4 59.5 60.6 60.9 1.2.2 Ratio of f
255、emale to male labor force participation(in%,modelled ILO estimate)88.8 89.6 90.0 89.8 90.1 90.2 89.6 89.1 89.5 89.9 90.2 89.7 88.7 89.1 90.2 1.2.3 Women and men can retire at the same age with full pension benefits(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.3 Financial Service
256、s:Availability,Access,Literacy,Outreach and Learning 1.3.1 Commercial banks(per 100,000 adults)24.6 24.2 24.1 24.2 24.3 23.3 23.1 22.8 22.3 20.8 20.1 19.7 20.2 20.7 1.3.2 SIGI“Access to Credit”measurement of womens right and de facto access to bank loans(Score=0,.5,or 1)0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3.3 Existing la
257、w against discrimination in access to credit on the basis of sex(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.3.4 Account at a bank or equivalent,female(%,age 15+)97.2 99.2 99.9 99.5 1.3.5 Account at a bank or equivalent,male(%,age 15+)94.3 99.0 99.6 99.8 1.4 Financial Services:
258、Formal Savings and Borrowing 1.4.1 Saved at a financial institution,female(%age 15+)52.9 59.5 64.5 60.2 1.4.2 Loan from a financial institution,female(%age 15+)17.8 74.0 82.6 81.2 1.5 Building Credit 1.5.1 Owns a debit or credit card,female(%,age 15+)95.8 97.4 98.8 98.6 1.5.2 Owns a debit or credit
259、card,male(%,age 15+)90.1 96.7 98.2 97.2 1.5.3 Made a utility payment,female(%,age 15+)78.1 80.4 69.9 1.5.4 Made a utility payment,male(%,age 15+)74.2 78.5 77.4 17 Dashboard Canada 2.Access to Markets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2.1 Infrastruct
260、ure 2.1.1 People using safely managed drinking water services(%of population)98.4 98.5 98.5 98.6 98.7 98.7 98.8 98.8 98.9 98.9 99.0 99.0 99.0 2.1.2 People using safely managed sanitation services(%of population)80.1 80.5 80.9 81.2 81.6 82.0 82.4 82.8 83.2 83.6 84.0 84.4 84.4 2.1.3 Access to electric
261、ity(rural%)100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1.4 Access to electricity(urban%)100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1.5 Quality of infrastructure(scale of 1-7)6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 2
262、.2 Competitive Access for Entrepreneurs 2.2.1 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy(scale of 1-7)5.4 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.9 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.8 2.2.2 Extent of market dominance(scale of 1-7)5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.5 2.2.3 Intensity of local competition(scale of 1-7)5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6
263、 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.4 2.3 Access to International Trade 2.3.1 Access of domestic companies to international markets(scale of 0-100)87.0 88.2 88.1 88.1 87.9 88.2 88.3 88.4 87.0 88.4 88.1 86.8 87.0 88.8 83.2 2.4 Vulnerable Employment 2.4.1 Proportion of contributing family members(%of total employed)0.
264、1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.4.2 Female unemployment rate(%of female labor force,modelled ILO estimate)5.7 7.0 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.2 9.4 7.2 5.0 2.5 Non-Discrimination in Employment Access,Opportunity,and Conditions 2.5.1 SIGI Freedom of movement(Score 0,
265、.5,or 1)0.0 0.0 2.5.2 Existing law mandating non-discrimination based on sex in employment(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.3 Wage equality between women and men for similar work(score of 0 to 1)0.71 0.75 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.72 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.68 0.66
266、0.67 2.5.4 Whether women are able to work in the same industries as men(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.5 Whether a woman can work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.6 Whether wome
267、n can work the same night hours as men(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 18 Dashboard Canada 3.Skills,Capacity-Building,and Health Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 3.1 Educational Attainment 3.1.1 How close women are t
268、o achieving equality with men in literacy;net enrolment in primary and secondary schools;and gross enrolment in tertiary school(scale of 0-100)99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.2 Educational Achievement 3.2.1 Mean scores of girls in math(scale of
269、700)520.83 513.02 511.14 509.55 3.2.2 Mean scores of girls in reading(scale of 700)541.53 540.66 539.76 534.67 3.2.3 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in math 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 3.2.4 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in reading 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 3.3 Technical Vocational Education and Train
270、ing 3.3.1 Percentage of female secondary education,vocational pupils(%)43.1 43.7 44.1 43.5 45.1 45.9 3.4 Health and Safety 3.4.1 Prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age(%of women ages 15-49)8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.8 9.0 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.4 3.4.2 Maternal mortality(ratio,per 100,000 liv
271、e births)9.0 7.6 6.4 4.8 5.8 6.1 6.0 7.1 6.3 6.6 8.6 7.5 10.0 9.0 3.4.3 Female population 15+living with HIV/AIDS(%)3.4.4 Hospital Beds(per 10,000 population)28.5 28.0 27.8 28.0 27.9 27.2 26.7 26.2 26.0 25.3 25.5 25.2 3.4.5 Attended births(%of live births)98.7 98.6 98.5 98.4 98.1 98.0 97.9 97.9 97.8
272、 97.9 98.0 98.0 98.0 3.4.6 Whether there is legislation that specifically addresses domestic violence(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.7 Whether there is a specialized court or procedure for cases of domestic violence(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.8 Wheth
273、er there is legislation against sexual harassment in employment(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.9 Existence of womens legal protection from domestic violence such as rape,assault,and harassment(score of 0,.25,.5,.75,or 1)0.0 0.25 0.75 19 Dashboard Canada 4.Leaders
274、hip,Voice and Agency Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 4.1 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics(CRVS)4.1.1 Whether economies maintain continuous,permanent,compulsory and universal recording of vital events(notably,live births,deaths and causes of
275、 death)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2 Womens agency 4.2.1 Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2.2 Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
276、Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2.3 Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.3 Womens Participation in Courts 4.3.1 Does a womans testimony carry the same evidentiary weight as a mans(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
277、Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.4 Care Economy:Time spent on unpaid work 4.4.1 Average time spent on unpaid work,female(hours per day)3.9 3.5 4.5 Conditions for Career Advancement 4.5.1 Whether the law mandates equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ye
278、s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.5.2 Whether there are laws penalizing or preventing the dismissal of pregnant women(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.5.3 Whether the law mandates paid maternity leave of at least 14 weeks(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
279、 Yes Yes Yes 4.5.4 Whether the law mandates paid parental leave(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.6 Private Sector Leadership 4.6.1 Percentage of firms that report female participation in ownership(%)46.1 46.3 4.6.2 Percentage of Firms that report female participation
280、 in top management(%)4.7 Political Leadership 4.7.1 Proportion of women in ministerial level positions(%)16.0 29.7 26.9 32.0 30.8 51.7 50.0 50.0 51.4 48.6 4.7.2 Proportion of seats held by women in parliament(%)22.1 22.1 22.1 24.8 24.7 24.7 25.1 26.0 26.0 26.3 26.9 29.0 29.0 30.5 30.7 4.7.3 How clos
281、e women are to equality with men at the highest levels of political decision-making(scale of 0-100)13.4 13.8 19.6 21.0 19.6 19.6 22.3 21.8 22.2 36.1 36.5 36.5 38.1 38.6 37.4 4.8 Positions of influence:Judiciary and Academia 4.8.1 Ratio of Male to Female Judges 1.7 4.8.2 Ratio of Male to Female Unive
282、rsity Presidents 20 Dashboard Canada 5.Innovation and Technology Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 5.1 Mobile Technology 5.1.1 Mobile phone subscriptions as percentage of the population,total(%)66.5 70.9 76.0 78.2 79.9 80.9 81.3 83.3 85.2 86.7 89.7
283、91.6 85.4 88.1 5.1.2 Percentage of total population covered by a mobile network signal(%)98.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.5 99.7 99.7 99.7 5.2 Internet Use 5.2.1 Percentage of population who are internet users(%)76.7 80.3 80.3 83.0 83.0 85.8 87.1 90.0 91.2 92.7 94.6 91.9 92.3 92.8 5.2
284、.2 Female internet users(%of population)79.2 90.5 90.5 5.2.3 Used the internet to buy something online,female(%age 15+)63.6 65.4 69.2 5.2.4 Used the internet to buy something online,male(%age 15+)67.9 72.0 71.0 5.2.5 Made or received digital payments,female(%age 15+)98.3 97.2 98.4 5.2.6 Made or rece
285、ived digital payments,male(%age 15+)95.5 98.5 98.3 5.3 Networked Readiness 5.3.1 Affordability:Mobile cellular tariffs,average per-minute cost($PPP)0.39 0.39 0.44 0.52 0.46 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.36 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.19 5.3.2 Government online service(scale of 0-1,)0.82 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.84 0
286、.85 5.3.3 Technological readiness(scale of 1-7)5.61 5.63 5.14 5.40 5.60 5.58 5.57 5.83 5.79 5.88 5.3.4 International internet bandwidth(in Gbit/s)1147 1355 1575 1825 2106 1600 1800 2000 2200 2500 5.3.5 Women who own a mobile telephone(%of population)5.3.6 Men who own a mobile telephone(%of populatio
287、n)5.3.7 Fixed internet broadband subscriptions(per 100 inhabitants)29.6 30.6 31.8 32.9 33.7 34.5 35.5 36.7 37.1 38.1 39.0 40.4 41.1 42.1 5.4 Women in Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics(STEM)Programmes 5.4.1 Percentage of female graduates in tertiary education from STEM fields(%)36.6 35.9
288、 35.6 35.6 35.0 34.4 34.8 34.8 35.3 5.4.2.from Engineering,Manufacturing and Construction(%)18.6 18.4 19.3 19.6 20.8 19.2 19.0 19.7 5.4.3 Percentage of women researchers(%)5.4.4 Percentage of women R&D personnel(%)5.5 Green Awareness and Activity 5.5.1 Household air quality(scale of 0-100)98.6 100.0
289、 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.5.2 Exposure to air pollution(scale of 0-100)79.2 81.7 83.9 86.0 87.6 89.1 90.3 91.1 90.8 90.7 90.9 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 5.5.3 Wastewater treatment(scale of 0-100)84.3 80.4 71.4 96.4 67.4 67.4 5.5.4 Waste management(scal
290、e of 0-100)84.7 84.7 92.3 5.5.5 Fish stocks(scale of 0-100)15.5 13.2 12.5 13.1 13.8 13.4 12.9 14.7 13.8 14.7 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 21 Dashboard Chile Chile 1.Access to Capital and Assets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1.1 Property and Inherita
291、nce Rights 1.1.1 Women and men have equal ownership rights to property(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 1.1.2 Equality of inheritance rights between sons and daughters(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.1.3 Equality of inheritance rights between husband
292、s and wives(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.2 Labor Market Participation 1.2.1 Proportion of women population ages 15 and older that is economically active(in%,modelled ILO estimate)44.2 44.6 45.5 47.5 47.8 47.9 48.6 48.4 48.2 48.7 49.3 49.5 44.6 46.2 48.8 1.2.2 Rat
293、io of female to male labor force participation(in%,modelled ILO estimate)62.2 63.5 64.9 67.2 68.3 68.5 69.7 69.6 69.4 70.1 71.6 72.5 68.9 69.5 72.2 1.2.3 Women and men can retire at the same age with full pension benefits(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 1.3 Financial Services:Availa
294、bility,Access,Literacy,Outreach and Learning 1.3.1 Commercial banks(per 100,000 adults)17.4 17.0 17.4 17.3 17.2 17.0 16.8 16.1 15.7 14.8 14.0 13.0 12.3 11.1 1.3.2 SIGI“Access to Credit”measurement of womens right and de facto access to bank loans(Score=0,.5,or 1)0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3.3 Existing law agains
295、t discrimination in access to credit on the basis of sex(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 1.3.4 Account at a bank or equivalent,female(%,age 15+)41.0 59.2 71.3 86.6 1.3.5 Account at a bank or equivalent,male(%,age 15+)43.4 67.8 77.8 87.6 1.4 Financial Services:Formal Savings and Borr
296、owing 1.4.1 Saved at a financial institution,female(%age 15+)10.4 12.9 17.8 26.5 1.4.2 Loan from a financial institution,female(%age 15+)5.9 28.5 30.3 20.5 1.5 Building Credit 1.5.1 Owns a debit or credit card,female(%,age 15+)33.1 56.3 64.8 77.5 1.5.2 Owns a debit or credit card,male(%,age 15+)35.5
297、 60.7 64.6 81.1 1.5.3 Made a utility payment,female(%,age 15+)71.2 61.2 67.0 1.5.4 Made a utility payment,male(%,age 15+)65.9 66.5 67.2 22 Dashboard Chile 2.Access to Markets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2.1 Infrastructure 2.1.1 People using sa
298、fely managed drinking water services(%of population)95.5 96.0 96.4 96.8 97.2 97.7 98.1 98.4 98.6 98.8 98.8 98.8 98.8 2.1.2 People using safely managed sanitation services(%of population)59.6 61.2 62.9 64.5 66.2 67.8 69.5 71.2 72.8 74.4 75.7 77.2 78.6 2.1.3 Access to electricity(rural%)89.5 97.7 98.3
299、 97.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1.4 Access to electricity(urban%)99.6 99.9 99.7 99.9 100.0 99.8 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1.5 Quality of infrastructure(scale of 1-7)5.0 5.1 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.7 2.2 Competitive Access for Entreprene
300、urs 2.2.1 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy(scale of 1-7)5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.4 2.2.2 Extent of market dominance(scale of 1-7)3.9 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.3 2.2.3 Intensity of local competition(scale of 1-7)5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.2 2.3 Access to I
301、nternational Trade 2.3.1 Access of domestic companies to international markets(scale of 0-100)82.2 85.8 88.0 88.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 86.4 86.4 88.7 88.8 89.0 83.0 78.0 2.4 Vulnerable Employment 2.4.1 Proportion of contributing family members(%of total employed)1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.
302、1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.4.2 Female unemployment rate(%of female labor force,modelled ILO estimate)12.1 13.4 9.9 8.8 8.1 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.4 8.0 8.0 11.4 9.6 8.4 2.5 Non-Discrimination in Employment Access,Opportunity,and Conditions 2.5.1 SIGI Freedom of movement(Score 0,.5,or 1)0.0 0.0 2.5.2 Existing la
303、w mandating non-discrimination based on sex in employment(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.3 Wage equality between women and men for similar work(score of 0 to 1)0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.62 2.5.4 Whether women are able
304、 to work in the same industries as men(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.5 Whether a woman can work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.5.6 Whether women can work the same night hours a
305、s men(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 23 Dashboard Chile 3.Skills,Capacity-Building,and Health Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 3.1 Educational Attainment 3.1.1 How close women are to achieving equality with men in l
306、iteracy;net enrolment in primary and secondary schools;and gross enrolment in tertiary school(scale of 0-100)98.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 99.4 99.4 3.2 Educational Achievement 3.2.1 Mean scores of girls in math(scale of 700)410.38 410.54 413.45 413.63 3.2.2 Me
307、an scores of girls in reading(scale of 700)460.62 452.37 464.56 462.30 3.2.3 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in math 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.02 3.2.4 Ratio of boys scores to girls scores in reading 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.96 3.3 Technical Vocational Education and Training 3.3.1 Percentage of female secondary
308、 education,vocational pupils(%)47.3 47.6 47.4 47.5 47.2 46.8 46.6 46.3 46.2 45.9 3.4 Health and Safety 3.4.1 Prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age(%of women ages 15-49)8.1 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 3.4.2 Maternal mortality(ratio,per 100,000 live births)21.0 21.0 20.
309、0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 13.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 27.0 3.4.3 Female population 15+living with HIV/AIDS(%)0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 3.4.4 Hospital Beds(per 10,000 population)22.8 22.7 20.4 22.2 21.7 21.7 21.2 21.4 21.2 21.1 20.6 3.4.5 Attended births(%of
310、live births)99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.7 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.8 3.4.6 Whether there is legislation that specifically addresses domestic violence(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.7 Whether there is a specialized court or procedure for cases of domestic viole
311、nce(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.8 Whether there is legislation against sexual harassment in employment(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3.4.9 Existence of womens legal protection from domestic violence such as rape,assault,and harassment(score of 0,.25,.5,.
312、75,or 1)0.0 0.75 0.0 24 Dashboard Chile 4.Leadership,Voice and Agency Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 4.1 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics(CRVS)4.1.1 Whether economies maintain continuous,permanent,compulsory and universal recording of vita
313、l events(notably,live births,deaths and causes of death)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2 Womens agency 4.2.1 Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2.2 Can a woman sign a contract in t
314、he same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2.3 Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.3 Womens Participation in Courts 4.3.1 Does a womans testimony carry the same evidenti
315、ary weight as a mans(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.4 Care Economy:Time spent on unpaid work 4.4.1 Average time spent on unpaid work,female(hours per day)3.8 5.3 4.5 Conditions for Career Advancement 4.5.1 Whether the law mandates equal remuneration for men and women for work of e
316、qual value(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 4.5.2 Whether there are laws penalizing or preventing the dismissal of pregnant women(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.5.3 Whether the law mandates paid maternity leave of at least 14 weeks(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Y
317、es Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.5.4 Whether the law mandates paid parental leave(Y/N)No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.6 Private Sector Leadership 4.6.1 Percentage of firms that report female participation in ownership(%)29.6 4.6.2 Percentage of Firms that re
318、port female participation in top management(%)4.5 4.5 5.0 4.7 Political Leadership 4.7.1 Proportion of women in ministerial level positions(%)40.9 45.5 18.2 39.1 34.8 34.8 34.8 33.3 30.4 58.3 4.7.2 Proportion of seats held by women in parliament(%)15.0 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 22
319、.6 22.6 22.6 35.5 35.5 4.7.3 How close women are to equality with men at the highest levels of political decision-making(scale of 0-100)24.7 25.7 29.6 29.6 14.5 14.5 25.9 24.3 25.4 26.6 30.7 30.7 28.3 36.3 50.2 4.8 Positions of influence:Judiciary and Academia 4.8.1 Ratio of Male to Female Judges 4.
320、7 5.3 3.0 3.0 3.2 4.7 3.8 2.8 3.2 3.2 4.8.2 Ratio of Male to Female University Presidents 4.9 3.3 3.3 5.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 8.3 5.0 6.7 10.0 25 Dashboard Chile 5.Innovation and Technology Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 5.1 Mobile Technology 5.1.1 Mobil
321、e phone subscriptions as percentage of the population,total(%)88.8 97.7 116.7 129.9 138.1 135.1 133.9 129.9 128.9 125.3 134.6 131.6 129.9 136.3 5.1.2 Percentage of total population covered by a mobile network signal(%)100.0 100.0 100.0 95.0 95.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 5.2 Internet U
322、se 5.2.1 Percentage of population who are internet users(%)37.3 41.6 45.0 52.2 55.1 58.0 61.1 76.6 83.6 82.3 84.9 85.0 86.4 90.2 5.2.2 Female internet users(%of population)80.7 5.2.3 Used the internet to buy something online,female(%age 15+)10.6 19.4 45.6 5.2.4 Used the internet to buy something onl
323、ine,male(%age 15+)18.9 26.8 52.6 5.2.5 Made or received digital payments,female(%age 15+)49.1 61.4 84.1 5.2.6 Made or received digital payments,male(%age 15+)60.9 69.8 84.5 5.3 Networked Readiness 5.3.1 Affordability:Mobile cellular tariffs,average per-minute cost($PPP)0.53 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.40 0.45
324、0.46 0.46 0.45 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.15 5.3.2 Government online service(scale of 0-1,)0.58 0.60 0.68 0.71 0.69 0.74 0.83 0.84 5.3.3 Technological readiness(scale of 1-7)3.99 4.28 4.09 4.26 4.48 4.48 4.59 4.85 5.09 5.21 5.3.4 International internet bandwidth(in Gbit/s)65 88 147 290 434 668 940 1496 1
325、677 1943 2445 3157 3396 3540 5.3.5 Women who own a mobile telephone(%of population)99 97 5.3.6 Men who own a mobile telephone(%of population)92 87 5.3.7 Fixed internet broadband subscriptions(per 100 inhabitants)8.6 9.8 10.5 11.7 12.5 13.1 14.1 15.2 16.1 16.7 17.4 18.0 19.5 22.0 5.4 Women in Science
326、,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics(STEM)Programmes 5.4.1 Percentage of female graduates in tertiary education from STEM fields(%)22.8 21.3 20.2 19.9 19.5 18.6 18.2 18.5 18.8 5.4.2.from Engineering,Manufacturing and Construction(%)20.8 20.4 19.2 19.2 18.4 17.7 17.1 17.4 17.7 5.4.3 Percentage of
327、women researchers(%)27.5 32.3 32.4 30.8 31.0 34.3 31.5 33.0 33.1 34.4 32.4 34.8 5.4.4 Percentage of women R&D personnel(%)30.5 37.2 37.6 36.7 36.0 40.0 38.1 39.0 38.0 39.7 5.5 Green Awareness and Activity 5.5.1 Household air quality(scale of 0-100)50.1 50.7 51.4 52.3 53.4 54.4 55.4 56.3 57.2 57.8 58
328、.4 59.1 59.1 59.1 59.1 5.5.2 Exposure to air pollution(scale of 0-100)44.9 44.4 44.4 44.5 44.3 43.9 43.8 44.2 46.0 47.0 47.0 46.4 46.4 46.4 46.4 5.5.3 Wastewater treatment(scale of 0-100)82.6 83.3 86.9 90.6 100.0 99.9 68.9 99.8 87.5 98.6 71.9 71.9 5.5.4 Waste management(scale of 0-100)65.7 65.7 75.7
329、 5.5.5 Fish stocks(scale of 0-100)26 Dashboard China China 1.Access to Capital and Assets Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1.1 Property and Inheritance Rights 1.1.1 Women and men have equal ownership rights to property(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Y
330、es Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.1.2 Equality of inheritance rights between sons and daughters(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.1.3 Equality of inheritance rights between husbands and wives(Y/N)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.2 Labor
331、 Market Participation 1.2.1 Proportion of women population ages 15 and older that is economically active(in%,modelled ILO estimate)65.1 64.4 63.7 63.7 63.4 63.1 62.9 62.7 62.4 62.1 61.7 61.4 59.1 61.3 61.1 1.2.2 Ratio of female to male labor force participation(in%,modelled ILO estimate)80.4 80.0 79
332、.7 79.9 80.1 80.3 80.6 80.8 81.1 81.5 81.8 82.2 81.8 82.5 82.4 1.2.3 Women and men can retire at the same age with full pension benefits(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 1.3 Financial Services:Availability,Access,Literacy,Outreach and Learning 1.3.1 Commercial banks(per 100,000 adult
333、s)7.7 7.8 8.0 8.5 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.8 1.3.2 SIGI“Access to Credit”measurement of womens right and de facto access to bank loans(Score=0,.5,or 1)0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3.3 Existing law against discrimination in access to credit on the basis of sex(Y/N)No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 1.3.4 Account at a bank or equivalent,female(%,age 15+)60.0 76.4 75.7 87.3 1.3.5 Account at a bank or