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1、Analytical ServicesPathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 2 Executive summary The ambition of achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 to tackle climate change requires a glo
2、bal effort.The Global South is likely to be disproportionally affected and has an important role to play in realizing this target.This report examines how net zero research in the Global South is contributing to a clean energy future.Greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from burning fossil fuels and defores
3、tation are rising,producing global heating that is altering the climate and putting populations and ecosystems at risk.1 The 2015 Paris Agreement pledged to limit global temperature rise to less than 2C above pre-industrial levels and achieve net zero emissions-where unavoidable GHG emissions are ba
4、lanced by removal strategies such as reforestation and carbon capture and storage-by 2050.2 Many countries are committed to achieving net zero by this date and are investing in net zero research and innovation.In this follow-up to Elseviers report Pathways to Net Zero:The Impact of Clean Energy Rese
5、arch3,which presented a broad perspective on the impact of clean energy research on achieving net zero,we focus specifically on the Global South.This classification encompasses Upper-Middle-Income Countries(UMICs),Lower-Middle Income Countries(LMICs),and Low-Income Countries(LICs),as defined by the
6、1 IPCC.(2021).Climate change 2021:The physical science basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Masson-Delmotte,V.,et al.(eds.).Cambridge University Press.https:/www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/2
7、United Nations.(2015).Paris Agreement.Article 2,p.3.https:/unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf World Bank.4 Arguably,these countries will bear the brunt of the socio-environmental impacts of climate change,while simultaneously seeking ways to increase their level of economic d
8、evelopment and the well-being of their citizens.Global South-led research and innovation must,therefore,be positioned to tackle the local environmental,as well as economic,challenges that these communities will face in the future.This evidence-based report builds on the findings of Pathways to Net Z
9、ero:The Impact of Clean Energy Research through a bibliometric analysis of over 1.7 million research publications from 2002 to 2021,identified from the Scopus database5,a publication set we refer to as NEnergy research.The analysis focuses on understanding how the Global Souths NEnergy research effo
10、rt is contributing to the transition to net zero by characterizing the overall performance and that of individual countries-as well as the 3 Elsevier.(2021).Pathways to Net Zero:The Impact of Clean Energy Research.https:/ 4 The World Bank.https:/www.worldbank.org 5 Scopus is Elseviers abstract and c
11、itation database of peer-reviewed literature,covering 84 million documents published by some 7,000 publishers.For further details,see https:/ Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 3 effectiveness of collaboration within Global South countries and beyond with th
12、e Global North.The report illuminates the crucial contributions that the Global South is making to NEnergy research in the push towards a clean energy future,and offers an insight into the NEnergy research profiles of three Global South countriesBrazil,Egypt,and Indonesiato provide national context
13、for understanding how high-level developments in research are being effectively deployed on the ground.Key FindingsKey Findings Net zero research can be subject to unique challenges in the Global South,including financial barriers and access to equipment or other resources.At the same time,our analy
14、sis indicates that many Global South countries are seeing some of the highest rates of growth in NEnergy research output,outstripping their Global North counterparts.This finding indicates that NEnergy research has been acting as a pathway for research and capacity development in these countries ove
15、r recent years.Our characterization of Global South NEnergy research provides a preliminary indication that these countries are likely to benefit from greater involvement in research focused on net zero objectives.Many Global South countries showing growth in NEnergy research output,such as Egypt,ar
16、e making significant shifts in the composition of their overall research portfolios towards addressing net zero challenges.Encouragingly,our findings demonstrate that equity in the attribution of researchers contributions to collaborative publications,as indicated by lead author positions,has greatl
17、y improved over the last decade within South-North collaborations.By 2021,Global South researchers took approximately half of lead authorship positions on South-North collaborative publications on average,up from as little as 15%a decade ago.These figures signal growing parity in relations between G
18、lobal South and Global North researchers in the NEnergy field,with the former now achieving greater levels of visibility,seniority,and prestige in collaborative publications.Moreover,progress towards parity between Global South and Global North researchers suggests the potential for more effective k
19、nowledge transfer between countries with different levels of scientific capacity.Improved parity in South-North co-publications is necessary for an equitable research ecosystem and to support South-driven solutions to local challenges.Although South-South collaborations currently amount to less than
20、 10%of the total number of international collaborations in NEnergy research,in terms of publications,the proportion has increased steadily over the last decade.Crucially,South-South collaborations offer distinct benefits for the researchers involved,notably in terms of fostering multidisciplinarity.
21、To maximize its effectiveness,net zero research needs to cut across traditional disciplines,embracing ideas,expertise,approaches,and solutions from many different areas:the multidisciplinarity of South-South collaborations puts the regions research enterprise in an exceptionally strong position to t
22、ackle the complex societal and environmental challenges ahead.At the level of individual countries,Brazils BIOEN funding program provides an example of how targeted support can help expand NEnergy research capacity in Global South countries.The Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technologys solar
23、 energy research portfolio,meanwhile,demonstrates how Global South universities and research organizations can foster small-scale but highly influential research.Finally,Indonesia illustrates how an all-rounder Global South country can target its research efforts in multiple clean energy directions(
24、e.g.,bioenergy,solar,geothermal,and hydro)and benefit from high growth in NEnergy research overall.The key findings of this report provide encouragement that NEnergy research is growing in the Global South and that the research enterprise in these countries will benefit from increased support for So
25、uth-South collaboration,as well as South-North collaboration with improved levels of parity between researchers.Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 4 Contents Executive summary 2 Key findings 3 Introduction 6 Chapter 1:Trends in Global South NEnergy research
26、and collaboration 10 Chapter 2:National NEnergy research in Brazil,Egypt,and Indonesia 27 Brazils bioenergy research landscape 28 Egypts achievements and aspirations in solar energy 37 Indonesias broad base in clean energy research 45 Conclusions and future outlook 53 Appendix A-Acknowledgements 55
27、Appendix B-Glossary of terms 56 Contents Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 5 About 60 Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 6 Introduction This report presents a bibliometric analysis of the Global Souths contributions
28、 to the net zero research landscape and a clean energy future.This report is released to coincide with COP27,the United Nations Climate Change Conference taking place in Sharm el-Sheikh,Egypt,in November 2022.6 It is highly significant that the meeting is taking place in the Global South,which is li
29、kely to be disproportionally affected by climate change.In this second report from Elsevier on the global net zero research landscape as it moves toward a clean energy future,we focus wholly on the Global South.wholly on the Global South.Although the previous report,Pathways to Net Zero:The Impact o
30、f Clean Energy Research7 7,explicitly sought to capture contributions from Global South researchers and countries to net zero research,the analysis likely reflects the under-representation of this region in academia,as recently exposed in climate8 and biomedical sciences.9 This report concentrates o
31、n the Global South in its own right.Throughout these pages,we intentionally refer to South-North collaborations or co-publications,where at least one researcher from the Global South and one from the Global North are involved,in order to address,to some extent,any inherent inequalities within these
32、relationships.For instance,the recent analysis of the publishing gap between the South and North,involving a set of highly cited climate science publications,revealed that nearly 90%of authors were concentrated in countries associated with the North.Despite its population size,African authors repres
33、ented less than 1%of the total in the analysis and of 6 https:/cop27.eg 7 Elsevier.(2021).Pathways to Net Zero:The Impact of Clean Energy Research.https:/ 8 Tandon,A.(2021).Analysis:The lack of diversity in climate-science research.CarbonBrief.those 10 authors,eight were from South Africa,with most
34、African countries unrepresented.Against this background,the current report aims to address the following key questions:Is net zero energy research growing at the same pace in the Global South as the Global North?Is it focused on the same research areas and topics?In collaborative publications,are th
35、e most visible author positions shared equitably between South and North researchers?Do South-South collaborations,involving researchers from at least two different Global South countries,provide equally rich opportunities for these researchers as those with the Global North?Are South-South collabor
36、ations better adapted to the specific needs of researchers in these countries?What do Global North researchers gain from increasing their level of collaboration with the Global South?What kind of support mechanisms can help Global South researchers in net zero build capacity in their countries?The r
37、eport begins with a broad look,in Chapter 1,at the publication output,pace of growth,and collaboration trends in net zero research across the Global South.We examine international collaboration and co-publications within the https:/www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-lack-of-diversity-in-climate-scienc
38、e-research/9 Hedt-Gauthier,B.L.et al.(2019).Stuck in the middle:A systematic review of authorship in collaborative health research in Africa,2014-2016.BMJ Global Health,4 4(5),pp.2014-2016.https:/doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh- Introduction Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transit
39、ion to Clean Energy 7 Global South and with countries of the Global North.International collaboration with well-funded scientists in the Global North is a potential solution for Global South researchers who face barriers to publication such as insufficient resources,equipment,or funding.However,the
40、studies mentioned above suggest that collaborations like these,if carried out on an unequal footing,may unduly benefit researchers from the Global North.Here we investigate and compare the performance of international co-publications arising from South-North,South-South,and North-North collaboration
41、s.It is noteworthy that Egypt,a Global South country,is hosting the COP27 at a time when the country is making substantial investments in solar energy in the form of the Benban Solar Park,in order to meet its renewable energy goals.In Chapter 2,we discuss Egypts commitment to renewable energy genera
42、tion and analyze its contributions to solar energy research.We then turn our focus to Brazil,a leader in renewable energy use,particularly biofuels.We then examine the countrys contributions to research in these fields and identify some of the major funders of research.Finally,we outline and analyze
43、 Indonesias diverse portfolio of net zero research.The report concludes with some recommendations for achieving a more equitable global research strategy,and associated policies,in net zero research,as well as further questions that have arisen from our findings.MethodologyMethodology We briefly des
44、cribe here the terminology and methodology used throughout this analysis.More comprehensive descriptions are available in Appendix B.Global South definition This report uses the definition of the Global South introduced in the first report,in line with World Bank definitions10.The Global South refer
45、s to three groups of countries:Upper-Middle-Income Countries(UMICs)Lower-Middle-Income Countries(LMICs)Low-Income Countries(LICs)10 The World Bank,https:/www.worldbank.org In these pages,the Global South excludes China,which is usually considered a UMIC.However,although China is a recipient of some
46、development aid,it is a scientific powerhouse and collaborates routinely because of its high academic status rather than as a result of development-oriented scientific efforts.Global North countries are sub-divided into four categories:ChinaEU-27 countries(including Bulgaria,a UMIC,butincluded in th
47、e Global North here)The United StatesIPCC definition of net zeroIPCC definition of net zero The IPCC Glossary distinguishes between the terms carbon neutrality,net zero and climate neutrality.In brief,carbon neutrality entails balancing emissions of anthropogenic CO2 with their intentional removal f
48、rom the atmosphere.This is also referred to as net zero CO2 emissions.Net zero represents the same concept but applied to all GHG emissions,not just CO2.Climate neutrality is the state whereby anthropogenic activities have no net effect on the climate system as a whole.The IPCC Glossary notes,Achiev
49、ing such a state would require balancing of residual emissions with emission(carbon dioxide)removal as well as accounting for regional or local biogeophysical effects of human activities that,for example,affect surface albedo or local climate.For the full definitions and others,see the IPCC Glossary
50、:https:/www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/glossary Introduction Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 8 Other High-Income Countries(HICs),includingAustralia,Canada,Israel,Japan,Saudi Arabia,SouthKorea,Switzerland,United Arab Emirates,and theUnited KingdomNote that some
51、analyses in this report present India separately from other LMICs and the United Kingdom separately from other HICs.India is always considered a Global South country,however.Publication set This report focuses on journal articles,conference proceedings,books,and book chapters.Unlike the prior report
52、,it does not provide an analysis of patents.The sole sources of publications are the Scopus and SciVal databases,often using a specific implementation of those databases developed under the Science-Metrix brand.Throughout the report,we refer to the publication set as NEnergy.The thematic classificat
53、ion of NEnergy research closely follows that of the prior report,but the publication set has been updated to include 2021,shifting the coverage period from 2001-2020 to 2002-2021(or a subset of this period).SciVal Topic clusters Since the NEnergy publication set based on our specific search queries
54、generates a single but very large data set,we sometimes use SciVal topic clusterstopic clusters to analyze the broader NEnergy area in a more granular way.11 Publications in Scopus are categorized into more than 97,000 topicstopics using an algorithm that considers the citation links between publica
55、tions.Since topics are based on citation patterns and not journal categories,they are multidisciplinary.Topics are grouped into over 1,500 topic clusters using the same algorithm.Both topics and topic clusters are mutually exclusive:a publication belongs to only one topic and only one topic cluster.
56、Using topic clusters allows us to view the NEnergy research landscape from the bottom up.Topic clusters are named by the three most relevant key phrases within the cluster-for example,Wind Power|Electric Power Transmission Networks|Electric Power Distribution.Distinct key phrases are extracted using
57、 the Elsevier Fingerprint Engine,a text-mining software system.12 11 See https:/ Most of the report focuses on the largest topic clusters within the NEnergy publication set in terms of scholarly output;however,given the importance of some areas,such as carbon capture and storage to achieving net zer
58、o,we also include such relevant and related topic clusters,which might not appear among the most published.Collaboration and co-publications Collaboration between researchers is measured by counting the number of publications resulting from the efforts of two or more authors from distinct organizati
59、ons or institutions.Such publications are referred to as coco-publicationspublications throughout the report.Collaboration can be categorized into various types,but here we focus on international collaboration where the affiliations of authors on a publication include institutions from two or more c
60、ountries or regions.Since international co-publications are important engines of scientific capacity building and,given this reports focus on the Global South,we distinguish here between Global South countries collaborations with other Global South countries(SouthSouth-South South collaborationscoll
61、aborations)and those with Global North countries(SouthSouth-North North collaborationscollaborations).Publications with authors from two distinct LICs,LMICs,or UMICs are considered SouthSouth-South coSouth co-publicationspublications.The reader is reminded to abandon any ideas of countries geographi
62、cal location when considering South-South,South-North,or North-North collaborations.For example,a co-publication with authors from Chile,China,and Oman is considered a North-North collaboration,while a Brazilian-Serbian co-publication would be considered South-South.In some characterizations of coll
63、aboration patterns,we also measure the propensity towards South-South and South-North collaboration versus North-North collaboration.The co-authorship of researchers on individual publications represents a coco-publication linkpublication link between not only those individual researchers but also t
64、he institutions or organizations with which they are affiliated and the countries in which they are located.For example,a co-publication authored by researchers located in Nigeria,France,and Italy would give rise to three bilateral links between Nigeria-France,Nigeria-Italy,and France-Italy(i.e.,two
65、 SouthNorth links and one NorthNorth link,regardless of the 12 See https:/ IntroductionPathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 9 number of researchers from each country).The sum of these bilateral co-publication links between author countries can be calculated to
66、 provide an indication of the intensity of collaborative relationships,specifically between Global South and Global North countries.Within the context of such collaborative relationships,homophilyhomophily is the tendency of researchers or countries(or other entities)to be associated with others of
67、a similar type.For example,researchers(or countries,or institutions)collaborating more with those from their own country than elsewhere would be regarded as homhomophilicophilic.The reverse,where researchers collaborate more with those from different countries than similar ones are termed heterophil
68、icheterophilic.Determining the homophily or heterophily of collaborative relationships is one tool available as part of social network analysis.Social network analysisSocial network analysis refers to a group of statistical tools that are used to characterize relationships or interactions between di
69、fferent socio-economic categories or entities,such as individuals,organizations or companies,at scale.From the perspective of research collaborations between the Global South and the Global North,South-South and North-North international co-publications can be considered homophilic links,while South
70、-North international co-publications can be defined as heterophilic links.Classifying collaboration modalities can also identify the potential differential benefits for Global North researchers engaging in South-North or North-North collaboration versus non-collaborative research,as well as for Glob
71、al South researchers engaging in South-North or South-South collaboration versus non-collaborative research.Assessment indicators Most findings in this report are derived from a few core assessments and their associated indicators,as follows:Publication volume outputPublication volume output for a g
72、iven country,group of countries,year,or other category provides a very rough estimate of the intensity of an activity.This information can be relativized by presenting it as a share of the overall sum of publications in the field to which a countrys publications have contributed.Multiple countries c
73、an contribute to a single research publication,so collaborative publications are counted in the contributions of multiple countries.The compound annual growth ratecompound annual growth rate(CAGR)is defined as the year-over-year constant growth rate in a specified period of time.Starting with the fi
74、rst value in any series and applying this rate to each successive time interval yields the final value of the series.Differential CAGRDifferential CAGR is determined as the difference between the CAGR in NEnergy research and in research overall.A positive ratio denotes an increasing degree of specia
75、lization in a research field within a country or group of countries overall research portfolio.Output can be further relativized by comparing the share of publications in a given topic or subfield to which a country(or group of countries or other entity)has contributed to the expected global share.T
76、his is the relative relative activity indexactivity index(RAI),which is also considered a measure of specialization within a field of research.Given that cross-disciplinary approaches in science are more conducive to tackling wide-ranging societal and environmental problems,our analysis employs two
77、related indicators.These are multidisciplinarmultidisciplinarit ity y,which denotes the diversity in disciplinary background of authors on a given publication,and interdisciplinarityinterdisciplinarity,which shows the diversity in the disciplines from which prior knowledge integrated into a publicat
78、ion has been drawn.Finally,our analysis also uses a citation impact indicatorcitation impact indicator,the share of publications from a given country(or group of countries or other entity)that is among the most highly cited in the subfield and year.Scientific citations are commonly perceived as a me
79、asure of the quality of research within a given publication set,but citation impact can also be viewed as a measure of the capacity of research to prompt or facilitate follow-up investigations or further innovation.Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 10 Chapt
80、er 1 Trends in Global South NEnergy research and collaboration Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 11 1.1 Trends in Global South NEnergy research output Global South countries saw high growth in NEnergy research output volume between 2012 and 2021,outstrippin
81、g the Global North.This section analyzes the contributions of Global South LICs,LMICs,and UMICs,as well as selected individual countries,to NEnergy research,updating the previous report13 to include data from 2021.The findings characterize both the volume of research output and,more importantly,the
82、growth in NEnergy research by income group and for selected countries over the period 2012 to 2021.Given the small annual output volumes of most Global South countries,along with the increasing priority of NEnergy research,the relative growth in publication volume is,arguably,as or more important as
83、 absolute publication volumes in understanding country-level efforts in NEnergy research.The analysis of the share of NEnergy research contributed by Global South income groups reveals that LICs contributed to less than 1%of publications,LMICs to 18%(including Indias contribution,which is discussed
84、in more detail below),and UMICs to 16%by 2021.However,it is important to note that because multiple countries may contribute to a single research publication,the sum of country-level shares to NEnergy research output exceeds 100%.Although India is usually classified as a LMIC,it is considered as an
85、individual country here,presented separately in FIGURE 1-1,because it is a scientific powerhouse that produces more NEnergy research than all other LMICs combined.India contributed to 11%of all global NEnergy research publications in 2021.Similarly,China,while classified as an UMIC,is considered in
86、this report as a Global North country because of its well-developed research system.China accounted for the largest contribution to global NEnergy research in 2021 by far,with 35%of publications in the field having at least one Chinese author.To characterize the growth in NEnergy research output acr
87、oss the Global South between 2021 and 2012,we calculated the compound annual growth rate(CAGR).According to our analysis,LICs lead the way with a CAGR of 24%.However,since LICs contribute to less than 1%of NEnergy research overall,this high growth is associated with a small subset of the field.LICs
88、also show the highest growth in research across the board(CAGR of 15%),resulting in a differential CAGR-the difference between the CAGR for NEnergy research and that for research overall,across all subjects and disciplines-of+9 percentage points(or p.p.),where a positive ratio denotes an increasing
89、degree of specialization in NEnergy within a country or group of countries overall research portfolio.By this measure,LICs rank third in terms of differential CAGR.LMICs(excluding India)rank second with a CAGR of 22%in NEnergy research(versus 13%in research overall)in the selection of country groups
90、 and major countries presented here.The differential CAGR for LMICs is marginally above that of LICs.India follows just behind the group of LMICs in terms of NEnergy research growth(with a CAGR of 20%)but has the highest differential CAGR(+11 p.p.)in this selection,13 Elsevier.(2021).Pathways to Net
91、 Zero:The Impact of Clean Energy Research.https:/ Chapter 1|Trends in Global South NEnergy research output Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 12 indicating a rapid pace of specialization in the field.(Note that India leads in differential NEnergy CAGR within
92、 the analysis of major countries and country groups by income,but not within the country-level analysis reported in FIGURE 1-2).UMICs(excluding China)show lower growth in NEnergy research than LICs and LMICs,with a CAGR of 14%and+6 p.p.differential CAGR.China closely follows the rest of the UMICs in
93、 terms of both CAGR and differential CAGR in NEnergy research,although it is worth noting that the country contributes to a much larger share of global research output.All HICs demonstrate NEnergy research CAGRs and differential CAGRs below the average global level.The EU-27,United Kingdom,and other
94、 HIC groups and individual countries have seen growth in NEnergy research slightly above that for research overall except for the United States,where growth in NEnergy research was on par with the countrys overall research portfolio.FIGURE 1-1 Comparative compound annual growth rates(CAGRs)in NEnerg
95、y research,by country income groups or major research-producing countries,2012-2021.Note:LMIC and UMIC categories in this analysis do not include India and China,respectively,as they are presented separately.Source:Scopus At the level of individual countries in this analysis,Global South countries a
96、ccount for seven of the top 10 countries reporting the largest differential growth in NEnergy research between 2012 and 2021(FIGURE1-2).The ranking in FIGURE 1-2 captures countries with increasing levels of relative activity or specializationin NEnergy research over time(in descending order of diffe
97、rential growth).Chapter 1|Trends in Global South NEnergy research output Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 13 Of these countries,Pakistan,a LMIC,records the highest differential growth in NEnergy research(+18 p.p.)with a CAGR of 34%,compared with a CAGR of
98、15%in research overall.In 2021,Pakistan contributed to 1.6%of global NEnergy research publications in total.Morocco,another LMIC,has the next highest differential CAGR(just below+18 p.p.)in NEnergy research with a CAGR of 31%,compared with a CAGR of 13%in research overall.The country contributed to
99、1%of NEnergy research in 2021.In third position,quite some way behind,is the Global North HIC Saudi Arabia,with a differential CAGR of+11 p.p.,a CAGR of 27%for NEnergy research,and a CAGR of 16%for research overall.The other Global South countries in the top 10 with positive differential CAGRs for N
100、Energy research are Viet Nam,India,Nigeria,Egypt,and Tunisia.These nations are joined by the Global North countries Oman and Bulgaria(although the latter is considered a HIC in this report because it is one of the EU-27 countries,although the World Bank considers it a UMIC).Brazil and Indonesia,as o
101、ther Global South countries of interest to this report,are also included in the analysis.The former ranks in 44th position worldwide in terms of its differential CAGR(with a CAGR of 9%in NEnergy research compared with a CAGR of 5%in research overall),while the latter comes in 74th,with a null NEnerg
102、y differential CAGR because of very high base CAGRs for both NEnergy research and overall research of 31%.FIGURE 1-2 Comparative compound annual growth rates(CAGRs)for NEnergy research,by selected country,2012-2021.Source:Scopus Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean E
103、nergy 14 1.2 Understanding Global South NEnergy research by topic The largest topic clusters in Global South NEnergy research relate to wind and solar power,lithium batteries,and bioenergy.In this section,we characterize NEnergy research in the Global South in terms of topic clusters(see Introductio
104、n for more details)to provide a high-level assessment of the distribution of research efforts across different fields.The growth in these topic clusters between 2012 and 2021 is computed using CAGRs,with the corresponding CAGR for Global North countries provided for reference.The topic cluster with
105、the most publications-representing 9%of all Global South NEnergy research publications in 2021-is Wind Power|Electric Power Transmission Networks|Electric Power Distribution.The Global South reports a CAGR of 20%in this topic cluster.The second largest topic cluster is Electric Inverters l Electric
106、Potential|DC-DC Converters,associated with 8%of Global South NEnergy publications.A number of topic clusters including:Photocatalysts|Solar Cells|Photocatalysis;Lithium Alloys|Secondary Batteries|Electric Batteries;Solar Energy|Solar Radiation|Photovoltaic Cells;and Wireless Sensor Networks|Routing
107、Protocols|Sensor Nodes account for 4-5%shares of NEnergy research across the Global South with CAGRs of between 20%and 30%.While most of the topic clusters mentioned above clearly relate to NEnergy research,the inclusion of Wireless Sensor Networks|Routing Protocols|Sensor Nodes may appear less obvi
108、ous.This topic cluster,however,is concerned with the use of clean energy sources to power smart grids and smart homes,smart technologies and those related to the internet of things to increase energy efficiency in a variety of applications,and intersects with various aspects of NEnergy research.Chap
109、ter 1|Understanding Global South NEnergy research by topic Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 15 FIGURE 1-3 The top nine topic clusters in NEnergy research in terms of the compound annual growth rate(CAGR)of output from Global South and Global North countrie
110、s,with the share each cluster represents of 2021 overall global NEnergy research,2012-2021.Source:Scopus Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 16 1.3 Collaboration in NEnergy research in the Global South Within the last decade,South-South and South-North collab
111、orations have risen.There is still opportunity for more frequent collaboration,especially between the Global South and Global North.Since South-North and South-South collaborations are likely to foster knowledge transfer and capacity building across Global South countries,it is useful to track their
112、 frequency and the specific development and/or funding instruments that support them.In this section,therefore,we examine the co-publication links between Global South and Global North countries,using the concepts of homophily and heterophily from social network analysis(see Introduction and Appendi
113、x B for more details).The findings,shown in FIGURE 1-4,indicate that homophilic international co-publication links in the Global South(South-South homophilic co-publication links)are slightly higher than expected,making up 9%of international co-publication links versus an expected level of 7%in 2021
114、(which is estimated assuming a random assortment of countries in a co-publication network).“South-South collaboration is needed.These countries face similar challenges and share similar historical backgrounds and cultural roots.They can learn one from another on how to overcome barriers and face sim
115、ilar situations.”Kathlen Schneider,Director,Ideal(Institute for the Development of Renewable Energies in Latin America)and Co-Founder and Coordinator,Brazilian Network of Women in Solar Energy(Rede MESol)Interestingly,the shares of South-South and North-South links between bilateral co-publications
116、in NEnergy research are increasing at the expense of North-North bilateral co-publication links,which are decreasing.This observation is in line with expectations because the NEnergy research outputs of Global South countries are increasing at a faster pace than those of their Global North counterpa
117、rts,providing a relatively larger volume of opportunities for South-South and South-North collaboration.It could be concluded,therefore,that the NEnergy collaboration network is increasingly heterophilic with regard to South-North collaboration,with the share of all bilateral co-publications reachin
118、g 34%in 2021 up from 18%in 2004.Chapter 1|Collaboration in NEnergy research in the Global South Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 17 However,comparing the observed alues for each type of co-publication(i.e.,homophilic links between North-North and South-Sou
119、th co-publications and heterophilic links between South-North co-publications)with their expected values offers a contrasting perspective.In these relative terms,the share of South-North co-publication links has decreased relative to expectations while links between both types of homophilic co-publi
120、cations have increased beyond expectations.In other words,because there were fewer Global South publications in 2004 there were fewer opportunities for South-North co-publications.The larger share of South-North co-publications in 2021 equates,therefore,to a smaller proportion of all Global South pu
121、blications overall than the smaller share of South-North co-publications in 2004,which represented a larger proportion of all Global South publications.In this interpretation,NEnergy research appears more homophilic in 2021 than it was in 2004.“SouthNorth energy collaborations are not equally benefi
122、cial.but are equally important and needed if we want to build a more diverse and just energy transition for all nations.”Kathlen Schneider,Director,Ideal and Co-Founder and Coordinator,Rede MESol Overall,homophilic South-South co-publication links have increased over the last twenty years,along with
123、 heterophilic links between South-North co-publications.South-South co-publication links,moreover,have increased at a slightly greater pace than expected,while those between South-North co-publications at a slower pace.The findings indicate that there is potential in fostering greater links between
124、the Global North and Global South that,as will be shown below in section 1.5,are beneficial to researchers in the Global South and,with some trade-offs,to their Global North counterparts.Chapter 1|Collaboration in NEnergy research in the Global South Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the
125、 Transition to Clean Energy 18 FIGURE 1-4 Expected(unfilled markers)and observed(solid markers)annual frequencies of South-South,South-North,and North-North bilateral links in NEnergy research,2004-2021.Source:Scopus Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 19 1.4
126、 Fostering SouthSouth collaboration in NEnergy Despite low levels of South-South collaboration overall,a few Global South countries produce as many,or more,co-publications of this type as with Global North partners.The smaller volume of research contributions from Global South countries means that S
127、outh-South co-publications are relatively scarce,in general.Some Global South countries do appear,however,to have been more successful in fostering these collaborations as part of their overall research portfolio.Nigeria,for example,stands out as a country where more than half(53%)of its NEnergy res
128、earch output was an international co-publication.Between 2012 and 2021,South-South co-publications accounted for 36%of the countrys publications,with South-North co-publications making up 27%.Note that South-South co-publications in this analysis can include one or more partners from the Global Nort
129、h,so the two categories are not mutually exclusive.In Belarus,South-South co-publications also outstripped South-North co-publications over the same period.Of the countrys publications,48%were South-South co-publications and 36%South-North co-publications.Overall,Belarus recorded a very high share o
130、f international co-publications at 69%.The other Global South countries with the highest ratios of South-South to South-North co-publications-with ratios close to one,meaning that the rates are similar-are Iraq(with roughly 32%of each type of co-publication;Bosnia and Herzegovina(around 30%);and Mal
131、aysia(with 27%and 29%,respectively)(FIGURE 1-5).These findings indicate that,from a national research and innovation policy perspective,wherever theory and/or evidence suggest it would be desirable,14 it should be possible to actively foster South-South collaboration pathways beyond expected levels(
132、assuming a random assortment of bilateral co-publication links in the research collaboration network).Further research is required,however,to provide more robust and comprehensive recommendations on the contexts in which this would be desirable,as well as how to achieve this outcome most effectively
133、.One limitation of this analysis is that it uses broad definitions of South-South and South-North co-publications.However,half of South-South co-publications in NEnergy research are,simultaneously,South-North co-publications because they include authors from three or more countries.Nevertheless,fost
134、ering the inclusion of multiple Global South countries in South-North collaborations may be as desirable as fostering co-publications among multiple Global South countries.14 Jacob,M.(2013).Research funding instruments and modalities:Implication for developing countries.Research Policy Institute,Lun
135、d University.Prepared for the OECD Programme on Innovation,Higher Education and Research for Development(IHERD).Chapter 1|Collaboration in NEnergy research in the Global South Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 20 FIGURE 1-5 Ratio of South-South to South-Nor
136、th co-publications,for the top 20 Global South countries,2012-2021.Note:In this figure,individual publications with authors from three or more countries could be included in both indicators of shares of South-South co-publications(e.g.,two South contributors and one North contributor)and shares of S
137、outh-North co-publications.Thus,the two categories of co-publication are not fully mutually exclusive.Reference level for international co-publications is based on weighted country-level average.Source:Scopus Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 21 1.5 Benefit
138、s of SouthSouth and SouthNorth collaboration South-South co-publications offer benefits to Global South researchers over nationally collaborative or non-collaborative publications,on a par with South-North co-publications.International collaborations and the associated co-publications can be correla
139、ted with higher citation impact and,potentially,fostering knowledge transfer.15 But should Global South countries prioritize collaboration with similar nations or the Global North,or a mixture?From the perspective of the Global North,what are the benefits of collaborating with the Global South?In th
140、is section,to answer these questions,we measure citation impact and cross-disciplinarity indicators for South-South,South-North,and North-North co-publications with authors from two distinct countries.As a reference point,we also determine these indicators for Global South and North publications tha
141、t are not international co-publications.In addition,we also analyze other types of co-publication with more complex author affiliations because,although most international co-publications are authored by researchers from only two countries,co-publications with contributors from more than two countri
142、es tend to perform better on citation impact and are likely to perform well on cross-disciplinarity.A further benefit of this approach is that,compared with the findings presented in Section 1.4,the categories of co-publications shown in FIGURE 1-6 are mutually exclusive,which enables the determinat
143、ion of differential values.The comparison of two-country co-publications shown in FIGURE 1-6 reveals that the share of highly cited articles among South-South co-publications is 50%higher than for Global South single-country publications(15%versus 10%,respectively).South-South co-publications are al
144、so much more likely to be among the most multidisciplinary of their subfield and year(15%versus 11%,respectively).South-North co-publications perform noticeably better than Global South single-country publications in terms of citation impact and cross-disciplinarity,but not South-South co-publicatio
145、ns.On the basis of these observations,there are clear benefits for Global South researchers,institutions,and funding bodies to fostering and conducting South-South and South-North collaborations over single-country efforts.The situation is different for Global North researchers,however.As expected,b
146、oth North-North and South-North co-publications achieve higher citation impact than single-country publications.Nearly a quarter of North-North co-publications(22%)are among the most highly cited publications,along with 15%of South-North co-publications and 14%of single Global North country publicat
147、ions.15 Chen,K.,Zhang,Y.,and Fu,X.(2019).International research collaboration:An emerging domain of innovation studies?Research Policy,4848(1),pp.149-168.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.005.Katz,J.S.,and Martin,B.R.(1997).What is research collaboration?Research Policy,2626(1),pp.1-18.https:/
148、doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(96)00917-1 Chapter 1|Benefits of South-South and South-North collaboration Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 22 While South-North co-publications lag North-North co-publications on citation impact,they compensate with a greater pr
149、opensity towards multidisciplinarity(14%of South-North publications versus 10%of North-North publications).FIGURE 1-6 Citation impact,international co-publication,and cross-disciplinarity profiles by publication collaboration status for two-country co-publications or single country publications,2012
150、-2021.Note:In this figure,co-publication categories are mutually exclusive.Source:Scopus When we move the focus to more complex co-publications involving three or more countries,multiple modalities of South-North co-publications can be identified:those dominated by Global South countries(multiple Gl
151、obal South countries with one North country);those dominated by Global North countries(two or more Global North countries with one South country)and those with two or more countries of each type.In practice,however,co-publications with more complex country distributions are quite rare in NEnergy res
152、earch,as shown in FIGURE 1-7.Here again,categories of co-publications are mutually exclusive.As expected,international co-publications with more complex arrangements see increased citation impact profiles across the board,ranging from 20%of South-South co-publications(involving three or more countri
153、es)to 28%of North-North co-publications of the same type.Even in this scenario,with authors from three or more countries,South-South and South-North co-publications continue to lead North-North co-publications in terms of multidisciplinarity(19%and 20%of co-publications with no or one North country
154、contributor,respectively,versus 16%and 13%for those with only one or no South country contributor).Co-publications with the most complex arrangements(two or more South and North countries)have the largest multidisciplinary share(25%),in addition to a high citation impact profile(27%),which is close
155、to that achieved by Global North co-publications with three or more countries(28%).Chapter 1|Benefits of South-South and South-North collaboration Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 23 FIGURE 1-7 Citation impact,international co-publication,and cross-discipl
156、inarity profiles by publication collaboration status for co-publications with co-authors from three or more countries,2012-2021.Note:In this figure,co-publication categories are mutually exclusive.Source:Scopus In most cases,Global South researchers gain from participating in any sort of internation
157、al co-publication,whether South-South or South-North,as both offer similar citation impact and multidisciplinarity benefits.However,for two country co-publications,Global North researchers may lose out on citation impact when collaborating with the Global South.There are compensations for Global Nor
158、th researchers,nevertheless,in terms of higher multidisciplinarity.Collaboration,and the associated co-publications,between multiple Global South and one or more Global North countries offers benefits to all researchers,achieving high levels of both citation impact and multidisciplinarity.Pathways t
159、o Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 24 1.6 Achieving equity in SouthNorth collaboration While Global North researchers tended to monopolize lead authorship positions on South-North co-publications a decade ago,equity for Global South researchers has greatly improved.Re
160、cent reports highlight how South-North co-publications tend to benefit Global North researchers over their Global South counterparts.Researchers in the Global South may be impeded by financial barriers,unable to access necessary resources,including laboratory equipment and journals,or have their pro
161、fessional mobility limited by difficulties fulfilling complex or expensive visa requirements for work-related travel.16 In particular,financial support is likely to be limited,as a recent analysis of global research funding shows.17 Despite the vulnerability of African countries to climate change an
162、d their population size,global climate change funding does not flow commensurately to these nations and largely supports research in the Global North.In addition,South-North co-publications have historically tended to benefit researchers from the Global North.A recent study of authorship positions o
163、n African health publications,for example,found that the inclusion of Global North researchers from the United States,Canada,or Europe was associated with a decrease in the representation of African authors from the Global South.18 Conversely,the highest levels of representation of African authors w
164、ere associated with South-South collaborations(in this case,between different African countries).Cultural biases in distributing research credits may be particularly subtle to participants,while gender biases remain a challenge and may compound other biases.19 Against this background,we aim here to
165、measure the extent to which South-North co-publications in NEnergy research are authored by equal numbers of Global South and Global North researchers.We focus on the extent to which Global South authors on South-North co-publications take up the most critical authorship positions(first,last,or corr
166、esponding author),which maximize professional visibility.In this analysis,for the reasons highlighted above,the results are stratified according to the number of distinct countries affiliated to co-publication authors.Given the very low numbers of publications retrieved in some cases,the analysis fo
167、cuses on the period from 2012 to 2021.As shown in FIGURE 1-8,great progress in lead authorship parity between Global South and Global North researchers has been made in the last decade.The lowest shares of lead authorship positions taken up by 16 Inayat Singh and Alice Hopton.(2021).Global south suf
168、fering gap in climate change research as rich countries drive agenda,studies suggest.CBC News.https:/www.cbc.ca/news/science/global-south-climate-science-1.6212471 17 Indra Overland,et al.(2022).Funding flows for climate change research on Africa:where do they come from and where do they go?Climate
169、and Development,1414(8),705-724.https:/ 18 Bethany L.Hedt-Gauthier,et al.(2019).Stuck in the middle:a systematic review of authorship in collaborative health research in Africa,2014-2016.BMJ Glob Health,4 4(5):e001853.https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6830050/19 Ayesha Tandon.(2021).Analys
170、is:The lack of diversity in climate-science research.CarbonBrief.https:/www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-lack-of-diversity-in-climate-science-research/Chapter 1|Achieving equity in South-North collaboration Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 25 Global South
171、researchers were recorded in 2013,ranging from 49%of two-country-co-publications(with at least three authors)to just 15%of co-publications with five or more countries.However,all categories of South-North co-publications have seen a marked increase in South-North lead authorship equity in the follow
172、ing eight years.By 2021,53%of lead authorship positions are taken up by Global South authors in two-country co-publications with at least three authors.For co-publications involving researchers from five or more countries,this share reached 43%in 2021.While it is not surprising that South-North co-p
173、ublications with researchers from two countries(three or more authors)have shown parity,or close to it,in lead authorship for some years,20,it is more interesting that progress is being made in other categories of co-publication and that parity is now close to being a reality across the board.Althou
174、gh lead authorship parity is a highly imperfect and partial proxy for determining more general equity in relationships between collaborating researchers,these findings show it is possible to foster equitable South-North NEnergy research that is likely to contribute to capacity-building in the Global
175、 South.It is also worth noting here that the average shares of authorship position taken up by Global South researchers,when all authors are considered in the analysis,closely track the lead authorship share(data not shown).A potential limitation of this analysis is that gaps in parity between North
176、 and South researchers are observed when the three lead author positions(first,last,and corresponding author/authors)are viewed separately.For example,preliminary findings(not shown)reveal that a moderate gap in parity remains between the distribution of North and South researchers in last author po
177、sition,although this has improved over time.Moreover,the parity gap between North and South researchers remains larger for some types of Global South country,for example LIC,LMIC,or UMIC.Conversely,some Global South countries such as India are more likely to collaborate on an equal footing with Glob
178、al North partners.FIGURE 1-8 20 With three authors and at least two lead author positions per publication(first and last author position,excluding corresponding author who may overlap with the first/last author),one would expect parity by chance alone if there are as many three-author publications w
179、ith two Global North authors as there are with two Global South authors.Chapter 1|Achieving equity in South-North collaboration Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 26 Share of lead authorship positions(first,last,or corresponding)taken by Global South researc
180、hers on South-North co-publications,2012-2021.Note:Only South-North co-publications involving at least three authors are retained in this analysis(because two-author South-North co-publications will,by definition,will record average shares of around 50%in lead authorship positions taken up by Global
181、 South authors).Source:Scopus Title page text goes here-2-3 lines 11 Chapter 2 National NEnergy research in Brazil,Egypt,and Indonesia Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 28 2.1 Brazils bioenergy research landscape Brazil has long fostered industrial and publ
182、ic adoption of bioenergy and biofuels but has only recently established itself as a major power in research.The BIOEN program is a model of how support initiatives can expand Global South countries capacity in NEnergy research.Brazil is a world leader in the use of renewable energy-nearly half of th
183、e countrys energy mix is derived from renewable sources21.While hydroelectric power is an important contributor to Brazils energy mix,much of the countrys renewable energy comes from biofuels and,in particular,biofuel derived from sugarcane.Sugarcane has been farmed in Brazil since the 16th century,
184、and the country is the worlds largest producer of the crop,dominating the world sugarcane market with a 38%share in 201922.Sugarcane has distinct advantages over other biofuel crops in terms of its efficiency-sugarcane yields more liters of biofuel per hectare than competing crops such as maize,cass
185、ava,or soy11.“The Brazilian electricity matrix is more than 80%renewable.However,most isolated systems(in the Amazon region)are powered by diesel,which brings a huge challenge in decarbonizing the region while guaranteeing energy security to the local population.”Kathlen Schneider,Director,Ideal and
186、 Co-Founder and Coordinator,Rede MESol Ethanol,produced from the sucrose in sugarcane,has been a mandatory addition to fuel in Brazil since the 1930s.11 The introduction of flex-fuel cars in the early 2000s,which run on blended fuel or pure ethanol,has now accelerated the use of biofuel to the point
187、 where 90%of all new cars sold in Brazil are flex-fuel.23 21 Carlos H.de Brito Cruz.(2012).Bioenergy in Brazil.Presented at:Brazilian ChemComm SymposiumChemistry and Sustainable Energy,So Paulo.https:/fapesp.br/eventos/2012/11/ChemComm/Brito.pdf 22 Yi Zheng,Ana C.dos Santos Luciano,Jie Dong,Wenping
188、Yuan.(2021).High-resolution map of sugarcane cultivation in Brazil using a phenology-based method.Earth System Science Data Discussions.https:/essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2021-88/essd-2021-88.pdf 23 Luiz A.H.Nogueira,Rafael S.Capaz.(2013).Biofuels in Brazil:Evolution,achievements and perspect
189、ives on food security,Global Food Security,2 2(2),117-125.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.04.001 Chapter 2|Brazils bioenergy research landscape Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 29 Renewable energy R&D in Brazil has focused mainly on new developments in c
190、ultivating sugarcane,such as increasing the varieties of sugarcane available or improving the efficiency of ethanol production processes,as well as examining the environmental,agricultural,social,and economic impacts of growing sugarcane and producing sugarcane-derived ethanol.How this economic and
191、technological focus has influenced NEnergy research in Brazil will be shown in this section.In the last few decades,Brazil has established itself as a top global producer of bioenergy and biofuels research,with more than 36%of its research publications in NEnergy devoted to this field.Our analysis o
192、f Brazils development broadly tracks some of the outcomes of mission-oriented funding programs aimed at expanding capacity in the area,in particular the BIOEN program of Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo(FAPESP).FAPESP is a public foundation,supported through 1%of So Paulos state taxes
193、,with a mandate to increase scientific and technological development in the region.24 The stability of its funding has allowed it to play a disproportionally influential role supporting research and innovation in So Paulo in areas such as biodiversity,bioenergy,and climate.While a large proportion o
194、f its funding fosters the advancement of knowledge,the foundation also increasingly provides support to applied research via special theme-oriented programs,such as the BIOEN program.The BIOEN program initially started with a focus on advancing knowledge related to sugarcane and ethanol production f
195、or clean energy but more recently expanded to include all biomass resources.25 BIOEN supports exploratory research and fosters partnerships between academia and industry,as well as supporting trans-disciplinary actions to aid policy-making,particularly related to the sustainability and decarbonizati
196、on of transportation.We need local data and we need open access to it.We have a lot of difficulty in accessing data and success in the deployment of bioenergy is very context specific To inform policy in developing countries,we need real world data from local experts that are in touch with the indus
197、try.”Professor Glaucia Souza,President of BIOEN and Full Professor,Institute of Chemistry,University of So Paulo While this report focuses on BIOENs research achievements(in terms of publications),there are multiple other outcomes that are not captured by the bibliometric indicators discussed below.
198、For example,BIOENs administration has been leading a task force on Biofuels to decarbonize transport at the International Energy Agency,which aims to foster policy-related outcomes for research in a host of partner countries from the Global South.26 BIOEN also participates in the Biofuture Platform,
199、which helps to improve the coordination of governmental,industrial,and academic partners in the deployment of bioeconomy initiatives.Finally,BIOENs administration is working to expand open data sharing practices,which are 24 https:/fapesp.br/en/about 25 https:/fapesp.br/en/bioen 26 https:/ 2|Brazils
200、 bioenergy research landscape Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 30 crucial to the implementation of bioenergy innovation.In this regard,BIOEN has provided seed funding for more than 200 start-ups.One success story has been FAPESPs and BIOENs support of the
201、Hytron company,which is moving towards the commercialization of ethanol-derived hydrogen fuel in partnership with the University of So Paulo,Shell,and Razen.How is Brazil positioned globally in How is Brazil positioned globally in bioenergy and bioenergy and biofuelsbiofuels researchresearch?Brazil
202、is now one of the top producers of bioenergy and biofuels research globally Brazil is a significant source of bioenergy and biofuels research internationally,accounting for the fourth largest share of NEnergy research in this area between 2002 and 2021(FIGURE 2-1).The country contributed slightly mo
203、re than 5%of all publications in bioenergy and biofuels globally.The countrys overperformance in bioenergy and biofuels research is demonstrated by our finding that Brazil contributed,on average over the same period,just 2%of publications across all disciplines and thematic research areas.In fact,Br
204、azil produced more than twice(2.3 times)as many publications in biofuel and bioenergy research as expected(if its output were distributed evenly across all research areas).In terms of specialization,which is measured in terms of relative activity index(RAI),Brazil ranks fourth among the top 20 produ
205、cers of research in the bioenergy field.By these two indicators,Brazil is demonstrably specialized in bioenergy and biofuels research relative to the rest of the world.The other major contributors to bioenergy research do not appear to be highly specialized in this field(i.e.,RAI values below the gl
206、obal reference value of 1).This is certainly the case for the United States,which although ranking as the second largest producer of bioenergy publications with 18%of the global total,is relatively unspecialized in the area.Similarly,Germany and the United Kingdom account for 5%of bioenergy publicat
207、ions each but achieve RAIs of only 0.7.China,by contrast,although producing the largest output in this area(18%of all publications,on par with the United States),is slightly more specialized than these Global North countries,with a RAI of 1.1.Nevertheless,Chinas degree of specialization in bioenergy
208、 research is still less than Brazils.Brazil,along with India(ranked third by share of overall research output in this area)and Malaysia(ranked 10th),stand out as the only top 10 producers of bioenergy research that are not HICs.Overall,in terms of the share of global research output,only India(with
209、10%of global publications)surpasses Brazil in the Global South.Indias RAI of 2.2 in bioenergy research places the country in fifth position in the top 20 producers,just behind Brazil.Four other Global South countries rank among the top 20 producers of bioenergy research:Malaysia(with 3%of global pub
210、lications),Indonesia(2%),Thailand(2%),and Turkey(2%).Malaysia,Thailand,and Indonesia are also notable for their high RAIs in this area(4.1,3.7,and 3.5,respectively),indicating a high level of specialization.Chapter 2|Brazils bioenergy research landscape Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in
211、the Transition to Clean Energy 31 FIGURE 2-1 Share of biofuel publications and all publications,and resulting relative activity index(RAI),by top producing country,2012-2021.Source:Scopus How is How is BrazilBrazil s bioenes bioenergy research outputrgy research output developing?developing?Brazils
212、output in bioenergy research has grown over the last two decades,in contrast with many Global North countries.Over the 2002-2021 period,Brazils share of global research output in bioenergy and biofuels has shown a steady upward trend.In recent years,Brazil has consistently ranked fourth in overall a
213、nnual output of bioenergy publications.In comparison with selected countries analyzed here(the United States,China,Germany,India,Italy,and the United Kingdom),Brazils share of global output in bioenergy and biofuels has increased from only 1-2%in 2002/2003 to over 5%in 2021(FIGURE 2-2).While the cou
214、ntry ranked 19th globally in 2002 in terms of its bioenergy research publication volume,Brazil climbed to fourth position in 2021.Along with this growth,Brazils RAI in bioenergy and biofuels sharply increased from 1.5 or less to 1.9 or more after 2008/2009(data not shown).Meanwhile,Indias and,to a l
215、esser degree,Chinas contributions to global output in bioenergy-related research have increased in line with their gradually increasing specialization in the field(data not shown).By contrast,the United States output as a share of the global total has decreased over the same period,coinciding with a
216、 falling level of relative activity(data not shown).Chapter 2|Brazils bioenergy research landscape Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 32 FIGURE 2-2 Share of world output for bioenergy and biofuel research for Brazil and comparator countries,by year,for the p
217、eriod 2002-2021.Source:Scopus What are the strengths of BrazilWhat are the strengths of Brazil s s bioenergy research?bioenergy research?Among the top producers of bioenergy and biofuels publications in the Global South,Brazils output is some of the most cross-disciplinary.As our analysis shows,Braz
218、il has become one of the major global players in bioenergy and biofuels research.In comparison with other major producers of bioenergy research in the Global South,Brazil ranks first for its share of publications that are rated as highly interdisciplinary(13%)and fourth in terms of its share of high
219、ly multidisciplinary publications(17%).Brazils share of multidisciplinary publications is very similar to those of Malaysia,the Russian Federation,and Iran(all between 15%and 17%),and to Mexico,the Russian Federation,and Indonesia in terms of interdisciplinary publications(13%,12%,and 11%,respective
220、ly).Overall,a 9%share of Brazils bioenergy publications are highly cited,putting the country in ninth position out of the countries analyzed here.By this metric,Brazil is well ahead of the Russian Federation(with only a Chapter 2|Brazils bioenergy research landscape Pathways to Net Zero:Global South
221、 Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 33 5%share of highly cited publications)and on a par with a large group of countries including Thailand,Indonesia,and Mexico(which record shares of between 9%and 10%).In terms of absolute numbers of highly cited publications,Brazil ranks third among Global
222、 South countries(with 533 highly cited publications between 2012 and 2021).Only India and Malaysia,by a very small margin,surpass Brazil by this measure(with 1,302 and 578 highly cited publications,respectively).Globally,Brazil ranks 12th in terms of the absolute number of highly cited publications
223、in the field.However,in our analysis of South-South co-publications in bioenergy research,Brazil ranked last with only a 6%share,followed by India with a 7%share and Thailand with a 10%share.Brazil performed better in terms of Global North co-publications,which account for a 23%share of its output,p
224、utting the country in eighth position in between Indonesia(with a 21%share)and Turkey(with a 24%share).FIGURE 2-3 Top 10 largest producers of bioenergy research among Global South countries,with their citation impact,international co-publications,and cross-disciplinarity profiles,2012-2021.Note:In t
225、his figure,individual publications with authors from three or more countries could be included in both indicators of shares of South-South co-publications(e.g.,two South contributors and one North contributor)and shares of South-North co-publications.Thus,the two categories of co-publications are no
226、t fully mutually exclusive.Source:Scopus Chapter 2|Brazils bioenergy research landscape Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 34 On wOn which topics hich topics does Brazildoes Brazil s s bioenergy researchbioenergy research focusfocus?Bioenergy research accoun
227、ts for just over 36%of Brazils NEnergy research and the greatest volume of topic clusters between.Bioenergy and biofuels research,like NEnergy research in general,encompasses many different topics.For Brazil,five of the top 10 topic clusters with the greatest output in NEnergy research are directly
228、relevant to bioenergy and biofuels:namely,Engine Cylinders|Biodiesel|Diesel Engines;Cellulases|Lignin|Cellulose;Pyrolysis|Coal|Gasification;Microbial Fuel Cells|Anaerobic Digestion|Bioreactors,and Bioenergy|Biomass|Biofuels.Discussion of economic and policy issues related to bioenergy and biofuels a
229、lso made up almost a quarter of the topic cluster Energy|Economics|Electricity.The prolificacy of research in these bioenergy and biofuels related topic clusters strongly demonstrates the centrality of this area of research to Brazils overall NEnergy portfolio.FIGURE 2-4 Brazils scholarly output in
230、NEnergy research by 20 largest topic clusters,showing bioenergy-related(in orange)and non-bioenergy-related(in yellow)research,2012-2021.Source:Scopus Chapter 2|Brazils bioenergy research landscape Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 35“In Latin America,Brazi
231、l stands out in distributed generation.We have seen the PV market grow from zero to 20 GW,with 70%of this capacity from small and distributed solar systems.This puts Brazil in a very favorable position to become a leader in a democratic energy transition across the region.”Kathlen Schneider,Director
232、,Ideal and Co-Founder and Coordinator,Rede MESol How is Brazils bioenergy and NHow is Brazils bioenergy and N Energy research supported?Energy research supported?The strength of BIOEN/FAPESP-supported publications has reinforced Brazils bioenergy researchs citation impact and collaborative activitie
233、s.FAPESP,the So Paulo research foundation,funds research activities in bioenergy through its BIOEN program.Between 2012 and 2021,17%of Brazils bioenergy and biofuels publications were supported by BIOEN,along with other FAPESP bioenergy grants.Other Brazilian funders supported 36%of Brazils publicat
234、ions on bioenergy over the same period,although 40%of the countrys bioenergy publications do not identify a funding source.Publications with at least one Brazilian author but which were supported solely by foreign sources account for 13%of the total in this field.However,publications may be supporte
235、d by multiple funders,so it is important to note that some categories described here are not mutually exclusive and the total adds up to more than 100%.BIOEN/FAPESP-supported publications outperform publications supported by other Brazilian funders in terms of highly cited status(14%compared with 10
236、%,respectively).Only 6%of publications without stated or indexed funding information were highly cited.In terms of collaboration,30%of BIOEN/FAPESP-supported publications include at least one Global North co-investigator,similar to the share of publications supported by other Brazilian funders(29%).
237、Only 17%of publications with no funding information represent South-North collaboration.However,BIOEN/FAPESP support does not appear to be linked with an increased level of South-South collaboration,which at a share of 5%of publications is comparable to that supported by other Brazilian funders or w
238、ith no funding information.However,while BIOEN/FAPESP funding may have fostered increased research excellence,in terms of citations and international collaboration,it may have done so at the expense of cross-disciplinarity.The share of BIOEN/FAPESP-supported publications classed as highly multidisci
239、plinary(12%)is lower than that of publications supported by other Brazilian funders(19%).The same appears to be the case for interdisciplinarity,with 10%of BIOEN/FAPESP-supported publications rated as highly interdisciplinary,on par with expectations,slightly below the proportion of similarly-rated
240、publications supported by other Brazilian funders(12%).Among publications with no identified funding source,16%are classed as highly interdisciplinary.Chapter 2|Brazils bioenergy research landscape Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 36 In all metrics apart f
241、rom interdisciplinarity,BIOEN/FAPESP-supported publications are surpassed by those supported by foreign funders.It is worth noting,however,that Brazilian publications with foreign funders will be biased towards those with international partners,which tend to drive up citation impact profiles.FIGURE
242、2-5 Comparative analysis of the citation impact,co-publication profile,and cross-disciplinarity of Brazils bioenergy publications supported by BIOEN/FAPESP,other Brazilian funders,foreign funders,or without funding source identified,2012-2021.Note:In this figure,individual publications with authors
243、from three or more countries could be included in both indicators of shares of South-South co-publications(e.g.,two South contributors and one North contributor)and shares of South-North co-publications.Thus,the two categories of co-publications are not fully mutually exclusive.Source:Scopus Pathway
244、s to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 37 2.2 Egypts achievements and aspirations in solar energy Egypt is poised to become a world leader in the use and distribution of solar energy with the construction of a massive new complex at the Benban Solar Park.The Egypt-Japa
245、n University of Science and Technology drives excellence in NEnergy research.Egypt,the third most populous country in Africa,has long been an important part of the international energy market,controlling strategic energy routes between Europe,the Middle East,Asia,and Africa via the Suez Canal and Su
246、ez-Mediterranean Pipeline(SUMED).Benban Solar Park,located in the desert of Upper Egypt 50 km northwest of Aswan,is among the largest solar photovoltaic parks in the world and,when up and running at full capacity,is predicted to produce 4 TWh of power.27 The complex will enable Egypt to exploit its
247、sunny climate and topographic suitability for solar energy-Egypt has the highest typical daily irradiance values in Northern Africa28-and increase the share of renewable sources in its energy mix.This major investment in solar energy is key to establishing a consistent energy supply for Egypt and ac
248、hieving its Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy(ISES 2035)to convert 42%of its energy mix to renewable by 2035.29 In this section,we assess the strengths of Egypts solar research activities,its areas of focus within this field and NEnergy research more generally,its position within the global sol
249、ar energy research landscape,and its main collaborative partners.According to Professor Hamdy Hassan of the Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology(E-JUST),the countrys solar energy research interfaces with and enables many NEnergy research directions,cutting across disciplines and subject
250、areas.“In Egypt,renewable energy research takes different aspects.There is active research on PV thermal hybrid solar collectors,their cooling systems,and use in energy applicationsnot only power generation.There is research on concentrated solar power 27 https:/ Salma I.Salah,Mahmoud Eltaweel,C.Abe
251、ykoon.(2022).Towards a sustainable energy future for Egypt:A systematic review of renewable energy sources,technologies,challenges,and recommendations.Cleaner Engineering and Technology,8.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100497 29 IRENA.(2018).Renewable Energy Outlook:Egypt.https:/www.irena.org/pu
252、blications/2018/Oct/Renewable-Energy-Outlook-Egypt Chapter 2|Egypts achievements and aspirations in solar energy Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 38 systems and hydrogen production from renewable energy.”Professor Hamdy Hassan,E-JUSTHow is Egypt positioned
253、 How is Egypt positioned globally globally in solar energy research?in solar energy research?Egypt is one of the largest producers of solar energy research in the Global South,its output is twice as likely to be highly cited as the global average,and more than half is performed in collaboration with
254、 the Global North.Our analysis of Egypts NEnergy research output between 2012 and 2021 reveals that 28%of its publications are dedicated to solar energy and that,overall,the country contributed 1.4%of the global total in solar research publications.In the Global South,Egypts publication output volum
255、e in solar energy lags somewhat behind that of India,which accounts for the largest single contribution to the sector at 11%,as well as Iran(contributing 2.3%),Malaysia(2.2%),and Turkey(1.5%).Nevertheless,Egypt is the fifth largest contributor of solar energy research in the Global South and ranks 1
256、9th in the world.Despite this,Egypt ranks second,in terms of the citation impact of its research,among the top 10 Global South countries making the largest contributions to solar energy research(FIGURE 2-6).With a 19%share of its solar energy publications achieving a high citation impact performance
257、,Egypt is second only to Iran(21%of publications).Malaysia follows with 17%of its solar energy publications achieving highly cited status.Egypts share of highly cited publications in solar energy research puts the country in 23rd position globally(data not shown).On average,the share of highly cited
258、 publications in solar energy research stands at 15%.On the basis of its contribution to the global research portfolio and its citation impact profile,Egypt can be considered a key player in the global solar energy research field,especially among Global South countries.In terms of collaboration with
259、 other Global South countries,Egypts 17%share of South-South co-publications in solar energy research ranks behind that of Malaysia and Pakistan,with 31%and 21%shares,respectively.Other Global South countries,including the Russian Federation(16%),Turkey(15%),and Algeria(13%),all produced roughly sim
260、ilar levels of South-South co-publications.Egypt,however,has a clearer lead over most other Global South countries considered here in its share of South-North co-publications,which stands at 57%.On this measure,Egypt is surpassed only by Pakistan,with a 60%share of this type of co-publication.By com
261、parison,the Russian Federation trails both Egypt and Pakistan with a 34%share of South-North co-publications.Chapter 2|Egypts achievements and aspirations in solar energy Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 39 FIGURE 2-6 Top 10 largest contributors of solar e
262、nergy research among Global South countries,their citation impact,international co-publication,and cross-disciplinarity profiles,2012-2021.Note:In this figure,individual publications with authors from three or more countries could be included both in indicators of shares of South-South co-publicatio
263、ns(e.g.,two South contributors and one North contributor)and shares of South-North co-publications.Thus,the two categories of co-publications are not fully mutually exclusive.Source:Scopus Looking at the multidisciplinarity of solar energy publications,Egypt ranks fourth,with 12%of its publications
264、classified as the most multidisciplinary within their subfield and year,behind Pakistan with 30%,Indonesia,and Malaysia(both with 17%).However,in terms of the interdisciplinary of solar energy publications,all Global South countries in the analysis performed at a similarly low level.Typically,only b
265、etween 2%and 5%of publications fell within the top 10%most interdisciplinary in their subfield and year.Considering these observations together,our analysis indicates that within the solar energy field,while Global South researchers may be adept at building project teams from a diversity of backgrou
266、nds,this disciplinary diversity does not necessarily lead to the integration of diverse prior knowledge.Chapter 2|Egypts achievements and aspirations in solar energy Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 40 On whichOn which topics topics doesdoes EgyptEgypt s s
267、 solar energy researchsolar energy research focusfocus?Egyptian solar energy research is linked to other NEnergy topics such as desalination,wind power,and power distribution networks.Solar energy research is related to a number of different topics in both NEnergy and development-related research.Ou
268、r previous report revealed that the focus of Global South countries research is associated with different topic clusters than Global North countries.30 However,it is important to understand that individual publications can simultaneously connect multiple research fields.Our analysis,shown in FIGURE
269、2-7,illustrates how solar energy research in Egypt cuts across a number of different topics,beyond the obvious clusters of photocatalysis and solar cell materials.One of the countrys major research topic clusters relating to the desalination of water,for example,deals with improving solar power gene
270、ration specifically for desalination through the use of solar stills.At least 30%of Egypts NEnergy publications in the topic cluster of Ultrafiltration|Desalination|Membranes are linked with solar energy research(data not shown).Egypt is also exploring hybrid wind-and solar-power systems.The topic c
271、luster of Wind Power|Electric Power Transmission Networks|Electric Power Distribution includes a 30%share of publications relevant to solar energy research.The topic cluster of Electric Inverters|Electric Potential|DC-DC Converters,meanwhile,contains more than 50%of publications relevant to solar en
272、ergy research,capturing efforts on the mutual adaptation of generic battery charging and power generation machinery to solar energy production.“We use concentrated solar energy to produce electricity for water desalination and to power electrolyzers for hydrogen production.”Professor Hamdy Hassan,E-
273、JUST30 Elsevier.(2021).Pathways to Net Zero:The Impact of Clean Energy Research.https:/ Chapter 2|Egypts achievements and aspirations in solar energy Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 41 FIGURE 2-7 Largest topic clusters in Egypts NEnergy research output an
274、d the share of solar energy-relevant publications within each topic cluster,2012-2021.Source:Scopus How How doesdoes E E-JUST contribute to JUST contribute to EgyptEgypt s s solar research landscape?solar research landscape?The Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology(E-JUST)drives Egypts st
275、rong national performance in some fields of NEnergy research.E-JUST,a relatively recently founded institution with a focus on technology and innovation,as well amission to foster Egyptian-Japanese scientific collaboration,provides an illustration of how an individualorganization can drive national p
276、erformance in research and innovation.While E-JUST publications in the field of solar energy have only numbered slightly more than 130 since 2012,a fraction of the more than 3,000 publications produced by Egypts researchers over the same period,a disproportionally large share of these publications(6
277、3%)is classed as most highly cited within their subfield and year(FIGURE 2-8).This is a world-leading achievement by E-JUST in the field of solar energy research,by any measure.By comparison,19%of Egypts solar energy publications overall rank as highly cited,which is itself a strong result.Chapter 2
278、|Egypts achievements and aspirations in solar energy Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 42 In terms of collaboration,a larger proportion of E-JUST publications(57%)are South-North co-publications than among Egypts solar energy output in general(which compris
279、e a share of 48%).E-JUSTs systematic collaboration with Japanese colleagues shapes its achievements in solar energy research.A 41%share of E-JUSTs South-North collaborations are co-publications with Japan(FIGURE 2-9).By contrast,at the national level,only 6%of solar energy research constitutes co-pu
280、blications with Japan.The institutions output is,however,less likely to represent South-South co-publications than the national average.Only 1%of E-JUST publications are classed as South-South co-publications.However,it is worth noting that the definitions of South-North and South-South co-publicati
281、ons used in this analysis are not mutually exclusive,so the former category does not have to be,in principle,a trade-off with the second.FIGURE 2-8 Contributions of E-JUST publications to Egypts solar energy research output.2012-2021.Note:In this figure,individual publications with authors from thre
282、e or more countries can be included in both indicators of shares of South-South co-publications(e.g.,two South contributors and one North contributor)and shares of South-North co-publications.Thus,the two categories of co-publications are not fully mutually exclusive.Source:Scopus Chapter 2|Egypts a
283、chievements and aspirations in solar energy Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 43 FIGURE 2-9 Share of Egypt-Japan co-publications within E-JUST and Egypts solar energy research output in general,2012-2021.Source:Scopus Which countries are EgyptWhich countrie
284、s are Egypt s s majormajor international collaboratinternational collaboratorsors?Egypt tends to collaborate more with Global North than Global South countries in solar energy and NEnergy research.As we can see in FIGURE 2-10,Saudi Arabia is,by far,Egypts most preferred partner in solar energy and N
285、Energy research international collaborations.Over a quarter(26%)of Egypts solar energy output are co-publications with Saudi Arabia.In NEnergy research overall,this share is 20%.The United States is Egypts next most common international partner,accounting for 7%of Egypts solar energy co-publications
286、.Over the same period,co-publications with Japanese and Chinese researchers follow closely behind,each making up 6%of Egypts solar energy co-publications.India is the only Global South country in Egypts top ten most common partners for solar energy research international collaboration,ranking in fif
287、th position.In this field,4%of Egypts publications include an Indian partner.As shown in section 1.3,it is expected that countries with the most developed research systems and largest researcher populations will have the strongest pull as potential partners for international collaboration.Chapter 2|
288、Egypts achievements and aspirations in solar energy Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 44 Egypts orientation towards Global North partners in international collaboration is not,therefore,entirely surprising.However,collaboration preferences can be influenced
289、 by geographic proximity and shaped by national policies.The findings presented here prompt the question,therefore,as to whether Egypt in particular,or solar energy research more generally,might benefit from greater engagement with other Global South countries.FIGURE 2-10 Egypts most common internat
290、ional partners in solar energy and NEnergy research publications,2012-2021.Source:Scopus Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 45 2.3 Indonesias broad base in clean energy research Indonesias energy demand is increasing and,although the country abounds in clean
291、 energy options,renewables make up only a fraction of its energy mix.Investment is required to create a balanced portfolio.Indonesia,first time holder of the G20 presidency31 and meeting host in 2022,boasts a diverse clean energy profile,including biodiesel(from palm oil),geothermal,hydro,solar,wind
292、,and marine energy generation.Despite the wealth of choices,renewable energy made up just 14%of Indonesias energy mix in 202032.Moreover,Indonesias demand for energy is increasing faster than almost any other country,making energy supply a critical issue.Rising demand is driven by a growing populati
293、on,economic development,urbanization,and government efforts to extend electrification to the countrys rural areas and remote islands.Indonesias soaring energy requirements make a transition to renewables an important strategic target33.Indonesias Ministry of Energy has set a target of 87%renewable e
294、nergy by 2060,which will require an acceleration in investment.According to Dr.Han Phoumin,an energy economist at the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia(ERIA),Indonesia has access to many renewable energy technologies and the expertise to deploy them,but its older energy infrastruct
295、ure is entrenched,so a rapid transformation will incur high costs.Indonesias power grid is also fragmented,consisting of many small grids supplying its thousands of islands,which creates additional technical challenges.Compounding the problem,believes Han Phoumin,is that net zero research in Indones
296、ia is financed through governmental agencies,which are closely tied to incumbent energy systems.A major part of Indonesian research funding comes from foreign organizations and funders.At the same time,foreign investment in technology deployment and industrial transition has been too low.To make the
297、 necessary transition to a clean energy future,Indonesias research and innovation activities,which we outline in this section,must support the development of a balanced and diverse renewable energy mix.31 https:/www.g20.org 32 https:/ 33 https:/www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/20
298、17/Mar/IRENA_REmap_Indonesia_summary_2017.pdf?la=en&hash=F530E18BAFC979C8F1A0254AFA77C9EBC9A0EC44 Chapter 2|Indonesias broad base in clean energy research Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 46 IndonesiaIndonesias s NEnergy researchNEnergy research landscapel
299、andscape Among Global South countries,Indonesia ranks seventh in the volume of its output in NEnergy research,with a small degree of specialization.Indonesias contribution to NEnergy research between 2012 and 2021 amounted to 5.5%of its overall output and 1.0%of the global total.Given that the count
300、ry contributed to 0.8%of global output in research across the board(in all fields and disciplines)over the same period,Indonesia has a slight degree of relative specialization towards NEnergy research(with a RAI of 1.2).Among the top 20 Global South contributors to NEnergy research,Indonesia was sur
301、passed by India(8.2%),the Russian Federation(2.0%),Iran(2.0%),Brazil(2.0%),Malaysia(1.2%),and Turkey(1.3%)in terms of the share of global output(Figure 2.11).Egypt(0.9%)and Pakistan(0.9%)follow after Indonesia(1.0%).In terms of RAI,Indonesia was surpassed by Algeria(2.3),Morocco(2.0),Malaysia and Ba
302、ngladesh(both at 1.7),India and Tunisia(1.5),Pakistan(1.4),Viet Nam and Egypt(both at 1.3).FIGURE 2-11 Share of NEnergy research publications and all publications,with the resulting relative activity index(RAI),for the top 20 Global South countries,2012-2021.Source:Scopus Chapter 2|Indonesias broad
303、base in clean energy research Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 47 What are What are IndonesiaIndonesia s areas of focus in Ns areas of focus in N EnergyEnergy researchresearch?Indonesias NEnergy research portfolio is evenly distributed across a mix of clea
304、n energy sources.Bioenergy,geothermal,hydro-,and marine energy technologies achieve higher levels of relative activity than world levels,with wind and solar generation activities at expected levels.While Brazil and Egypt concentrate a large part of their NEnergy research efforts on a single energy s
305、ource,no such focus is evident in Indonesia.To determine Indonesias position within the NEnergy research landscape,therefore,we analyzed the distribution of its publications across various clean energy sources.In addition,a sizable portion of the countrys NEnergy research is oriented towards specifi
306、c application areas such as electric vehicles or carbon reduction strategies such as carbon capture and storage(CCS).In this section,we use thematic queries,developed as part of European Commission work on its clean energy key priorities,rather than topic clusters.34 Our analysis reveals that Indone
307、sia is specialized in multiple related fields of NEnergy research(Figure 2.12).For example,the country is highly specialized in geothermal research(4.4%of its NEnergy research output versus the global average of 1.2%).The country also demonstrates high relative activity in bioenergy(29%of its NEnerg
308、y research output versus the global average of 13%),hydroelectricity(3.6%versus 1.8%),and marine energy(1.3%versus 0.8%).However,Indonesia shows a slightly lower than expected level of activity in wind power research(6%versus 8%).Indonesia is neither specialized nor un-specialized in solar energy,al
309、though this area does constitute a large proportion of its NEnergy research portfolio(19%versus the global average of 18%).No other country among the top 10 Global South producers of NEnergy research holds such diverse and strong specializations.34 European Commission,Directorate-General for Researc
310、h and Innovation.(2021).Publications as a measure of innovation performance:selection and assessment of publication indicators:provision of technical assistance and study to support the development of a composite indicator to track clean-energy innovation performance of EU members.Publications Offic
311、e of the European Union.https:/data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/43576 Chapter 2|Indonesias broad base in clean energy research Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 48 FIGURE 2-12 Distribution of publications by clean energy technology for the top Global South produc
312、ers of NEnergy research,LICs,LMICs,and UMICs,2012-2021.Source:Scopus IndonesiaIndonesias s NEnergy researchNEnergy research focus byfocus by topic clustertopic cluster Indonesias most highly cited NEnergy research publications are in topic clusters relating to solar energy and electric batteries.Top
313、ic clusters in bioenergy show the highest levels of South-South and South-North co-publications,while energy economics and policies are the most cross-disciplinary.In this section,we look at which topic clusters in Indonesias NEnergy research show the highest levels of citations,international collab
314、oration,and multidisciplinarity(FIGURE 2-13).The highest citation levels are seen in the topic clusters Solar Energy|Solar Radiation|Photovoltaic Cells(16%highly cited publications)and Lithium Alloys|Secondary Batteries|Electric Batteries(15%).These performances are on par with global levels of high
315、ly cited NEnergy publications,which stand at 15%.The topic cluster Engine Cylinders|Biodiesel|Diesel Engines has the largest share of South-South co-publications(at 16%),while Pyrolysis|Coal|Gasification(which primarily deals with bioenergy)has the Chapter 2|Indonesias broad base in clean energy res
316、earch Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 49 highest share of South-North co-publications by some way(at 29%),followed by Energy|Economics|Electricity(at 24%).In terms of cross-disciplinarity,Energy|Economics|Electricity is the only topic cluster with high sh
317、ares of both multidisciplinary(29%)and interdisciplinary publications(18%).Other topic clusters have high levels of multidisciplinary publications but average or lower than average levels of interdisciplinary publications.These include:Microbial Fuel Cells|Anaerobic Digestion|Bioreactors (25%highly
318、multidisciplinary publications versus 11%highly interdisciplinary publications);Solar Energy|Solar Radiation|Photovoltaic Cells(20%versus 7%);and Engine Cylinders|Biodiesel|Diesel Engines(18%versus 5%).FIGURE 2-13 Top 10 largest topic clusters in Indonesias NEnergy research output,with citation impa
319、ct,international co-publication,and cross-disciplinarity profiles,2012-2021.Note:In this figure,individual publications with authors from three or more countries could be included both in indicators of shares of South-South co-publications(e.g.,two South contributors and one North contributor)and sh
320、ares of South-North co-publications.Thus,the two categories of co-publications are not fully mutually exclusive.Source:Scopus Chapter 2|Indonesias broad base in clean energy research Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 50 IndonesiasIndonesias collaboration co
321、llaboration inin carbon capture and storagecarbon capture and storage researchresearch To advance research in the key area of carbon capture and storage,Indonesia may need to foster more collaboration with the Global North,which has higher levels of relative activity in this field.Indonesia,like man
322、y other ASEAN countries35,tends to rely on collaborations with the Global North to develop capacity in net zero research areas such as carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS).The distribution of relative activity on this research front,in terms of productivity and capacity,is concentrated in th
323、e Global North.“We are looking to disseminate best experiences in CCUS to ASEAN countries but we still lack technical understanding and need to catch up.So we bring in experts from abroad.”Dr.Han Phoumin,ERIA Within the Global South,LMICs,India(considered separately in this analysis),and UMICs all r
324、eport RAIs of 0.7 in CCS research,below the global average of 1.0(FIGURE 2-14).LICs perform even less well,with a RAI of only 0.4 in this research field.Between 2012 and 2021,LMICs contributed to just 2.8%of global publications in CCS compared with 4.0%overall,while India contributed to 3.8%of all C
325、CS publications compared with 5.4%of publications across the board.UMICs(the income group within which Indonesia is classified for this report)perform slightly better,contributing to 11%of global CCS research publications compared with 15%overall.By comparison,Global North countries perform much bet
326、ter.China recorded the highest RAI in CCS(at 1.5),contributing to 29%of global publications in the field compared with 19%overall.Other HICs(excluding China,the EU-27,and the United States)contributed to 29%of global publications in this field compared with 21%overall(a RAI of 1.4).The UK recorded a
327、 RAI of 1.2,contributing to 8.2%of CCS publications(compared with 6.7%overall).Among HICs,the EU27 and United States have with the lowest RAIs in CCS research at 1.0 and 0.9,respectively,below other countries in this category.Our analysis of individual Global South countries reveals nuances to these
328、 overall trends,which indicate that some national research systems are specialized in CCS(FIGURE 2-15).Between 2012 and 2021,India made the largest single contribution to CCS research in the Global South,followed by Iran,which contributed to 2.6%of CCS publications compared with 1.9%overall(with a R
329、AI of 1.4).Malaysia was the third largest producer of CCS research in the Global South,contributing to 2.2%of publications compared with 1.1%overall and with the highest RAI within this section of countries of 2.1.35 Association of Southeast Asian Nations,including Indonesia,Malaysia,Thailand and se
330、ven other nations.https:/asean.org/Chapter 2|Indonesias broad base in clean energy research Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 51 FIGURE 2-14 Share of carbon capture and storage(CCS)publications and all publications,with the resulting relative activity index
331、(RAI),by income group or country,2012-2021.Note:LMIC and UMIC categories in this analysis do not include India and China,respectively,as they are presented separately.Source:Scopus Within the Global South,Thailand,the Philippines,Pakistan,and Viet Nam are among other top producers of CCS research sh
332、owing relative activity levels above the global average(RAIs between 1.3 and 1.5).Indonesia,for its part,follows the trend of other UMICs with a RAI of 0.7,contributing to 0.5%of global CCS research versus 0.8%overall.This finding,combined with Han Phoumins observation that Indonesia needs more capa
333、city in CCS research,points towards a need for greater South-North collaboration in this area,or greater South-South collaboration with neighboring countries such as Malaysia or Thailand,which have stronger relative activity profiles in this area.Chapter 2|Indonesias broad base in clean energy research Pathways to Net Zero:Global South Research in the Transition to Clean Energy 52 FIGURE 2-15 Shar