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1、October 2023Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management,Ministry of Emergency Management-Ministry of EducationSchool of National Safety and Emergency Management,Beijing Normal UniversityNational Disaster Reduction Center of China,Ministry of Emergency ManagementInternational Federation of
2、 Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORT222Floods were the most frequent,more than the historical averageGlobal extreme temperatures in 2022 were in low frequency but were the deadliest events,causingEXECUTIVE SUMMARYCompared to the average over the last 30
3、 years(1992-2021),the intensity of global natural disas-ters was generally lower in 2022,with 3%less in frequency,38%fewer in deaths,4%less in the affected population,and 53%more in direct eco-nomic losses.Global extreme temperatures in 2022 were in low frequency but were the deadliest events,causin
4、g 16,416 deaths.Floods were the most frequent,14%more than the historical aver-age(which means the average for 1992-2021,hereinafter the same),causing 8,049 deaths,20%more than the historical average of flood-related deaths.The direct economic losses caused by storms were the most,at about USD 131 b
5、illion,106%more than the historical average.Seismic activities increased but caused fewer deaths.The number of deaths from wildfires decreased,and the direct economic losses were 77%lower than the historical average.The occurrence of land-slides decreased,resulting in 54%fewer deaths and 50%less aff
6、ected population than the histori-cal average.Regionally,Asia has seen the highest frequency of natural disasters in 2022,followed by Africa.Among all continents,Europe has had the largest number of deaths due to disasters,followed by Asia.North America has seen the highest economic losses due to di
7、sasters,followed by Asia.Compared with developed countries,developing countries were more severely affected by natural disasters,mostly by floods and storms.The report finds that main natural disasters in China in 2022 included flood,drought,strong wind and hail,earthquake and geological disas-ters,
8、while typhoon,cold wave,sand and dust storm,forest and grassland fires and marine disasters also occurred to varying degrees.In 2022,various natural disasters totally caused affected population of 112 million,death and missing toll of 554 people,and direct economic losses of CNY 238.65 billion in Ch
9、ina.The report analyzes the characteristics of global climate extremes from 2000 to 2022,and finds that the number of deaths was typically extreme in Asia,Europe and Africa,but with no significant fluctuation in the Americas and Oceania.At the same time,annual direct economic losses due to climate e
10、xtremes were on the rise in Asia,Ameri-ca,Europe,Africa and Oceania.The report also summarizes the characteristics of global climate and the major weather and climate events in 2022,coupled with an assessment of the risks of compound high temperature and drought disasters in Chinas Yangtze River bas
11、in in 2022.The report calls for global efforts to strengthen capacity building for risk assessment and early warning of high temperatures,droughts and other disasters,intensify research in compound disaster risks,and enhance the capabilities of data collection and shar-ing across multiple discipline
12、s and departments.3%Frequency38%Deaths4%53%The intensity of global natural disasters was generally lower in 202214%8,04916,416DeathsThe direct economic losses caused by storms were the most,at aboutSeismic activities increased but caused fewer deaths More than the historical averageDirect economic l
13、ossesAffected population131billion USDdeaths106%The number of deaths from wildfires decreased,and the direct economic losses wereThe occurrence of landslides decreased,resulting in fewer deathsLess affected population than the historical average54%77%50%2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORT
14、2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTCONTENTSGeneral Report1.1 Overview of global natural disasters in 20221.2 Characteristics of global natural disasters in 20221.3 Global patterns of natural disasters in 20221.4 Comparison of natural disasters between China and the rest of the world in 20
15、22010311212.1 Overall review of natural disasters 2.2 Temporal and spatial characteristics of natural disasters2.3 Trend analysis of disaster indicators2735413.1 Overview of global climate extremes3.2 Losses from global climate extremes from 2000 to 20223.3 Overview of climate extremes in countries(
16、or regions)around the world3.4 Comparison of losses from climate extremes475455584.1 Overall analysis of disaster characteristics4.2 Causes of compound high temperature and drought4.3 Impacts of compound high temperature and drought4.4 Conclusion65717377Global natural disaster profile for 2022Natura
17、l disasters in China in 2022Assessment on global climate extremes from 2000 to 2022Assessment on compound high temperature and drought disaster risks in Yangtze River basin in 2022 Special Report 1Special Report 2Special Report 301020304Top 50 natural disasters worldwide by death toll,1991-2022Top 5
18、0 natural disasters worldwide by direct economic losses,Top 50 natural disasters worldwide in terms of death toll and direct economic losses from 1991 to 2022Appendix012022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTGeneral ReportGlobal natural disaster profile for 20221.1 Overview of glo
19、bal natural disasters in 20221.2 Characteristics of global natural disasters in 20221.3 Global patterns of natural disasters in 20221.4 Comparison of natural disasters between China and the rest of the world in 202201031121Overview of global natural disasters in 2022Table 1 Frequency and losses of n
20、atural disasters worldwide in 2022A total of 321 major natural disasters(excluding epidemic disasters)occurred worldwide in 2022,affecting 118 countries and regions.Among all these disasters,163 were caused by floods,with the highest frequency,accounting for 50.78%of the total;66 caused by storms(ty
21、phoons and hurricanes),accounting for 20.56%;30 by earthquakes,accounting for 9.34%;20 by droughts,accounting for 6.23%;17 by landslides,accounting for 5.3%;15 by wildfires disasters,accounting for 4.67%;6 by extreme temperatures,accounting for 1.87%;and 4 by volcanic eruptions,accounting for 1.25%(
22、Table 1 and Figure 1).FloodStormEarthquakeDroughtLandslideWildfireExtreme temperatureVolcanic eruptionTotal163/50.7866/20.5630/9.3420/6.2317/5.315/4.676/1.874/1.25321/1008,049/26.171,582/5.141,626/5.292,601/8.46403/1.376/0.2516,416/53.376/0.0230,759/1005,752.52/30.941,692.87/9.1361.61/1.9510,735.34/
23、57.7311.50/0.0623.77/0.138.17/0.049.73/0.0518,595.51/100449.28/20.071,309.80/58.52124.95/5.58342.40/15.30/010.76/0.480/01.18/0.052,238.37/100Type of Disaster Frequency(time)/%Deaths(person)/%Population affected(ten thousand)/%Direct economic losses(USD 0.1 billion)/%(Note:The global natural disaster
24、 data come from the EM-DAT of the Universit catholique de Louvain(UCLouvain),Belgium;and the time period is from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,the same hereinafter.)A total of 30,759 people were killed by natural disasters worldwide in 2022.Extreme temperatures caused the largest number of deat
25、hs,reaching 16,416 people and accounting for 53.37%of total deaths;followed by floods with 8,049 deaths,accounting for 26.17%;droughts with 2,601 deaths,accounting for 8.46%;earthquakes with 1,626 deaths,accounting for 5.29%;storms with 1,582 deaths,accounting for 5.14%;landslides with 403 deaths,ac
26、counting for 1.3%;wildfires with 76 deaths,accounting for 0.25%;and volcanic eruptions with 6 deaths,accounting for 0.02%.A total of 185.9551 million people were affected by natural disasters globally in 2022,of whom 57.73%were affected by droughts,reaching 107.3534 million people,accounting for the
27、 largest proportion of the total;30.94%by floods,reaching 57.5252 million people;9.1%by storms,reaching 16.9287 million people,1.95%by earthquakes,reaching 3.6161 million people;0.13%by wildfires,reaching 237,700 people;0.06%by landslides,reaching 115,000 people;0.05%by volcanic eruptions,reaching 9
28、7,300 people;and 0.04%by extreme temperatures,reaching 81,700 people.A total of USD 223.837 billion in direct economic losses were caused by natural disasters worldwide in 2022,of which 58.52%were caused by storms,reaching USD 130.98 billion,accounting for the most proportion of the total amount;20.
29、07%by floods,reaching USD 44.928 billion;15.3%by droughts,reaching USD 34.24 billion;5.58%by earthquakes,reaching USD 12.495 billion;0.48%by wildfires,reaching 1.076 billion;and 0.05%by volcanic eruptions,reaching USD 118 million.Figure 1 Breakdown of frequency and losses per disaster type worldwide
30、 in 2022FloodStormEarthquakeDroughtLandslideWildfireExtreme temperatureVolcanic eruption1.1Total frequency of disasters:Total number of deaths:,Total population affected:.millionTotal direct economic losses:USD.billion01-02General Report012022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORT(d)(c)(b)(a)31%
31、9%2%58%20%15%59%6%26%5%5%8%53%51%2%5%5%6%9%21%Direct economic lossesTotal frequency of major natural disastersThe overall economic losses from natural disasters were relatively large,but the numbers of deaths and affected people remained low1.2.1(Note:The direct economic losses from 1992 to 2021 are
32、 measured at the price level of 2021,and those of 2022 are measured at the price level of the current year)milliontimespersonsbillion USDtimestimesCharacteristics of global natural disasters in 20221.2In 2022,a total of 321 major natural disasters occurred worldwide,killing 30,759 people,affecting a
33、bout 186 million people,and causing direct economic losses of USD 223.837 billion.Compared with the average for the last 30 years(1992-2021),the major natural disasters in 2022 was 3%less in frequency,38%fewer in deaths,4%less in the affected population,but 53%higher in direct economic losses.Compar
34、ed with the average for the last 10 years(2012-2021),major natural disasters in 2022 was 2%less in frequency,141%more in deaths,30%more in the affected population,and 42%more in direct economic losses(Figure 2).In 2022,catastrophic natural disasters were less frequent and generally less severe than
35、those in the last 10 years and 30 years,but caused greater direct economic losses.There were five natural disasters with more than 1,000 deaths caused each time globally in 2022,more than the annual average for the last 30 years,and there was one natural disaster with more than 10,000 deaths(while 2
36、0 such natural disasters were recorded in the last 30 years).In 2022,there were three natural disasters with direct economic losses of more than USD 10 billion caused each time worldwide,slightly higher than the annual average for the last 30 years,and only one disaster that caused direct economic l
37、osses exceeding USD 50 billion.32130,759Number of deaths186Affected population223.837Natural disasters with more than 1,000 deaths5Natural disasters with direct economic losses of more than USD 10 billion3Figure 2 Global average annual losses from natural disasters,1992-2021 vs.202203-04General Repo
38、rt012022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORT-(d)Direct economic loss(unit:USD.billion)(c)Population affected(unit:ten thousand)(b)Number of deaths(unit:person)(a)Frequency of disasters(unit:time)-05-06(a)Frequency of disasters(unit:time)Figure 3 Global average annual losses from floods,1992-20
39、21 vs.2022(b)Number of deaths(unit:person)(c)Population affected(unit:ten thousand)(d)Direct economic loss(unit:USD.billion)1.2.2 Floods were the most frequent,resulting in many deathsIn 2022,there were 163 major floods worldwide,accounting for more than 50%of the total number of major natural disas
40、ters of the year;8,049 deaths were caused by floods,accounting for about 26%of the total deaths;about 57.53 million people were affected,accounting for 31%,and nearly doubling the figure 29.896 million in 2021;and the direct economic losses exceed USD 44.9 billion.In 2022,compared with the average f
41、or the last 30 years(1992-2021),the frequency of floods increased by 14%,the number of deaths from floods was 20%more,the number of affected people was about 43%less,and the direct economic losses were 25%more.Compared with the average for the last 10 years(2012-2021),the frequency of floods increas
42、ed by 8%in 2022,the number of deaths from floods was 77%more,the number of affected people was 47%more,and the direct economic losses increased slightly(Figure 3).There were 2 floods with more than 1,000 deaths caused each time in 2022,and one of them killed as many as 2,035 people.Countries such as
43、 India in Asia suffered severe flooding,with thousands of lives lost in floods or heavy rain during the monsoon period.163Major floods8,049Number of deaths57.5350%26%44.9(Note:The direct economic losses from 1992 to 2021 are measured at the price level of 2021,and those of 2022 are measured at the p
44、rice level of the current year)2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTGeneral Report01Proportion of total number of major natural disastersProportion of total deathsDirect economic losses exceedAffected population aboutmillionpersonsbillion USDtimes-Major stormsDirect economic losses accounte
45、d for aboutDeaths from earthquakes accounted for aboutAffected population accounted for less than Major earthquakesProportion of total deathsProportion of total number of major natural disastersSeismic activities increased in number but caused a relatively small number of deathsStorms resulted in la
46、rge direct economic losses,with a smaller affected population(d)Direct economic loss(unit:USD.billion)(c)Population affected(unit:ten thousand)(b)Number of deaths(unit:person)(Note:The direct economic losses from 1992 to 2021 are measured at the price level of 2021,and those of 2022 are measured at
47、the price level of the current year)(Note:The direct economic losses from 1992 to 2021 are measured at the price level of 2021,and those of 2022 are measured at the price level of the current year)21%07-08Figure 4 Global average annual losses from storms,1992-2021 vs.20221.2.4In 2022,there were 30 m
48、ajor earthquakes world-wide,accounting for about 9%of the total number of major natural disasters of the year.Deaths from earthquakes accounted for about 5%of the total deaths from natural disasters;the affected popu-lation accounted for less than 2%;and the direct economic losses accounted for abou
49、t 6%.Com-pared with the average for the last 30 years(1992-2021),the frequency of earthquakes increased by 15%in 2022,the number of deaths was 94%less,the number of affected population was 22%less,and the direct economic losses were 62%lower.Compared with the average for the last 10 years(2012-2021)
50、,the frequency of earthquakes increased by 22%in 2022,the number of deaths was 26%less,the number of affected popula-tion grew by 31%,and the direct economic losses rose by 4%(Figure 5).There are two rea-sons for the relatively small losses from earth-quakes in 2022.Firstly,there was no strong earth
51、-quake of magnitude 8 or higher.Secondly,the earthquakes did not trigger severe tsunamis or other secondary disasters.1.2.3In 2022,there were 66 major storms worldwide,accounting for 21%of the total number of major natural disasters of the year;1,582 deaths were caused by storms,accounting for about
52、 5%of the total deaths;16.93 million people were affected,accounting for about 9%;and the direct economic losses exceed USD 131 billion,accounting for about 59%.Compared with the average for the last 30 years(1992-2021),the frequency of storms was 30%less in 2022,the number of deaths was 82%less,and
53、 the affected population was about 46%less,but the direct economic losses were 106%more.Compared with the average for the last 10 years(2012-2021),the frequency of storms was 26%less in 2022,the number of deaths was 38%less,and the number of affected people was 47%less,but the direct economic losses
54、 increased by 46%(Figure 4).665%1,582Number of Deaths16.93Affected population1312%305%6%(a)Frequency of disasters(unit:time)(d)Direct economic loss(unit:USD.billion)(c)Population affected(unit:ten thousand)(b)Number of deaths(unit:person)Figure 5 Average annual global losses from earthquakes,1992-20
55、21 vs.2022(a)Frequency of disasters(unit:time)2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTGeneral Report01Direct economic losses exceedbillion USDmilliontimes personstimes-Landslides affected more people but caused moderate lossesWildfires occurred more frequently but caused fewer direct economic
56、losses A total of 17 major landslides occurred in 2022,accounting for about 5%of the total number of major natural disasters.Compared with the average for the last 30 years(1992-2021),the frequency of landslides was 5%less in 2022,the number of deaths was 54%less,the number of affected population wa
57、s 50%less,and the direct economic losses were 100%fewer.Compared with the average for the last 10 years(2012-2021),the frequency of landslides was 6%more in 2022,the number of deaths was 43%less,the number of affected population was 23%more,and the direct economic losses were 100%fewer(Figure 7).The
58、re were 15 wildfires(mainly forest fires)that caused large losses in 2022,accounting for 5%of the total number of major natural disasters and slightly higher than the level of recent years(an average of 12 times a year for the last 30 years and an average of 10 times a year for the last 10 years).Co
59、mpared with the average for the last 30 years(1992-2021),the number of deaths from wildfires reduced by 14%in 2022,the number of affected population decreased by 4%,and the direct economic losses dropped by 77%.Compared with the average for the last 10 years(2012-2021),the number of deaths from wild
60、fires reduced by 32%in 2022,the number of affected population rose by 25%,and the direct economic losses decreased by 87%(Figure 6).The frequency of wildfires in 2022 was the same as the historical average,and the deaths and direct economic losses from wildfires significantly decreased.(Note:The dir
61、ect economic losses from 1992 to 2021 are measured at the price level of 2021,and those of 2022 are measured at the price level of the current year)(d)Direct economic loss(unit:USD.billion)(c)Population affected(unit:ten thousand)(b)Number of deaths(unit:person)Figure 6 Global average annual losses
62、from wildfires,1992-2021 vs.2022(a)Frequency of disasters(unit:time)(Note:The direct economic losses from 1992 to 2021 are measured at the price level of 2021,and those of 2022 are measured at the price level of the current year)(d)Direct economic loss(unit:USD.billion)(c)Population affected(unit:te
63、n thousand)(b)Number of deaths(unit:person)Figure 7 Global average annual losses from landslides,1992-2021 vs.2022(a)Frequency of disasters(unit:time)09-101.2.51.2.62022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTGeneral Report01Affected countries and regionsAffected countries and regionsAffected coun
64、tries and regionsAffected countries and regionsAffected countries and regionsAffected countries and regionsAffected countries and regionsExtreme temperaturesAffected countries and regionsSpatial pattern of global natural disasters in 2022011.31.3.1In 2022,the major types of natural disasters occurri
65、ng globally were meteorological and hydrological disasters,such as floods and storms,as well as earthquakes and geological disasters(Figure 8).Floods were the most frequent of all types of natural hazards around the world in 2022.There were 163 floods in total that cumulatively affected 80 countries
66、 and regions,mainly in Europe,Asia,Africa and South America.Storms were the second with a total of 66 occurrences,which cumulatively affected 53 countries,mainly in Asia,North America and Europe.30 earthquakes were registered,cumulatively affecting 18 countries,mainly in Asia.20 droughts occurred an
67、d cumulatively affected 23 countries,mainly in Africa.17 landslides were recorded with 12 countries cumulatively affected,mainly in South America.15 wildfires occurred and cumulatively affected 11 countries,mainly in Europe and the Americas.Six extreme temperatures cumulatively affected 12 countries
68、,mainly in Europe and Asia.Four volcanic eruptions occurred and cumulatively affected four countries,mainly in Southeast Asia.3023204411-12Figure 8 Spatial pattern of global natural disasters,2022Global patterns of natural disasters in 20222022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMEN
69、T REPORTGeneral Report01FloodLandslideVolcanic eruptionStormEarthquakeDroughtExtreme temperatureWildfireFloodsStormsEarthquakesDroughtsLandslidesWildfiresVolcanic eruptionsIndian OceanPacific OceanAtlantic OceanAtlantic OceanArctic Ocean(Note:The data come from the EM-DAT of the Universit catholique
70、 de Louvain(UCLouvain),Belgium;and the time period is from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022.One volcanic activity event occurred across continents(South America-Oceania)and one hurricane event occurred across continents(South America-North America).They are counted separately when we count up the
71、number of disasters by continent;and counted as a single disaster when we count up the total number of disasters across the world.)13-14Figure 9 Statistics on the frequency of natural disasters,the death toll and direct economic losses by continent,20221.3.2 Natural disasters by continent in 2022Fig
72、ure 9 shows the statistical results of the frequency of natural disasters,the number of deaths attributed to natural disasters,and the direct economic losses in all continents from January 1 to December 31,2022.Among the 321 natural disaster events included in the statistics,Asia had the largest num
73、ber of disaster events with a total of 121,accounting for 37.69%of the total number;followed by Africa,with 69(21.5%);and South America and North America with similar figures,namely 53(16.15%)and 51(15.89%);Oceania recorded the smallest number.In terms of the number of deaths attributed to natural d
74、isasters,Europe had the largest number with 16,393 in total,accounting for 53.29%of the global total;and Asia ranked second,with 7,574 deaths or 25.54%of the total.Among all major natural disasters,26 caused more than 100 deaths each(10 in Asia,6 in Africa,5 in Europe,3 in South America and 2 in Nor
75、th America).There were 8 catastrophic events that caused more than 1,000 deaths each,the most serious one being the high-temperature and heat waves in Europe in June 2022,with a total of 16,305 deaths.In terms of economic losses,North America suffered the most direct disaster economic losses(USD 149
76、.795 billion),accounting for 66.92%of the global economic losses caused by natural disasters.Asia came in second with USD 48.746 billion of direct disaster economic losses.The direct economic losses caused by natural disasters in Asia and North America summed up to nearly 88.7%of the global total.Th
77、e disaster events that caused direct economic losses of more than USD 100 million at a time occurred mostly in North America(26)and Asia(16).In addition,16 such disaster events occurred in other parts of the world(five in South America,four in Oceania,four in Africa and three in Europe).The biggest
78、loss was caused by Hurricane Ian which struck the United States and Cuba,resulting in total direct economic losses of USD 100.025 billion.Total:FrequencyNumber of deaths%Total:Direct economic lossesAfricaAsiaEuropeNorth AmericaOceaniaSouth America%Total:USD.billion2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESS
79、MENT REPORTGeneral Report011 The disaster frequency in this section is measured on a national or regional basis.Frequency(time)Arctic OceanIndian OceanPacific OceanAtlantic OceanAtlantic OceanIndian OceanPacific OceanAtlantic OceanAtlantic OceanArctic OceanIndian OceanPacific OceanAtlantic OceanAtla
80、ntic OceanArctic OceanDirect economic losses(USD 0.1 billion)Deaths(person)15-16Figure 11 Spatial distribution of the death toll from natural disasters by country/region,globally in 20221.3.3 Natural disasters in countries or regions in 2022Figures 10,11 and 12 show the spatial distribution of the f
81、requency of natural disasters1,the number of deaths,and direct economic losses for each country or region in 2022,respectively.Tables 2 and 3 respectively list the top ten countries in terms of the frequency of disasters,the death toll and mortality rates,direct economic losses and economic loss rat
82、es.The top ten countries with the highest frequency of disasters were mainly located in Latin America,and the southern and southeastern parts of Eurasia.Among them,the United States had the highest number at 26,followed by Indonesia at 20,and Columbia ranked third with 14.The countries with a larger
83、 number of disaster-related deaths were mainly located in the eastern,southern and southeastern parts of Asia,and the western part of Europe.The death tolls in the top ten countries all surpassed 500.Among them,Spain had the largest number at 4,655,followed by Germany at 4,507.Among the top ten coun
84、tries with the largest number of deaths per million people,Palau ranked first with 221.93 deaths;and South Africa ranked tenth,with 9.75 deaths.The number of deaths per million people in China was 0.2.The countries with higher direct economic losses were mainly located in East Asia and the southern
85、part of North America.The top ten countries all had direct economic losses of more than USD 2.5 billion,of which the United States had the most,at USD 146.436 billion,and China took second place with USD 16 billion.In terms of the proportion of direct economic losses in GDP of the previous year,the
86、figures for all countries,except for Tonga,Pakistan,Belize,Puerto Rico and Nicaragua,were below 1%.Among the top ten countries,Tonga had the highest proportion of direct economic losses in GDP,reaching 25.15%,and Fiji had the lowest proportion,at 0.58%.Figure 12 Spatial distribution of direct econom
87、ic losses from natural disasters by country/region,globally in 2022Figure 10 Spatial distribution of the frequency of natural disasters by country/region,globally in 20222022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTGeneral Report0117-1801Table 2 Top ten countries(or regions)in terms of natural disa
88、ster frequency and losses in 2022The United StatesIndonesiaColombiaChinaBrazilThe PhilippinesThailandSouth AfricaAfghanistanVietnam262088SpainGermanyThe United KingdomFranceUgandaIndiaPakistanAfghanistanPortugalNigeria4,6554,5073,2772,8222,5412,2101,8081,3351,066610The United StatesChinaP
89、akistanJapanAustraliaBrazilIndiaNigeriaSouth AfricaPuerto RicoCountryFrequency(time)CountryDeaths(person)CountryNote:The number of deaths per million population in Table 3 refers to the proportion of deaths in 2022 in the total population in 2021(expressed as deaths per million population),and the p
90、ercentage of direct economic losses refers to the total direct disas-ter economic losses in 2022 as a share of GDP in 2021.The population and GDP(in current USD)data for 2021 are sourced from the World Bank(https:/data.worldbank.org/).1,464.36160150116.9384.4651.41424236.7525.17Direct economic losse
91、s(USD 0.1 billion)Table 3 Top ten countries(or regions)in terms of natural disaster loss rates in 2022 PalauPortugalSpainUgandaGermanyThe United KingdomFranceTongaAfghanistanSouth Africa221.93 103.24 98.17 55.42 54.17 48.67 41.65 37.73 33.299.75TongaPakistanBelizePuerto RicoNicaraguaNigeriaSouth Afr
92、icaSurinameThe United StatesFiji25.154.31 4.01 2.36 1.28 0.95 0.88 0.70 0.63 0.58 CountryDeaths per million populationCountryPercentage of direct economic losses(%)General Report2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTIndian OceanPacific OceanAtlantic OceanAtlantic OceanArctic OceanEarthquakeF
93、loodDroughtStormIndian OceanPacific OceanAtlantic OceanAtlantic OceanArctic OceanFloodStormEarthquakeDroughtExtreme temperatureTop ten natural disasters worldwide in terms of deaths and direct economic losses in 20221.3.4Table 4 and Figure 13 respectively show the worlds top ten disaster events with
94、 the highest death toll in 2022 and their spatial distribution.It can be observed that those events with a larger number of deaths mainly occurred in economically backward developing countries,and were mostly floods and earthquakes.This is related to the low level of economic development in these co
95、untries,weak disaster preparedness and prevention capabilities of their infrastructure,and low levels of their disaster monitoring and early warning,emergency rescue,and medical services.Table 5 and Figure 14 list the worlds top ten disaster events in terms of direct economic losses in 2022 and thei
96、r spatial distribution.It can be seen that those events with higher economic losses mainly occurred in countries with more developed coastal economies,and were mostly floods and storms.Table 4 Top ten natural disasters worldwide by death toll in 2022June-AugustJuly-December May 17-October
97、 31June 14-September 14June 21-June 21July 1-October 31April 8-April 18April 10-April 12November 21-November 21February 13-February 16GermanyUgandaIndiaPakistanAfghanistanNigeriaSouth AfricaThe PhilippinesIndonesiaBrazilExtreme temperatureDroughtFloodFloodEarthquakeFloodFloodStormEarthquakeFloodRank
98、ingTimeCountryType of Disaster194.399751.2864 1.4504 7.6165 26.6398 2.8010 8.9828 3.0863 1.1998 1.2652 Deaths per million population16,3052,4652,0351,7391,079603544346334272Deaths(person)Table 5 Top ten natural disasters worldwide by direct economic losses in 2022September 28-October 2Jan
99、uary-DecemberJune 14-September 14March 16-March 16January-DecemberFebruary 22-March 3May 9-May 15May 17-October 31July 1-October 31January-DecemberThe United StatesThe United StatesPakistanJapanChinaAustraliaChinaIndiaNigeriaBrazilStormDroughtFloodEarthquakeDroughtFloodFloodFloodFloodDroughtRankingT
100、imeCountryType of Disaster1,000220424240Direct economic losses(USD 0.1 billion)Figure 14 Spatial distribution of the worlds top ten natural disasters by direct economic loss in 2022Figure 13 Spatial distribution of the worlds top ten natural disasters by death toll in 202219-2001General R
101、eport2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTComparison of deaths from natural disasters between China and the rest of the world in 2022Note:Horizontal comparison between China and the other countries and regions in the world;China ranked in the top 20.26%in terms of the number of disaster-rel
102、ated deaths per million population,which was at the lower level;Chinas total GDP ranked second;the per capita GDP ranked in the top 24.05%,which was in the upper-middle level;The number of disaster-related deaths per million population in China was basically consistent with the level of its economic
103、 development.(The number of disaster-related deaths per million population shown in the figure is calculated by dividing the number of disaster-related deaths in 79 countries and regions around the world in 2022 by the number of million population in the previous year.The population data come from t
104、he World Bank(https:/data.worldbank.org/),and the GDP data are from the GDP figures(in current USD)in 2021 released by the World Bank).1.4.1Figure 15 shows the number of deaths from natural disasters per million population in major countries and regions around the world in 2022.The number of disaste
105、r-related deaths per million population in China was 0.20 in 2022;among all the 79 countries and regions in the statistics,63 countries and regions had a larger number of disaster-related deaths per million than China,accounting for 79.74%of the total;when ranked from low to high according to the nu
106、mber of deaths per million population,China was among the top 20.26%of the 79 countries and regions in the statistics.Countries on the same level as China included Poland(0.19),Ireland(0.20),the Netherlands(0.23),etc.In terms of the number of disaster-related deaths per million population in relatio
107、n to the level of economic development,Chinas number of disaster-related deaths per million population was basically consistent with the level of its economic development in 2022,and the count was relatively low in the global range.Among the countries with economic aggregates comparable to that of C
108、hina,both the United States(1.48)and Japan(0.89)had a higher number of disaster-related deaths per million population than China.Among the countries with per capita GDP equivalent to that of China,both Russia(0.16)and Chile(0.15)had a lower number of disaster-related deaths per million population th
109、an China,while Malaysia(1.49)had a higher number.0.2079.74%Figure 15 Comparison of deaths from natural disasters between China and the rest of the world in 202221-2201Among all the 79 countries and regions in the statistics,63 countries and regions had a larger number of disaster-related deaths per
110、million than China,accounting for Disaster-related deaths per million population in China1.4Comparison of natural disasters between China and the rest of the world in 2022Deaths per million population(person)ChileRussiaJapanThe NetherlandsIrelandGDP(USD.billion)ChinaThe United StatesDeaths per milli
111、on population(person)ChileRussiaJapanThe NetherlandsGDP per capita(USD thousand)ChinaThe United StatesGeneral Report2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTpersonComparison of direct economic losses from natural disasters between China and the rest of the world in 20221.4.2Figure 16 shows the
112、direct economic losses as a share of GDP in major countries and regions world-wide in 2022.Chinas direct economic losses from natural disasters accounted for 0.09%of its GDP;among all the 40 countries and regions in the statistics,there were 21 countries and regions with a higher economic loss ratio
113、 than China,accounting for 52.5%of the total;when ranked by the proportion of direct economic losses in GDP in ascending order,China was among the top 47.5%of the 40 countries and regions in the statistics.Countries on the same level as China included the Philippines(0.08%),Iran(0.10%),etc.In terms
114、of the relationship between the proportion of direct economic losses in GDP and the level of economic development in 2022,Chinas direct economic losses from natural disasters were roughly consistent with the level of its economic development,and China ranked in the middle po-sition of the global ran
115、ge in terms of the propor-tion of direct economic losses in GDP.Among the countries with economic aggregates comparable to that of China,both the United States(0.63%)and Japan(0.24%)had a higher share of direct economic losses in GDP than China.Among coun-tries with per capita GDP equivalent to that
116、 of China,Bulgaria(0.06%)had a lower share of direct economic losses in GDP than China,while Puerto Rico(2.36%)had a higher share than China.Note:Horizontal comparison between China and the other countries and regions in the world;China ranked in the top 47.5%in terms of direct economic losses as a
117、percentage of GDP,which was in the middle level;Chinas total GDP ranked second;the per capita GDP ranked in the top 25%,which was in the upper-middle level;Chinas proportion of direct economic losses in GDP was basically consistent with the level of its economic development.(The proportion of direct
118、 economic losses in GDP shown in the figure is calculated by dividing the direct economic losses from natural disasters in 40 countries and regions around the world in 2022 by their total GDP in the previous year.The population data,GDP(in current USD)and GDP per capita(in current USD)come from the
119、World Bank(https:/data.worldbank.org/).Figure 16 Comparison of direct economic losses from natural disasters as a share of GDP between China and the rest of the world in 202223-24010.09%52.5%Among all the 40 countries and regions in the statistics,there were 21 countries and regions with a higher ec
120、onomic loss ratio than China,accounting forProportion of direct economic losses from natural disasters in Chinas GDPProportion of direct economic losses in GDPChinaJapanIranThe PhilippinesBulgariaPuerto RicoThe United StatesGDP per capita(USD thousand)Proportion of direct economic losses in GDPJapan
121、IranThe PhilippinesBulgariaPuerto RicoThe United StatesGDP(USD.billion)ChinaGeneral Report2022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORT022022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTSpecial Report 1Natural disasters in China in 202222.1 Overall review of natural disasters 2.2 Temporal and spatial
122、characteristics of natural disasters2.3 Trend analysis of disaster indicators27354127-2802Figure 2 Spatial distribution of natural disasters in China by hazard type in 2022Figure 1 Spatial distribution of natural disasters in China in 2022In 2022,natural disasters in China were dominated by floods,d
123、roughts,strong wind and hail,earthquakes and geological disasters,while typhoons,cold waves,sand and dust storms,forest and grassland fires and marine disasters also occurred to varying degrees.Extreme disastrous weather caused major disaster events such as flooding in the Pearl River basin,dike bre
124、ach in Raoyang River,a tributary of Liaohe River,flash floods in Datong,Qinghai Province and Pingwu and Beichuan,Sichuan Province,continuous drought in summer,autumn and winter in the Yangtze River basin,and forest fires in southern China.Disaster losses throughout the year read an affected populati
125、on of 112 million people,death and missing toll of 554 people,an evacuated population of 2.428 million people;collapsed housing of 47,000 rooms,with another 796,000 rooms damaged to varying degrees;affected crops of 12,071.6 thousand hectares;and direct economic losses of CNY 238.65 billion.554Death
126、 and missing toll112Affected population47,000Collapsed housing millionmillion2.428Evacuated populationAffected crops2 The original report is provided by:National Disaster Reduction Center of China,Ministry of Emergency Management.12,071.6thousand hectaresDirect economic losses238.65billion CNY2.1Spe
127、cial Report 12022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTOverall review of natural disastersXinjiangGansuQinghaiXizangSichuanYunnanYunnanGuizhouChongqingHunanHubeiHenanNingxiaShaanxiShanxiInner MongoliaBeijingLiaoningJilinHeilongjiangTianjinHebeiShandongBohai SeaYellow SeaEast China SeaSouth China
128、 SeaAnhuiShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangJiangxiFujianFujianTaiwanTaiwanGuangdongGuangdongHong KongTaiwan IslandTaiwan IslandTaiwan StraitsDongsha IslandsChiwei YuLegendDamaged housingDeath and missing tollCollapsed housingArea affectedArea of destroyed cropsEvacuated populationAffected population(person)Dia
129、oyu Islands MacaoHainanHainanXisha IslandsZhongsha IslandsHuangyan IslandNansha IslandsZengmu AnshaHainan IslandSouth China SeaHong KongDongsha IslandsMacaoHainan IslandScale 1:25 000 000*GuangxiGuangxiInformation on Taiwan Province,Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR is unavailable for the time beingXinjia
130、ngGansuQinghaiXizangSichuanYunnanYunnanGuizhouChongqingHunanHubeiHenanNingxiaShaanxiShanxiInner MongoliaBeijingLiaoningJilinHeilongjiangTianjinHebeiShandongBohai SeaYellow SeaEast China SeaSouth China SeaAnhuiShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangJiangxiFujianFujianTaiwanTaiwanGuangdongGuangdongHong KongTaiwan Isl
131、andTaiwan IslandTaiwan StraitsDongsha IslandsChiwei YuLegendDirect economic lossesBelow CNY 1 billionCNY 1-10 billionCNY 10-15 billionCNY 15-20 billionAbove CNY 20 billionNo disasterCold waveEarthquakeTyphoonDroughtFlood and geological disastersStrong wind and hailDiaoyu Islands MacaoHainanHainanXis
132、ha IslandsZhongsha IslandsHuangyan IslandNansha IslandsZengmu AnshaHainan IslandSouth China SeaHong KongDongsha IslandsMacaoHainan IslandScale 1:25 000 000*GuangxiGuangxiInformation on Taiwan Province,Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR is unavailable for the time beingpersonsroomsSouth China Sea Islands1:5
133、0,000,000South China Sea Islands1:50,000,000Affected population by hazard type2.1.12.1.2 Death and missing toll by hazard type29-30Figure 4 Pie chart of death and missing toll by hazard type in 2022Figure 5 Pie chart of causes of death and missing toll in 2022Figure 3 Pie chart of affected populatio
134、n by hazard type in 2022Among the population affected by natural disasters in China in 2022,most were affected by droughts(46.6%),followed by floods(30.0%),cold waves(10.0%),strong wind and hail(8.3%)and typhoons(4.2%).The proportions of the population affected by other disasters,such as earthquakes
135、,geological disasters and sand and dust storms,were relatively low.In 2022,floods accounted for the highest proportion(30.9%)of the death and missing toll from natural disasters in China,followed by geological disasters(24.5%),earthquakes(22.0%),and strong wind and hail(15.9%),while other disasters,
136、such as forest and grassland fires,cold waves and typhoons,accounted for a relatively small share.Geological disasters,drowning,lightning strikes,and the collapse of housing or structures were the main causes of the death and missing toll.To be precise,40.1%was from geological disasters,such as land
137、slides,mudslides and rockfall,29.6%was from drowning by flash floods,9.2%from lightning strikes,8.8%from the collapse of housing or structures,3.1%from forest fires,and 9.2%from other causes,including cold waves,avalanches,falling objects and being crushed by falling trees,as well as from disaster r
138、elief and rescue operations.FloodStrong wind and hailGeological disastersForest and grassland firesCold waveEarthquakeTyphoonFloodDroughtStrong wind and hailTyphoonCold waveEarthquake,geological disasters and sand and dust stormOthers(cold wave,avalanche,falling object,relief and rescue,etc.)Geologi
139、cal disastersDrowningLightning strikeCollapse of housing or structuresForest fire02.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%Special Report 12022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTFloodStrong wind and hailDroughtTyphoonCold waveEarthquakeGeological disasterDirect economic losses by hazard type31-
140、32Figure 7 Statistics of death and missing toll from disasters by province in 2022 3Figure 6 Pie chart of direct disaster economic losses by hazard type in 20222.1.3In 2022,floods caused the most direct economic losses,accounting for 54.0%of the total statistics in China.Droughts(21.5%),earthquakes(
141、9.4%),strong wind and hail(7.0%),cold waves(5.2%)and typhoons(2.3%)followed.Geological disasters,sand and dust storm and other disasters accounted for relatively low proportions.2.1.5 Death and missing toll by provinceSichuan,Qinghai and Yunnan all had more than 50 deaths and missing people due to d
142、isasters in 2022,among the top three in China.Sichuan was the only province which suffered a death and missing toll of more than 100 people.Compared with annual means from 2002 to 2021,all provinces had decreases in these statistics.2.1.4 Disaster index by provinceIn 2022,the comprehensive disaster
143、index of China was 0.1,the lowest over the past two decades,down by 78.8%from the average of the period 2002-2021(0.46,2008 excluded),which shows an obviously mild situation of natural disasters.By province,measured by the median provincial disaster index of 0.023 and the median per capita GDP of CN
144、Y 68,000 in 2022,and with the occurrence of natural disasters in each province taken into account,Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Anhui and Shandong were regions with high per capita GDP but low disaster impact;and Jiangxi,Henan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Yunnan,Gansu and Qinghai were regions with lo
145、w per capita GDP and heavy disaster impact.3 Note:The statistics of 2008 is not included in the mean death and missing toll in Sichuan Province from 2002 to 2021.02Death and missing toll in 2022(person)00400Annual mean of the death and missing toll from 2002 to 2021(person).%.%.%.%.%.%.%S
146、pecial Report 12022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTXinjiang Production and Construction CorpsNingxiaJilinLiaoningTianjinBeijingShanghaiShaanxiHubeiHenanAnhuiHainanShandongJiangsuZhejiangShanxiHeilongjiangChongqingXizangFujianGansuHebeiXinjiangGuizhouJiangxiInner MongoliaGuangdongHunanGuang
147、xiYunnanQinghaiSichuan33-34Figure 8 Statistics of direct disaster economic losses by province in 202242.1.6 Direct economic losses by provinceIn 2022,both Sichuan and Jiangxi suffered direct disaster economic losses of over CNY 17 billion(converted value),and Hunan,Guangdong,Fujian and Liaoning all
148、suffered direct disaster economic losses of over CNY 10 billion(converted value).Compared with the annual mean from 2002 to 2021,direct economic losses from disasters in Jiangxi,Fujian,Liaoning,Guangxi,Qinghai and Guangdong increased while loss statistics in other provinces decreased.4 Note:Annual d
149、ata in each province were converted on the basis of comparable prices in 2022 according to the GDP indices.The statistics of 2008 is not included in the mean value of the converted direct economic losses in Sichuan province from 2002 to 2021.5 Note:Events are ranked in descending order of the death
150、and missing toll,and in descending order of direct economic losses when the death and missing tolls are the same.Table 1 Top ten natural disaster events in China,20225(1)Luding earthquake of Ms 6.8 in Sichuan on September 5(2)Heavy rain and floods in the Pearl River basin in early and mid-June(3)Hea
151、vy rains and floods in Fujian,Jiangxi and Hunan in June(4)Heavy rain and floods in Sichuan in mid-July(5)Flash flooding in Datong,Qinghai on August 17(6)Typhoon Chaba(2203)(7)Summer-autumn-winter drought in in the Yangtze River basin(8)Cold waves in South China in the middle and late February(9)Heav
152、y rain and floods in Liaoning in early August(10)Menyuan earthquake of Ms 6.9 in Qinghai on January 8Total economic losses of top ten natural disaster eventsNational total lossesPercentage of top ten natural disaster events54.8648.9814.227.96.5186.293,978609.254.917.16,397.7911,267.857%30
153、00025355446%154.8278.243324.86.931.2408.578.97632.51,524.82,386.564%Natural disaster eventAffected population(10,000 persons)Death and missing toll(person)Direct economic losses(CNY 0.1 billion)020.050.0100.0150.0200.0Converted annual mean of direct economic losses from 2002 to 2021(CNY 0.1 billion)
154、Converted direct economic losses in 2022(CNY 0.1 billion)Special Report 12022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTTianjinShanghaiXizangHainanXinjiang Production and Construction CorpsNingxiaBeijingHeilongjiangHebeiShandongJiangsuJilinXinjiangAnhuiShanxiHenanQinghaiChongqingShaanxiZhejiangGuizho
155、uGansuHubeiYunnanInner MongoliaGuangxiLiaoningFujianGuangdongHunanJiangxiSichuanFloods were heavy in the north and the south and light in the central,and flash floods were frequent in some parts with severe damageNatural disasters were unevenly distributed in time and space throughout China.They wer
156、e more frequent in summer and autumn,with the central and western parts of the country more badly hit01-022022 年全球自然灾害评估报告35-362.2.1In 2022,the spatial and temporal differentiation of natural disasters in China was clearly evident.From January to April,except for the Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake in Qin
157、ghai in January and cold waves in some parts of southern China in February,natural disasters were generally mild,and the disaster losses were at a low level compared with the statistics in recent years.In summer and autumn,however,major disasters occurred successively and caused large casualties and
158、 losses.These disasters included the heavy rains and floods in South China,the regions south of the Yangtze River and the Liaohe River basin,the rare summer-autumn-winter drought in the Yangtze River basin,the flashfloods and mudslides in parts of Sichuan,Heilongjiang,Gansu and Qinghai,and the Lusha
159、n Ms 6.1 earthquake,Maerkang Ms 6.0 earthquakes and Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake in Sichuan.According to statistics,between the Beginning of Summer(May 5)and the Beginning of Winter(November 7)in 2022,various natural disasters caused 509 deaths and missing people and direct economic losses of CNY 216.3
160、billion,accounting for 92%and 91%of the annual total,respectively.2.2.2In 2022,China received 38 rounds of regional heavy rainfall,with an average precipitation of 606.1 mm,which was 5%less than annual normal.Rainfall during the flood season was mainly concentrated in the north and the south,and it
161、was less in the central.The average precipitation in South China from May to June and that in Northeast China from June to July were ranked high in history,while the average precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from July to September was 50.6%less than the mean level fo
162、r the same period of previous years,ranking the lowest in history.According to statistics,flood losses throughout the year read an affected population of 33.853 million,death and missing toll of 171 people,an evacuated population of 1.518 million;collapsed housing of 31,000 rooms,with another 262,00
163、0 rooms damaged;affected crops of 3,413.7 thousand hectares;and direct economic losses of CNY 128.9 billion.Compared with the annual mean of the last five years,the affected population,death and missing toll,collapsed housing and direct economic losses saw a decrease of 41%,63%,72%and 33%,respective
164、ly.022.238Rounds of regional heavy rainfall33.853Affected populationmillion3,413.7Affected cropsthousand hectares128.9Direct economic lossesbillion CNYSpecial Report 12022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTTemporal and spatial characteristics of natural disastersModerate to strong earthquakes
165、 were relatively more in the western region,and losses from earthquakes were severeA small number of typhoons made landfalls in China,with con-centrated sites of landfalls Historically rare summer-autumn-winter drought occurred in the Yangtze River basin,affecting a wide range of areas and causing h
166、eavy lossesStrong convections were relatively fewer,wind and hail disasters were less severe,while lightning strikes were relatively moreAmong the 25 typhoons generated in the Northwest Pacific and the South China Sea in 2022,four made landfalls and affected China,which were fewer than usual and cau
167、sed lower impacts and losses.Firstly,the first landfall was late.On July 2,Typhoon Chaba(2203)made landfall on the coast of Dianbai,Guangdong,four days later than the average time of the first landfall(June 28)in previous years.Second,the number of typhoons produced in autumn was greater,and the sit
168、es of landfalls were concentrated.From September to October,a total of 12 typhoons were generated in the Northwest Pacific and the South China Sea,more than the average(8.5)of previous years,and three of them made landfalls in western Guangdong.Third,Typhoon Muifa(2212)made four landfalls in Zhousha
169、n of Zhejiang,Fengxian of Shanghai,Qingdao of Shandong,and Dalian of Liaoning,which was the first typhoon to make four landfalls in different parts of China since 1949,and went all the way north to affect many provinces.The typhoons in 2022 caused total affected population of 4.764 million,death and
170、 missing toll of 3,and direct economic losses of CNY 5.42 billion.37-38022.2.3In 2022,the average temperature in China was high,and the summer was marked by the most severe high temperature since 1961 in the central and east-ern regions,resulting in serious drought disasters.First,droughts occurred
171、in an obvious periodic and regional manner.Winter-spring drought in the Pearl River basin,spring-summer droughts in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and northwest region,and rare summer-autumn-winter drought in the Yangtze River basin successively occurred.Second,the Yang-tze River basin suffered high temp
172、eratures and droughts rare in history.From July to November,the precipitation of the Yangtze River basin was abnor-mally low,and extreme high temperatures persisted,with 77 days in a situation severer than moderate drought,which is 54 days more than in the same period of previous years.Third,the dro
173、ughts exerted widespread impacts,and led to many people in need of assistance.Extreme high temperatures and droughts had a serious impact on agricultural pro-duction,drinking water for humans and livestock,electricity supply,and the ecological environment in disaster-stricken areas.At the peak of th
174、e drought,a total of 52.452 million people were affected nation-wide,7.585 million people needed assistance,and 6,090.2 thousand hectares of crops were affected,with direct economic losses reaching CNY 51.28 billion.Compared with the annual mean of the last five years,the affected population,people
175、in need of assistance,and direct economic losses saw an increase of 46%,39%and 67%,respectively.2.2.5In 2022,there were 108 earthquakes of Ms 4.0 or higher in the mainland of China,showing a higher frequency of moderate to strong earthquakes.The number of earthquakes of Ms 5 or higher(27)increased c
176、ompared with that of last year(20)and the mean level of previous years(20).The spatial distribution of the earthquakes was relatively concentrated,mainly in Qinghai,Sichuan and Xinjiang.Among them,the Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake in Qinghai on January 8 recorded the highest magnitude scale of the year,
177、affecting 171,000 people and causing direct economic losses of CNY 3.25 billion.Sichuan Province suffered severe losses from earthquakes,with the Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake resulting in an affected population of 548,000,the death and missing toll of 117,collapsed housing of 12,000 rooms,and direct eco
178、nomic losses of CNY 15.48 billion.Overall,earthquakes caused obviously severe losses in 2022,including a total affected population of 940,000,the death and missing toll of 122,and direct economic losses of CNY 22.45 billion,which,compared with the annual mean of the last five years,rose by 99%,784%a
179、nd 173%,respectively.2.2.4In 2022,there were 37 regional strong convection disasters in China,less than the annual mean of the last five years(45).A total of 1,116 counties(cities and districts)in China were affected by strong wind and hail disasters,mainly in the northern,northwestern and southwest
180、ern parts of the country.Disaster losses were mainly in the agricultural,forestry and husbandry sectors.As for the causes of death,cloud-to-ground lightning events occurred more frequently than in recent years.Lightning strikes caused 51 deaths,accounting for 58%of the total number of deaths caused
181、by strong wind and hail disasters,and the number of casualties caused by lightning strikes was higher in Qinghai and Sichuan.Other casualties were mainly from the collapse of structures and trees caused by strong winds.The strong wind and hail disasters in 2022 were generally not as severe as usual,
182、causing total affected population of 9.306 million,death toll of 88 people,and direct economic losses of CNY 16.67 billion.Compared with the annual mean of the last five years,the affected population,death and missing toll and direct economic losses saw a decrease of 40%,21%and 24%,respectively.2.2.
183、6Affected population at the peak of the droughtDirect economic losses52.452Area of affected cropsmillion6,090.2thousand hectaresbillion CNY51.28Number of earthquakes of Ms 4.0 or higher108Affected population Death and missing toll 0.94122billion CNYmillionpersonstimes22.45Special Report 12022 GLOBAL
184、 NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTDirect economic lossesCold waves affected the southwest and mid-south regions,and part of Xinjiang suffered severe snowstormsThe spatio-temporal distribution of forest and grassland fires was relatively concentrated39-40022.2.7China was affected by 35 cold waves in
185、 2022,5.9 more than the normal level for the same period(29.1).Cold waves were intense in southern region in February,with the average temperature was the lowest for the same period since 2009.The affected regions were mainly concentrated in the southwest and mid-south regions,and heavy losses were
186、caused in field vegetables,cash forests and fruits.Agricultural greenhouses,livestock sheds,and simply-constructed factories for industrial and commercial uses collapsed in parts of Jiangxi,Hunan and Yunnan due to snow accumulation.Local infrastructures for electricity supply and communications were
187、 also damaged.The resulting direct economic losses accounted for 80%of the annual total from cold waves.From November 26 to December 1,China experienced the strongest cold waves since the beginning of winter,which brought sharp temperature drops,strong winds,sand and dust storms and extensive rains
188、and snows to most regions.Overall,a total of 870.7 thousand hectares of agricultural crops were affected by cold waves in 2022,with direct economic losses of CNY 12.45 billion.Compared with the annual mean of the last five years,the area of affected crops and direct economic losses fell by 27%and 19
189、%,respectively.2.2.8In 2022,a total of 709 forest fires occurred in China,affecting an area of some 4,689.5 hectares of forest,causing 17 people dead.In terms of temporal distribution,the periods from March to April and from September to October were high-incidence seasons of forest fires,with a tot
190、al of 521 occurrences,accounting for 74%of the annual total.In terms of spatial distribution,affected by high temperatures,droughts and other factors,six provinces(autonomous regions),namely Hunan,Guangxi,Jiangxi,Hubei,Guangdong and Chongqing,suffered 503 forest fires,accounting for 71%of the total
191、event counts.A total of 21 grassland fires occurred in China,of which 16 or 76%were in Inner Mongolia and Qinghai.Forest fires709Area of affected forest4,689.5hectares17Death tollCold waves35Area of affected crops870.7thousand hectares timestimespersonsbillion12.45Direct economic lossesSpecial Repor
192、t 12022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORT2.3.1 Affected populationOverall speaking,the affected population by natural disasters across China has demonstrated a downward trend from 2002 to 2022.The affected population in 2022 was 112.678 million,ranking the second lowest since 2002(only highe
193、r than that in 2021).Compared with the annual mean from 2002 to 2021(300.86 million,2008 excluded),this statistics dropped by 62.5%.2.3.2 Affected people per 100,000 populationThe statistics of affected people per 100,000 population have also shown a decreasing trend from 2002 to 2022.In 2022,the nu
194、mber of affected people per 100,000 population was 7,981,which was the second lowest since 2002(only higher than that in 2021)and dropped by 64.5%compared with the annual mean from 2002 to 2021(22,469,2008 excluded).Figure 9 Annual statistics of affected population in China,2002-2022Figure 10 Annual
195、 statistics of affected people per 100,000 population in China,-42112.678Affected population62.5%Dropped by7,98164.5%Dropped byAffected people per 100,000 population Affected people per 100,000 populationAnnual mean of 2002-2021Trend lineAffected population(10,000 persons)Annual mean of
196、 2002-2021Trend line Trend analysis of disaster indicators2.3Special Report 12022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTmillion personspersonsFigure 12 Annual statistics of death and missing toll per 100,000 population in China,2002-2022Figure 14 Annual statistics of direct economic losses as a s
197、hare of GDP in China,2002-20226 Note:annual data were converted based on 2022 comparable prices,in accordance with GDP index.0243-44Figure 11 Annual statistics of death and missing toll in China,2002-20222.3.3 Death and missing tollFrom 2002 to 2022,the annual death and missing toll caused by natura
198、l disasters in China was also declining.The death and missing toll in 2022 was 554(487 deaths and 67 missing people),ranking the lowest since 2002.Compared with the average level from 2002 to 2021(2,009,2008 excluded),the decrease was as high as 72.4%.2.3.4 Death and missing toll per 100,000 populat
199、ionFrom 2002 to 2022,the death and missing toll per 100,000 population caused by natural disasters in China went down as well,which was 0.039 in 2022,the lowest since 2002.Compared with the annual mean from 2002 to 2021(0.15,2008 excluded),there was a decrease of 73.8%.Figure 13 Annual statistics of
200、 direct economic losses in China,.3.5 Direct economic lossesFrom 2002 to 2022,direct economic losses caused by natural disasters in China showed a downward trend(annual data were converted based on 2022 comparable prices,in accordance with GDP index).The loss data in 2022 read CNY 124.98
201、billion,ranking the lowest since 2002,with a decrease of 39.1%from the annual mean from 2002 to 2021(CNY 205.14 billion,2008 excluded).2.3.6 Direct economic losses as a share of GDPFrom 2002 to 2022,the ratio of direct economic losses from natural disasters over GDP in China was declining as well.In
202、 2022,this ratio was 0.20%,which was the lowest since 2001,and decreased by 73.9%from the annual mean from 2002 to 2021(0.76%,2008 excluded).55472.4%Decreased by124.9839.1%Decreased byDirect economic lossesDeath and missing tollbillion CNYDeath and missing toll per 100,000 population0.03973.8%Decrea
203、sed by0.20%73.9%Decreased byThe ratio of direct economic losses from natural disasters over GDP.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%.%Direct economic losses as a share of GDPAnnual mean of 2002-2021Trend line.Death and missing toll per 100,000 populationAnnual mean of 2002-2021Trend line Death and missing toll(person)Annual mean of 2002-2021Trend line.Direct economic loss(CNY 0.1 billion)Annual mean of 2002-2021Trend lineSpecial Report 12022 GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT REPORTpersons