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1、 1 www.concept.co.nz Offshore wind industry capability mapping study Prepared for Taranaki Offshore Partnership October 2023 2 About Concept Consulting Group Ltd We have been providing useful,high-quality advice and analysis for more than 20 years.Our roots are in the electricity sector and our prac
2、tice has grown from there.We have developed deep expertise across the wider energy sector,and in environmental and resource economics.We have also translated our skills to assignments in telecommunications and water infrastructure.Our directors have all held senior executive roles in the energy sect
3、or,and our team has a breadth of policy,regulatory,economic analysis,strategy,modelling,forecasting and reporting expertise.Our clients include large users,suppliers,regulators and governments.Our practical experience and range of skills means we can tackle difficult problems and provide advice you
4、can use.For more information,please visit www.concept.co.nz.Disclaimer Except as expressly provided for in our engagement terms,Concept and its staff shall not,and do not,accept any liability for errors or omissions in this report or for any consequences of reliance on its content,conclusions or any
5、 material,correspondence of any form or discussions,arising out of or associated with its preparation.The analysis and opinions set out in this report reflect Concepts best professional judgement at the time of writing.Concept shall not be liable for,and expressly excludes in advance any liability t
6、o update the analysis or information contained in this report after the date of the report,whether or not it has an effect on the findings and conclusions contained in the report.This report remains subject to any other qualifications or limitations set out in the engagement terms.No part of this re
7、port may be published without prior written approval of Concept.Copyright 2023 Concept Consulting Group Limited All rights reserved Contents Executive Summary.5 Planning phase of offshore wind projects.5 Build phase of offshore wind projects.6 Operational phase of offshore wind projects.7 Induced jo
8、bs in operational phase.8 Possible areas for future research/action.9 Helping local supply chains to prepare and be efficient.9 Facilitating collaboration between local and overseas companies 9 Helping workers to develop the relevant skills.9 Addressing particular hurdles faced by Mori supplier orga
9、nisations and whnau.9 1 Purpose and research approach.10 1.1 Purpose.10 1.2 Decarbonisation driving development of renewables.10 1.3 Research approach.11 1.4 Information sources and survey.12 1.5 Reference scenario.12 1.6 What this study does not cover.13 1.7 Caveats.13 1.8 Acknowledgments.14 1.9 St
10、ructure of this report.14 2 Offshore wind projects overview.16 2.1 Main elements of an offshore wind farm.16 2.2 Life-cycle for offshore wind development.16 2.3 Work requirements over project life cycle.17 3 Activity in planning phase of a wind project.18 3.1 Overview of activities in planning phase
11、.18 3.2 Estimated work/jobs in wind farm planning phase.18 3.3 Scope for domestic involvement in planning work.21 3.3.1 Physical environmental studies.21 3.3.2 Ecological studies.22 3.3.3 Analysis of cultural,social and environmental impacts.22 3.3.4 Regulatory consenting.22 3.3.5 Engineering design
12、.22 3.3.6 Commercial analysis.23 3.3.7 Summary of capabilities in planning phase.23 4 Activity in the build phase of a wind project.25 4.1 Overview.25 4.2 Manufacture of components for an offshore wind farm.25 4.3 Scope for domestic involvement in manufacturing work.26 4.3.1 Nacelle and rotor compon
13、ents supply.27 4.3.2 Tower and transition piece supply.27 4.3.3 Foundations supply.28 4.3.4 Array and export cable supply.28 4 4.3.5 Offshore substation supply.29 4.3.6 Onshore infrastructure supply.29 4.3.7 Summary of capabilities in manufacturing sub-phase.29 4.4 Installation and connection of an
14、offshore wind farm.31 4.5 Scope for domestic involvement in installation work.31 4.5.1 Turbine and foundation installation.31 4.5.2 Array and export cable installation.32 4.5.3 Offshore substation installation.33 4.5.4 Onshore facilities.33 4.5.5 Summary of capabilities in installation sub-phase.33
15、5 Activity in operational phase of a wind project.35 5.1 O&M phase lasts for 30+years.35 5.2 Location important for O&M service hubs.35 5.3 Direct,indirect and induced work.35 5.3.1 Further information on the direct O&M jobs.39 5.4 Indirect jobs/work in operational phase.40 5.5 Scope for domestic in
16、volvement in operational work.41 5.5.1 Direct O&M positions.41 5.5.2 Indirect O&M positions.41 5.5.3 Summary of capabilities in operational phase.42 5.6 Induced jobs in operational phase.44 5.7 Cross-check of O&M job estimates with other studies.44 5.8 Overall jobs generated in the operational phase
17、.46 6 Areas for possible future research.47 6.1 Help local supply chains to prepare and be efficient.47 6.2 Facilitate collaboration between local and overseas companies 47 6.3 Help workers to develop relevant skills.48 6.4 Address hurdles faced by Mori.49 6.5 Local content requirements.50 Appendix
18、A:Top-down estimates for jobs.52 Appendix B:Direct,indirect and induced job estimates for operational phase 54 Appendix C:Survey summary.55 5 Executive SummaryExecutive Summary This report sets out the results of an Industry Capability Mapping study into offshore wind farming(OWF)in Aotearoa New Zea
19、land.This study addresses the following questions:1.What activities are needed to plan,build and operate an offshore wind farm?2.What capabilities exist in Aotearoa New Zealand to undertake the activities set out in item 1?Offshore wind projects have a four-stage life-cycle as shown in Figure 1.Figu
20、re 1:Stages of an offshore wind farm This report gives an idea of how many jobs could be available during all phases of a project.However,we have focussed more on the operations phase because it lasts for 30 years or more and would generate the most ongoing jobs.To help make this study tangible,we h
21、ave used an example of an offshore wind project in South Taranaki with initial capacity of 1,000 MW that can be later increased to 2,000 MW(see Reference Scenario in section 1.5).1 This analysis assumes procurement activities(such as developing specifications and negotiating contracts with suppliers
22、)are included in the planning phase.We collected information for the study from many sources,including meetings in Taranaki and an online forum.Information on organisational capabilities was collected from a web-based survey and industry research.More than 100 organisations or groups took part in th
23、e process.Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners Planning Planning phasephase of offshore wind projectsof offshore wind projects The planning phase1 of an offshore wind project involves everything needed to decide if the project should go ahead.This includes studying the impact on local comm
24、unities,the seabed,ecology,and designing the engineering aspects.Overall,we think that planning for a 1,000 MW project would create about 210 person-years of work.2 The estimated share of activity among work types is shown in Figure 2.2 A“person-year of work”is one FTE(full time equivalent)for one y
25、ear.For example,10 person-years of work could be one person working for ten years,or 20 people working part(half)time for a year.PlanBuildOperateRemove/Repower3-5 years3-4 years30+years2 years 6 Figure 2:Types of work needed in the planning phase Source:Concept estimate based on IRENA(2018)We expect
26、 that most of the required work could be undertaken by organisations within Aotearoa New Zealand as summarised in Table 1.Table 1:Scope for domestic involvement in planning work More information on work in the planning phase of offshore wind projects is set out in Chapter 3.Build Build phasephase of
27、 offshore wind projectsof offshore wind projects The build phase of an offshore wind project includes constructing all the parts for the wind farm and then installing them at the project site.Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,Vineyard Project Altogether,making the parts for a 1,000 MW w
28、ind farm is predicted to create about 8,500 person-years of work.Installing and connecting these parts would add another 1,600 person-years.The estimated share of activity among major components is shown in Figure 3.Types of work in planning phaseEnvironmental studiesCoastal studiesWind analysisSeab
29、ed studiesProject developmentEngineering designwind jobs.xlsxCategoryPotential for supply from sources in Aotearoa NZPhysical environment studiesMostly highEcological studiesHighAnalysis of cultural,social&environ impactsHighRegulatory consentingNot assessedEngineering design and procurementMostly h
30、ighCommercial analysisHighsurvey and research database.xlsx 7 Figure 3:Component level breakdown of work Source:Concept estimates based on IRENA(2018)The manufacture and installation of offshore wind turbines needs special equipment and knowledge.Because of this,some components would probably need t
31、o come from outside Aotearoa New Zealand.However,some parts or services could be provided here and there are opportunities for significant local support during the installation phase.For example,local organisations are likely to be well-placed to construct onshore facilities such as a port for day-t
32、o-day operations and a connection to the national grid.A summary of the scope for domestic involvement in the manufacturing and installation phases is set out in Table 2 and Table 3.3 For the purposes of comparing categories in Figure 3,Table 2 and Table 3,turbine=nacelle&rotor&tower,and the transit
33、ion piece is part of the tower.Table 2:Scope for domestic involvement in manufacturing sub-phase3 Table 3:Scope for domestic involvement in installation sub-phase More information on the manufacturing and installation sub-phases for offshore wind projects can be found in Chapter 4.Operational Operat
34、ional phasephase of offshore wind projectsof offshore wind projects Offshore wind farms usually operate for around 30 years,or even longer if they are repowered.The operational phase is expected to create the most local jobs because of the nature of its activities and long duration.Manufacturing act
35、ivityNacelleRotorTowerCablingFoundationSubstationwind jobs.xlsxInstallation activityFoundationSubstationCablingTurbineArray cable layingGrid connectionCategoryPotential for supply from sources in Aotearoa NZNacelle&rotor-supplyAppears unlikelyTower and transition piece-supplyMay be practical for som
36、e elementsFoundation-supplyAppears unlikelyArray and export cable-supplyMay be practical for some elementsOffshore substation-supplyMay be practical for some elementsOnshore infrastructure-supplyMostly highsurvey and research database.xlsxCategoryPotential for supply from sources in Aotearoa NZNacel
37、le&rotor-installMay be practical for some elementsTower and transition piece-installMay be practical for some elementsFoundation-installMay be practical for some elementsArray and export cable-installMay be practical for some elementsOffshore substation-installMay be practical for some elementsOnsho
38、re infrastructure-installMostly highsurvey and research database.xlsx 8 Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,Vineyard Project In its operational phase we estimate that a 1,000 MW project would generate around 3,900 person-years of work.Some of these people would work directly on things lik
39、e fixing wind turbines,while others would share their time with other projects or jobs,such as helicopter crews.In full time equivalent terms,the direct and indirect work equates to around 125 roles for a 1,000 MW project.Most of the people working during the operational phase would likely be from t
40、he local area.This is because these roles require people on an ongoing basis,and for them to be physically available to service the offshore wind farm.The key exception where outside support may be needed is some types of major maintenance work.These sorts of tasks come up every five years or so and
41、 need special skills or equipment.However,major maintenance work is expected to also generate demand for local organisations in areas where domestic supply is feasible.A summary of our assessment is set out in Table 4.Table 4:Scope for domestic involvement in O&M work Induced jobs in operational pha
42、seInduced jobs in operational phase In addition to jobs working on an offshore project itself,the operational phase is expected to create so-called induced jobs.These are jobs generated in the local area by the additional spending power of people working on the project on an ongoing basis.An example
43、 would be the additional workers needed in a local supermarket.For the 1,000 MW reference project we expect around 60 FTE worth of induced jobs.In total,we expect a 1,000 MW offshore project to generate around 190 FTE jobs and 5,800 person-years of work in the region where the project is located.The
44、 estimated impact for each type of work in person-year terms is shown in Figure 4.CategoryPotential for supply from sources in Aotearoa NZCore operationHighCore maintenanceHighAviation,port&offshore servicesHighConsumables,general servicesHighInspection,certification&environ monitoringHighFacilities
45、 management,and assoc servicesHighHuman resourcesHighMajor maintenance-turbinesMixedMajor maintenance-balance of plantMixedTransport and warehousingHighsurvey and research database.xlsx 9 Figure 4:Person-years of work in operational phase(1,000 MW project)Source:Concept estimates As noted earlier,th
46、e Reference Case is based on an initial project size of 1,000 MW that is subsequently expanded to 2,000 MW.We expect a 2,000 MW offshore wind project to generate approximately 9,900 person-years of work in its operational phase,which equates to around 320 FTE jobs.We have compared our estimates to i
47、nternational data in other similar studies.This comparison suggests that our estimates may be on the conservative side(i.e.more jobs may be generated in practice than indicated by Concepts estimates.)PoPossible areas for future ssible areas for future research/research/actactionion This study is foc
48、ussed on estimating the scale of job and supplier opportunities from an offshore wind industry.During this study we have also identified some areas where action could be beneficial to help increase the local benefits from an offshore wind industry.In broad terms these include:Helping local supply ch
49、ains to prepare and be efficient Facilitating collaboration between local and overseas companies Helping workers to develop the relevant skills Addressing particular hurdles faced by Mori supplier organisations and whnau.These issues are discussed further in section 6 along with suggestions for futu
50、re research.10 1 1 PurposePurpose and and research research approachapproach 1.11.1 PurposePurpose This report describes the results of an Industry Capability Mapping study of offshore wind farming(OWF)in Aotearoa New Zealand.This study addresses the following questions:1.What activities are needed
51、to plan,build and operate an offshore wind farm?2.What capabilities exist in Aotearoa New Zealand to undertake the activities identified in item 1?While this report scans the entire life cycle for an offshore wind farm,it focuses mainly on the operational phase because that stage endures for 30 year
52、s or more and would generate the most ongoing local jobs.This report also identifies in high level terms some areas where actions could be taken to lift capabilities and ensure more local benefit can be obtained from development of an offshore wind industry in Aotearoa New Zealand.1.21.2 Decarbonisa
53、tion drivDecarbonisation drivinging development of development of renewrenewablesables There are no offshore wind farms in Aotearoa New Zealand at present,but a number of developers are actively considering potential offshore wind projects with initial operation targeted around 2030.Offshore wind ge
54、neration began in 1991 and has grown steadily since then.In 2021,an additional 58,000 MW of offshore wind capacity was installed What is offshore wind generation?Onshore wind farming will be familiar to many New Zealanders with existing windfarms operating from the Waikato region to Southland.Offsho
55、re wind farming is very similar to onshore wind farming in many respects.Inboth cases generator turbines convert wind energy into electricity which is theninjected onto the national grid for use by households and businesses across thecountry.Source:Taranaki Offshore PartnershipThe key differences be
56、tween onshore and offshore wind farms are:Offshore locations can have better conditions for wind generation due tomore steady and higher average wind speedsOffshore locations make it easier to use larger turbines which have highefficiency.By contrast,it can be challenging to deploy very large turbin
57、esonshore because of the difficulties of transporting components on roads toproject sites.Offshore locations raise fewer concerns about visual impacts because theturbines can be located well offshore.11 according to the International Energy Agency(IEA).4 Capacity additions are expected to increase f
58、urther in coming years.The main driver for this growth is the pressing need to decarbonise the worlds energy supplies.Figure 5:Projected growth in wind generation Sources:International Energy Agency 2019,STEPS scenario(alternative scenario has more growth,Electricity Authority Market Development Adv
59、isory Group 2022,Reference case+Tiwai demand 4 www.iea.org/reports/wind-electricity.As a renewable energy source,offshore wind is expected to play a key role in decarbonisation.This is illustrated by Figure 5.The lefthand panel shows IEA projections of total installed capacity for offshore wind in E
60、urope and Asia.An increase of roughly 2,500%is projected over the period between 2020 and 2040.Turning to New Zealand,wind generation(onshore and/or offshore)is also expected to play a key role in decarbonisation with much of the growth in new supply expected to come from this source.The is reflecte
61、d in the righthand panel of Figure 5 which shows a recent projection of wind generation.5 A roughly ten-fold increase is projected in wind generation between 2020 and 2050.1.31.3 Research Research approachapproach An approach that is often used in studies of this type is to review the international
62、literature to identify key industry ratios,and then apply them in the local context to derive job estimates.We call this a top-down approach.This approach has the advantage of not requiring extensive local data and analysis,and also facilitates comparisons across studies.However,the ratios from inte
63、rnational studies of previous projects may not necessarily apply to upcoming local projects.This approach therefore needs to be applied with some care.The alternative bottom-up approach starts by identifying the types of work that need to be performed in a wind farm project.This information is then
64、used to develop position summaries for specific roles.Because this approach starts with more granular information,it should provide a more 5 The chart shows wind generation and does not specify whether it is onshore or offshore.-5 10 15 20 25202020352050Projected growth in NZ wind generation(TWh/yea
65、r)Source:Electricity Authority Market Development Advisory Group 2022,Reference case+Tiwai demand Source:International Energy Agency 2019,STEPS scenario(alternative scenario has more growth)0500202020302040Projected growth in offshore wind generation(GW)EuropeAsiaGWTWh/yearProjected offsh
66、ore wind generationProjected NZ wind generation 12 accurate picture of the job and work opportunities.However,it is more resource intensive to apply and works best for roles that are dedicated to a particular project.For this study we have used both top-down and bottom-up approaches to estimate job
67、opportunities,reflecting the fact that each has strengths and weaknesses.In particular,we have used both approaches for the operational phase of a wind project development,given that stage is the main focus of this study.We have also undertaken qualitative analysis for all phases of a wind project d
68、evelopment.Table 5:Research methods Phase of wind project development Top-down Quantitative Bottom-up Quantitative Qualitative Planning Manufacture Installation Operation&maintenance 1.41.4 Information sources and surveyInformation sources and survey Much of the information specific to Aotearoa New
69、Zealand is based on a survey carried out for this study.Survey data was augmented by information gathered from workshops,hui,bilateral stakeholder discussions and desktop research.A summary of survey responses is contained in Appendix C:.Information not specific to Aotearoa New Zealand was mainly ga
70、thered from industry reports and academic papers.These sources are listed in the reference section at the end of the report.1.51.5 Reference scenarioReference scenario To make this study more tangible,it is based around a notional wind project in the South Taranaki Bight(the so-called Reference Scen
71、ario).Figure 6:Wind project used as Reference Scenario Source:Concept estimate based on Taranaki Offshore Partnership graphic Use of specific project parameters allows us to more accurately estimate the numbers of staff required for a wind development in its operational phase.This is because we have
72、 specific estimates for the number of turbines and travel distances for crew transfer vessels etc.Offshore Wind Farm region and possible port locations 13 The key parameters of the Reference Scenario are set out in Table 6.Table 6:Reference scenario specifications Phase of wind project development S
73、tage 1 2 Total MW capacity 1,000 2,000 Commissioning year 2030-Turbine count 60-70 120-140 Turbine size 15 MW Water depth 25-50m Foundations Monopile Maintenance strategy Shore-based vessels&helicopter back-up Regular maintenance Using vessels based in Ptea Heavy maintenance Using vessels from New P
74、lymouth 1.61.6 What What this study does not coverthis study does not cover Time and resource constraints mean that this report cannot cover every aspect of an offshore wind development.In this context,it is important to note that the study does not include:Estimates of jobs/work required to upgrade
75、 port facilities to support an offshore wind development.In particular,our estimates do not include the work that would be needed to upgrade port facilities at Ptea and New Plymouth.Estimates of jobs/work required to upgrade the electricity transmission grid.6 See https:/www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument
76、/25828-enabling-investment-in-offshore-renewable-energy and Estimates of jobs/work required to upgrade other civil infrastructure if that is required,such as development of new housing for workers.Estimates of jobs/work opportunities associated with the use of the electricity generated by an offshor
77、e wind development.1.71.7 C Caveatsaveats There will always be a degree of uncertainty when seeking to predict the future.To reflect the uncertainties,we have generally expressed numerical estimates in the form of ranges.These ranges are intended to capture the likely range of possible outcomes.We n
78、ote that Aotearoa New Zealand does not currently have a regulatory regime to allow for the development of offshore renewable energy generation.The Government has taken an in principle decision to proceed with a feasibility permitting approach for the feasibility phase of offshore wind farm projects
79、and is currently considering the design of regulation for the construction,operation,and decommissioning phases of offshore wind farm projects.6 Some aspects of the work needed to develop an offshore wind project will be affected by the form of a regulatory regime(especially in the planning phase).F
80、or this report we have assumed that Aotearoa New Zealand adopts a regime that is broadly similar to that applying in other countries.It is important to note that this is an area of uncertainty.Finally,we note this study estimates the job opportunities generated by the offshore wind project described
81、 in the Reference Scenario.These https:/www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/26913-developing-a-regulatory-framework-for-offshore-renewable-energy-pdf.14 estimates are framed against a counterfactual where no such development occurs.7 1.81.8 AcknowledgmentAcknowledgments s We greatly appreciate the technica
82、l input and information received from the sponsors of this study,Taranaki Offshore Partnership(TOP)and New Zealand Trade and Enterprise.In particular,TOP facilitated access to information on the Star of the South offshore wind project in Victoria and the results from an external study into operation
83、 and maintenance requirements for a potential offshore wind development in Taranaki.These sources were invaluable in putting flesh on the bones in many areas of our study.In addition,we wish to record our sincere appreciation for the engagement support provided by Ara Ake,especially in organising an
84、d running the workshops in Taranaki and facilitating information gathering from industry.We also wish to acknowledge the very useful guidance provided by the Reference Group established to help support this study.The Reference Group members were:Iwi/organisation Reference group participants Ara Ake
85、Cristiano Marantes,Jonathan Young,Caroline Gunn Copenhagen Offshore Partners Giacomo Caleffi,Sarah ODonnell Energy Skills Aotearoa Dianne Mason,Sheree Long E T Savage,Stefan Freeman,Jen Natoli NZ Super Fund Brendon Jones NZ Trade and Enterprise Hayden Mackenzie,Will Perriam 7 In practice,other count
86、erfactual cases could be relevant,such as development of alternative projects.Iwi/organisation Reference group participants Ngruahine Te Uraura Nganeko Ngaa Rauru Mike Neho,Renee Bradley Ngti Ruanui Graham Young,Nicola Coogan Taranaki Regional Skills Leadership Group Charlotte Littlewood Taranaki Ch
87、amber of Commerce Arun Chaudhari Taranaki iwi Mark Wipatene Te Atiawa Joshua Hitchcock Te Pukenga,Western Institute of Technology Allie Hemara-Wahanui,Kyle Hall Worley Philip Furr,Paul Minchin Venture Taranaki Anne Probert,Vicki Fairley,Matt Lamb Our accompanying“Offshore Wind Jobs Guide draws exten
88、sively from a similar document prepared for the Star of the South offshore wind project in Victoria,Australia.We greatly appreciate and acknowledge the assistance provided by the Star of the South project.Having recorded these acknowledgements,we must emphasise that this report reflects the views of
89、 Concept and should not be construed as representing the views of any of the above parties.Likewise,we are solely responsible for any errors or omissions.1.91.9 Structure of this reportStructure of this report This report is structured as follows:15 Chapter 2 provides an overview of the work require
90、d in all stages of an offshore wind project Chapter 3 provides more detail on the planning phase of an offshore wind farm,the work required and potential capabilities in Aotearoa New Zealand Chapter 4 provides more detail on the build phase of an offshore wind farm,the work required and potential ca
91、pabilities in Aotearoa New Zealand Chapter 5 provides more detail on the operational phase of an offshore wind farm,the work required and potential capabilities in Aotearoa New Zealand Chapter 6 describes possible areas for further research.16 2 2 O Offshore windffshore wind projects projects overvi
92、ewoverview 2.12.1 Main elements of an offshore wind farmMain elements of an offshore wind farm Figure 7 shows the main components of an offshore wind farm.Electricity is generated by wind turbine generators(WTGs).Each WTG consists of a rotor(made up of a hub and blades)connected to an electrical gen
93、erator within a nacelle.The nacelle and rotor assembly can swivel depending on wind direction and is mounted on a tower.The towers themselves may be fixed to the seabed(as in the diagram)or on a floating structure which is tethered to the seabed.Electricity from each WTG is collected via a network o
94、f cables and sent to substations before being injected onto the national grid.Figure 7:Main components of offshore wind farm Source:IRENA(2018)2.22.2 LifeLife-cycle cycle for for offshore wind offshore wind developmentdevelopment The life-cycle for an offshore wind project has four broad stages,whic
95、h in total can exceed 30 years.The four broad stages are shown in Figure 8.Figure 8:Stages of an offshore wind farm For this study we have focussed on the operation and maintenance(O&M)stage because it produced the most longer-term jobs.For this phase we have used both top-down and bottom-up analysi
96、s.We have also looked at the plan and build phases of a wind farm development.For these phases we have mainly used a top-down analysis to estimate job opportunities.The final phase for an offshore wind farm is the decommissioning and/or repowering of the project.We have not analysed this phase in de
97、tail because it is so far into the future.For example,offshore projects currently being planned in New Zealand would likely face repower/decommission decisions around the year 2060(assuming they proceed around 2030).Furthermore,experience with onshore wind suggests that if offshore wind projects are
98、 developed in New Zealand,they are likely to be repowered at PlanBuildOperateRemove/Repower3-5 years3-4 years30+years2 years 17 the end of their lives because it makes sense to re-utilise sites with the best wind resources.8 Repowering would mean pre-existing infrastructure is dismantled and recycle
99、d.New turbines would then be installed to replace the pre-existing equipment.Established pathways already exist to recycle metals which make up the majority of wind farm components.Historically,it has been more difficult to recycle composite components such as blades.However,recent developments mean
100、 that recycling of these components has also become viable.9 2.32.3 Work requirements Work requirements over project life cycleover project life cycle Figure 9 shows the estimated work required for the 1,000 MW wind project in the Reference Scenario over its life-cycle(the derivation of the estimate
101、s is explained in later sections of this report).The chart includes direct and indirect work but excludes induced work.The vertical bars show estimates of work requirements expressed in terms of person-years.Key observations from Figure 9 include:The work profile has a substantial spike in the early
102、 years for the plan and build phases.This is followed by decades of relatively steady work required in the O&M stage.Manufacture of equipment is expected to be the single largest category of work,accounting for around 57%of the total.As we discuss later,much of this is likely to occur overseas.Nonet
103、heless,8 See https:/windeurope.org/newsroom/press-releases/repowering-europes-wind-farms-is-a-win-win-win/.there may be opportunities for local input in some categories as discussed in section 4.O&M activity is the next largest category of work,accounting for around 26%of the total.It is also the wo
104、rk with the longest duration i.e.it generates ongoing jobs.Because of this attribute it is covered in some detail in chapter 5.The remaining activities(planning,installing and decommissioning)account for around 17%of total.Figure 9:Person-years of work over life-cycle for 1000MW project Source:Conce
105、pt estimates The following chapters explore each of these phases in more detail.9 For example see www.up-to- and request.pdf().-500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,0001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 527282930337Person-years of workYear after project startConcept-m
106、id-case PlanningManufactureInstall&connectOperate and maintainDecommissionwind jobs.xlsx 18 3 3 Activity in Activity in planning planning phasephase of a of a wind wind projectproject 3.13.1 Overview of activities in Overview of activities in planplanningning phasephase The planning phase for an off
107、shore wind project includes all of the activities needed to make a final decision on whether to proceed(the so-called final investment decision).This phase includes the work:Obtaining the consents needed to build and operate a project from the relevant authorities Examining the impact of a developme
108、nt on affected parties such as mana whenua and local communities and developing plans to address any concerns Assessing the effect of a development on the natural environment and developing plans to address any adverse effects Designing the wind farm itself To procure the plant,equipment and service
109、s needed to construct an offshore wind farm.10 This includes the preparation of specification documents,engagement with potential suppliers,and the negotiation of final contracts.Analysing the financial feasibility of the project,including its projected generation output,revenues and costs over its
110、lifespan.3.23.2 Estimated work/jobs in wind farm planning phaseEstimated work/jobs in wind farm planning phase As discussed in section 1.1 the planning phase of a wind farm development is not the main focus of this report.For that reason we have compiled a top-down estimate of the work/jobs for this
111、 phase rather than a bottom-up estimate.11 10 Some steps in the procurement process may occur after a final investment decision.For simplicity we have included procurement in the planning phase.Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners In aggregate,we estimate that the planning phase(including
112、procurement activity prior to final investment decision)would require around 210 person-years of activity.The estimated share of activity among work types is shown in Figure 10.Environmental,coastal,wind and seabed studies account for around half of total activity.All of these activities have a heav
113、y technical component for the gathering and analysis of site-specific data.The balance of activity relates to engineering design and project development.The latter category refers to tasks such as applying for 11 See Appendix A:for further information.19 consents from relevant authorities,negotiatin
114、g with potential component suppliers,purchasers of electricity,financiers and insurers etc.Figure 10:Activities in planning phase Source:Concept estimate based on IRENA(2018)Table 7 sets out information on the planning phase in tabular form.Table 7:Work required for planning phase Source:Concept est
115、imates based on IRENA(2018)Table 8 shows more information on the types of work that would be required in the planning phase.Types of work in planning phaseEnvironmental studiesCoastal studiesWind analysisSeabed studiesProject developmentEngineering designwind jobs.xlsxTypes of workPerson-daysPerson-
116、yearsShareEnvironmental studies3,887 18 8%Coastal studies2,592 12 6%Wind analysis3,240 15 7%Seabed studies7,778 35 17%Project development12,234 55 26%Engineering design6,012 27 13%Total46,691 211 100%wind jobs.xlsx 20 Table 8:Activities in planning stage of wind farm project Category Types of activi
117、ty Examples of what is involved Physical environment studies Geotechnical survey Multibeam bathymetry Topology/boomer analysis Wind resource assessment and ocean dynamics Studies to assess the composition of the seabed.Measurement of the depth of water.Used to map the topology of the seafloor.Geolog
118、ical structure of the seabed for foundation design etc.Using mast-based/LiDAR systems to collect data on wind speed and direction,and ocean conditions.Ecological studies Benthic flora and fauna(the seabed)Marine mammals Seabirds Fish and squid Onshore species Methods include:videography,photography,
119、passive acoustic monitoring,radio telemetry trawl surveys,purse seining,gill or set nets,aerial surveys,intertidal kaimoana surveys interviews with fishers,underwater clubs etc Analysis of cultural,social and environmental impacts of wind farm Cultural impact assessment Social impact studies Habitat
120、 impact(onshore)Habitat impact(offshore)Water quality effects Engaging with mana whenua iwi on a wind farms potential effects.Determining whether a region contains any areas of archaeological significance.Identifying social effects(eg,visual impact study and marine traffic study.)Assessing impact on
121、 habitat due to infrastructure and operations(eg,vessels and turbines interacting with marine mammals.)Assessing sediment dispersal from construction activities.Regulatory consenting Preparing and progressing applications for project consents with relevant authorities Identifying effect of project o
122、n people and the environment.Engaging with stakeholders to discuss effects and address any potential concerns.Engineering design Wind farm design Construction planning,transmission,and logistics Operation and maintenance(O&M)planning Engineering design of all offshore wind farm components.Scoping lo
123、gistics of major components and port capabilities,transmission connection.Detailing O&M schedules,staff,and logistics.Commercial analysis Analyse the costs,and benefits and commercial risks of a development Modelling of wind generation output(volumes).Analysis of project revenues.Analysis of project
124、 costs and taxation.Analysis of financing options.21 3.33.3 Scope for domestic involvementScope for domestic involvement in in planning planning workwork For each category of activity in Table 8 we have assessed the scope for supply by people/organisations in Aotearoa New Zealand.While this assessme
125、nt is inevitably somewhat subjective,we have sought to apply a consistent approach across categories and providers.Key information sources that have been used as inputs for our assessment include:Desktop research of business directories etc,past projects etc.Information gathered from workshops in Ta
126、ranaki and online with potential suppliers Information provided by Reference Group members Information provided by respondents to a survey of potential suppliers.3.3.13.3.1 Physical environmental studiesPhysical environmental studies We expect most of the required capabilities in this category can b
127、e accessed within Taranaki or elsewhere in Aotearoa New Zealand.In part,this is due to the cross-over between the requirements for offshore wind and the oil and gas industries.For example,both have a need for offshore geotechnical and bathymetric surveys.As far as we are aware,the key exception for
128、physical environmental studies is the collection of high-resolution wind and metocean data from floating LiDAR equipment.We understand the equipment itself and the data processing capability need to be sourced from overseas.Having said that,deployment of LiDAR equipment would create opportunities fo
129、r local support providers(see box).Overall we assess capability in this segment to be mostly high.Example of Floating LiDAR Floating LiDAR buoys can be used to gather highly accurate wind resource and other metocean data for offshore wind developments.Taranaki Offshore Partnership is preparing to de
130、ploy a floating LiDAR in the Taranaki Bight in mid-2023.It is expected to remain at sea until at least mid-2024.The floating LiDAR is being supplied and managed by Akrocean,a specialist firm,based in France.The floating LiDAR supplier has partnered with a local firm,New Zealand Offshore Services(NZO
131、S),to provide local support for onshore and offshore logistics for this project.NZOS management and technicians based in Taranaki will receive LiDAR and site-specific training from Akrocean.They will provide support for the installation and deinstallation processes and then will carry out scheduled
132、maintenance,such as replacement of consumables and checking of sensors.The local technicians will also be available to assist if any unscheduled maintenance is required.Photo supplied by Taranaki Offshore Partnership 22 3.3.23.3.2 Ecological studiesEcological studies We expect most of the required c
133、apabilities in this category can be accessed within Taranaki(or elsewhere in Aotearoa New Zealand).Again,this is partly due to cross-overs between the requirements for offshore wind and other existing industries within the country,such as onshore wind which also requires avian studies.Having made th
134、is observation,some work may be needed to scale up local capacity in areas where there has been limited demand in the past.For example,some work may be needed to scale up capacity to undertake marine mammal surveys.Overall,we assess capability in this segment to be high.Photo supplied by:Copenhagen
135、Offshore Partners,Star of the South Project 3.3.33.3.3 Analysis of culturalAnalysis of cultural,social and envir,social and environmental impactsonmental impacts We expect most of the required capabilities in this category can be accessed within Taranaki or elsewhere in Aotearoa New Zealand.As with
136、earlier categories,some work may be needed to deepen local capacity in areas where there has been limited activity in the past,for example increasing the capacity to assess cultural impacts.More generally,we note that there could be benefits from working with local suppliers because these organisati
137、ons will have a better understanding of issues on the ground than potential service providers from outside the area.Overall,we assess capability in this segment to be high.3.3.43.3.4 Regulatory consentingRegulatory consenting We have not assessed this category because a regulatory regime for offshor
138、e wind has not been established(see section 1.7).Having made this point,if the regime is similar to that in other countries,we expect most of the required capabilities would be able to be provided by organisations within Taranaki or elsewhere in Aotearoa New Zealand.3.3.53.3.5 Engineering designEngi
139、neering design We expect some of the required capabilities in this category can be accessed within Taranaki or elsewhere in Aotearoa New Zealand.This reflects the strong cross-over between the engineering requirements for offshore wind and some other industries,especially offshore oil and gas produc
140、tion.Having made this observation,some engineering issues will require knowledge that is highly specific to offshore wind.For example,the optimisation of wind farm layouts is a specialist skillset.It is difficult to assess whether local engineering firms will seek to address these types of gaps thro
141、ugh partnerships with overseas firms,or staff recruitment or development,or other means.Overall we assess capability in this segment to be mostly high.23 Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,LiDAR deployment in Taranaki region 3.3.63.3.6 Commercial Commercial analysisanalysis Developers ar
142、e likely to use in-house resources to undertake most of the commercial analysis for an offshore wind development.To the extent that they need external assistance,it is likely to focus on areas such as taxation audit services,drafting of legal documents.We expect that organisations within Taranaki an
143、d elsewhere in Aotearoa New Zealand should have the capability to provide those services.Overall,we assess capability in this segment to be high.3.3.73.3.7 Summary of capabilities in Summary of capabilities in planning phaseplanning phase Table 9 shows our summarised assessment for each major area o
144、f the planning phase,including:the potential for domestic provision of services/products in each area an indicative list of the potential providers.We need to emphasise that the list of potential providers is not exhaustive or definitive.There may be potential providers that are not listed.Conversel
145、y,listing does not guarantee that a named organisation has all of the necessary capabilities or is necessarily interested in offering the relevant services/products.24 Table 9:Potential for local activity in planning stage CategoryPotential for supply from sources in Aotearoa NZCommentsExamples of p
146、otential providersPhysical environment studiesMostly highLocal organisations appear to have skills/equipment needed for most of the required areas.Some specialist areas will need overseas input(e.g.LiDAR)but these also have potential opportunities for local support.Discovery Marine Ltd,ENGEO,Fugro N
147、Z,Kingston Offshore,Landpro,New Plymouth Underwater,NZ Offshore Services,NIWA,Oceanum,Offshore and Coastal Engineering,Seaworks,Southern Express,Underwater SolutionsEcological studiesHighLocal organisations appear to have expertise needed for most of the required areas.Some specialist areas may bene
148、fit from development,marine mammal surveys.Cawthron Institute,Iwi groups,Martin Cawthorn Assoc,Kaitiaki Collective,Kessels&Assoc,NIWA,Toit EnvirocareAnalysis of cultural,social and environmental impacts of wind farmHighLocal organisations appear to have expertise needed for most(or all)of the requir
149、ed areas.Boffa Miskell,Clough&Assoc,Iwi groups,NIWA,Marico Marine,Mitchell DayshRegulatory consentingNot assessedNot assessed as consenting regime not yet defined.BCD Group,Boffa Miskell,Mitchell Daysh,Planz Consultants,Major law firmsEngineering design and procurementMostly highLocal organisations
150、appear to have expertise needed for most of the required areas.Some specialist areas may need overseas input such as wind data analysis.Aurecon,Bureau Veritas,COWI,Fugro NZ,Jacobs,Kent PLC,Logicamms,Wood BECA,Worley,WSPCommercial analysisHighLocal organisations appear to have expertise needed to sup
151、port developers.Bell Gully,Buddle Findlay,Minter Ellison,Russell McVeigh,Simpson Grierson,Deloitte,EY,KPMG,PWC,and other major accounting and law firms survey and research database.xlsx 25 4 4 Activity in the Activity in the build build phase of a wind projectphase of a wind project 4.14.1 OverviewO
152、verview This build phase for an offshore wind project includes all of the activities from the final investment decision through to the initial commencement of operations.This phase includes:Manufacturing the components needed to build an offshore wind farm,such as wind turbine generators(WTGs),found
153、ations and transition pieces for towers,cabling to convey power to shore and sub-stations.Transporting components from factories to the location of the project.Installing foundations,WTGs and substations.Laying cables and connecting WTGs and substations to the grid.Much of this work requires special
154、ised equipment or expertise.For this reason,a large proportion of manufacturing and installation activity is likely to be undertaken by organisations based outside Aotearoa New Zealand.This observation is not unique to offshore wind.It applies equally to onshore wind turbines and other electricity g
155、eneration technologies such as geothermal plant.Nonetheless,there may be some areas where local manufacture could be viable.We provide an overview of the manufacturing and installation processes for major wind farm components in sections 4.2 and 4.4,respectively.In sections 4.3 and 4.5 we discuss th
156、e areas where localised supply may be viable and/or likely.4.24.2 Manufacture of components for an offshore wind farmManufacture of components for an offshore wind farm In aggregate,the manufacture of wind farm components is estimated to require around 8,500 person-years of activity.The estimated sh
157、are of activity among major components is shown in Figure 11.The single largest category is work on foundations which accounts for around 36%of total activity.The next largest in order are the manufacture of nacelles(27%),rotors(14%)and towers(10%).The balance of plant accounts for 14%.It is importa
158、nt to note that these shares reflect the results reported in IRENA(2018).The shares for the Reference Project could be different.For example,the work needed for foundations will be affected by water depth,seabed conditions and choice of foundation type.Figure 11:Manufacturing activity by major compo
159、nent Source:Concept estimates based on IRENA(2018)Table 10 sets out the information on work in the manufacturing phase in tabular form.Work in manufacturing phaseNacelleRotorTowerCablingFoundationSubstationwind jobs.xlsx 26 Table 10:Work required for manufacturing sub-phase Source:Concept estimates
160、based on IRENA(2018)4.34.3 Scope for Scope for domestic domestic involvement in involvement in manufacturmanufacturinging workwork For each category of activity in Table 12 we have assessed the scope for involvement by people/organisations in Aotearoa New Zealand.Key information sources used as inpu
161、ts include:Information provided by Reference Group members Desktop research of business directories etc,past projects etc.Information gathered from workshops in Taranaki and online with potential suppliers Information provided by respondents to a survey of potential suppliers.Figure 12:Main componen
162、ts of offshore wind turbine Source:Adapted from NREL(2020)ComponentPerson-daysPerson-yearsShareNacelle510,872 2,312 27%Rotor255,432 1,156 14%Tower182,958 828 10%Cabling52,074 236 3%Foundation680,121 3,077 36%Substation197,315 893 11%Total1,878,771 8,501 100%wind jobs.xlsxMonopileTowerTransition piec
163、eNacelle and rotor 27 4.3.14.3.1 Nacelle and rotorNacelle and rotor componentscomponents supplysupply Aotearoa New Zealand does not manufacture nacelles or rotor components for large-scale wind turbine generators,and all existing onshore WTGs were made overseas.12 In principle,domestic manufacturing
164、 of major WTG components might be encouraged by introducing local content requirements.However,that would almost certainly raise costs and therefore make wind developments less likely to occur.A further impediment for domestic manufacturing of major WTG components is that export sales would also be
165、required to justify manufacturing investment.However,local wind turbine manufacturers would be at a cost disadvantage in export markets because of the countrys remote location and the large transport costs for wind turbine components due to their size and specialised requirements.These factors sugge
166、st that domestic manufacture of the nacelle and rotor components is unlikely to be practical.4.3.24.3.2 TowerTower and transition pieceand transition piece supplysupply Towers are formed from steel plates that are rolled and welded into cans,that are then joined by more welds to form longer tapering
167、 tubes.Plate thicknesses vary within a tower to optimise weight and strength.The indicative range of plate thicknesses for a 15MW turbine is 55mm at the tower monopile joint and 25 mm at the hub junction.13 12 An exception may be the 0.5 MW Windflow Technology turbines installed in 2006 near Palmers
168、ton North.These turbines have since been overtaken by much larger machines.Transition pieces are typically placed between towers and the foundations.Transition pieces have a boat landing which consists of a pair of strong parallel vertical beams(known as bumper bars).Crew transfer vessels manoeuvrer
169、 to press their bow section against the bumper bars.Service personnel can then step across to a ladder located between the bumper bars,and gain access to the main work platform and the turbine.The main work platform is large enough to allow the storage of gear and consumables and may include a crane
170、 for transferring items to and from crew transfer vessels.The main work platform is surrounded by guardrails and has lights and non-slip decking to provide a safe working environment.Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,Vineyard 13.See https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/75698.pdf 28 We unde
171、rstand that the manufacture of cans for towers and transition pieces has become highly automated in countries where they are made.It seems unlikely that local manufacture would be competitive given the required investment in specialised equipment.That was presumably one of the reasons that towers fo
172、r all recent onshore farms have been imported.However,there may be potential for some tower and/or transition piece components to be manufactured locally at reasonable cost,such as platforms and access ladders.However,this would require a more detailed analysis to assess and is beyond the scope of t
173、his study.4.3.34.3.3 FoundationFoundations s supplysupply For the reference case we have assumed monopile foundations.The manufacturing process for these is very similar to that for towers,and hence domestic manufacturing appears very challenging.An alternative to monopiles would be jacket foundatio
174、ns.Jackets are structures with multiple legs(commonly four)which are diagonally braced and support a platform.It appears unlikely that the local manufacture of jacket-based foundations would be economic.These are large structures that need to be fabricated and assembled close to a port.Aotearoa New
175、Zealand does not have facilities suitable for this type of activity because there is insufficient demand to justify the necessary investment.In this context,we note that the jackets used for oil and gas platforms located off the Taranaki coast have all been fabricated in overseas yards.14 In some ca
176、ses,I-tubes may be preferred.These perform a similar function.More generally,foundations will typically include a J-tube14 which provides the entry point for the array cable.This is a cylinder with a curved end like a letter J.This allows the array cable to curve smoothly as it transitions between r
177、unning horizontally on the seabed and vertically in the tower.J-tubes require less specialised equipment to manufacture than monopiles or jackets and local supply may potentially be practical.Project Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,Changfang and Xidao project,Taiwan 4.3.44.3.4 Array a
178、nd export cable supplArray and export cable supply y Array cables connect individual turbines to an offshore substation and operate at medium voltages(typically 33 kV to 66 kV).Export cables connect offshore substations to shore-based facilities and operate at high voltages(above 66 kV).29 New Zeala
179、nd has some cable manufacturing capability including a facility located in Taranaki.This is reported to be able to make cables with ratings up to 33 kV15 but is not clear whether this includes the manufacture of submarine cables.To determine whether local manufacture of suitably rated subsea cables
180、is economic would require detailed information and analysis and is beyond the scope of this study.However,there may be potential for local manufacturing of array cables and(less likely)export cables.4.3.54.3.5 Offshore subOffshore substation supplystation supply Offshore substations contain transfor
181、mers that convert power from each turbine to a higher voltage for transmission to shore.Substations also contain switchgear and other monitoring and safety-related equipment.They can be mounted on a monopile or jacket foundation(see comments in section 4.3.3).While there is some manufacturing of tra
182、nsformers in Aotearoa New Zealand,we understand this is focussed on the type of equipment needed for electricity distribution networks which are much smaller than the equipment required for power generation.Local manufacture of the transformers for offshore substations therefore appears unlikely to
183、be practical.However,local fabrication/manufacture of some other components may be feasible.For example,these could include cable equipment,crew accommodation,emergency systems,decking,helipad,boat landing system,etc.15 See https:/www.nexans.co.nz/en/Company/What-we-do.html 4.3.64.3.6 Onshore infras
184、tructureOnshore infrastructure supplysupply An offshore wind project would need onshore infrastructure including the shore-crossing for export cables,an onshore substation and the operational base.As noted earlier,this would likely include port facilities from which crew transfer vessels would opera
185、te.We expect that domestic suppliers would be capable of manufacturing many of the components required for the onshore infrastructure.This is because those civil construction components have strong synergies with other industries.As far as we are aware,the only major exceptions would be items such a
186、s the onshore substation transformers.4.3.74.3.7 Summary of capabilities in manufacturing Summary of capabilities in manufacturing subsub-phasephase Table 11 shows our summarised assessment for each major area of the manufacturing sub-phase,including:the potential for domestic provision of services/
187、products in each area an indicative list of the potential providers.We need to emphasise that the list of potential providers is not exhaustive or definitive.There may be potential providers that are not listed.Conversely,listing does not guarantee that a named organisation has all of the necessary
188、capabilities or is necessarily interested in offering the relevant services/products.30 Table 11:Potential for local activity in manufacturing sub-phase CategoryPotential for supply from sources in Aotearoa NZCommentsExamples of potential providersNacelle&rotor-supplyAppears unlikelyManufacture requ
189、ires specialised expertise and equipmentN.A.Tower and transition piece-supplyMay be practical for some elementsDomestic manufacture of some sub-components may potentially be practical-e.g.platforms,J-tubes,boat landingsBrightwater Steel,Dialog Fitzroy,Eastbridge,Steel&Tube,SteelcraftFoundation-suppl
190、yAppears unlikelyManufacture requires specialised expertise and equipmentN.A.Array and export cable-supplyMay be practical for some elementsDomestic manufacture of some components may potentially be practical-e.g.array cablesNexans,Schneider ElectricOffshore substation-supplyMay be practical for som
191、e elementsManufacture of many substation componnents requires specialised expertise and equipment(e.g.large transformers)but fabrication of some components locally may be feasible,e.g.some top-side componentsBrightwater Steel,Dialog Fitzroy,Eastbridge,Steel&Tube,SteelcraftOnshore infrastructure-supp
192、lyMostly highLocal organisations appear to have expertise needed to support developers.Crouchers,Downer,Fletchers,High Tensile Reinforcing,MECO Engineering,Schneider Electric,Wellssurvey and research database.xlsx 31 4.44.4 Installation and Installation and connection of an offshore wind farmconnect
193、ion of an offshore wind farm In aggregate,installation and connection of wind farm components is estimated to require around 1,600 person-years of activity.The estimated share of activity among major components is shown in Figure 13.Figure 13:Component level breakdown of installation&connection work
194、 Source:Concept estimates based on IRENA(2018)As with manufacturing,the single largest category is installation work for foundations which accounts for around 28%of total activity.The next largest in order are installation of turbines(22%),cabling to shore(22%)and array cable laying(20%).The balance
195、 is for substations and grid connection.Again,it is important to note that these shares reflect the results reported in IRENA(2018)and may not necessarily apply for the Reference Scenario.Table 12 sets out the information on work in the installation and connection phase in tabular form.Table 12:Work
196、 required for install&connect sub-phase Source:Concept estimates based on IRENA(2018)4.54.5 Scope for Scope for domestic domestic involvement in involvement in installinstallationation workwork For each category of activity in Table 12 we have assessed the scope for involvement by people/organisatio
197、ns in Aotearoa New Zealand.The results are summarised below.4.5.14.5.1 Turbine and foundation installation Turbine and foundation installation The installation process begins with transporting components to a construction port.The port provides a location for storage of components,pre-assembly work,
198、and a base for periods when weather or sea conditions are unsuitable for installation work.Work in install&connect phaseFoundationSubstationCablingTurbineArray cable layingGrid connectionwind jobs.xlsxComponentPerson-daysPerson-yearsShareFoundation98,991 448 28%Substation29,300 133 8%Cabling77,775 3
199、52 22%Turbine77,084 349 22%Array cable laying70,602 319 20%Grid connection2,123 10 1%Total355,874 1,610 100%wind jobs.xlsx 32 Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,Changfang and Xidao project,Taiwan Foundation installation is expected to require a jack-up vessel(which may also be used for t
200、urbines)or a floating heavy lift vessel.In either case,the vessel would be fitted with installation equipment(such as a hammer and anvil system).These vessels would need to have a heavy lift capacity.For example,an individual monopile is expected to weigh 1,300 tonnes or more.16 There are no vessels
201、 based in Aotearoa New Zealand that meet these specialised requirements,and we expect that a suitable vessel would need to be contracted from an international provider.Similar considerations apply in the oil and gas industry,where specialised vessels or rigs have 16 See NREL(2020).been brought into
202、the country for offshore drilling campaigns or well work-overs.While the main installation vessels are likely to be sourced from international providers,the turbine and foundation installation work is likely to generate demand for port-and associated marine-related services from local providers.This
203、 includes activities such as harbour-side storage,pilotage services,guard and support vessels,divers and/or remote operated vehicles for underwater inspections,and on-shore support such as accommodation and catering.4.5.24.5.2 Array and export cable installation Array and export cable installation A
204、rray and export cable installation may use the same vessels and equipment,but there are some differences.Array cable laying vessels need to be manoeuvrable but do not need such high carrying capacity.Export cable laying vessels are generally larger to carry the full length of an export cable.Cables
205、are typically buried to protect them from damage.Burial can occur when cables are laid by using a cable plough,which creates a trench in which the cable lies.Alternatively,cables can be buried later using a remote operated trenching vehicle or other equipment to create channel in which the cable wil
206、l lie.We understand there is some local capability to lay submarine power cables.17 This suggests that local organisations may be able to lay array cables and(possibly)the larger export cables.However,more information would be needed on the cable laying requirements and potential local capabilities
207、to make a fuller assessment.17 For example see www.seaworks.co.nz/sectors/submarine-cables 33 More generally,even if specialised vessels from outside Aotearoa New Zealand are required for cable laying,there may be opportunities for local organisations to provide support,for example with pre-lay surv
208、eys or clearance work,guard vessels etc.4.5.34.5.3 Offshore substation installationOffshore substation installation Installation of offshore substations raises similar issues to the installation of foundations and turbines.Our observations are therefore the same for installation of those components(
209、see section 4.5.1).4.5.44.5.4 Onshore facilitiesOnshore facilities Installation requirements for onshore facilities have more synergies with other existing industries in Aotearoa New Zealand.For this reason we expect local capability will be able to address most or all of the needs in relation to a
210、shore crossing for the export cable(including horizontal drilling if required),an onshore substation,and operational facilities.4.5.54.5.5 Summary of capabilities in installation subSummary of capabilities in installation sub-phasephase Table 13 shows our summarised assessment for each major area of
211、 the installation sub-phase,including:the potential for domestic provision of services/products in each area an indicative list of the potential providers.We need to emphasise that the list of potential providers is not exhaustive or definitive.There may be potential providers that are not listed.Co
212、nversely,listing does not guarantee that a named organisation has all of the necessary capabilities or is necessarily interested in offering the relevant services/products.34 Table 13:Potential for local activity in installation sub-phase CategoryPotential for supply from sources in Aotearoa NZComme
213、ntsExamples of potential providersNacelle&rotor-installMay be practical for some elementsSpecialist vessels from offshore would be needed for installation,but contractors will need a local construction port and associated support servicesNZ Diving&Salvage,NZ Offshore Services,Ocean Offshore Maritime
214、 Services Ltd,PLE Rentals,Port Taranaki Ltd,SeaworksTower and transition piece-installMay be practical for some elementsSpecialist vessels from offshore would be needed for installation,but contractors will need a local construction port and associated support servicesNZ Diving&Salvage,NZ Offshore S
215、ervices,Ocean Offshore Maritime Services Ltd,PLE Rentals,Port Taranaki Ltd,SeaworksFoundation-installMay be practical for some elementsSpecialist vessels from offshore would be needed for installation,but contractors will need a local construction port and associated support servicesNZ Diving&Salvag
216、e,NZ Offshore Services,Ocean Offshore Maritime Services Ltd,PLE Rentals,Port Taranaki Ltd,SeaworksArray and export cable-installMay be practical for some elementsDomestic installation of some sub-components may potentially be practical-e.g.array cablesNZ Diving&Salvage,NZ Offshore Services,Ocean Off
217、shore Maritime Services Ltd,PLE Rentals,Port Taranaki Ltd,SeaworksOffshore substation-installMay be practical for some elementsSpecialist vessels from offshore would be needed for installation,but contractors will need a local construction port and associated support servicesNZ Diving&Salvage,NZ Off
218、shore Services,Ocean Offshore Maritime Services Ltd,PLE Rentals,Port Taranaki Ltd,SeaworksOnshore infrastructure-installMostly highLocal organisations likley to have required capabilitiesCrouchers,Downer,Fletchers,MECO Engineering,Schneider Electric,Wellssurvey and research database.xlsx 35 5 5 Acti
219、vity in Activity in o operationperational al phasephase of a wind of a wind projectproject 5.15.1 O&M O&M phasephase lastslasts for for 30+years30+years Offshore wind farms require servicing to optimise their electricity generation output,ensure safe operation,and maintain the physical integrity of
220、their plant and equipment.This work is commonly referred to operations and maintenance services or O&M for short.Wind farms have a long design life and the O&M phase is likely to run for around 30 years.Indeed,if a wind farm is repowered(which seems likely given the incentives to continue to utilise
221、 sites with high quality wind resources)the operational period would be even longer.5.25.2 L Locationocation importantimportant for for O&M O&M service hubsservice hubs O&M services fall into three broad categories:Regular operations this covers the ongoing running of the offshore wind farm as an el
222、ectricity generator.It includes the interface with the electricity market and grid,and the planning/scheduling of all ongoing activities.Regular maintenance services this covers all of the regular and ongoing maintenance such as turbine/tower inspections,oil sampling/changes;changes to UPS(uninterru
223、ptible power supply)batteries;service and inspections of wind turbine safety equipment,nacelle crane,service lift,HV system,blades,troubleshooting and preventive repairs.Major maintenance this work involves more specialised equipment/personnel than regular O&M services.This type of work is expected
224、to occur on a cycle with roughly five-year duration.Major maintenance would also include the replacement of any larger wind turbine components(such as blades)if that were to be required.It is desirable for the hub providing regular O&M services to be located within a short distance of a wind farm it
225、 services.This is less critical for periodic heavier maintenance activities,though proximity is still beneficial.As noted in section 1.3,the Reference Scenario for this study is based on a project in the South Taranaki Bight that is assumed to be serviced from Ptea(for regular O&M)and New Plymouth(f
226、or heavier maintenance).Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,Crew Transfer Vessel at Veja Mate Project Development activity would be required at both ports(especially Ptea)for this scenario to be realised.Port development work is not included in the job estimates in this report.5.35.3 Dire
227、ct,indirect and induced Direct,indirect and induced workwork This report distinguishes three categories of work/jobs:36 Direct this is activity that is expected to be dedicated to a specific offshore wind project.For example,staff who perform regular servicing of the wind turbines in a specific proj
228、ect would be performing direct jobs.Indirect this is activity for a wind farm project,but it is performed by personnel who also work on other projects or for other industries.An example would be pilots of helicopters who transfer project staff to a projects offshore turbines,but who also provide ser
229、vices to other organisations.Induced this is work that is not linked directly to an offshore wind project,but which is generated by the spending power of people who are directly and indirectly employed by the project.For example,staff at a supermarket selling groceries to project personnel would be
230、performing induced work/jobs.These categories have been used in some other studies into offshore wind.However,we note that the line between categories can differ between studies.For example,personnel for crew transfer vessels could be considered as direct or indirect jobs,depending on whether they a
231、re dedicated to one project or provide services to multiple projects.This means that comparisons across studies need to be interpreted with care.We have estimated the volume of work/jobs generated by an offshore wind project in terms of person-years.18 Each person-year is equivalent to a full-time j
232、ob for one person for a year.Having said that,a one-to-one 18 In addition,we report person-days in some tables.These are computed on the assumption that there are 221 working days on average in each person-year.19 To ensure high levels of generator availability,we have assumed an operating structure
233、 with two crew transfer vessels and three personnel per boat.To provide cover for planned and unplanned leave,training etc.for crews,it is necessary to translation between person-years and workers does not apply.For example,a work requirement of one person for 30 years,and a work requirement of 30 w
234、orkers for one year would both generate 30 person-years of work.We have compiled bottom-up estimates of the direct jobs for the Reference Scenario based on multiple information sources.These include:Studies of job impacts for offshore wind projects in other countries Specific information about jobs
235、for the proposed Star of the South offshore wind farm project in Victoria Knowledge of operational structures for onshore wind farms in New Zealand(to the extent this is relevant).In addition,we have drawn on a recent study prepared for Taranaki Offshore Partnership by an international consultancy s
236、pecialising in providing advice on operations and asset maintenance for renewable generation projects.We have used these sources to compile bottom-up estimates of direct jobs for the Reference Scenario project.The estimate assumes the project is run on a stand-alone basis,and it therefore includes a
237、 few roles to provide support services,such as finance and legal services.It also includes staffing for crew transfer vessels,as we assume that two vessels would be dedicated to the project.19 have more crews than boats.The additional cover requirement is expected to be around 0.5 of a crew,but crew
238、 increments must be whole numbers.We have assumed a three-crew structure meaning a total CTV complement of nine personnel.37 In aggregate,we estimate that around 70 full time equivalents(FTE)direct jobs would be generated for a 1,000 MW wind farm.The corresponding estimate for the second stage of th
239、e project(with 2,000 MW in total capacity)is 120 FTE jobs.The larger project requires more personnel to undertake the operational and maintenance functions,but other support roles are not expected to scale proportionally with wind farm capacity(e.g.the finance roles).Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Off
240、shore Partners,Veja Mate Project The functional breakdown of the various roles for the 1,000 MW wind farm is set out in Figure 14.Note that this is not an organisation chart in the traditional sense and does not indicate reporting hierarchies.Rather it is intended to provide information on the types
241、 of roles needed for core O&M services and their broad functional areas.The numbers shown on the chart assume that each of the roles is performed by a full-time employee.We note that job-sharing might occur for some roles.That would increase notional headcount but not the count in full time equivale
242、nt(FTE)terms.38 Figure 14:Core O&M services estimated staffing for 1,000 MW Reference Scenario project General Manager(1)Operations(8)Site Management(2)Performance Analysis(2)System Dispatch/Market coordinator(4)Marine Logistics(11)Marine Planning&Coordination(2)CTV crew(Master,Engineer,Mate/Deckhan
243、d 3 x 3)Onshore Logistics(10)Contract ManagementPlanning Manager/SpecialistsProcurement/Supply ContractsWarehousing,Port ServicesMteServices(25)Wind Turbine TechniciansElectrical Technicians Mechanical and Hydraulic Technicians Rope Access TechniciansEngineering(9)Asset Integrity Manager/Specialists
244、QHSEQuality ManagerSupport (6)Community Relations/Regulatory(2)Human Resources(2)Finance/Admin(2)Source:Concept estimates based on analysis of multiple data sources.Figures and positions are indicative.Some roles could be trainees/apprentices.Core staffing for 1 GW wind farm=70 FTE 39 5.3.15.3.1 Fur
245、ther information on Further information on the dthe directirect O&M O&M jobsjobs A position description for each direct role is set out in the accompanying Jobs Guide.These descriptions draw heavily on the equivalent document published for the proposed Star of the South project in Australia.Figure 1
246、5 shows an example of a position description,in this case for a wind turbine technician.Figure 15:Example of position description for core roles The position descriptions provide information on where each role is located(onshore or offshore),the potential employer(owner,lead contractor,sub-contracto
247、r),main tasks and responsibilities,and examples of competencies required for each role.The descriptions also indicate the phases of a project life cycle for which each role is needed.The descriptions have been provided to help provide a more concrete sense of the types of roles that the O&M phase of
248、 an offshore wind farms would generate.The Jobs Guide also includes a summary of the likely qualifications/entry pathways for each position.These range between secondary school through to trade or tertiary qualifications.A summary of this information is provided in Figure 16.Figure 16:Direct jobs an
249、d indicative qualifications Wind Turbine Technician Location Offshore Tasks and Responsibilities A Wind Turbine Technician forms an integral part of the operations and maintenance team and is typically required to complete routine maintenance checks,diagnose faults,and ensure the turbines are runnin
250、g at peak capacity.In addition to this,Wind Turbine Technicians are often required to assist in large component replacements and troubleshoot issues.Work environment Site Work Area Wind turbine generators Typical employer Lead contractor or subcontractor Applicable project phase Operations Example C
251、ompetencies Qualifications Trade qualification,electrical,mechanical,or equivalent skill set from another heavy industry highly desirable Dogging and Rigging certifications*First Aid Level 2(NZQA Standard 6400)IRATA rope access certification desirable Current GWO Basic Safety Training(BST)Offshore C
252、ertification Current HUET(1-day course)Current OGUK Medical and Chester Step Test desirable E-learning training for service lift model(this training is desirable but will be dependent on the turbines installed Experience Experience in a highly disciplined industry such as aviation,military,automotiv
253、e,power,mining or oil and gas Experience in offshore or onshore wind highly desirable but not essential Experience in a working at heights role highly regarded Skills and knowledge Mechanical skills,with the ability to repair mechanical,hydraulic,braking,and electrical systems of the wind turbines A
254、bility to document and report on all work activities including repairs,testing,and inspections Troubleshooting skills with the ability to diagnose faults and problem solve Physical Requirements Physical capability to work at heights,work and crawl in confined spaces and lift heavy items Ability to w
255、ork offshore on a regular rotation roster Ability to pass OGUK Medical and Chester Step Test Personal Attributes Strong communication skills and interpersonal skills Safety focused,with the ability to promote and adhere to a safety-first work culture Ability to work with various contractor and subco
256、ntractor groups including different cultures/nationalities 40 5.45.4 Indirect jobsIndirect jobs/work/work in operational phasein operational phase As discussed in section 5.3,indirect jobs refer to positions needed for an offshore wind farm,but which are not expected to be dedicated to one project.E
257、xamples of jobs/work in this category are listed in Table 14.Table 14:Examples of indirect O&M jobs/work Job service category(not exhaustive)Examples Aviation,port and offshore services Helicopter,diving,remote operated vehicles,harbour,wharfage,pilotage,navigation services,metocean forecasts,emerge
258、ncy services etc Consumables,general services IT,comms,corrosion control products,fuels,lubricants,power,personal protective equipment provision and testing etc Environmental,inspection,certification Certification/testing of cranes,vehicles,crew transfer vessels,tools and equipment etc,ensure compli
259、ance with consents etc Facilities management&support Maintenance for onshore structures/facilities,monitoring of operational sites,fire detection,cleaning,catering,vehicle and vessel maintenance,waste management services etc Human resources Recruitment and training,eg GWO courses Land transport and
260、warehousing Freight to operational sites,vehicle hire,oversized loads,storage etc 20 The report actually had a slightly higher figure for indirect jobs because excluded staff for crew transfer vessels on the assumption these would be externally contracted on a shared basis.We have instead assumed cr
261、ew transfer vessel Job service category(not exhaustive)Examples Major maintenance Periodic refurbishment/replacement of major components for turbines or plant To estimate the volume of indirect work associated with a 1,000 MW project,we have used two approaches.The first draws on the bottom-up study
262、 carried out for Taranaki Offshore Partnership by the international operations and asset management specialist noted earlier.That study indicated a high-level estimate of around 43 roles engaged to provide indirect services.20 This equates to a ratio of direct to indirect jobs of about 0.6.The secon
263、d approach was to estimate a ratio of direct to indirect jobs in from published international studies and apply that to the direct job estimates noted in section 5.5.1.Among the studies we identified,there was a wide range in the direct to indirect jobs ratio.21 In part this is likely to reflect dif
264、ferences across studies in the proportion of services that are shared across projects(noting this affects whether a role is classified as direct or indirect).Higher ratios are expected in studies where offshore wind was well-established and there was more extensive sharing of contracted services(and
265、 therefore more shared roles).We do not expect those conditions to be applicable in New Zealand,given the early stage of development of offshore wind in this country.We therefore focused on the studies which report ratios that are below the personnel will be dedicated to the project.They are therefo
266、re counted as direct jobs.21 See Appendix B:for more information.41 median ratio level.Among these eight studies the mean reported indirect to direct jobs ratio was 1.0.In the light of the above,we have adopted a range of 0.6 to 1.0 as the expected ratio of direct to indirect jobs.We expect these ra
267、tios would apply for the 1,000 MW and 2,000 MW cases in the Reference Scenario.For the Reference Scenario,this implies approximately 43 to 70 FTEs in indirect jobs for the 1,000 MW wind farm,and 73 to 120 FTEs for the 2,000 MW wind farm.5.55.5 Scope for domestic involvement in Scope for domestic inv
268、olvement in operational operational workwork For each major type of activity in the operational phase,we have assessed the scope for involvement by people/organisations in Aotearoa New Zealand.The results are summarised below.5.5.15.5.1 D Direct O&M positionsirect O&M positions All of the direct O&M
269、 roles are expected to be required for the 30+year operational life of the project.For this reason,we expect all of these roles to be performed by personnel in the region where the project is located.The roles could be employed by a project owner,a lead contractor(engaged by the owner)or a sub-contr
270、actor(engaged by a lead contractor).In this context,we note that it is common for manufacturers of wind turbines to be responsible for maintenance services relating to the turbines themselves during the initial warranty period.The exact duration and scope of warranties would be a matter for negotiat
271、ion between project developers and manufacturers,but we understand five-to-ten year initial warranty periods are not uncommon for offshore turbines.22 See https:/ https:/ that an international manufacturer may be responsible for turbine maintenance services in the warranty period,we expect most regu
272、lar maintenance roles to be filled by locally engaged staff.Such staff could be employed by an original equipment manufacturer or via a subcontractor.We expect the majority of personnel to be locally engaged because of the higher costs and logistical issues that a manufacturer would face if it sough
273、t to fill such roles using offshore-based workers on a fly-in/fly-out basis.Experience in New Zealand with onshore wind and other generation types supports the view that most personnel undertaking regular and ongoing maintenance work will be locally engaged.For example,at the time of writing both of
274、 the major suppliers of onshore turbines in Aotearoa New Zealand(Siemens Gamesa and Vestas)were advertising to fill wind turbine technician positions with local staff.22 5.5.25.5.2 Indirect O&M positionsIndirect O&M positions We expect much of the indirect O&M work listed in Table 14 could be undert
275、aken by locally engaged personnel.This is because it requires skills and expertise that is already available and in use.In particular,there is significant overlap in the skills required for offshore wind and the oil and gas industry,such as in marine services.The main area where overseas support may
276、 be required is major maintenance activity.Some of this is expected to require expertise/equipment that would be needed infrequently and could therefore be uneconomic to maintain in Aotearoa New Zealand.Major maintenance also includes the replacement of any major components harapaki-wind-farm-at-sie
277、mens-gamesa-3578403713/?originalSubdomain=nz(both downloaded 4 June 2023).42 such as blades or generator units.Specialised marine cranes would be needed for this type of work which are unlikely to be available domestically.Another area where specialised skills may be needed is cable repairs and/or r
278、etrenching.We understand cable repairs are not uncommon with offshore wind farms.As noted in section 4.5.2,it appears that some capability to undertake work on submarine cables does currently exist in Aotearoa New Zealand.For this reason,this type of major maintenance activity may be feasible using
279、local resources.However,further information would be needed to make a definitive assessment and that lies outside the scope of this report.5.5.35.5.3 Summary of capabilities in Summary of capabilities in operational operational phasephase Table 15 shows our summarised assessment for each major area
280、of the operational phase,including:the potential for domestic provision of services/products in each area an indicative list of the potential providers.We need to emphasise that the list of potential providers is not exhaustive or definitive.There may be potential providers that are not listed.Conve
281、rsely,listing does not guarantee that a named organisation has all of the necessary capabilities or is necessarily interested in offering the relevant services/products.43 Table 15:Potential for local activity in operational phase CategoryPotential for supply from sources in Aotearoa NZCommentsExamp
282、les of potential providersCore operationHighCovers interface with electricity market,forecasting,planning,interactions with local stakeholders,customers,suppliers etc.Expect local workforce to perform most of the work-either for project owner,turbine supplier or sub-contractorCore maintenanceHighCov
283、ers regular and troubleshooting maintenance activities,condition monitoring,etc.Expect local workforce to perform most of the work-either for project owner,turbine supplier or sub-contractorAviation,port&offshore servicesHighHarbour,wharfage,pilotage services,navigation,metocean forecasts.Significan
284、t marine support needed for offshore O&M activitiesAdvanced Flight,GCH Aviation,Kingston Offshore,Midwest Helicopters,New Plymouth Underwater,NZ Offshore Services,Ocean Infinity,PHI International NZ,Seaworks,Southern Express,Underwater SolutionsConsumables,general servicesHighExpect local organisati
285、ons to be able to supply most general services/products-e.g.IT,lubricants,safety equipmentAB Industries,Blackwoods,Cleanline Tasman,Duramach,NZ Safety,One,Online Communications,Resene,Sika,SparkInspection,certification and environmental monitoringHighExpect local organisations to be able to supply m
286、ost servicesAriki Marine,Bureau Veritas,Dynamic Ratings,Elcon,SGSFacilities management,catering and accom,vehicle&CTV maintenanceHighExpect local organisations to be able to supply most servicesDiesel Marine,local accom and catering organisations,OCS,Serco,TIS,West Coast MarineHuman resourcesHighCov
287、ers recruitment and training,e.g.GWO courses.Expect local organisations to provide most services,supplemented by periodic overseas support for specialised skillsAtlantic 21,Atlas Professionals,Haines Attract,NES Global,Te Pukenga,Vertical Horizonz,Wood TrainingMajor maintenance services-turbinesMixe
288、dCovers general maintenance support-to supplement the dedicated workforce.Likely to need to draw on international suppliers for periodic(5 years)heavy maintenance.Dynamech,ISS,SRG Global Asset Services NZ,turbine suppliersMajor maintenance services-balance of plantMixedLocal organisations may have c
289、apability to service foundations(e.g.corrosion mngt),and possibly some aspects of cable and substation repairs.However,overseas support likely to be required for heavy maintenance work such as transformer replacementElectrix,Electronet,Northpower,Pringle Beleski&Assoc,Seaworks,Ventia,turbine supplie
290、rsTransport and warehousingHighTransportation of equipment(including oversized loads)by road,and storage services.Expect local organisations to perform most of this workAgtrans,ISO Ltd,Smith Crane Services,Symons Group,Tito Transportsurvey and research database.xlsxDirectIndirect 44 5.65.6 Induced I
291、nduced jobjobs in operational phases in operational phase All of the preceding discussion focussed on direct and indirect jobs/work in the operational phase,i.e.personnel working for the wind project as employees or contractors.As discussed in section 5.3 induced jobs are roles generated by the spen
292、ding of people employed in the direct and indirect O&M jobs.For example,it would include a person working in supermarket who sells groceries to someone employed by the wind project(directly or via an O&M service provider).Similarly,builders and contractors who repair houses occupied by workers emplo
293、yed to provide O&M services to the wind project would fall into the induced job category.23 For this study is not practical to estimate the induced jobs using a bottom-up approach.Instead,we have used overseas studies of offshore wind to estimate the ratio of induced jobs to jobs in direct and indir
294、ect roles.The logic for focussing on this ratio is that induced jobs are likely to be strongly associated with the level of spending by the workers undertaking direct and indirect jobs,which in turn is closely linked to number of such workers.The ratio reported across different overseas studies rang
295、ed between 0.22 and 0.70,with a median value of 0.52.For this study,we have adopted a lower range value of 0.29(based on the 20th percentile of values in overseas studies)and a higher value of 0.63(based on the 80th percentile value).24 We have applied these same ratios for the 1,000 MW and 2,000 MW
296、 cases in the Reference Scenario.23 Obviously for both the grocery worker and builders,some proportion of their job would be counted as induced by the presence of the wind project.Applying these ratios yields estimates of 32 to 89 FTE induced jobs for a 1,000 MW wind farm project,and 55 to 152 FTE i
297、nduced jobs for the 2,000 MW wind farm project.Finally,all of the induced jobs are expected to be undertaken by people in the region where the project is located.Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,Veja Mate Project 5.75.7 C Crossross-check check of of O&M job O&M job estimateestimates s
298、with other studieswith other studies To cross-check our O&M job estimates we compared them to figures in overseas studies.Because of the differences across studies,the comparison was done at an aggregate jobs level and converted into FTE jobs per MW of installed wind farm capacity.24 See Appendix B:
299、for more information.45 Figure 17:Comparison of job estimates across studies(FTE/MW)Source:Concept analysis of overseas studies.See appendix for more information.Figure 17 shows the results of this comparison in graphical form.The bars show results for individual studies/projects.The orange dotted l
300、ines show Concepts estimates for a 1,000 MW wind farm expressed in FTE/MW terms.Key observations from the chart are:There is a fairly wide range of values reported in international studies,both for total FTE/MW and in the breakdown of those totals between direct,indirect and induced jobs.Concepts es
301、timated FTE/MW range is at the bottom end of the range of values reported in international studies.We think the wide range of values reported in international studies partly reflects differences in definitions and methodology across studies.It will also likely reflect physical differences in the und
302、erlying projects covered by each study.Photo supplied by:Copenhagen Offshore Partners,offshore substation at Veja Mate Project -0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80Oxford Economics 2010Oxford Economics 2010aOxford Economics 2010bOxford Economics 2010cSondes&Jean Christophe 2018aBVG 2012AWEA
303、2020aTegen et al.2015cTegen et al.2015bTegen et al.2015dAWEA 2020bSondes&Jean Christophe 2018bTegen et al.2015aZammit&Miles 2013Direct+Indirect+Induced Jobs(FTE/MW)DirectIndirectInducedwind jobs.xlsxReference scenario estimated range=0.14 to 0.23 FTE/MW 46 In particular,the number of O&M jobs is lik
304、ely to be more closely linked to the number of turbines in a project than the wind farms overall MW capacity.As technology has improved and turbines have grown in MW capacity,this will have altered the number of FTEs required and may contribute to the spread of results.Another difference may be the
305、variation in distances between service ports and wind farms,noting that greater distances will typically increase FTE requirements due to longer travel times.Overall,the international data suggests that the Concept estimates may be on the conservative side(i.e.more jobs may be generated in practice
306、than indicated by Concepts estimates).5.85.8 Overall jobs Overall jobs generated generated in in the the operational phaseoperational phase Table 16 provides a breakdown of Concepts FTE estimates of jobs created for each category(direct,indirect,induced).It shows that a 1,000 MW offshore wind projec
307、t is expected to generate between approximately 150 and 230 full time equivalent jobs in its operational phase.Table 16:FTE jobs in operational phase for 1,000 MW wind project Source:Concept analysis The table also shows the same results expressed in terms of person-years of work.Arguably,this is th
308、e more meaningful yardstick as the O&M phase is expected to run for 30+years.We estimate that a 1,000 MW project would generate around 4,500 to 7,100 person-years of work during its operational lifespan.As noted in section 1.3 the Reference Case is based on an initial project size of 1,000 MW which
309、is subsequently expanded to 2,000 MW.Table 17 shows the results for the case of a 2,000 MW offshore wind farm.A 2,000 MW offshore wind project is expected to generate between approximately 250 and 390 full time equivalent jobs in its operational phase.This equates to around 7,700 to 12,100 person-ye
310、ars of work during its operational lifespan.Table 17:Person-years of work over project life span Source:Concept analysis 1 GW Offshore Wind ProjectDirectIndirectInducedTotalConcept-lower estimate70 43 32 145 Concept-central estimate70 56 60 187 Concept-higher estimate70 70 89 229 1 GW Offshore Wind
311、ProjectDirectIndirectInducedTotalConcept-lower estimate2,170 1,318 1,001 4,488 Concept-central estimate2,170 1,744 1,873 5,787 Concept-higher estimate2,170 2,170 2,746 7,086 wind jobs.xlsxFTE equivalents in each year of operationPerson years of work over project life2 GW Offshore Wind ProjectDirectI
312、ndirectInducedTotalConcept-lower estimate120 73 55 248 Concept-central estimate120 96 104 320 Concept-higher estimate120 120 152 392 2 GW Offshore Wind ProjectDirectIndirectInducedTotalConcept-lower estimate3,720 2,259 1,716 7,694 Concept-central estimate3,720 2,989 3,211 9,921 Concept-higher estima
313、te3,720 3,720 4,707 12,147 wind jobs.xlsxPerson years of work over project lifeFTE equivalents in each year of operation 47 6 6 A Areas for reas for possible possible future future researchresearch This report focuses on two questions:1.What activities are needed to plan,build and operate an offshor
314、e wind farm?2.What capabilities exist in Aotearoa New Zealand to undertake the activities set out in item 1?A distinct but related question is:what actions could be taken to help Aotearoa New Zealand to maximise the opportunities from development of an offshore wind industry?While this question is n
315、ot the focus of this study,in this chapter we offer some high-level suggestions for further work.6.16.1 Help local supply chainHelp local supply chains s to to prepare prepare and be and be efficientefficient Organisations in Aotearoa New Zealand will be better placed to supply products/services to
316、an offshore wind industry if they have sufficient notice of future opportunities and can plan ahead.Advance notice will be particularly relevant in the early stages of the industry when offshore wind is completely new to the country.Prospective developers(and/or government agencies)can help local or
317、ganisations to prepare by providing information about likely future needs and the timing of projects.This would help local suppliers to assess the scale of opportunities,invest in training and/or equipment where it makes sense,and gather information needed to demonstrate their capabilities.This stud
318、y can be viewed as an initial step in this pathway because it provides potential suppliers with some high-level information on the products/services that developers would need to build and support an offshore wind industry.However,most local suppliers are likely to need more specific information to
319、properly assess the opportunities and prepare themselves.Potential examples that could fall into the category of sharing more specific information are transition piece sub-components and array cables as discussed in sections 4.3.2 and 4.3.4.6.26.2 Facilitate Facilitate collaboration between local an
320、d overseas collaboration between local and overseas companiescompanies As discussed earlier in this report,a sizeable portion of the wind turbine manufacturing and installation work is likely to be undertaken by overseas organisations given the specialised skills/equipment required.However,even wher
321、e overseas suppliers are needed there may be opportunities for local organisations to collaborate,especially for installation work.A factor which could hinder such collaboration is offshore suppliers lack of familiarity with local organisations and their capabilities.In effect,this is the mirror ima
322、ge of the challenge described in section 6.1.To address this issue,we see merit in developing and maintaining a database of local organisations who could supply relevant services/products into the offshore wind sector.The results from the survey conducted as part of this report could serve as a star
323、ting point for such a database.To have ongoing benefit,it would need to be updated over time.Possible candidates to maintain a database include wind developers,umbrella bodies(such as the New Zealand Wind Energy Association or a similar body),local business or development groups(such as Business New
324、 48 Zealand,Taranaki Chamber of Commerce,or Venture Taranaki)or a government supported agency(such as Ara Ake or New Zealand Trade and Enterprise).6.36.3 Help workHelp workers ers to dto develop evelop relevant relevant skillskills s Many of the roles created by an offshore wind industry would requi
325、re skilled personnel.An indication of the qualifications required for the operational phase staff is set out in Table 18(see the accompanying Jobs Guide for more information).Table 18:Indicative list of qualifications and roles Desirable qualifications Roles Occupational diving COC(Certificate of Co
326、mpetence)and ADAS Divers NZQA Standard 6400(First aid level 2)Multiple operational roles Diving medical clearance DHMS Divers Basic Offshore Safety Induction and Emergency Training(BOSIET)Multiple operational roles Maritime NZ Medical Clearance Crew transfer vessel staff Certificate of Safety Traini
327、ng(full course)-STCW Reg IV/1 Multiple operational roles Chester Step Test Multiple operational roles Confined Space Entry Certificate Wind turbine technicians Dogging and Rigging Certifications Wind turbine technicians NZ Full Drivers License Most roles Elevated Work Platform(EWP)certification Wind
328、 turbine technicians Global Wind Organisation(GWO)Basic Safety Training(BST)Wind turbine technicians Global Wind Organisation Blade Repair Training Certificate Wind turbine technicians Desirable qualifications Roles Global Wind Organisation(GWO)Basic Technical Training Wind turbine technicians Helic
329、opter Underwater Escape Training(HUET)Offshore staff High Voltage certifications Wind turbine technicians Inshore/domestic maritime qualifications Crew transfer vessel staff IRATA Rope Access Certification Wind turbine technicians ISO 9001,ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 Internal Auditor Training QHSE staff
330、 Minimum CIP-2 Certified Coating Inspector Wind turbine technicians Permit to Work Training Wind turbine technicians New Zealand GMDSS radio operator certificate Site administrators Wind farm maintenance Certificate level 4 Wind turbine technicians Trade Certificates Wind turbine technicians Welding
331、 Certificate Wind turbine technicians Working at Heights certificate Wind turbine technicians One important potential source for skilled workers is the oil and gas industry because of the significant cross-over between the skills required in the two industries.For example,a 2019 study found that mor
332、e than 85%of occupational roles in the oil and gas industry had some skills overlap 49 with offshore wind.25 Another potential source of skilled workers is the onshore wind industry.In both cases,to the extent that any additional specific offshore wind training is required for these types of workers
333、,it could possibly be provided on-the-job or by micro-credential courses.More generally,it will be important to ensure that training is available for people looking to enter the offshore wind industry.The Jobs Guide lists potential qualification requirements and potential training providers,but it is only indicative.For example,it does not include any information on the training that offshore wind