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1、Sustainable NetworksThe RAN modernization guide3Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideContentsHow can network modernization help CSPs in their environmental sustainability strategies?1 The Industry Challenge 41.1 Climate change as a call for action 51.2 ICT sector role in fighting
2、 the climate change.61.3 Networks data growth and the increasing energy cost.81.4 Energy efficiency holds the key 102Why5Gisthemostenergyefficienttechnology123TheEricssonapproachtobreakingtheenergycurve144HowtosupportCSPsindefiningimpactfulsustainabilitystrategies185Whenandhowtoplanformodernization2
3、25.1 Balancing network performance and energy consumption 245.2 Modernization steps 285.3 e&methodology to modernize RAN with sustainability in mind 305.4 T-Mobile,US redefines the best network through high performance and sustainability 326Technologyinnovationsandnewradiosolutions346.1 Massive MIMO
4、 radios to build 5G with precision 366.2 Elisa Finland improves performance and energy efficiency by modernizing with AIR 3268 386.3 Optus,Australia,creates an energy efficient network with the latest Massive MIMO for growth 406.4 Multi sector and multi band radio units to reduce footprint and 42 em
5、bodied carbon emissions 426.5 Indosat Ooredoo Hutchinson(IOH)deploys 6626 network wide to improve capacity with sustainability 447Energy-savingfunctionalityinthenewradios467.1 MTN-Benin,modernization boosted with energy saving features to reduce the carbon emissions 487.2 SmarTone leverages on energ
6、y software features of new radios 507.3 Example of radio product improvements with our latest Radio 4490 528Howcanwereducetheembodiedcarbonemissionsintheradioproducts548.1 TDC NET Denmark deploys radio 6646 reducing energy consumption 58 and embodied emissions 589Modernizationsuccessstories609.1 Vod
7、afone UK expands 5G midband coverage while reducing footprint 62 and energy consumption 629.2 Singtel creates an advanced and energy efficient network for all technologies in Singapore 649.3 Telstra builds a modernization roadmap to reduce energy consumption 66 and achieve their Net Zero target 6610
8、Keyinsightsandrecommendations66Hardware equipment modernization is one of the key investment areas in the Communication Service Providers(CSPs)network evolution plans.Modernization has always been vital to meet user experience and business targets.Modernization has also become increasingly relevant
9、to execute on energy cost reductions and Net Zero ambitions.Improving the energy efficiency of the radio access network(RAN)will have the biggest impact on the energy consumption of a mobile network,although other network elements shouldnt be overlooked.The commitment for environmental sustainabilit
10、y is coming from the whole ICT industry and Ericsson is partnering with suppliers and CSPs to meet the targets.Ericsson has developed solutions to increase the networks capacity while reducing the energy consumption and the embodied carbon emissions.Ericsson is relentlessly working to achieve higher
11、 network capacity with less energy consumption and carbon footprint,in essence doing more with less.“Sustainability is a given,not an option.It is action,not a concept.At Ericsson,we take every possible step towards Net Zero emissions-from product design to commercial use.For instance,we continuousl
12、y enhance our 5G portfolio,including our industry-leading Massive MIMO,to boost customers network capacity and energy performance.”Fredrik Jejdling,Executive Vice President and Head of Business Area Networks,Ericsson“Ericsson is reducing the embodied carbon emissions of its own products to help CSPs
13、 meet the Net Zero challenge.We are enabling our customers to develop and expose new network capabilities with the common goal of providing affordable and sustainable connectivity for all.”Freddie Sdergren,Head of Technology and Strategy,Ericsson Networks54Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN moder
14、nization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideThe Industry Challenge01The information and communication technology(ICT)industry is facing several global challenges that are increasing the complexity of evolving and operating mobile networks.These challenges include the rapid
15、 growth of mobile data traffic,the increasing demand for high-speed,reliable,mobile connectivity,the cost of energy and the required sustainability transformation,including the achievement of Net Zero targets.Sustainability is a complex challenge.To modernize mobile networks sustainably,we need to c
16、onsider multiple factors,in addition to the energy savings.Embodied carbon emissions of the products and the circular economy shouldnt be considered in isolation.This handbook supports CSPs to sustainably evolve their mobile networks by providing a guide to help them make the best RAN modernization
17、decisions.We will show the different options available,the benefits,the factors,and the methodology.You will find case studies with the challenges that are most relevant for communications service providers(CSPs)and how to overcome them successfully.For most mobile networks,over 80%of energy is cons
18、umed in the radio access network(RAN),with the remainder in the core network,support systems and associated cloud infrastructure.The focus is on RAN modernization as the main way to address these challenges.The case studies show that RAN modernization is needed for CSPs to meet the traffic demand of
19、 the future,and to ensure that their networks are sustainable and consume less energy.We hope that this handbook will be a valuable resource for CSPs as they work to modernize their RANs and meet todays and tomorrows challenges and opportunities with sustainability in mind.You might have a range of
20、emotions about climate change from confusion to hope,desperation or possibly even denial.However,the evidence is clear.Current climate change is human induced,and to limit global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels,scientists have said that we need to halve global greenhouse gas(GHG)emission
21、s by 2030(compared to 2020 levels),reaching Net Zero GHG emissions globally by 2050 at the latest.As an industry,we cannot afford the emissions to grow.Together,we need to limit the risk of triggering irreversible climatic tipping points within the Earths climate system.The 2023 IPCC report clearly
22、states that we only have a brief and short window of time to secure a livable planet and a sustainable future for all.So,more than ever,global climate action is needed now.1.1ClimatechangeasacallforactionFigure 1.Climate change a call for action“The climate crisis is the greatest challenge humanity
23、is facing at the moment.How we respond now will define the course of our future.”-Brje Ekholm,President&CEO,Ericsson.Were currently at 1.2C warming and the impact of climate change is already widespread,rapid and intensifying.Net Zero and Digitalization provide a pathway to achieve critical emission
24、 reduction targets.We must limit global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.76Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide1.2ICTsectorroleinfightingtheclimatechange.During the past years,the overall energy usage and life c
25、ycle greenhouse gas emissions of the ICT sector have been debated.Energy use,cost and the carbon footprint have become some of our industrys largest challenges.The point has been raised that the digital economy would sharply increase its energy use as more data is transported through the communicati
26、on networks.Our peer-reviewed research shows that the entire ICT industry uses approximately 4%of the worlds electricity for its operation and represents 1,4%of the global greenhouse gas emissions from a life cycle perspective1.Although,the impact of this industry is relatively low,it is a matter of
27、 commitment with our society to take every action possible to achieve Net Zero targets.Therefore,these actions start with reducing our own generated carbon emissions,both those from usage of our products and emission created when producing them.Currently,43%of the CSPs by revenue is committed to rea
28、ch Net Zero by 2050 or earlier2.The ICT industry has a unique potential to enable other industrial sectors to move towards the low-carbon economy that will be central to preventing further climate change.Since ICT industry can provide solutions with high potential,if used correctly,to avoid and redu
29、ce emissions across sectors.This is reflected in the Exponential Climate Action Roadmap3,which describes 36 initiatives to halve global emissions by 2030 across different sectors.These projects show that the overall digitalization of industries and society is crucial to increase efficiency and compe
30、titiveness,and to accelerate the transition towards a Net Zero future4.1 ICT Sector Electricity Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2020 Outcome by Jens Malmodin,Nina Lvehagen,Pernilla Bergmark,Dag Lundn:SSRN2 Exponential Roadmap-Exponential Roadmap Initiative3 Decarbonizing industries with con
31、nectivity&5G-Ericsson4 Connectivity and climate change()5 GSMA|Mobile Net Zero:State of the Industry on Climate Action 2023-#BetterFuture6 GSMA|Mobile Net Zero:State of the Industry on Climate Action 2023-#BetterFutureFigure 2.5G bringing new opportunities for digitalization with sustainabilityFigur
32、e 3.ICT industry commitment to Net ZeroAccording to Ericsson research5,simply using legacy ICT solutions up to 4G can enable a reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions by up to 15 percent by 2030.With 5G,we will unlock a world of new possibilities to sustainably improve digitalization,more netwo
33、rk capabilities with less energy consumption and footprint.Over the last few decades,cellular communication has changed societies and peoples lives.From 1G and 2G communication allowing us to make calls to people and not places,to todays high speed 5G networks.While 4G was a consumer-centric technol
34、ogy that enabled the building of the app economy,the 5G wave ahead has an industrial focus with high data speeds,low latency,and the ability to create dedicated bandwidth for critical users so-called network slicing.Today,the mobile network is the often first choice of access to internet and is a vi
35、tal part of the digitalization of society.The potential of 5G unlocking new use cases for digitalization is huge for additional reductions in emissions.5G and connectivity are critical to solutions representing potential reductions of 20%of the EUs total emissions5.For CSPs,energy consumption has hi
36、storically been a significant consideration as it is one of the highest operating costs.Now,this consideration is even more important due to the Net Zero targets,while also adding a need to lower emissions across the full value chain.CSPs are acting and setting ambitious Net Zero targets.These commi
37、tments not only cover the emissions from the mobile networks,CSPs scope 2 emissions,but also result in a focus on the embodied carbon emissions(emissions generated before the first use of the product)and circular economy as important tools for operators to reduce their upstream scope 3 emissions 6.A
38、 holistic view with a full value chain approach in our decarbonizing efforts is a must,and as an industry we must reduce emissions from our own activities as well as upstream,and downstream.We must show that Net Zero not only is a target-it is also a way of working.New industry applicationsMore capa
39、bilities with less energy and footprintWide range of servicesGuaranteed latency and scalable throughputUltra resilienceEnhanced coverage,capacity,user experienceFast,reliable,accurate positioningBenefits to societyImmersive customer experienceof mobile industry by revenue have committed to Net Zero
40、by 2050 or earlier.(GSMA report 2023)43%98Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide1.3Networksdatagrowthandtheincreasingenergycost.TheenergycostincreaseintherecentyearsWhile traffic has grown exponentially over the last 10 year
41、s,service providers global network energy consumption has risen by only 64 percent,from 91TWh to an estimated 150TWh 5.Data traffic has an impact on the capacity need in mobile networks,as well as on the energy use and cost.According to the June 2023 report,mobile data is expected to grow by a facto
42、r of 3.5 between the end 2022 and the end of 2028,from 93 EB per month to a projected 329 EB per month.This will have an impact on the energy consumption;although data and energy consumption follow different growth curves,there is a correlation between network capacity and energy consumed.Ericsson r
43、egularly performs traffic measurements in over 100 live networks covering all major regions of the world.These measurements form a representative base for calculating worldwide total mobile network traffic.Mobile network data traffic also includes traffic generated by FWA services.More detailed meas
44、urements are made in a select number of commercial networks for the purpose of understanding how mobile data traffic evolves and make traffic predictions.We share externally the results in our Ericsson Mobility report (EMR)7.The measurements have shown that mobile subscriptions have grown from 6 bil
45、lion in 2011 to 8.3 billion in ten years(from 2011 to 2021)driving traffic from just below 0.25EB per month to 65EB per month a factor of almost 300 times.This traffic growth has been supported by increased population coverage and multiple mobile generations running in parallel,adding the required t
46、raffic capacity8.In 2028,all mobile data traffic growth will come from 5G,as 4G traffic declines.The energy cost of mobile networks is a growing concern for the telecommunications industry.In 2020,the global energy cost of mobile networks was estimated in$25 billion USD.This figure has increased sig
47、nificantly and globally since 2020.This increase is particularly high and uncertain in Europe for geopolitical reasons.Wholesale electricity prices in Europe in 2022 were,on average,more than twice as high as in 20219.(source:International Energy Agency).The rising cost of energy for mobile networks
48、 is having a significant impact on the so-called“gigabyte economy,”which refers to the growing use of mobile data.The energy cost has become an important variable in the communication service providers operational expenditure(OPEX)and they are now setting targets to reduce the energy consumed per gi
49、gabyte transmitted.The energy cost of mobile networks is a challenge that the telecommunications industry will need to address both now and,in the years,to come.By taking steps to improve the energy efficiency of mobile networks and shifting to more data-efficient technologies and services,the indus
50、try can help to reduce the environmental impact of the mobile industry and make mobile data more affordable and accessible for all.The demand on mobile networks will continue to grow,and thus operators have a need to continue to expand network capacity to meet the exponential traffic growth.Without
51、action,energy use and related costs and emissions will also grow.The industry cannot continue with the same approach it used a decade ago.7 Past and present reports-Mobility Report-Ericsson8 https:/ 4.Mobile subscriptions by technology Figure 5.Global mobile network data traffic9 Electricity Market
52、Report 2023()1110Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide0%10%-20%20%-10%1.4EnergyefficiencyholdsthekeyCSPs need to consider many variables when tackling network evolution.They have the key to enable digitalization for a more
53、sustainable society.There are multiple challenges and needs driving the network evolution;among them,energy efficiency is paving the way to succeed in all the different targets.There are different metrics available for operators to measure energy efficiency of their network.However,we have found tha
54、t a combination of metrics will be useful to measure and track network energy efficiency over time.The basic metrics to follow are the absolute value of network energy consumption(kWh,MWh or GWh)and the metric energy consumption per data volume(kWh/GB or Wh/GB).The latter provides a good complement
55、to over time follow the development in how much energy is used to transfer 1 gigabyte of data in the network.Together,these two metrics provide a valuable overview to monitor the development on network level.It is also very important to have an industry consensus around metrics to achieve a higher i
56、mpact.The two metrics mentioned above(absolute value of energy consumption and energy consumption per data volume)together with energy per connection,per site and per revenue are also the key metrics tracked by GSMA in their energy efficiency benchmarking tool10.GSMA uses these metrics as benchmarki
57、ng measurements to evaluate the network energy efficiency of various operator networks.However,in their analysis,they show that other factors need to also be taken into consideration such as temperature zone,country topology and population density.Using different ratios and metrics requires alignmen
58、t to prevent showing skewed results.When deciding the new performance KPIs,we need to keep in mind what will be the consequences in the network to improve these metrics,since these measurements will serve as the foundation for driving desirable actions aimed at minimizing energy consumption in the n
59、etwork and at the same time keeping a great user experience.Actionable insightsAt Ericsson,we have several collaboration programs with our customers.These programs target to improve energy performance and provide observability of the impact of the different actions in the network,such as equipment m
60、odernization.The energy measurements are taken directly from the equipments performance counters,and for old equipment which doesnt have these counters,different algorithms are used to provide good estimates.We are monitoring absolute energy consumption(kWh),total downlink data volume(GB)and energy
61、consumption per data volume(Wh/GB)and also the traffic volume based on radio access technology(e.g.3G,4G,5G).We have evaluated both the impact of shifting traffic from 4G to 5G and modernizing to the latest equipment.We could see the energy efficiency trend in three worldwide Tier 1 operators which
62、includes data for Massive MIMO radios,remote radio units and baseband units.We have observed that moving traffic from 4G to 5G has a positive impact on reducing energy consumption.5G is the most energy efficient technology since it needs less signaling and can transmit the same amount of data faster
63、.New hardware equipment has proved to consume less energy than previous generations and with the new software features it can be operated more energy efficiently.The transition from 4G to 5G in combination with new hardware equipment,which provide higher energy efficiency,shows a clear correlation t
64、o lower energy use per delivered data traffic,therefore an improved energy performance.Figure 6.Energy efficiency trend for three Tier1 CSPs,part of the Ericsson collaboration Program(year 2023).Energy Efficiency(Wh/GB)(Delta Trend)-18%-14%0%0%CSP CCSP BCSP AFigure 7.Observations summary taken from
65、the Ericsson collaboration program for three Tier1 CSPs.Moving to 5G has a relevant impact on energy efficiency,but this can be diluted due to obsolete equipment.The impact of modernization can be bigger than the impact of traffic shift to 5G.As conclusion,the highest impact on energy performance is
66、 achieved with the combination of both shifting traffic to 5G and radio equipment modernization.WhatisnextinEnergyefficiencymeasurements?We need to ensure that the measurements serve as the foundation for driving desirable actions aimed at minimizing energy consumption in the network and providing g
67、ood performance.Going forward,we see an evolution in the energy efficiency metrics to capture the user experience or QoS(quality of service).Different service level agreements will be defined to ensure a good customer experience based on the specific user applications.By extending the energy evaluat
68、ion with customer experience metrics,we will also secure the satisfaction of the end users,which is critical for 5G premium connectivity.CSPTraffic shift to 5GModernized equipmentEnergy Efficiency improvementA10%Newest equipment+18%B10%Relatively modern+14%C10 xCapacity44%reduced embodied carbon wit
69、h radio portfolio 2023 vs.20212524Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide5.1BalancingnetworkperformanceandenergyconsumptionBefore going through the modernization steps,lets review the principles of balancing performance and e
70、nergy consumption to prevent over-dimensioned and under-dimensioned radio sites.Software functions can be used to optimize network performance and to reduce energy consumption.It is well known that the traffic demand varies over the day and night.As mobile networks are deployed to meet expected peak
71、 traffic demands,there is an inherent headroom with over-capacity for most hours of the day.The modernization cases are combining the latest energy efficient HW with the activation of energy saving features which are adapted to the traffic load.There is a range of software features,such as transmitt
72、er micro sleep or micro sleep Tx(switching off radio transmitters when no transmission is required),deep sleep(hibernate radios during low traffic hours)and other energy saving features to lower energy consumption without degrading network performance.Combining these features can enable huge energy
73、savings,with up to 97 percent less energy consumption at low traffic hours compared to maximum power usage.Finding the right balance of network performance and energy consumption as data traffic grows and new services are introduced will help service providers to“break the energy curve”.This require
74、s a combination of replacing old equipment with the latest technology and hardware,activating energy-saving software on both active equipment and passive site infrastructure.The nature of a high performing radio network today is very different from 2G and 3G networks.By expanding the focus on networ
75、k performance to include user experience and its correlation towards energy consumption,there are new opportunities to optimize RAN energy efficiency.One way to increase the effectiveness of energy saving functionality is to use network insights to identify sites and service areas that have a combin
76、ation of low level of data volume and a very good user experience during busy hours.By moving to a user experience-centric view,though still with network KPIs in focus,it will be possible to have a balanced view between network performance and energy consumption to achieve larger energy savings.In l
77、ine with this,Ericsson provides both consultative services to assist in the deployment and optimization of energy efficiency functionality,as well as performance counters which are helpful to observe energy savings and balancing potential impact on network KPIs and user experience.Lets take an examp
78、le to show how we help operators to use network insights to make the best informed decisions.In Figure 16:“Traffic volume and user experience segmentation”,in the left diagram,we can see how we can extract data volume on site level,or even sector level by use of performance counters.The data volume
79、shall be seen as a good proxy for“data content delivered to the area covered by the site(or sector)”.In the picture to the left we have categorized the sites into three traffic segments:The red traffic segment represents the high traffic sites.The blue traffic segment represents medium traffic sites
80、(red and blue together identify sites that bring 75%of network data volume).The green traffic segment represents low traffic sites.The essence of this segmentation is that there are many sites in the green traffic segment,typically 50-70%of all sites,that carry low load,or could also been seen as ar
81、eas where only 25%of total content in the network is delivered.If we were to grade relevance of importance it could be that those low-content delivery sites are of slightly less strategic value compared with the fewer sites in the red and blue segments where the majority of content is distributedUse
82、r experience is not only about content delivery in terms of volume;how the content has been delivered to the user and the time it takes is a big part of the actual user experience.Here we need to relate user experience to a consistent speed of delivery,and we can see via studies how we can translate
83、 speed into user experience“sufficient download speed into user experience classification”.In Figure 16,we can observe user experience per site(or sector)in the right diagram.As always,when we are talking about the radio performance of the network we need to focus on the busiest and most challenging
84、 period of the day,which is illustrated in the data volumes shown in the left diagram.In the diagram to the right,we have ranked the sites based on the user experience they provide from poor to great.NetworkdatatomakethebestdecisionsFigure 16.Traffic volume and user experience segmentation2726Ericss
85、on|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideFor both these observation areas we have counters in the network that we can use to extract this information which we exemplify in Figure 17 Sites comparison to balance performance and energy
86、efficiency.In the zoomed-in areas,we can see that there is a combination of sites that generate a low volume of data and,from a user experience point of view,they are providing a very good user experience during peak times.So this is an easy way to identify sites with different characteristics.An en
87、ergy-saving strategy that is adapted to actual demands is crucial for maximizing energy savings in the network.Figure 17.Sites comparison to balance performance and energy efficiency.Sites are unequal and should be built and operated differentlyThis example shows the different levels of user experie
88、nce in a high traffic scenario.This analysis can be used as method to find under-dimensioned sites(cluster in the black circle),with high traffic and where more capacity is needed to meet user experience and to identify areas that are over-dimensioned(cluster in the red circle),delivering low traffi
89、c with very good user experience status also in busy hours.The expected result is that,during a large part of the day(except busy hours)we have a potential to remove capacity from network(in order to save energy)and move users from“very great”to“great”experience.A transition that is not noticed by t
90、he end-user but of course captured and registered in traditional network KPI observations(e.g DL throughput speed).Again,it is important to have Figure 10:Factors to weight in the holistic view,in mind and understand how to find a balance between traditional network KPIs and the user experience.Movi
91、ng to a user experience-centric view,network KPIs are still in focus but with a balanced view.By adding AI and machine learning technology,we can further help optimize and automize these energy saving functions.This will allow us to save a lot more energy and we will deliver the same data volume in
92、the targeted areas while always maintaining the user experience at a level that they experience as great or good.2928Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide5.2ModernizationstepsOnce all the drivers for modernization are ident
93、ified,we have defined three steps that will secure a successful modernization execution to achieve the targets.These steps follow the principles of applying a holistic view and balancing the network performance with energy consumption to break the energy curve,and they will help the service provider
94、s to succeed in their sustainability journey.At the end of this guide,there is a checklist with the key actionable recommendations.Step 1-Holistic evaluation of the targets.Traditional areas in focus for CSPs are network KPIs,user experience,capital investments and operational expenditures and energ
95、y cost.This is now evolving to also include a focus on carbon emissions in the ambitions to achieve Net Zero targets.Depending on the energy mix available on the market,carbon emissions related to electricity use(Scope 1&2)or embodied emissions from the supply chain(upstream Scope 3)may be in focus
96、for the improvements.In either case,CSPs will have a need to expand both the network capacity to manage the traffic growth and to reduce the network energy cost.Additionally,by expanding the focus on network performance to include the user experience and its correlation with energy consumption,we se
97、e new opportunities for an increased use of energy saving functionality to optimize the RAN energy efficiency.The holistic evaluation of targets will create the foundation for the sustainable network evolution plan and secure a“willingness to change”where all aspects have been assessed together.The
98、next step is to identify how this shall be done.Step 2-Identify the sites for modernizationIn this step we use the agreed company targets to investigate how a network modernization best can deliver the wanted performance improvements.It includes an assessment of the expansion plans where new service
99、s will be offered and where new capacity will be needed,but also identifying sites that will deliver considerable energy savings,carbon emission reductions and site opex reductions.Using network insights on traffic volume per site and delivered user experience combined with a baseline over the insta
100、lled base of products and their energy consumption,provide valuable data to this exercise.Low loaded sites in the green traffic segment will also need to be modernized to offer the wanted service and user experience,and in our assessments over network energy consumption trends we have seen that thes
101、e sites are key to lower the total network energy consumption.This step should also consider the operational aspects in the network evolution plan.For instance,it could involve identifying which energy saving functionality to apply to turn off active parts in equipment(cell sleep,M-MIMO sleep,deep s
102、leep,etc.).Those software features will be activated in specific sectors and at times when the traffic load allows some mobile broadband capacity to be reduced without jeopardizing user experience as described in the previous chapter“Balancing network performance and energy consumption”.Step 3-Defin
103、e when and whatThe final step defines when and in what order the network modernization shall be executed.This will be guided by the agreed targets,but it can also be opportunistically driven from the aspect that where more capacity will be needed and where 5G on new frequency bands will be deployed,
104、there is an opportunity to also modernize the installed base.It may very well also be a prerequisite to fit the new equipment within power and energy budgets,or to avoid doing tower reinforcement due to increased wind and weight load.The other aspect of“when and what”is to address average energy con
105、sumption while maintaining a high level of user experience.Here we need to consider mechanisms that will reduce consumption during operation but also include savings from when radio products are momentary put into sleep mode from a capacity demand perspective.We complement the actual site locations
106、with the information of“traffic load over time”.Using this information,we can reduce capacity(radio chains)at specific times to save energy and when we need the capacity,we can quickly return it to full power.At the end of these three steps a sustainable network evolution plan is in place.It will de
107、scribe the actions needed to evolve the network to meet the business and sustainability targets going forward.The“Expand and modernize”part of Ericssons breaking the energy curve approach is about hardware roll out and deploying this plan,and to take the opportunity to modernize the existing network
108、 while scaling up 5G.The“Operate intelligently”part is about using software to,at every moment,optimize the network performance with excellent user experience with the lowest energy use.Figure 18.Modernization steps following a holistic approach.01Holistic evaluation of the targets02Identify the sit
109、es for modernization03Define when&what(roadmap aligned with targets)A network evolution plan should consider both business and environmental sustainability targets while seeking to improve customer experience.Apply network insights on traffic volume per site and delivered user experience combined wi
110、th a baseline over the installed base of products and their energy consumption.Draft the roadmap based on your targets and prioritize the sites that will need more capacity or 5G roll-out and also the sites that are the highest energy consumer and carbon emissions producer.3130Ericsson|Sustainable N
111、etworks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide5.3etisalatbye&methodologytomodernizetheRAN withsustainabilityinminde&,a leading technology group operating across 16 countries in Middle East,Asia and Africa,has pledged to achieving net zero within its grou
112、ps own operations in the United Arab Emirates for Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 2030.e&has defined an ambitious sustainability framework for their network evolution,supported by a set of improvement programs and KPIs,to guide its operating companies business strategies and operations.Being the Principa
113、l Technology Partner at COP28,e&is taking decisive steps towards advancing sustainable digital innovation.Figure 19.Pre-and Post-modernization Energy Consumption for First 10 Sites4,966,55,54,14,964,85,55,22,83,33,12,42,11,72,11,62,32,343%45%52%56%49%65%65%67%58%56%Power consumption Pre-mod.(KWH)Pow
114、er consumption Post-mod.(KWH)Energy Consumption Saving(%)Khalid Murshed,Chief Technology and Information Officer,etisalat by e&said:“With e&as the Principal Technology Partner at COP28,e&is on track to meet its 2030 Net Zero target as it accelerates the implementation of climate action projects in i
115、ts UAE operations.The Groups climate action projects,implemented by etisalat by e&in the UAE,include investments and efforts to modernize the telecom network by injecting the most energy efficient equipment in energy hungry nodes and elements in order to have an accelerated impact,in addition to dep
116、loying smart power saving and shutdown features that would optimize and control energy consumption.”SustainabilityengagementwithEricssonEricsson,being a long-standing partner,has been selected by e&in 2022 for a 3-year engagement where both entities collaboratively join efforts to explore initiative
117、s aiming at reducing energy consumption,breaking the energy curve,and constructing more efficient,sustainable networks for the future.These initiatives include site modernization using the latest generation of Ericssons portfolio,activation of latest energy efficiency software features across all te
118、chnologies,and implementation of zero-footprint and smart connected site solutions;to name just a few.e&and Ericsson are tracking the total energy consumption and carbon emissions on network level to properly assess the collective impact of all these initiatives.As a pilot implementation,etisalat by
119、 e&together with Ericsson realized enormous benefits through modernizing an existing radio site,with 2G,3G and 4G technologies,using Ericssons new-generation,multi-standard,multi-sector,and multi-band radio portfolio.On top of the reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions,other benefits,such a
120、s smaller equipment footprint,reduced tower load and 5G readiness,were realized.Based on the impressive results of the pilot implementation,both parties agreed to quantify,and track the energy consumption and the carbon footprint of the existing radio installed base,as a base for deciding on where,w
121、hen,and how to proceed with the modernization actions.The approach focused on what matters to make sure that the highest energy-consuming and carbon-emitting sites are being prioritized in the first implementation phases.FirstimplementationtoevaluatenewhardwareImpressiveresultsNetworkwideProgram52%r
122、eduction in energy consumption 2700 MWh energy savings yearly over a base of 100 sites1425 tonnes CO2 reduction yearly over a base of 100 sites Phase 1:Site-level analysis to identify the 100 highest energy-consuming and carbon-emitting sites.7.6tonnes of reduction in carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions pe
123、r site per yearPhase 2:The deployed radio configuration of each of the 100 sites was mapped to Ericssons latest generation of radio products,including Radio 6626,Baseband 6631 and RAN Processor 6651.The energy and carbon emissions savings were accurately estimated.ModernizationresultsThe modernizati
124、on of the first 10 sites has been successfully completed,with a reduction in energy consumption between 43%and 67%compared to the legacy site deployment.Additionally,this modernization resulted in reducing the total tower load by more than 50%,which provides room to accommodate future radio expansio
125、ns without having any additional tower-strengthening requirements.It also simplified the connectivity of the site,thanks to the noticeable reduction in the number of radio units and basebands.The achieved results are perfectly in-line with the estimated savings.By completing the modernization of the
126、 100 sites,etisalat by e&will be able to achieve 2700 MWh of energy saving per year,which represents a yearly OPEX saving of 1.3m AED,and in turn this will result in reducing the carbon emissions by 1425 tonnes per year.There is an ambitious plan to have the modernization of the 100 high emission si
127、tes completed before the end of 2023.On the other hand,etisalat by e&and Ericsson are working on identifying the next candidate batch of sites for network modernization using the same methodology.3332Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN moder
128、nization guide5.4T-Mobile,USredefinesthebestnetworkthroughhighperformance andsustainabilityT-Mobile,one of the largest U.S.telecommunications service providers,has set industry-leading sustainability goals that include reaching Net Zero emissions by 2040 and achieving a 95 percent reduction in netwo
129、rk energy consumption per data volume by 2030(measured as MWh per Petabyte).To help achieve these sustainability goals,T-Mobile in collaboration with Ericsson has adopted a holistic approach to network planning,deployment,and operations of mobile networks.This innovative approach addresses the whole
130、 network,including hardware,software and site dimensions,and considers network modernization.T-Mobile has been awarded for providing the fastest network with lowest latency,higher consistency,and best video performance.One of the enablers of this award-winning performance is T-Mobiles strategy to mo
131、dernize their network with Ericssons Massive MIMO Antenna Integrated(AIR)products including AIR6419 and AIR6449,including multiband remote radios like Radio 4460,which provide higher energy performance and supports both TDD mid-bands and FDD bands.T-Mobiles network modernization program with Ericsso
132、n is already demonstrating measurable benefits for both T-Mobile and its customersbetter performance and improved user experience,delivered with lower energy consumption.From year beginning in 2023 and within the Ericsson portion of T-Mobiles network,T-Mobile has achieved an impressive improvement i
133、n network energy efficiency performance by the end of Q3 2023.Network energy performance is measured in Watthours/Gigabyte,which reflects the efficiency with which energy is used per unit of data transferred.Throughout this year T-Mobile accelerated the migration of mobile data traffic from 4G to 5G
134、,therefore carrying the majority of the data traffic over 5G,which is the most energy aware technology.3534Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideTechnologyinnovationsandnewradio solutions 06CSPs need new products and solutio
135、ns to help them successfully address these new challenges.We explored the different drivers for modernization in the previous chapters,and here we will share examples of solutions that will show the value of RAN modernization.RAN capabilities need to be expanded for more capacity and adding new serv
136、ices while reducing RAN energy consumption.Different RAN elements have different energy needs approximate figures tell us that the radios use around 80 percent of the total energy consumed,with baseband using 10 percent and transmission 10 percent.Though Ericsson is focused on making energy efficien
137、cy improvements across the complete mobile network,the fact that radios use the majority of the energy of the RAN means we will focus on them for now.When developing new radio products,the objective is to improve spectrum efficiency,energy efficiency and reduced footprint.There are four fundamental
138、technology enablers to achieve these improvements in the radios,which are the foundation of the development of our radios.Ericsson SiliconEricsson is continuously evolving its tailor-made silicon to make it more efficient.The yearly cadence of new ASIC will enable more processing power that is neede
139、d in the radios when more bands and transmission branches are needed.Reducing the embodied carbon emissions is one key target of our products design with reduced size and weight.Our tailored approach for each product segment allows higher scalability and optimization.Figure 20.Fundamental enablers f
140、or radio developmentFigure 21.Tailor made silicon with yearly cadenceFigure 22.Example of Silicon evolution for Ran ComputePower AmplifiersThe processing power is also needed to be able to make better use of efficient power amplifiers based GaN technology.This technology is energy-efficient,but also
141、 more difficult to control and optimize,so more processing power is needed.This is enabled by Ericsson Silicon.Filter technologyAnother important area of improvement in PA technologies is the use of wideband amplifiers that will cover multiple bands and allow for power-sharing between them.Building
142、advanced new radio models filter technology is crucial to continuous work with miniaturization and reduce internal energy loss.Thermal solutionsRegardless of how energy-efficient we can make a radio,we still need to manage the heat dissipation from the vital components,so innovative thermal solution
143、s are crucial to delivering radio products with a small and attractive form factor.RAN Compute 5G Advanced and AI+Remote Radio Digital front-end and eCPRIMassive MIMO beamformingFull uplink receiver and eCPRIMassive MIMODigital front-endTransportLayer 2 processingLayer 1 processingBeamforming proces
144、singDigital front-end processingCRAN capacity(2015 Baseband 5216)2017-Baseband 6630(2020 Baseband 6648)2021 RAN Processor 6651Gen 42024 Next generationDRAN flexibilityEnergy efficiencySize*5G modes:mmWave,TDD AAS,FDD AAS,TDD Radio,FDD Radio,4G modes:FDD&TDD Radio,TDD AAS,FDD AAS 24 Cells4G/5G modes*
145、per boardMbpsper WattSizeSizeSizeMbpsper WattMbpsper Watt4G/5G modes*per board4G/5G modes*per board48 Cells300 Cells2351U1U1U36061203736Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide6.1MassiveMIMOradiostobuild5GwithprecisionAbove al
146、l,we need an efficient use of the radio spectrum,which is the most important asset for a CSP.Spectrum will change over time where new spectrum is added,and we will also see how existing frequency bands will change from older radio technologies to newer more efficient such as LTE and NR over time.One
147、 important mechanism in LTE and NR that improves spectrum efficiency is the Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)solution,as it enables different configurations for spectrum efficiency.For GSM and WCDMA,only one TX branch was needed but for LTE and NR we need 2TX,4TX for FDD bands and for the TDD ban
148、ds up to 8 TX ports.The big step in this solution happened in the Massive MIMO radios with the introduction of up to 64 TX ports,which are used to enhance the control of the transmitted radio energy towards the user.This change of how the spectrum shall be used is an important factor in defining wha
149、t kind of radios are needed onsite.Bands using GSM or WCDMA today and that are evolving towards LTE and NR need to have new radio hardware supporting 2T or 4T radios.We also see the introduction of new bands in both the FDD domain and the TDD bands.TDD mid-band spectrum has become known as the“5G ro
150、llout band”.The extra capacity from the typically large amount of new mid-band spectrum provides a significant boost to the user experience with+1 Gbps download speeds,but more important is the strong capacity boost provided by the nature of M-MIMO technology,where concepts as Singe User MIMO and Mu
151、ltiuser MIMO outperform the spectrum efficiency gain compared with traditional Remote Radio deployments.The Ericsson Massive MIMO radio solutions are divided into three deployment segments,with product variants optimized for different cases with an optimized total cost of ownership in mind:“Capacity
152、”covers the needs of the most demanding sites and provides superior performance in all deployments,ranging from dense urban high-rises to rural areas.It supports large bandwidths,high output power and many radio chains,facilitating superior horizontal and vertical domain beamforming.“Coverage”target
153、s deployments with large inter-site distances,such as suburban or rural areas with a smaller spread of users in the vertical domain.This segment has typically fewer radio chains to lower the total cost of ownership(TCO)compared to the capacity products as shown in the figure 23.“Compact”is for sites
154、 where there are constraints on the deployment.It prioritizes TCO and ensures that mechanical properties are in line with site constraints,such as size and weight.These products still provide substantial performance gains compared to conventional RRUs in many deployment scenarios.The solution where
155、we integrate the M-MIMO products inside the passive antenna structure,Interleaved AIR,is treated as solution in the compact segment since we“hide”the M-MIMO inside the radome for the passive antennas.Whether it is a passive antenna or an Interleaved AIR(integrated active and passive solution),select
156、ing the right antennas at the very beginning of network planning allows CSPs to maximize the benefits of a fully optimized network.It is of utmost importance that the antenna provides durable multi-band performance to enable stable connection and ensure high throughput while it radiates,with minimal
157、 losses.This will have the effect of reducing network energy consumption and ensuring the antennas are lighter,compact,wind-load optimized and made of sustainable materials.That will have a considerable impact on the overall performance16.Since 2021 the Massive MIMO portfolio has taken a big leap in
158、 its evolution.The capacity segment has grown to 600MHz instantaneous bandwidth and now provides both dual-band and wide-band options within a single-antenna formfactor.A single antenna unit for two frequency ranges means a reduced use of aluminum and total energy consumption,while also reducing the
159、 site footprint expenses for the customer.We will show two success stories of our customers with a similar challenge:building more 5G sites to support demand in capacity and speeds while reducing energy consumption.Figure 23.Different solutions for capacity,coverage and footprintAIR 6419Uncompromise
160、d performance optimized for high-rise urban64T/R,200MHz&320W and 19kg weight with passive coolingAIR 3268 Industrys lowest footprint for energy efficient and easy urban and suburban deployments32T/R,200MHz&200W and 12kg weight with passive cooling AIR 6428 Wide bandwidth for high-rise building areas
161、,spectrum flexibility and RAN sharing64T/R,400MHz&400W and 29kg weight with passive coolingAIR 3219Coverage and performance for NW wide deployment32T/R,200MHz&320W and 20kg weight with passive coolingAIR 3258 Wide bandwidth for mid&low-rise building areas,adding flexibility and RAN sharing32T/R,400M
162、Hz&320W and 27kg weight with passive cooling16 ew antenna design in wind tunnel test environment-EricssonCapacityCompactCoverage3938Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide6.2ElisaFinlandimprovesperformanceandenergyefficiency
163、bymodernizingwithAIR3268The drivers of the modernization are energy efficiency set as one of the strategic cornerstones while driving 5G commercialization through network quality,technology leadership,and innovation in services.To enable 5G new services unlocking all the 5G potential for innovation,
164、Elisa has also deployed Ericsson cloud-native dual-mode 5G core,5G standalone deployment in Estonia.As an operator focused on climate change mitigation and reducing carbon emissions,Elisa found in Ericsson an equally sustainability-responsible partner that can provide energy-efficient products and s
165、olutions.“Energy efficiency is very important part of our sustainability thinking,and we see that Ericsson shares same kind of thinking.Seeing that we can provide high-quality 5G services to our customers and increase their satisfaction,motivated us on our 5G journey.In Ericsson,we found a reliable
166、partner,ready to support us equally in our monetization and sustainability goals.”Tiina Hckert,Head of Mobile Access,Elisa FinlandThis solution has improved network energy efficiency,customer experience,and cost-effectiveness.19 Elisa Finland and Ericsson leverage 5G to achieve Net Zero12%increase o
167、f uplink data volume25%reduction in energy consumption compared to AIR 327848%weight reduction compared to AIR 3278Elisa replaced the AIR 3278 with Ericssons ultra-light antenna-integrated radio AIR 3268,improving network energy efficiency and performance.Ericssons AIR 3268 has also increased the co
168、verage of TDD mid-band and improved the overall Watt per GB of the site.10 Energy efficiency is further boosted with network automation through Ericsson RAN Energy Efficiency software.By automatically deactivating not-required capacity during low and medium traffic loads,Ericssons intelligent RAN en
169、ergy-saving software features help significantly reduce energy consumption.ModernizationwiththelatestMassiveMIMOandautomated energysavingfeaturesEnergysavingfeaturesdeployed:KeyresultsSoftware feature that automatically enables and disables the radios main power amplifier and other hardware blocks d
170、uring fixed idle periods,reducing energy consumption.It also ensures that the power amplifier is ready to be switched on when needed with zero touch automation.Micro Sleep TXSoftware feature that turns on and off the capacity cells based on current traffic load.Cell SleepSoftware feature that uses A
171、I/ML algorithm running on the baseband to predict traffic patterns to activate/deactivate radio equipment with zero touch.This feature is expected to provide savings up to 14%while securing user experience.AI-MIMO Sleep4140Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable
172、 Networks-The RAN modernization guide6.3Optus,Australia,createsanenergyefficientnetworkwiththelatest MassiveMIMOforgrowthLambo Kanagaratnam,Managing Director Networks at Optus said,“The new RAN weve deployed in collaboration with Ericsson plays a critical role in not only the sustainable growth of o
173、ur 4G and 5G network,but also in contributing to our sustainability commitment.We are also working with Ericsson to improve their embedded emissions of equipment production and supply,which will be important to our Net Zero ambitions which includes emissions in our supply chain”.20 Energy efficiency
174、 is a critical component in Optus decarbonization journey towards Net Zero emissions.The partnership with Ericsson to support network modernization plays a critical role in Optus achieving its goal to reduce Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 25%by 2025(from a 2015 baseline).The challenge:The solution:The r
175、esults:Optus is seeking to overcome challenges related to building more 5G sites to support demand in capacity and speeds from its customers in metros and regional Australia.At the same time,the company is focused on the sustainable growth of its 4G and 5G network.Along with the modernization,total
176、traffic increased by 11%while improving consumption from 0.066 kWh/GB to 0.047 kWh/GB,29 per cent reduction of energy consumed per gigabyte.Mix mode support for AIR 3219 B40 leading to reduction of 3x radios for LTE 2300.Total footprint reduction of 50%(from 12 classic radios to 6 per site)Network m
177、odernization and energy software activation:The AIR6488 are modernized with the AIR6419,improving coverage and capacity Consolidation single/dual band radios to triband radios,replacing 4480 B1B3+4419 B7 to 4466 B1B3B7 Replacing 4418 B40+AIR3239 to AIR3219 B40 4G and 5G energy saving features:Micros
178、 sleep TX,Cell Sleep,Radio Deep Sleep,M-MIMO sleep mode(planned)22%Daily energy savings realized by HW modernization and LTE/NR SW features29%Reduction in cost per GB20 Optus and Ericsson unveil Australias latest energy efficient radio access network site6 x AAS Radios12 x Classic Radios4 x BB66306
179、x AAS Radios6 x Classic Radios2 x BB665118 Radios4 Baseband12 Radios2 BasebandsEvolution100Ref:https:/.au/content/dam/optus/documents/about-us/sustainability/reporting/2023/fy2023-optus-sustainability-report.pdf4342Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Network
180、s-The RAN modernization guide6.4Multisectorandmultibandradiounitstoreducefootprintand embodiedcarbonemissionsThe remote radios have evolved over time from single band(4415)to dual band(4499)and now we have triple band(4466)in one radio unit.This will not only reduce energy consumption,but also help
181、operators reduce site OPEX and rental fees.But not only that-since we have reduced the embodied carbon emissions in our products,we are able to further reduce the embodied carbon emissions per site.As example the latest radio 4485.Comparing one single band radio and one dual band radio(one 4480+4415
182、)to one triple band radio(4485),we are reducing the embodied carbon emissions by more than 50%.At the same time,we are reducing the power average consumption by 22%but increasing the peak output power for high traffic load.The majority of CSP radio sites are today outsourced to infrastructure compan
183、ies(”tower cos”).The leasing contracts are often regulated in terms of the number of units in tower,the antenna footprint and energy consumption.Multiband and multisector radios can significantly improve TCO in those cases.In figure 25,we can see one example where we optimized the configuration base
184、d on minimizing the site footprint.Here,we support five FDD radio bands in three sectors with only two remote radio units.All five FDD bands are LTE and NR-ready with 2T2R radio solution.Each sector will need an antenna,and,in this example,we use Interleaved AIR which is an antenna that includes sup
185、port for the remote radios and also hosts a M-MIMO radio with 32 or 64 TX ports for midband integrated in the antenna.Figure 24.Reduced embodied and energy consumption with triple band radiosFigure 25.Example of six frequencies in three sectors with two remote radios and interleaved AIRFigure 26.Exa
186、mple of seven frequencies in three sectors with six remote radios and interleaved AIRAnother example of how the remote radio portfolio can be used for modernization is shown below.In this case,the objective is to maximize the spectrum efficiency by use 4T4R radio for each band.With 4T4R in a band,we
187、 have a potential of up to 30%more MBB capacity in the sector,compared to 2T2R.We will show examples of our customers using the multiband and multisector radios in the next success stories.Single bandDual bandTriple Band2600 MHz2100 MHz1800 MHz2T/2R4T/4R4T/4R4T/4RRadio 4485 Up to 640|W25 kg 30-50%we
188、ight reduction 52%Embodied carbonreduction22%Energy reduction4544Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guide6.5IndosatOoredooHutchinson(IOH)deploys6626networkwide toimprovecapacitywithsustainabilityThe challenge:Improving custome
189、r experience and reduce OPEXThe solution:Massive deployment of 6626 radio The results:Indonesias Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison merge their networks together to serve 100 million subscribers nationwide,with Ericsson selected as their partner in the capital city,Jakarta.The key focus area is improving the
190、 customer experience improvement and reducing operational expenditure.The merger between Indosat and Hutchison was officially approved in January 2022,and Ericsson started the project on remote POC execution in February 2022,finishing it by January 2023.One of the objectives of the merger was to hav
191、e efficiency while at the same time serving a higher traffic demand without sacrificing the customer experience,especially in Jakarta.Hence,a high-capacity network with lower energy consumption was one of the prime requirements.Following the merger,Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison has a total of 55 MHz in
192、midband,with 30 MHz at 1800 and 25 MHz at 2100.Since it offers 120 W per port,Radio 6626 B1+B3 is the perfect product to upgrade to in order to comply with the 2W/MHz requirement.Figure 27.modernization executed in three different configurations in IOH sitesAround 4000 sites are expected to be moder
193、nized using the 6626 radios.The criteria for modernization are based on capacity and technology requirement in in the IOH network to deploy overall mid-band spectrum(1800 and 2100 MHz)and 4T4R.In a case where IOH doesnt need the full capacity,they will re-use the 4499 radios.The features deployed to
194、 reduce energy consumption usage are:01.Micro sleep TX02.Low Energy Scheduler Solution(LESS)03.MIMO Sleep ModeLive measurements carried out in the IOH network through performance counters shows a 32 percent reduction in energy consumption on modernized sites and 26 percent network-wide considering a
195、lso the non-modernized sites.Figure 28.IOH results after introducing 6626Existing(L18+L21 35 MHz)Final(L18+L21 55 MHz)2T2R4T4R4T4R DBRadio 2219/RRUS12 1800MHzRadio 2219/RRUS12 2100MHzRadio 2219/RRUS12 1800MHzRadio 2219/RRUS12 2100MHzRadio 2219/RRUS12 1800MHzRadio 2219/RRUS12 2100MHzRadio 4428 1800MH
196、zRadio 4428 2100MHzRadio 4428 1800MHzRadio 4428 2100MHzRadio 4428 1800MHzRadio 4428 2100MHzRadio 6626 1800MHz+2100MHzRadio 6626 1800MHz+2100MHzRadio 6626 1800MHz+2100MHzRadio 6626 1800MHz+2100MHzRadio 6626 1800MHz+2100MHzRadio 4499 1800MHz+2100MHzRadio 4499 1800MHz+2100MHzRadio 4499 1800MHz+2100MHzD
197、esmond Cheung,Chief Technology Officer of Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison,says:“IOH is committed to continue providing world class digital experiences along with our strategic partners.We are certain by the collaboration and innovations will support us to deliver a marvelous user experience to our consume
198、rs.And today,we are excited to be part of Radio 6626 introduction to the market,that it also helps us to minimize power consumption and weight on the tower using green technology align with our overall effort to reduce the carbon footprint for a better environment.”4746Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-
199、The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEnergy-savingfunctionalityin the new radios07Software functions will help optimize the operation of the installed hardware at any moment in time to allow for performance improvements and energy savings.Short-term spe
200、ctrum refarming on capable hardware(2G/3G-4G-5G)will add increased MBB capacity to support a new service offering and allow for more efficient energy-saving functionality.Though this will add needed capacity and help bring down energy use,in the long term it will not be enough to lower the total net
201、work energy consumption,nor to take on the data growth.Modernization and additional hardware supporting new spectrum will be needed.There is a wide range of energy-saving radio features that are enabling the most efficient use of the radio resources to reduce energy consumption depending on traffic
202、demand.To understand how energy is consumed in any radio product we can use the simplified illustration in figure 29.Here we have outlined the energy consumption(y-axis)as a relation to traffic load(x-axis),We have illustrated some defined states and will make some clarifications here.The state mark
203、ed 1)is a radio operating at full load all the time.This state is happens very seldom in real networks,and if it occurs it is often only for a very short time.Still,this is an important condition to be aware of since,this operational point is the most demanding energy consumption situation that can
204、occur,and as such it is crucial for site dimensioning of circuit breakers and so on.Normally the release of new hardware platforms is the only way to reduce this kind of energy consumption,which explains why modernization to employ the latest hardware makes sense from an energy efficiency perspectiv
205、e.The state marked 2)in the picture is the most important state when it comes to calculation of energy consumption over time.This state is called“average consumption”and is not fixed;it is very dependent on CSP strategies around activating software features to reduce energy consumption.The traffic l
206、oad can still be maintained in the network but since a geographical area is covered by many frequency bands and radio products,an informed decision of how much capacity each radio needs to deliver per given time will result in reduced average energy consumption.An example of a solution to this is th
207、e M-MIMO sleep mode that reduces the number of transmitters(amplifiers)to save energy.A remote radio can then be reconfigured from 4T to 2T and even 1T while still keeping the full 4RX in the uplink.The state 3)to 5)are all related with low-traffic scenarios and in combination with other bands.The s
208、tate 3)is called idle mode and here we keep the band visible in the network,secure in the knowledge that all signaling is still transmitted.Since no traffic payload is transferred,we can say that this state provides the energy cost for a band that is ready to take traffic if needed.If we take anothe
209、r step in reduce consumption,we can consider removing the signaling from the band and then we can also remove the parts in the radio related to radio transmission and reception.Then we end up at state 4).This will enable a larger savings of energy with the small drawback-it can take several seconds
210、before the radio can be back in operation again.The benefit of state 4 is that this applies to the complete legacy portfolio which is good for CSP optimization of energy in the RAN.The final state called 5)is a state we call“deep sleep”to indicate that we have also shut down parts of the processing
211、capabilities.In this state we can reduce energy consumption down to levels of 10-40W depending on platform type.The drawback here is that the time back to full operation again is measured in minutes,since many upstart functionalities need to be executed and the radio parts also needs to be stabilize
212、d before we can be sure that the transmitted RF quality fulfils the standardization requirement.When modernizing,our customers are taking the opportunity to activate these energy saving features which brings them additional savings.The different energy saving features that will be activated in the r
213、adios and basebands depending on the traffic load scenario.Here is where AI and automation come into play,to enable additional savings while securing performance with zero touch.Figure 29.Reduce Average Energy consumption in radiosFigure 30.Examples of radio saving functionality adapted to the traff
214、icDynamically deactivates/activates Tx antenna branches to match the capacity with the actual traffic needs.Dynamic activation of carriers based on traffic load,securing user experience.When radios are in deep sleep mode the equivalent silicon in RAN compute can go into deep sleep mode.NR Massive MI
215、MO Sleep Mode Booster Carrier Sleep RAN Compute Deep Sleep Mode SleepAwakeTransmitTransmit24 hoursBooster carrierCoverage carrierMedium trafficHigh trafficLow trafficDeep SleepLow traffic hours4948Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN moderniz
216、ation guideMTN Benin is facing the challenge of reducing energy consumption to decrease CO2 emissions,with the aim of breaking the energy curve.Simultaneously,the operating company seeks to reduce OPEX related to site running costs,including electricity bills and fuel consumption.The new radios prov
217、ided with energy saving software proved to deliver significant energy savings and carbon emissions reduction.7.1MTN-Benin,modernizationboostedwithenergysavingfeatures toreducethecarbonemissions36%energy savingsMTN Benin aims to provide efficient and flexible broadband coverage to remote regions,fost
218、ering a more inclusive digital economy.The collaboration aligns with MTNs commitment to extending connectivity across Benin and Ericssons dedication to reducing carbon emissions.Less 1830 tones of carbon emissions yearlyFor hardware modernization,energy consumption was calculated by comparing the de
219、lta energy consumption between the Legacy Radio and ERS Hardware configurations.For software energy-saving features,energy consumption was measured before and after activation,and then the delta energy consumption and CO2 emission reduction were calculated.The CO2 emission factor is 0.6201 kg CO2e p
220、er kWh.Total daily energy savings were measured at 22949 kWh(36%savings of which 23%are applicable to HW and 13%applicable to SW)(14760 kWh reduction due to hardware modernization and 8189 kWh due to energy saving features).The total daily carbon reduction was of 14239 Kg or 1839 tones.Solution:To s
221、upport MTN in reducing energy consumption,two key solutions were implemented in more than 800 sites:Modernizing legacy radio hardware to the new Ericsson Radio System hardwareOld HW:Legacy Radios(RUS01 B3,RUS01 B8,RRUS 01 B8,RRUS 12 B1,Radio 2217 B7&Radio 2217 B20)and Legacy Digital Units(DUG 20,DUW
222、 31,DUW41&DUS 41)New HW:New ERS Radios(Radio 2212 B8,Radio 2279 B1/B3,Radio 2279 B8/B20,Radio 2238 B8/B20/B28B,Radio 4499 B1/B3&Radio 4415 B7)and Basebands(BB6620,BB6630&BB6631)Activation&configuration of Energy Saving features:MIMO Sleep mode,Cell Sleep Mode,Micro Sleep TX,Traffic Aware Power Savin
223、gResults:5150Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideWhen introducing 5G SmarTone wants to reduce the energy consumption for sustainability.Their challenge is to meet the demand of network traffic growth today and in the futur
224、e.This modernization was deployed network wide and started in 2019.They want to boost energy savings without impacting on performance.In addition to H/W modernization,SMT HK has converted some of our cell sites to non-air-conditioned sites through H/W modernization and deployed energy saving softwar
225、e.7.2SmarToneleveragesonenergysoftwarefeaturesofnewradiosSoftware solution:HW modernization solution:Results:LTE network MIMO sleep for non-coverage layers and non-IoT cells during 01:00 6:00.Microsleep TX for all LTE cells.Cell Sleep Mode(CSM)in LTE capacity cells.Replace from non-ERS radio to ERS
226、radio.Non-ERS radios of 2 different bands replaced by dual band radio4499 and 1Tx RRUS or RUS replaced by 2Tx ERS radio systems.Radio8823 and AAS for mid-band have been deployed as new sites:(Low band)Radio2212/2217/4415/4499 (Mid band)Radio8823 (Mid band AAS)AIR 3227/3239/3268/6419/6449 5G network
227、Microsleep TXThis modernization and software solutions were deployed network-wide(except some specific sites,not typical)25%energy saving from HW modernization keeping the same configuration and RF power setting.TCO/OPEX reduction due to reduced footprint Better cell coverage with use of dual-band r
228、adio.Energy saving features activation reduced energy consumption by 8%.This energy consumption saving is equal to about 111 t-CO2/day(CO2 coefficient is set to 0.462 kg-CO2/kWh)Overall improvement of energy efficiency for radio equipment reached 33%Figure 31.Site modernization impact on footprint a
229、nd energy consumption at SmarTone“Ericsson and SmarTone have led global technology developments in mobility and delivered multiple firsts through early joint trials,shared research and collaborative product development.Electricity is not only the key source of energy for mobile business,but also a m
230、ajor source of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.Ericsson sustainability solutions for energy savings helps SmarTone improve energy efficiency to create a more sustainable future.”Stephen Chau,SmarTone CTO.5352Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN
231、modernization guideOne of our latest RRU is the Radio 4490,which is a dual-band FDD radio supporting 5G,4G,ESS,NB-IoT,3G and 2G.It is a high-performance radio with four transmitters and four receivers(4T4R)per frequency band.It is available with 400W output power and 480W output power capabilities-h
232、ere,the 480W version is denoted Radio 4490HP where HP stands for“high power”.Radio 4490 and Radio 4490HP have been recently released and the first deployments are swaps of the Radio 4480 on specific sites.Radio 4480 is a 400W capable dual-band FDD 4T4R radio that was first released in 2020.The swaps
233、 are done to compare the 4490 with the 4480,for operators to assess the new product before moving purchases from Radio 4480 to Radio 4490.This evaluation was implemented in real networks,and these results are obtained in the field.The following graph shows an example of a Radio 4480 to Radio 4490 sw
234、ap,plotted over a number of consecutive days.In both cases,the radio is configured on Band 1 with ESS 4x15W and on Band 3 with LTE 4x15W.This configuration uses only 30%of the available output power,but on some sites the full radio capability is not required to provide the desired coverage.The blue
235、columns show the daily average radio energy consumption in watts.Energy consumption is calculated by multiplying the daily average energy consumption by the time during which the average is taken,which here is 24 hours.For example,300W over 24 hours is 7200 Watt-hours or 7.2kWh.The above table shows
236、 just under 20%energy savings,with a slight increase in carried traffic(4%)and almost identical PRB utilization.The PRB utilization indicates how much of the carrier bandwidth is used to transmit the data.The PRB utilization is a good metric to show the load on the radio power amplifiers which is cl
237、osely linked to the energy consumption.In any field deployment there are natural variations in traffic,as can be seen by the orange curve in the graph above.Days with higher traffic tend to have higher energy consumption since the amplifiers transmit more often and there is less opportunity for slee
238、p modes.Hence,it is essential to include such load metrics in any comparison,even if the configured carrier bandwidth,standards,output power(and hence cell coverage)plus energy savings features are“like-for-like”.Since there are significant traffic variations within the day,it is useful to plot data
239、 on a shorter timescale to illustrate the behavior of the products,and to highlight where the primary energy savings arise.Ericssons performance monitoring system provides data on a 15-minute basis allowing for either 15-minute or hourly granularity.Micro Sleep Tx is a software feature automated as
240、part of the HW design and should be always on,since will reduce the energy consumption during idle slots while not impacting on performance.The following graph shows the three cases used for the daily analysis previously:01.Radio 4480 with Micro Sleep Tx02 Radio 4490 without Micro Sleep Tx03.Radio 4
241、490 with Micro Sleep Tx7.3ExampleofradioproductimprovementswithourlatestRadio4490Figure 32.Energy and transmitted data comparisonFigure 33Comparison using Micro Sleep TXComparing the first and third periods,the results are summarized as follows:The above graph shows that even with zero traffic,the r
242、adio still consumes power,which is due to the cells being enabled and the radio transmitting traffic independent signaling to provide coverage.This phenomenon is the basis for operators push for“zero watts and zero load”.The improvement of Radio 4490(green dots)tending towards 160W at zero traffic l
243、oad compared to Radio 4480(orange dots,tending towards 225W)is visible.Targeting this region was one of the major design criteria for Radio 4490.The above graph also shows how the increase in load correlates with an increase in energy consumption.The impact of Micro Sleep Tx is higher at lower load
244、where there are more opportunities to sleep.The deviations of the points from a straight line are mainly due to the amount of Micro Sleep Tx which is more strongly correlated to the TTI(time domain)PDSCH utilization,rather than the PRB(time-frequency domain)PDSCH utilization.Note how the green dots
245、are always below the brown dots,indicating Radio 4490 always consumes less power than Radio 4480 in this like-for-like configuration,regardless of traffic load.When designing Radio 4490,significant engineering effort was made to ensure reduced energy consumption both when transmitting and not transm
246、itting.While not seen in the above example,Radio 4490 also offers low energy consumption in cell sleep mode(measured at 62W),and a Deep Sleep mode measured at 27W.Radio 4480 has been a popular choice to modernize sites with older radios,offering two bands in one radio,higher performance,5G readiness
247、 and energy savings.There are still many sites left to modernize where using Radio 4490 will bring even larger energy savings compared to Radio 4480.Radio 4480Radio 4490ChangeDaily average energy consumption(W)310,3250,3-19,3%Daily energy consumption(kWh)7,456,01-19,3%Daily downlink data volume(GB)2
248、00,2208,64,2%PDSCH resource grid(PRB)utilisation(%)19,5%19,4%-0,9%Three distinct time periods with different values of energy consumption can be seen in the above graph:05003003504004505000%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%Radio power consumption(W)PRB utilisationRadio 4480 and Radio 4490(LTE 4x
249、15W+ESS 4x15W)01.Prior to 20 April,energy consumption averages 310W,and varies from 290-320W,where Radio 4480 was deployed02.20 April 4 May,energy consumption just under 300W,and varies from 290-300W,during a transition period with Radio 4490.However,this was without implementing its key energy savi
250、ngs functionality Micro Sleep Tx03.Starting 5 May,energy consumption averaging 250W,and varies from 240-260W,with Radio 4490 utilizing the same energy savings functionality as Radio 44805554Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization g
251、uideHowcanwereducetheembodiedcarbonemissions in the radio products08The embodied carbon emissions of a product are carbon emissions occurring from“cradle to gate”,covering all emissions occurring from activities done before the first use of a product as result of the following upstream activities:Ex
252、traction of raw materials Transportation to suppliers production Suppliers production Ericsson activities such as production,design,business travel and office facilities Product transportation up to customer siteTo develop products with both excellent energy performance and low embodied carbon emiss
253、ions,we have estimated reductions in embodied carbon for newer product versions compared to previous ones.Figure 34.How to reduce embodied emissionsFigure 35.Carbon hot spots identified with a life cycle assessmentDesign for Environment strategy focusing on emission hotspotsSustainable DesignSupplie
254、r actionProduct carbon footprintNetwork Rollout and Product transportationCollaborate with suppliers and industry peers via i.e.Supply Chain LeadersEmbodied Carbon Emission calculationsSustainable Network Rollout&Carbon lean product transportAreas to reduce embodied emissionsEricsson has been conduc
255、ting life cycle assessments(LCAs)for many years as a research activity.The LCAs are conducted for research purposes on product families,rather than on individual products.They provide information on key environmental improvement areas.The assessments show that the lions share of the embodied emissio
256、ns occurs upstream from us,in the supply chain.Ericsson has an ambitious,1.5-degree aligned,target to halve our supply chain emissions by 2030,and this will lead to reductions in the embodied emissions of our products.LCAs show that the majority of embodied emissions occur upstream from Ericsson,in
257、the supply chain.Ericsson has an ambitious,1.5-degree aligned target to halve its supply chain emissions by 2030.This will lead to reductions in the embodied emissions of its products.Newer product versions are not only lighter with higher capacity and better energy performance,but also have signifi
258、cantly reduced embodied carbon emissions.To reduce the embodied carbon emissions in the products we need design improvements,supplier collaboration and continued integration for lower weight.Carbon hot spotsRaw material processing of aluminiumSupplier production of electronic componentssuch as IC or
259、 PCBDie casting of aluminium0102035756Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEmbodied carbon emissions reductions will depend on product-specific assumptions and emission factors.They cannot be compared with the life cycle as
260、sessments of other vendors because of different estimation methods and the lack of industry consensus.Ericsson is exploring design methods and will collaborate with other external stakeholders to reach an industry consensus.Most important is to reduce the embodied carbon emissions of a complete site
261、.For example,if we compare the embodied carbon emissions of a site with 2021 portfolio(2460,4480,4415,3278 radios)with a site with 2023 radios(4486,4485,3268),we have estimated 44 percent less embodied carbon emissions.Figure 36.Massive MIMO improvements in embodied carbon emissions and energy consu
262、mptionAIR 3278 32T32R|200W|25kgAIR 3268 32T32R|200W|14kg 40%Energy reduction 46%Embodied carbon reductionReducedembodiedcarbonemissionsproofpointsEricssonnewMassiveMIMOradiosupto46%ofembodiedcarbonemissionsreductionEricsson new triple band radios up to 50%of embodied carbon emissions reduction.Compa
263、ring the radio 4485 to a dual and a single band.Figure 37.Triple band radios benefitsEricsson new triple sector radio(6646)up to 61%less embodied carbon emissions.Comparing to three triple band radios.Figure 38.Triple sector radios benefitsTriple band Triple sector 40%Energy reduction61%Embodied car
264、bon reductionRadio 6646700 800|900 MHz|38 kgSelecting products with low embodied carbon,reducing reliance on diesel generators in favor of renewable energy sources for off-grid cell sites,and expanding the use of free cooling at sites will contribute to improving the environmental sustainability of
265、the sites.Dual-band+single-band FDDTriple-band FDD1800 MHz2100 MHz2600 MHz1800,2100&2600 MHz4T4R on all bandsAverage power consumption672 WWeight53 kg480 WConfigurable output powerBaseline with 2 radiosRadio 4485+50%less embodied carbon footprintAverage power consumption523 WWeight25 kg640 WConfigur
266、able output power5958Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideTDC NET is executing on their objective to build a strong,future proof and nationwide network with no negative climate and environmental impact,while ensuring excell
267、ent customer experience and best in class network performance.Having validated its SBTi 2030 net-zero target,TDC NET is continuously seeking ways to enhance the energy efficiency of its network and reduce overall carbon emissions from its infrastructure.One of TDC NETs initiatives is to explore more
268、 sustainable radio solutions for its future network evolution to lower energy consumption and embodied CO2e emissions in the radio sites.Ericsson and TDC NET have partnered to execute a trial on one site in a rural area with the target to evaluate the product selection from a sustainability perspect
269、ive.For this specific case the energy performance of radio 6646 was evaluated against the radio 2238 that provides site solution of a 2T2R configuration on the low bands.Three single-sector radios 2238 were replaced by one triple-sector and triple-band radio 6646.8.1TDCNETDenmarkdeploysradio6646redu
270、cingenergyconsumption andembodiedemissionsFigure 39.Radio 6646 implemented in TDC NETThe radio 6646 combines the frequency bands 900,800 and 700 MHz into one compact 2G-5G capable radio performing the job of three triple band radios such as radio 2238.The energy efficiency proposition is at a new le
271、vel compared to single-sector solutions.Passive cooling is applied to minimize maintenance.Two radios 6646 can be combined to achieve 4T4R capacity in a site.During low traffic hours,one of the radios can go into deep sleep mode.The main benefits of this solution are reduced footprint,energy consump
272、tion and embodied carbon emissions.AnewlevelofsustainableradiosolutionKeyresultsfromthetrialFuturePlansExtend5GreachandmaximizeperformanceDeploying low-band spectrum with radio 6646 will significantly enhance both the 5G coverage and mid-band(3.5GHz)performance in an energy-efficient way.This radio
273、can extend the total 5G coverage,with the combination of the low bands-and the mid-band TDD and Massive MIMO,operators can further strengthen 5G Standalone deployments and provide wider reach and capacity to boost business.The energy consumption levels were monitored,and the savings achieved per day
274、 were close to 10kWh in average per day,expected to lead to a reduction of 1.3kg CO2e emissions per day for 2023.TDC NET plans to continue evaluating radios for network expansion that will lead to lower carbon footprint,with the best user experience.The potential benefits expected for the next year
275、are estimated in 360MWh of energy savings for every 100 sites where radio 6646 is deployed instead of radio 2238.TDC NET is also partnering with Ericsson in deploying solutions to operate intelligently,with AI/ML technologies,to boost further energy savings in their network.”This is a great product!
276、We are always on the lookout for innovative solutions.It has been a pleasure to work with Ericsson on introducing this new radio in our network”Sren Elsborg,VP of Mobile Innovation TDC NET Denmark.“We are excited to demonstrate our commitment to the climate by testing solutions that will bring us cl
277、oser to our net zero target for CO2 emissions in the value chain by 2030.This specific solution is a great example of how our collaboration with Ericsson is constantly evolving to include also CO2 emissions from equipment and materials on top of the energy saving features.This is absolutely key for
278、us to build a green mobile network in the future.”Peter Sndergaard Andersen,Senior Director,Head of Sustainability,TDC NET DenmarkEnergy performance with radio 6646 enhanced by 36.4%with the chosen configuration.Average potential of energy savings by 10 kWh/day/site,resulting in 1.3 Kg avoided CO2e
279、emissions per day.60%reduction in weight and 1.7 metric tonnes less embodied CO2e of radio 6646 compared to three radio 2238 units.6160Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideModernizationsuccessstories09Hardware modernization
280、 is a key part of the sustainability journey for CSPs to improve coverage and capacity in mobile networks while reducing energy consumption.As showed earlier,by upgrading to newer radios with higher transmit power and more antenna elements,CSPs can not only provide better service to their customers
281、but also reduce the energy consumption,site footprint,and carbon emissions.In this guide we have shared some of the latest inspiring success stories from our frontrunner customers in their sustainability journey.These are examples of how hardware modernization in combination with energy saving softw
282、are can deliver important results to support the net zero challenge.As we have seen previously,depending on the specific customer network,type of site and specific targets,there are different solutions that are best suited.We invite you to explore the different solutions implemented worldwide by CSP
283、s leading in the sustainability journey in all the chapters of this guide.They illustrate what are the benefits that can be expected when modernizing the RAN network from different deployments and different strategies.The next cases in this section show:Expanding 5G capacity is an opportunity for mo
284、dernization-Vodafone UK Modernizing radio sites while rolling-out 5G-Singtel A clear roadmap with different milestones will help to achieve your targets-Telstra6362Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEnergy efficiency is a
285、 key pillar of Vodafone UKs strategy.Over the years Vodafone UK has focused on more responsible management of energy,including rationalization of network assets to decommission unnecessary equipment,upgrading technology to ensure the most efficient and optimized network,and trialing new concepts to
286、further enhance efficiencies.Vodafone,as Ericsson,believes that urgent and sustained action is required to address climate change.Therefore,Vodafone has committed to removing all carbon emissions from its own operations by 2027,and its wider supply chain by 2040.Reducing the total cost of ownership
287、and RAN energy consumption is also of key importance,meaning new solutions needed to bring savings on infrastructure,rollout and on energy consumption-in tandem with optimal user experience.Vodafone and Ericsson have been working in partnership for several years to trial and implement new energy eff
288、icient solutions in the UK network.This meant introducing solutions from the Ericsson Radio System portfolio,for both mid-band TDD and low-band FDD,reducing energy consumption and site footprint.The key considerations proved to be site access lead time and cost for site rollout,as well as avoiding i
289、ncreased rental cost.Boosting the 5G network with mid-band Massive MIMO and 5G standalone capabilities for new services.Massive MIMO introduced without increasing the footprintTo provide an excellent connectivity experience,the network needs the best possible 5G.With mid-band spectrum paving the way
290、,Massive MIMO solutions,and their performance sweet-spot,are rolled out across the country.The new Interleaved AIR 3218,and active-passive antenna,proved to be a key solution.Mid-band Massive MIMO could be added to the sites,without increasing the number of antennas.The beam-through design lets TDD
291、Massive MIMO signals pass through the passive antenna in both directions,without impacting the signaling for either frequency ranges.The sites could be upgraded with a visibly like-for-like antenna footprint,speeding up both upgrade site acquisitions and the mid-band rollout.With the increased prese
292、nce of mid-band spectrum,Ericsson introduced a performance boost by deploying Carrier Aggregation of mid-band plus FDD.The 900MHz band was chosen for CA with mid-band,and 5G standalone was deployed in parallel.5G SA enabled new services including network slicing.Introducing 6626 radios,one radio to
293、doing the job of six and reducing energy consumptionVodafone UK and Ericsson partnered to trial the 1 Radio 6626 B20B8 in July 2023 on one suburban site in Northampton.The network modernization trial involved replacing 6 single band radios(2 radio per sector;3 Radio 2217 B20 and 3 Radio 2212 B8)with
294、 1 single 3-sector Radio 6626.Combining three sectors and two frequencies in one radio unit,Ericssons Radio 6626 effectively enabled Vodafone UK to radiate all three sectors in their towers through just one radio unit.This multi-standard and multi-band coverage offers an opportunity to lower operati
295、ng expenses(OPEX)due to energy savings and reduce carbon footprint at the same time.The target of the radio upgrade trial was to monitor that performances are not impacted while measuring energy performance counters.As a result,the radio upgrade trial showed that there was no service degradation obs
296、erved,also no dip in traffic levels across all technologies and across all sectors,meaning that radio performance was not impacted.In addition,there was no change in the 4G(800/900)coverage as per pre&post coverage analysis.Finally,power saving of 36%was achieved with the 6626 Radio when Pre and Pos
297、t energy consumption was evaluated at the test site.9.1VodafoneUKimproves5Gmidbandcoveragewhilereducing footprintandenergyconsumptionBaseband modernization to reduce energy consumptionBy replacing Baseband 6648 with the RAN Processor 6651,power consumption was cut by 23 percent thanks to the intrins
298、ic energy-saving capabilities of the new Ericsson Silicon.The result was 23 percent(100W)less power consumption moving from Baseband 6648 to RAN Processor 6651.Additional savings with energy saving software and automationThe Deep Sleep software feature,put radios into hibernation,turning off Silicon
299、 and other components during hours of low traffic.Deep Sleep was introduced across all new Massive MIMO radios,with automation via Ericsson Network Manager.This energy savings are the subject of continued study.Figure 40.Radio site after modernizationVodafone,as Ericsson,believes that urgent and sus
300、tained action is required to address climate change.Therefore,Vodafone has committed to removing all carbon emissions from its own operations by 2027,and its wider supply chain by 2040.36%reduction ofEnergy consumptionNew Scenario1 x Radio 6626 B8 B20Baseline Scenario3 x Radio 2212 B8 +3 x Radio 221
301、7 B20hourswatt hours6564Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideSingtels mobile network infrastructure,supporting both 3G and 4G services,relies primarily on Ericsson RAN hardware.Their spectrum resources encompass critical fr
302、equency bands,including 900 MHz(Band 8),1800 MHz(Band 3),2100 MHz(Band 1),2600 MHz(Band 7),and 2500 MHz(Band 38).Notably,Bands 1 and 8 are dedicated to 3G services,while all bands collectively provide robust coverage for their 4G network.Since 2018,Singtel has been upgrading its hardware from Ericss
303、ons RBS6000 to Radio 2212 B1/B8 and Radio 2219/B3 which translates to higher energy savings and reduced radio footprint,lowering operating expenses by 50%.Singtel aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2045.The network upgrade not only brings it one step closer to its goals with more energy-efficient
304、 technology,it also prepares for future customer needs.3G services in Singapore will be phased out by 31 July 2024,and upgrading all the sites across the country ensures that it can support the increasing number of customers transitioning to 5G.9.2Singtelcreatesanadvancedandenergyefficientnetworkfor
305、all technologiesinSingaporeModernizationplanwiththreedifferentconfigurationstobuild5GwithprecisionFutureplansThe new radio solutions,with their 4T4R capability,significantly enhance site capacity while reducing energy consumption and physical space requirements.They also prepare the sites for NR 700
306、MHz readiness,aligning with Singtels acquisition of Band 28 spectrum.The modernization efforts encompass the following key upgrades in 1827 radio sites:01.Modernization of Band 1 and Band 3 Radios:The existing 2T2R setups,for example,2xRUS03 B3+1xRUS02 B1+1xRUW01 B1,are being upgraded to a more effi
307、cient 4T4R configuration using the Dual-Band 4T4R Radio 4499 B1 B3.Similar enhancements are being made for other configurations.02.Modernization of Band 8 and Band 28 Radios:Existing 2T2R setups on Band 8,such as 2xRUS02 B8,are being transformed into 4T4R configurations with the Dual-Band 4T4R Radio
308、 4499 B8 B28.This new hardware is also Band 28 capable.03.Modernization of Band 7 Radios:Previously 2T2R setups,like 2xRUS01 B7 or 1xRRUS11 B7,are being upgraded to 4T4R configurations using the Radio 4415 B7.04.Modernization of Band 38 Radios:The existing 4T4R setup,1xRRUS72 B38A,is being upgraded
309、to 4T4R using the Radio 4418 B38A.Figure 41.Radio footprint reduction through modernization in Singtels networkLegacy site solution2023 site solutionConfiguration 1(78%of sites)7 radios4 radios4 radios8 radiosConfiguration 2(20%of sites)2 radios4 radiosConfiguration 3(2%of sites)50%of radio footprin
310、t reduction in all the sites,that will improve OPEX 29%of energy savings in 78%of the radio sites only due to hardware modernization 26,851 MWh(MegaWatt hours)savings and 10,955 metric tonnes of CO2 savings in a year for the deployed 1827 sites Results:As a leading telco in Asia,were committed to ma
311、king positive impact on the environment and the communities we serve.That includes continuing to invest in greener technologies and infrastructure so we can reduce our carbon footprint,protect natural resources,and mitigate the impact of climate change.”-Cheong Hai Thoo,Vice President,Mobile&Voice E
312、ngineering,Singtel SingaporeIn pursuit of a more sustainable network,Singtel has accelerated its transition to newer radios for its current NR massive MIMO deployment.This includes the shift from AIR 6449 B42 to AIR 6419 B42 and from AIR 3227 B42 to AIR 3268 B42.25%-29%of energy savings in the 98%of
313、 the sites10,955 metric tonnes of CO2 savings per year 6766Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideTelstra is committed to achieving net zero greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions by 2050 and has embraced the challenge and ambition to
314、reduce absolute emissions by at least 50 percent from the FY19 baseline by 2030.To break the energy curve,Telstra is expanding and modernizing using the latest energy efficient hardware and operating intelligently by deploying Ericssons suite of energy saving software.Telstra is enabling the 5G netw
315、ork with the latest technology for best user experience but in a more sustainable way.This modernization program was conducted over several years,across the network.The result of the hardware modernization was reduced footprint from 21 radios to 9 radios per site and network-wide daily energy saving
316、s of approximately 11.24 MWh(only due to hardware modernization).In 2019 the most common site solution was comprised of the following radios:12 x Single-Band radios (6x RUS02 B28B,3x 2212 B5,3x RUS01 B5)6 x Dual-Band radios (3 x 4443 B1B3,3x 4415 B7A)3 x Mid Band M-MIMO radios(3x AIR6488)In 2023 the
317、 most common new site solution is:3 x Low-Band radios (3 x 4480 B5/B26 B28)3 x Mid-Band radios (3 x 4466 B1 B3 B7)3 x Mid Band M-MIMO radios(3x AIR3258)Boosting energy savings with new softwareTelstra has recorded substantial energy savings of approximately 26 MWh per day by activating Micro Sleep T
318、x and LTE Cell Sleep mode featues.Further savings are expected from additional features currently under field trials like MIMO Sleep,AI MIMO Sleep and Baseband Power Saving features.Deployed Network-WideLegacy site solution2023 site solutionNetwork wide DAILY saving*Modernizing Telstras RAN network
319、and enabling Ericssons energy saving software features have yielded a combined total of approximately 37 MWh savings per day.Telstra will continue activating new energy saving features such as MIMO Sleep,AI MIMO Sleep and Baseband Power Saving features.Telstra plans to continue this journey by deplo
320、ying more energy efficient radios and the latest energy-saving features that will further reduce the energy consumption while providing an even greater user experience.What is next in Telstras roadmap”We are committed to advancing our technology leadership to provide the best experience for our cust
321、omers in a sustainable way.We are pleased to have a strategic partner like Ericsson to deliver this outcome.”Chana Seneviratne,Technology Development Innovation Executive at Telstra.Telstra RAN energy saving features Maximizing energy savingsTotal of 37 MWh network-wide daily energy savings Telstra
322、5G-sustainable growthIncreasing capability&capacity while reducing energy26 MWh per day additional energy savings from network-wide deployment of RAN energy saving features11.24 MWh per day energy savings from 2019 to 2023 solution modernization*Network savings calculated by deploying Ericsson Radio
323、 4480,Radio 4466 and AIR 3258,respectivelyMicro Sleep TxDiscontinues transmission on downlink during low trafficLTE Cell Sleep ModeCapacity cells are dynamically and automatically turned on and off based on current traffic loadLTE MIMO Sleep ModeAutomatically mutes antenna branches when low trafficL
324、TE AI MIMO Sleep ModeUses AI to predict low traffic to improve MIMO sleep modeBaseband Power SavingEnergy consumption can be reduced on baseband units by using power saving modeLow Band(700MHz,850MHz)12 radios3 radios8.6 MWh-50%2.4 MWh3 radios6 radiosMid Band FDD(1800MHz,2100MHz,2600MHz)0.24 MWh3 ra
325、dios3 radiosMid Band M-MIMO(3600MHz)9.3Telstrabuildsamodernizationroadmaptoreduceenergyconsumption andachievetheirNetZerotargetFigure 42.Telstra site modernization reducing footprint and energy consumptionEnergy savings-27%-38%6968Ericsson|Sustainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideEricsson|Sus
326、tainable Networks-The RAN modernization guideKeyinsightsandrecommendations10ActionablerecommendationsforCSPsThe foundation of the sustainable network evolution plan is a holistic evaluation of targets to meet business and sustainability ambitions.There are multiple objectives;among them,energy effic
327、iency is paving the way to succeed in several targets(OPEX,environmental sustainability).Customer experience improvement will provide competitive advantage and secure the business.Energy efficiency together with customer experience are the key metrics to consider in a successful network evolution pl
328、an.Set measurable targets and improvement plan across the full value chain.Use energy efficiency metrics as the foundation for driving desirable actions aimed at minimizing energy consumption in the network and improving customer experience.Site modernization with the latest generation of energy-eff
329、icient radio equipment will significantly reduce energy consumption and operations cost while increasing your network capacity.To achieve your targets,identify the sites that will deliver significant energy savings,carbon emissions and OPEX reductions.The new hardware equipment,which provide higher
330、energy efficiency will reduce the cost of gigabyte transmitted.More Use cases and user demand Network capacityLess Carbon footprint Energy consumptionIntelligent Intent-based Zero touch01We need a holistic approach to achieve Net Zero and sustainable business growthA network evolution plan should co
331、nsider both business and environmental sustainability targets while seeking to improve customer experience.New solutions will improve energy performance and reduce the cost per gigabyte transmitted.To modernize mobile networks sustainably,we need to consider multiple factors in addition to the energ
332、y savings.Embodied carbon emissions of the products and the circular economy shouldnt be considered in isolation.ICT industry can reduce the environmental impact of the mobile networks and make mobile data more affordable and accessible for all.02Moving traffic to 5G is paving the way to more sustai
333、nable networksWe have observed that moving traffic from 4G to 5G has a positive impact on reducing energy consumption.5G is more spectrum-efficient than 4G and previous technologies.5G requires less signaling and transmits the same data faster,it is more than 10 times more energy-efficient per gigabyte compared to 4G.Transitioning to 5G will make mobile networks significantly more energy-efficient