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1、February 2024 Quantum Annual Series Report2024Global Quantum Computing Industry Development ProspectIn 2023,we observed numerous advancements and breakthroughs in the global quantum computing arena,propelling humanity into an era of computation unparalleled in history.Undoubtedly,we saw the thriving
2、 evolution of large AI models,with quantum computing quietly playing a role in the backdrop in 2023.Quantum computing has the capacity to expedite and refine the computational processes of large-scale models.While it may not yet confer monumental capabilities,it introduces fresh perspectives and too
3、ls for addressing intricate problems,showcasing vast potential for interdisciplinary integration and innovation.Beginning this year,there has been a noticeable shift in the focus of our report.Whereas we previously placed a significant emphasis on technological advancements in universities and resea
4、rch institutes,considering them the primary drivers of progress in quantum computing,we are now witnessing an increasing involvement of commercial organizations in the quantum computing domain.Consequently,we have reverted to our initial intent,placing primary emphasis on the advancements made by bu
5、sinesses and industries.Regarding quantum chip technology,diverse development has emerged as a pivotal driver for industry competition.Countries are heavily investing in supporting various technological routes,including superconducting,ion traps,photons,neutral atoms,and semiconductors,resulting in
6、distinctive developmental advantages.The growing maturity of quantum computing cloud platforms is progressively reducing the threshold and cost of quantum computing,offering users more accessible services.This advancement will empower a broader range of industries and fields to harness the full pote
7、ntial of quantum computing,continually expanding its application scope and influence.ForewardPioneering the quantum era,shaping the future of the industry collectively.1In the realm of quantum chip technology,diverse development has emerged as a crucial catalyst for industry competition.Nations have
8、 dedicated substantial support to various technological pathways,including superconducting,ion traps,photons,neutral atoms,and semiconductors,establishing unique developmental advantages.The growing maturity of quantum computing cloud platforms is progressively diminishing the threshold and cost of
9、quantum computing,delivering more user-friendly services.This advancement will empower a broader array of industries and fields to fully harness the capabilities of quantum computing,continually broadening its application scope and influence.Nevertheless,we must confront the reality of a relative do
10、wnturn in financing activities within the quantum computing industry in 2023.In the face of unfavorable macroeconomic conditions,financing transactions have dwindled,and international competition in the quantum field is intensifying.Finally,as we stand at this challenging yet opportunistic juncture,
11、we maintain confidence and optimism for the industrial development of quantum computing in 2024.Let us come together and witness the flourishing growth of the quantum computing industry.ICV Frontier Technology Consulting Director,Senior Vice PresidentJude Green2DeclarationThe content and viewpoints
12、presented in this report strive to be independent and objective.The information or opinions expressed herein do not constitute investment advice;therefore,please exercise caution when referring to them.This report aims to summarize and present significant events that occurred in the global quantum s
13、ub-sector technology and industry during the year 2023.It relies primarily on publicly available data and information,as well as the compilation of publicly accessible data.Additionally,it combines the global economic development status at the time of publication to provide predictive descriptions o
14、f potential short-term impacts.This report focuses on relevant content within the quantum sub-sector industry that occurred between January 1,2023,and December 31,2023,based on local time reporting and the time of initial event publication.Reports of the same content or highly similar content,if spa
15、nning across different years,are not considered significant events occurring in 2023.The copyright of this report belongs to ICV TA&K and QUANTUMCHINA.Any form of use or dissemination,including but not limited to publications,websites,public accounts,or personal use of the content of this report,mus
16、t be credited accordingly(2024 Global Quantum Computing Industry Outlook R.ICV TA&K&QUANTUMCHINA.2024.02).The ultimate interpretation right of this report belongs to ICV TA&K and QUANTUMCHINA.Any individual or organization using the content of this report must refrain from making any references,dele
17、tions,or alterations that contradict the original intention.Without written permission,no individual or organization shall reproduce,copy,publish,or print this report in any form.If permission is obtained for citation,reprinting,or publication,it must be within the permitted scope.Violators of the u
18、nauthorized use of this report will bear corresponding legal responsibilities.The purpose of quoting data,events,and viewpoints in this report is to collect and summarize information and does not imply endorsement of all viewpoints or accountability for their accuracy.This report involves dynamic da
19、ta and presents the situation as of the time of statistics;it does not represent future circumstances and does not constitute investment advice.Please use with caution.3060This report is jointly authored and published by the Chinese Quantum Technology Services Platform,QUANTUMCHINA,in col
20、laboration with ICV,a prominent global consulting firm specializing in advanced technology.We extend our gratitude to the following companies,among others,for their support in providing technical expertise and materials:Acknowledgements41.Overview of Industrial Development in 20232.Hardware Systems3
21、.Core Equipment and Components4.Software,Algorithms,Cloud Platforms5.Investment and Financing6.Supplier Evaluation7.Industry Analysis and Forecast8.Industry Outlook9.Appendix56234761768698 108 119ContentsOverview of Industrial Development in 202301Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 202
22、3701Overview of Industrial Development in 2023ContentsQuantum computing chips and software algorithms are developing vigorously.The integration of high-level computing and quantum computing has realized.Major telecommunication operators are deploy quantum computing.Active research is yielding freque
23、nt scientific achievements.Hardware development roadmaps are continuously being updated.The number of companies related to the industrial chain is increasing yearly.Ecosystem construction is increasingly perfected.The industry development is poised to enter a period of rapid growth.00708T
24、his section selects the ten most important advancements in the field of quantum computing in 2023,based on criteria such as technological innovation,practical benefits,and leadership in scientific research.These advancements include first successful applications,effective experimental verifications,
25、novel architecture designs,parameter optimization,practical utility enhancements,adoption rates and impact,as well as significant scientific breakthroughs and extensive media coverage.The overall progress is presented in two main directions:quantum computing chips and software algorithms/cloud platf
26、orms.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023Quantum computing chips and software algorithms are developing vigorously018Figure:Ten Global Quantum Computing Advancements in 2023Quantum Chip ArchitectureThe number of qubits and quantum volumeCoherence timeQuantinuums H-Series quantum com
27、puter has set three consecutive records for quantum volume(QV):217,218,and 219,marking the highest reported quantum volume to date.IBM has released its first quantum computing processor,Condor,with over 1000 qubits,boasting 1,121 qubits.It is based on the previous flagship product Eagle chip archite
28、cture.The University of Maryland has successfully created flux quantum bits(qubits)on a sapphire chip,achieving a coherence time of 1.48 milliseconds,the current highest record,with a fidelity of 99.991%.IBM has introduced a modular quantum computer that combines scalable low-temperature infrastruct
29、ure with classical servers,enabling a supercomputing architecture for computation.Building on this architecture,IBM has released the 133-qubit scalable chip,Heron.。Quantum Computing Chips Quantum Error CorrectionTransmission and StorageSussex University collaborates with Universal Quantum to achieve
30、 rapid and reliable transmission between microchip modules,achieving a success rate of up to 99.999993%and a connection speed of 2424 times per second,setting the current highest record.Four research teams from the Shenzhen Quantum Research Institute,Tsinghua University,Fuzhou University,and the Sou
31、thern University of Science and Technology used custom frequency comb pulses to manipulate auxiliary qubits,improving the efficiency of quantum error correction by exceeding the break-even point by about 16%.QuEra achieved 48 logical qubits capable of detecting and correcting any errors that occur d
32、uring entangled logic gate operations.Quantum Cloud Platform Hybrid Computing and Large ModelsFault-Tolerant AlgorithmsNVIDIA has released the DGX Quantum system,which combines CUDA Quantum and H100 NVL technologies,providing an acceleration platform for generative AI large models like GPT through q
33、uantum-classical hybrid computing.Quantinuum has implemented fault-tolerant algorithms using logical qubits on its H1 quantum computer.They calculated the ground-state energy of a hydrogen molecule using random quantum phase estimation technique.Q-CTRLs error suppression technology,known as Q-CTRL E
34、mbedded,has been integrated into the IBM Quantum Cloud Services.Now,users can simply toggle a switch to reduce error rates.Software Algorithm Cloud Platform|Version Feb 2024Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023The integration of high-level computing and quantum computing has realized
35、029In 2023,Quantum-superfusion has transitioned from theory to initial practical implementation and shows signs of deepening development.Quantum-superfusion primarily relies on cloud platforms to provide computational power externally,serving as a complementary form of computing to traditional super
36、computing centers.It offers diverse,flexible,and efficient computational resources,empowering various industries with stronger computing capabilities and facilitating broader exploration of the potential value of quantum computing.However,challenges such as hardware stability and algorithm optimizat
37、ion persist in the convergence of quantum computing and supercomputing.To achieve quantum-superfusion,further exploration and experimentation are needed across various dimensions,including compatibility and integration,software and algorithms,and resource management and scheduling.Figure:Events in t
38、he Advancement of Quantum Superfusion in 2023Origin Quantum has partnered with the Shanghai Supercomputing Center to establish the Yangtze River Delta Quantum Computing Collaborative Innovation Center.The RIKEN Institute for Physical and Chemical Research plans to integrate with the Fugaku Supercomp
39、uter around 2025.Under the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking(EuroHPC JU),the High Performance Computing and Quantum Simulation(HPCQS)project enables users to validate their HPC-QC fusion applications through nodes in each member state.Germany has initiated the Euro-Q-Exa quantum
40、computer tender,with the system to be hosted and operated by the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre(LRZ)and integrated into the SuperMUC-NG supercomputer.In Frances Hybrid Quantum Initiative(HQI),the French national high-performance computing center(GENCI)has purchased Pasqals 100-qubit quantum computer.
41、NVIDIA collaborates with Germanys Jlich Supercomputing Centre(JSC)and ParTec to establish a laboratory for developing classical-quantum hybrid supercomputers.The Pawsey Supercomputing Research Centre in Australia and Xanadu,a Canadian company,have signed a memorandum of understanding to provide rese
42、archers with state-of-the-art hybrid computing capabilities.|Version Feb 2024China Telecom has launched the Tianyan Quantum Computing Cloud Platform,based on a super-quantum hybrid cloud architecture,achieving the fusion of Tianyi Cloud supercomputing capabilities with 176-qubit superconducting quan
43、tum computing capabilities.The Quebec Digital and Quantum Innovation Platform(PINQ)inaugurates the IBM Q System One,enabling PINQ to offer hybrid computing methodologies through the high-performance computing center established in Sherbrooke.The integration of global supercomputing centers with quan
44、tum computers is accelerating.Various types and scales of supercomputing centers,ranging from large national research institutions to small enterprise laboratories,are actively exploring integration with quantum computers.This integration not only enhances computational capabilities and efficiency b
45、ut also broadens application areas.For instance,complex problems in fields such as bioinformatics,physics simulation,and financial engineering can be solved more accurately and efficiently through the combination of supercomputing and quantum computing.Furthermore,this integration drives the develop
46、ment of new algorithms and applications,such as quantum machine learning and quantum optimization,demonstrating the immense potential of combining supercomputing and quantum computing.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023Figure:Global Computational Centers and Related Laboratories In
47、tegrating Existing Quantum Computers with Classical Computers10Quantum Computing Engineering Research Center in Anhui Province,ChinaThey decompose,schedule,and allocate computing tasks between quantum computers and supercomputers.National Supercomputing Centers in Zhengzhou and Shanghai,ChinaThey co
48、llaborate with Origin Quantum and China Mobile(Suzhou)Software to jointly build an advanced quantum-superfusion computing platform,providing quantum-superfusion cloud integration services.CEA and CNRSIt integrates quantum computing capabilities into the Joliot-Curie supercomputer using the Atos Quan
49、tum Learning Machine(QLM).Jlich Supercomputing Centre in GermanyThey have the most tightly integrated modular supercomputing architecture conceptLeibniz Supercomputing Centre in GermanyThey collaborate with Atos and HQS to research the integration between HPC and QC.IT CSC in FinlandTheir VTTs 5-qub
50、it superconducting quantum computer HELMI(Pearl)is connected to the European supercomputer LUMI(Snow)and utilizes the NVIDIA CUDA Quantum platform.CESGAIt constructs a cluster system based on the Fujitsu 34-qubit quantum computing simulator on the PRIMEHPC FX700 supercomputer.NCSAIt integrated NVIDI
51、As CUDA QuantumORNLIt applies the Atos Quantum Learning Machine(QLM)and participates in the CUDA Quantum testing program.Argonne National Laboratory in the United States It applies the Atos Quantum Learning Machine(QLM).Brazil SENAI-CIMATECIt integrates quantum computing capabilities into the superc
52、omputer using the Atos Quantum Learning Machine(QLM).Indian Institute of Advanced ComputingIt has reached a cooperation agreement with Atos to share the results of the Quantum Learning Machine(QLM).Pawsey Supercomputing Centre in AustraliaIt pairs quantum accelerators with the HPE Cray Ex supercompu
53、ter Setonix,showcasing and testing hybrid models of quantum and classical computing.National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST)in JapanThey are partners with NVIDIA and integrate CUDA Quantum into their supercomputing platform.Institute for Molecular Science in JapanThey i
54、ntegrate Fujitsus quantum computer with the Fugaku supercomputer.|Version Feb 2024The HPC+QC hybrid cluster mode is an important direction for the future of high-performance computing.This mode integrates traditional supercomputers and quantum computing resources,making high-performance computing mo
55、re flexible and efficient.In this mode,more complex and high-precision calculations and simulations can be achieved,promoting the development of scientific research,engineering technology,and industrial innovation.The advantage of this mode lies in its ability to fully utilize the powerful capabilit
56、ies of traditional supercomputers in handling classical problems while leveraging the unique advantages of quantum computers in handling quantum problems.In the future,seamless integration of supercomputers and quantum computers can be achieved,complementing each others strengths and providing robus
57、t computational support for solving complex problems.With technological advancements and application expansion,it is foreseeable that the HPC+QC hybrid cluster mode will play an increasingly important role in the future computing landscape.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 202311In 20
58、23,major telecommunications operators worldwide have significantly increased their investment and research efforts in the field of quantum computing.They have conducted in-depth research on various types of quantum computers such as superconducting and ion trap,reflecting the recognition of the pote
59、ntial value of quantum technology in enhancing network performance and strengthening secure communication.Moreover,these telecommunications operators involvement in the quantum computing field goes beyond research,as they actively seek technical and business collaborations.Note:*Indicates Progress i
60、n 2023Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023Major telecommunication operators are competing to deploy quantum computing03Figure:Global Telecommunications Operators Developing Quantum ComputingCountryCompanyBasic informationChinaLaunched the Tianyan quantum computing cloud platform,whi
61、ch possesses quantum supremacy capabilities and integrates supercomputing capabilities.*Team up with China Electronics Technology Group Corporation(CETC),we have launched the largest-scale quantum computing cloud platform in China.Introducing the Wuyue quantum computing cloud platform.*JapanCollabor
62、ate with the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST),Fujitsu,and other research partners to successfully develop Japans first superconducting quantum computer.*Join the Quantum Innovation Initiative Consortium operated by the University of Tokyo and validating telecomm
63、unications use cases using IBM quantum computers.*South KoreaCollaborate with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST)and Qunova Computing to optimize 6G low-orbit satellite networks using D-Wave quantum computers.*Australia Currently investing in the field of quantum computing
64、through SQC(Quantum Computing Company),but not conducting independent research.*Germany A wholly-owned subsidiary of DT launches its quantum-as-a-service product,providing access to quantum computing expertise and IBM quantum computing resources.*UKExplore how quantum computers can benefit applicati
65、ons such as circuit switching,packet routing,signal processing,and antenna beam control.*Collaborate with IBM to explore quantum computing technology and quantum secure cryptography,helping to validate and advance potential quantum use cases in telecommunications.ItalyUtilize quantum computing to op
66、timize radio unit planning and execute quadratic unconstrained binary optimization algorithms on D-Wave quantum computers.12|Version Feb 2024The global telecommunications operators are showing a trend of cross-border cooperation and open sharing in the field of quantum computing,aiming to maintain a
67、 leading position in future technology competition.Currently,telecommunications operators worldwide are building quantum computing ecosystems,promoting active participation of professionals and enthusiasts in the quantum field through open cloud platforms and attracting enthusiasts to participate.Th
68、is openness and ecosystem construction help drive further development of the entire quantum computing field and also indicate that quantum computing technology is expected to play an increasingly important role in the telecommunications sector,bringing new breakthroughs in network performance,commun
69、ication security,and other aspects.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023138.6 42.8 15.4 20.0 41.8 2.7 3.1 14.9 37.6 0554045Physical Review LettersNatureNature CommunicationsNature PhysicsScienceOptics&PhotonicsQuantum PhysicsScience AdvancesNature PhotonicsQuantum Computin
70、g Related Article Publication CountImpact FactorNote:Only the top ten journals by publication count are presented here.For more details,please refer to Appendices.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023Active research is yielding frequent scientific achievements04Figure:Publications in
71、 Top Journals Related to Quantum Computing in 202314|Version Feb 2024The figure illustrates the number of articles related to quantum computing published in major journals during the first half of 2023,along with their corresponding impact factors(data sourced from the latest SCI impact factors for
72、2023).Analyzing and comparing these data can provide an evaluation of the academic contributions and impact of these journals in the field of quantum computing,offering guidance for researchers in selecting suitable journals for publishing their research findings.There exists a certain relationship
73、between the number of articles published and the impact factor in the field of quantum computing,but it is not absolute.Some journals boast both a high publication count and a high impact factor,signifying substantial academic contributions and widespread influence.Notably,comprehensive journals suc
74、h as Nature and Science exhibit elevated publication counts and impact factors,primarily attributed to their academic standing,rigorous peer-review processes,and comprehensive coverage of interdisciplinary research.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 202315Notes:Data on Quantum Computin
75、g Field Publications in the Figure are Sourced from Top Journals such as Nature,Science,Physical Review Letters,etc.See Appendices for DetailsFigure:Countries of Corresponding Authors Publishing in Top Journals Related to Quantum Computing in 2023|Version Feb 202449.7%North America25.0%Europe21.7%As
76、ia Pacific 3.7%OthersChina8.3%Japan5.0%Australia2.3%France0.7%Russia1.0%UK5.7%Canada1.0%Germany5.3%Switzerland3.7%Netherlands3.3%Korea2.3%Singapore1.0%Austria1.7%Denmark1.0%Spain1.3%Israel0.3%Finland0.3%USA48.0%Conversely,other journals maintain a lower publication count yet sustain a high impact fa
77、ctor.For instance,PRX Quantum,a distinguished journal specializing in quantum physics,exhibits a lower publication count while maintaining a commendable impact factor.Conversely,certain journals with a high publication count may have a relatively low impact factor,owing to factors such as a specific
78、 research focus,a smaller audience base,or issues related to peer-review and academic quality.The data on the geographical location of corresponding authors of quantum computing-related articles published in top journals in 2023 provide crucial clues about the participation and influence of differen
79、t countries and regions in quantum computing research.From the perspective of the country where the corresponding authors institution is located,the United States leads with a total of 144 articles,accounting for approximately 48%of the total publications.This reflects the international leadership o
80、f the United States in most aspects of quantum computing technology,attributed to its long-standing research strength and government emphasis on quantum computing technology,establishing its international position in the field of quantum computing.China ranks second with 25 articles,accounting for a
81、bout 8%,indicating Chinas rapid progress in basic scientific research and cutting-edge technology,having achieved significant milestones in quantum computing technology.The growing number of articles published by Chinese research institutions in international journals demonstrates Chinas increasing
82、influence on the international stage.Other countries such as Japan,Germany,and the United Kingdom also have a considerable number of publications,indicating their active participation in global quantum computing research and their high international influence in certain specialized fields.From the p
83、erspective of the geographical location of the corresponding authors institution,North America ranks first,accounting for approximately half of the total publications,reflecting the leadership of the United States in this region and Canadas contributions to quantum computing.Europe follows closely w
84、ith 25%of research activities in this field,demonstrating Europes significant position and activity in quantum computing research.The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 21.7%,indicating its rapid development and importance in quantum computing research.Contributions from other regions are relatively m
85、inimal.International collaboration on a global scale is crucial for advancing research and applications in quantum computing.By cooperating and sharing resources and knowledge,countries and regions can accelerate technological progress and innovation.Therefore,strengthening international cooperation
86、 and exchanges will be an important trend for the future development of quantum computing.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 202316Quantum circuits are commonly measured using three main metrics:circuit size,circuit depth,and qubit count.Circuit size corresponds to the number of quantu
87、m gates in the circuit,circuit depth corresponds to the parallel runtime of executing the quantum circuit,and qubit count corresponds to the spatial cost of the quantum circuit.These three metrics typically cannot be simultaneously optimized,especially considering the trade-off between depth(time)an
88、d qubit count(space).Hardware development roadmaps are continuously being updated05Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 202317IBM20332019IBM6Quantinnum RigettiIonQHyqubitJiuzhangXanaduPasqalInfleqtionQuEraIntelSQC9PsiQuantum202720252029Google2024SuperconductingTrapp
89、ed IonPhotonicNeutral AtomSemiconductor2023The number of quantum gatesQuantum volumeQuantum Bit Quantity2Figure:Development Stages and Hardware Roadmap of Quantum Computing(Units:Quantum Bit Quantity)|Version Feb 2024For example,in terms of the number of quantum gates,IBM is positioned in
90、 the second concentric region,which corresponds to 104 in 2024,with an estimated 5000 gates,and is projected to reach the maximum concentric region,10 billion quantum gates,by 2033.In regard to the number of qubits,IBM falls within the third concentric region,expected to have 2000 qubits.Chapter one
91、Overview of Industrial Development in 2023The number of companies related to the industry chain is increasing yearly06Figure:Quantum Computing Industry Chain DiagramNote:Some integrated machine enterprises are full-stack quantum computing companies,and their logos do not appear in the software algor
92、ithm-related section.Research institutes and universities are not within the scope of consideration for the enterprise ecosystem.Integrated MachineQuantum Programming SoftwareQuantum Host SoftwareOthersDrug DiscoveryFinancial ServicesChemical and Chemical EngineeringEmpowerment TechnologyDetectorLas
93、erCableMeasurement and Control System AssemblyLow-Temperature Microwave DeviceVacuum SystemDilution RefrigeratorGM/Pulse Tube CryocoolerManufacturing and ProcessingMaterialQuantum Bit Measurement and Control SystemQuantum Bit EnvironmentOtherChipQuantum Computing Hardware SystemSuperconductivityIon
94、TrapQuantum OpticsSemiconductorNeutral AtomsOthersSystem SoftwareQuantum Application Software18Facility|Version Feb 2024Quantum Cloud PlatformIndustry ApplicationsDefensePharmaceuticalsAutoFinanceChemical MaterialsQuantum Computing Cloud PlatformApplication and CollaborationThe United States has a s
95、ignificant advantage in the quantum computing industry chain.The governments high regard for and strong support of quantum computing have led to the growth of numerous enterprises,including notable companies such as IBM,Google,Microsoft,and Amazon.The United States maintains a leading position in va
96、rious fields such as superconducting,ion trap,and photonic quantum computing.Its research innovation and active cooperation place it at the forefront globally in terms of technological prowess and leadership capabilities.China has experienced rapid growth in the quantum computing field.Government su
97、pport and investment have driven the increase in the number of enterprises,including Tencent,Huawei,and other major internet companies.In recent years,China has gained significant advantages in areas such as photonic quantum computing,rapidly improving its technological level and competitiveness.How
98、ever,amid the intensifying competition between China and the United States,particularly in areas like quantum chips and ultra-low-temperature equipment,China still lags behind the United States significantly.Government SupportNumber of EnterprisesIndustrial Chain IntegrityScientific ResearchInternat
99、ional CooperationUSAChinaGermanyFrance UKJapanCanadaNote:Please refer to Appendices for assessment model.The global quantum computing field is exhibiting a trend of multipolar development,with the United States and China emerging as the primary leaders in the quantum computing industry chain.Ecosyst
100、em construction is increasingly perfected07Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023Figure:Global Quantum Computing Ecosystem Development(2023)19|Version Feb 2024Germany,France,and other European countries demonstrate a positive trend in quantum computing ecosystem development.The German
101、 governments Quantum Technology Action Plan aims to become a global leader in quantum technology,providing funding and strategic frameworks.Germany ranks among the top globally in terms of the number of quantum computing enterprises,with advanced technological capabilities,particularly in areas such
102、 as ion traps and neutral atoms.However,compared to the United States,there are still technological gaps,and coordination and integration within the European Union need to be addressed.France strongly supports quantum computing through documents like the National Quantum Technology Strategy.However,
103、compared to the United States and China,there is still a gap in investment and output,and it falls slightly short in hardware and software capabilities compared to Germany.The United Kingdom,Japan,Canada,and other countries are also making strides in quantum computing development.The UK governments
104、Science and Technology Framework and National Quantum Strategy aim to consolidate its position as a technology superpower,but it still faces shortcomings in scale and types of quantum computers compared to the US and China.Japan emphasizes practical and industrial applications through its Quantum Fu
105、ture Industry Innovation Strategy but still has some disadvantages in quantum software and services.Canada has launched a national quantum strategy,with strong government support,especially in the photonic quantum technology route,although it lags slightly behind the US in hardware and software capa
106、bilities.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 202320Currently,quantum computing is undergoing rapid development.Major technology companies and research institutions are investing significant resources to drive breakthroughs and applications in quantum computing technology.While there are
107、 still some challenges in hardware,such as optimizing measurement and control systems,increasing the number and quality of quantum bits,and mitigating interference between quantum bits,significant progress has been made along their respective technology paths,laying the foundation for further indust
108、ry development.For example,IBMs introduction of the scalable Quantum System 2 architecture and its corresponding Heron chip continues to lead the global superconducting technology route.The successful construction of Jiuzhang III signifies significant progress in controlling the stability and entang
109、lement properties of quantum bits,enabling quantum computers to excel in solving specific problems.ICV predicts that the quantum computing industry will enter a period of rapid growth in the next 3 to 4 years.With continuous upgrades in quantum computing hardware and optimizations in algorithms,more
110、 software and hardware companies will venture into the quantum computing field,driving widespread applications across various industries.Quantum computing will first have a significant impact on industries such as finance,healthcare,and materials science,bringing about disruptive innovations to down
111、stream sectors.Meanwhile,competition and collaboration within the industry chain will intensify,with investment,innovation,and substantial market demand serving as key drivers for industry advancement.Governments and businesses will also collaborate to increase research and development investment in
112、 order to secure a competitive edge in the global quantum computing arena.Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023The industry development is poised to enter a period of rapid growth0821Chapter oneOverview of Industrial Development in 2023Figure:Illustration of the Development Cycle of
113、the Quantum Computer Industry22-20-20-Demonstration of Quantum SupremacyEnter the NISQ EraDiverse Core Application Demonstrations Achieved by Dedicated Quantum ComputersDevelop Fault-Tolerant Universal Quantum ComputersEnter the era of Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing(F
114、TQC)Led by mature companies in the computing sector,preliminary concept validation is achieved.IBM established a dedicated quantum computing research team as early as the 1990s,while the Google team first demonstrated quantum supremacy.Representative companies:IBM,Google,Intel,Microsoft and othersSt
115、artup companies and a majority of research institutions are beginning to engage in hardware development and error correction,advancing the development of various technical pathways comprehensively.Representative companies:Rigetti、IonQ、Quantinnum、Xannadu、QuEra、ORIGIN QUANTUM、QuantumCTekDedicated quan
116、tum computers for various technical pathways continue to emerge,and quantum software companies in the midstream and downstream sectors will experience rapid growth during this stage.Priority will be given to replacing classical computers in various fields such as finance,medicine,chemical engineerin
117、g,automotive,and machine learning,resulting in multiple core application The advantages and disadvantages among various technical pathways are gradually being amplified,potentially converging into one or a few specific routes,while the cost of error correction is significantly reduced.Driven by the
118、demand for new application scenarios in downstream sectors,the industrial chain is further refined,leading to an increase in the upstreams influence in the industrial chain.The expansion of production lines continues until supply and demand reach equilibrium.The error rates in computations are appro
119、aching or becoming smaller than those of classical computers,and the number of quantum bits is expected to reach the million-level.Even as the computer industry enters the era of fully fault-tolerant quantum computing,quantum computers and classical computers will continue to coexist,each leveraging
120、 its strengths.They are not in a completely substitutive relationship.Decline PhasePeriod of TransformationInitiation PhaseGrowth PhaseMaturity Phase|Version Feb 2024YearIndustry SizeIntegrated Quantum Hardware02Core Progress of Quantum Computing in 2023Competition Landscape of Global Quantum Comput
121、ing Hardware ManufacturersTrends in the Development of Quantum Computing Hardware Companies010203Chapter twoIntegrated Quantum Hardware2402Hardware SystemContentsSuperconducting Quantum Computing Route:Over the past year,superconducting technology remains the most prominent route,with rapid technolo
122、gical breakthroughs placing it at the forefront among all routes.IBM released its first quantum computing processor,Condor,surpassing 1000 qubits,with a total of 1,121 qubits.Additionally,IBM introduced a modular quantum computer that combines scalable cryogenic infrastructure with classical servers
123、,achieving a supercomputing architecture for computation.Based on this architecture,IBM also launched Heron,a scalable 133-qubit chip.In 2023,various institutions conducted numerous explorations in the field of quantum computing.Researchers focused on optimizing noise levels,connection distances,and
124、 decoherence times to improve the quality of quantum bits.Significant breakthroughs were made,particularly in areas such as quantum error correction,quantum storage,quantum algorithms,integration of quantum with AI large models,and material exploration,driving the advancement of quantum computing te
125、chnology.Ion Trap Quantum Computing Route:Quantinuums H-Series quantum computer has continuously set new records for three consecutive Quantum Volume(QV)milestones:217,218,and 219,marking the highest reported Quantum Volume records to date.IonQ has achieved 29 algorithmic qubits on the barium platfo
126、rm.Photon Quantum Computing Route:A team from the University of Science and Technology of China(USTC)has demonstrated the quantum computing advantage of the Jiu Zhang algorithm.They successfully solved two graph theory problems and subsequently built a prototype called Jiu Zhang III,which consists o
127、f 255 photons,showcasing the potential of photonic quantum computing.Chapter twoIntegrated Quantum HardwareCore Progress of Quantum Computing in 20230125Neutral Atom Quantum Computing Route:Atom Computing is set to release its second-generation neutral atom quantum computer.The company has already c
128、reated an atomic array with 1225 sites on its quantum computing platform,currently filled with 1180 qubits.Topological Quantum Computing Route:Microsoft has made three significant announcements in the field of quantum computing.Firstly,the company declared the achievement of the first milestone on i
129、ts roadmap towards a quantum supercomputer.Secondly,Microsoft aims to complete the construction of a quantum supercomputer within the next 10 years.Lastly,the company anticipates compressing 250 years of progress in chemistry and materials science into the next 25 years.Semiconductor Quantum Computi
130、ng Route:Intel has unveiled a quantum chip named Tunnel Falls,featuring 12 qubits,fabricated using mainstream CMOS(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)technology.This chip consists of 12 quantum dots and can be configured with 4 to 12 spin-based qubits.Its purpose is to enable research laborator
131、ies to construct larger systems using various topological structures,particularly for testing quantum error correction schemes.Chapter twoIntegrated Quantum Hardware26In 2023,researchers achieved significant advancements in quantum computing by leveraging auxiliary quantum bits,error mitigation tech
132、niques,and extending surface code logic quantum bits.These technologies effectively reduced error rates,thereby enhancing the reliability and precision of quantum computation.This progress stands as a pivotal step towards realizing fault-tolerant quantum computing.Additionally,the exploration of div
133、erse error correction methods and strategies has introduced novel perspectives and directions for the research and development of quantum bit correction techniques.Researchers from Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen Quantum Research Institute,Fuzhou University,and Tsinghua Univer
134、sity applied pulses with a customized frequency comb to auxiliary quantum bits,surpassing the error correction break-even point by approximately 16%.Googles Quantum AI team has employed surface code error correction technology.By combining multiple quantum bits into a logical qubit,they have achieve
135、d a balance between gain and loss in quantum error correction.This approach has been demonstrated to significantly reduce error rates,reaching the logical error rates required for achieving universal quantum computation.The Psiquantum research team has introduced an active volume compilation techniq
136、ue for photon-based quantum computers.This approach utilizes optical components and optical interference for error correction of quantum bits and quantum gates.It has the capability to reduce the time and cost of executing quantum algorithms by a factor of 50,while also automatically optimizing netw
137、ork structure and resource allocation.IBM has achieved accurate results for complex quantum circuits on a 127-qubit processor through error mitigation methods.This breakthrough allows the processor to surpass classical computers even without error correction.Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareQu
138、antum Error CorrectionCollaborative innovation between enterprises and research institutions propels performance advancements27Q-CTRL has announced that its embedded software is now integrated as an option into IBM Quantums Pay-As-You-Go Plan,enhancing the practicality and performance of quantum com
139、puting.These achievements have a significant impact on enhancing trust and credibility in quantum computing,highlighting the crucial role of quantum bit error correction technology in the future development of quantum computing.Fault tolerance has always been a crucial issue in quantum computing.The
140、 cost of fault-tolerant algorithms is typically high,involving issues between physical and logical qubits,as well as the time cost of basic operations.Despite the relatively faster operational speed of superconducting qubits,there still exists a considerable gap compared to classical computing.Other
141、 types of quantum bits,such as ion qubits,operate at even slower speeds.Therefore,a balance between fault tolerance and execution efficiency is necessary in the development of quantum computing.Despite the significant progress made in error correction by certain institutions in 2023,quantum computin
142、g hardware remains in a stage of small-scale,noisy operations.This implies that,in practical applications,the accuracy and reliability of quantum computing still face certain limitations.While the application of error correction techniques can improve computational precision,noise remains a constrai
143、ning factor in large-scale quantum computing tasks.Therefore,addressing the challenges of the small-scale,noisy phase requires ongoing research and innovation.For instance,the use of two-dimensional addressing techniques can help overcome crosstalk issues,enhancing the isolation between quantum bits
144、.Moreover,by intensifying research on hardware quality and scale,coupled with continuous improvements in error correction technologies,the reliability and stability of quantum computing can gradually be enhanced.28Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareIn 2023,various companies and research institut
145、ions achieved breakthroughs in chip architecture design,quantum chip manufacturing,integrated photonics,and neutral atom quantum processors.Leveraging different types of quantum bits and chip architectures,such as superconducting,photonic,and ion qubits,researchers overcame performance bottlenecks r
146、elated to quantum volume,fidelity,and connectivity.These advancements in turn laid the hardware foundation for realizing quantum supremacy and fault-tolerant quantum computation.Furthermore,these technologies explored the advantages and potential of different types of quantum bits and chip architect
147、ures,offering diverse options for the design and manufacturing of quantum chips.Quantum ChipsThe simultaneous surge in quantum bit quantity and quality exemplifies the industrys rapid advancement,ensuring sustained high-speed developmentIBM has unveiled the Condor quantum computing processor,boastin
148、g over 1000 qubits with a total of 1121 quantum bits.In addition to Condor,IBM has introduced a modular quantum computer architecture that combines scalable cryogenic infrastructure with classical servers,achieving a supercomputing framework for quantum computations.Furthermore,IBM has released the
149、scalable Heron quantum chip with 133 qubits.Quantinuum has achieved a quantum volume of 524,288(219)on its H1-1 quantum processor.Furthermore,on the H2 processor,they have demonstrated a novel material state characterized by non-Abelian topological order.PsiQuantum has collaborated with the UK Scien
150、ce and Technology Facilities Council(STFC)to jointly develop the next generation of high-power,low-temperature modules.Additionally,PsiQuantum has partnered with SkyWater Technology to co-develop photonic quantum chips.29Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory an
151、d AQT(Alpine Quantum Technologies)have jointly developed Fluxonium quantum bits,showcasing superior performance compared to the currently widely used superconducting qubits.The collaboration between the University of Science and Technology of China and Peking University has successfully achieved the
152、 preparation and verification of a cluster state with 51 superconducting qubits.This breakthrough sets a new world record for the number of genuinely entangled qubits in all quantum systems.Moreover,it marks the first demonstration of a measurement-based variational quantum algorithm.Hyqubit has unv
153、eiled the first-generation commercial prototype HYQ-A37 of their ion trap quantum computer.This system achieves programmable universal quantum logic gate sets and adiabatic quantum computation.At its highest capability,it can maintain a one-dimensional ion crystal,consisting of up to 92 Ytterbium-17
154、1 ions,for several hours without ion loss.30Origin Quantum,in collaboration with a team from the University of Science and Technology of China(USTC),has achieved ultrafast manipulation of silicon-based quantum spin qubits.The collaboration has also developed and validated a responsive theoretical ap
155、proach applicable to different coupling strengths and multi-qubit systems.Furthermore,by adjusting parameters such as microwave drive frequency and amplitude,the teams achieved arbitrary energy level structures,enabling high-speed and noise-resistant control of quantum bits.Qudoor,in collaboration w
156、ith Sun Yat-sen University,has conducted research on PT-symmetric quantum bits,achieving the quantum speed limit.This research has been practically applied on a 50-qubit ion trap quantum computing project.Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareThe team at the University of Science and Technology of
157、China has successfully built a quantum computing prototype named Jiuzhang III consisting of 255 photons.This prototype,addressing mathematical problems related to Gaussian boson sampling,is over a trillion times faster than the worlds fastest supercomputer.Once again,it has set a new world record in
158、 the field of optical quantum information technology.31Collaborating to develop the third-generation ion trap quantum processor,utilizing MAGIC(Multi-Axis Global Ion Control)technology to deliver a high-performance Quantum Processing Unit(QPU).Through a jointly designed strategy,the functionality of
159、 ion trap-based quantum computers continues to enhance.Future access will be provided to industrial and scientific users via cloud services.Announcing the launch of the second-generation neutral atom quantum computer in 2024:an atomic array with 1225 sites has been created on its quantum computing p
160、latform,currently populated with 1180 quantum bits.The realization of 48 logical quantum bits has been achieved,enabling the detection and correction of any errors that may occur during entangling logic gate operations.The achievements in advancing quantum computing hold significant value and releva
161、nce for both its development and practical applications.However,presently,achieving large-scale systems requires addressing coupling and interaction challenges among quantum bits to ensure system stability and controllability.Quantum chips continue to face numerous challenges and issues,including st
162、rategies for realizing larger and higher-performance quantum systems,overcoming noise and instability in quantum systems,and the manufacturing and processing of high-quality quantum materials.Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareIn 2023,companies were actively exploring new approaches and applicat
163、ions for quantum machine learning.The integration of quantum computing and machine learning harnesses the advantages of quantum computation to address complex problems beyond the capabilities of traditional computing.For instance,researchers achieved simultaneous scheduling and optimization of quant
164、um and classical computing resources using technologies like the VQNet 2.0 framework,CUDA Quantum,and H100 NVL.This approach improved the efficiency and performance of machine learning,providing a hybrid computing solution for solving complex AI problems.Artificial Intelligence and Machine LearningT
165、he fusion of quantum and large-scale models opens up new avenues for innovative thinking.Quantinuum has released an updated version 0.3.0 of its quantum natural language processing tool,ambeq.This update enhances functionality and user experience through integration with PennyLane.NVIDIAs DGX Quantu
166、m,leveraging CUDA Quantum and H100 NVL,provides an accelerated solution for language model training and deployment,enhancing the speed of training and deployment for models like GPT.IonQ plans to optimize ion trap technology by increasing the number and density of quantum bits.They predict achieving
167、 quantum advantage in quantum machine learning by the year 2024.Rigetti collaborates with Moodys and Imperial College London to propose a novel approach for predicting economic recessions.They employ a combination of quantum-enhanced data transformation and classical feature kernel methods in machin
168、e learning techniques.Google collaborates with the University of Luxembourg and BIFOLD to jointly develop machine learning algorithms for handling complex quantum systems.32Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareThese achievements have a significant impact on fostering the collaborative development
169、of quantum computing and AI.The current applications of AI in the research domain are still unfolding,holding enormous potential for addressing intelligent problems,emotional aspects,and human-machine interaction.However,the integration of quantum computing with large-scale AI models faces numerous
170、challenges and issues at this stage.These challenges include overcoming noise and instability in quantum systems,adapting to different types of AI tasks and data,and evaluating and validating the superiority of quantum computing in the AI domain.Interacting with AI through natural language may offer
171、 additional possibilities for problem-solving and application development.Presently,quantum computers still grapple with error rates and noise,requiring more stable and controllable quantum bits to support large-scale machine learning tasks.Quantum machine learning necessitates algorithm design and
172、optimization tailored to the unique properties of quantum computing,alongside simplified and unified programming frameworks to expedite development and application.33Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareUtilizing topological insulators,researchers have validated the anomalous Hall effect,Majorana
173、particles,and the existence of novel physical phenomena and materials such as room-temperature superconductivity in materials like lutetium-hydrogen-nitride.This provides theoretical and experimental support for exploring these new phenomena and materials.Furthermore,these materials offer possibilit
174、ies for the development of novel quantum devices and quantum computing platforms based on topological insulators and Majorana particles.Additionally,they present opportunities for the development of low-power,high-speed,and high-density superconducting circuits and devices.This not only expands the
175、concepts and scope of quantum computing but also provides new avenues for improving existing superconducting technologies.OtherPrinciples and exploration of new materials have been verified,paving the way for diverse development directionsThe University of Texas at Austin has validated the anomalous
176、 Hall effect in topological insulators,providing theoretical and experimental support for exploring new physical phenomena and novel materials.Researchers at the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago have developed a new tool to aid in understanding the origin of elec
177、tronic states in the design of materials.This signifies a further step in utilizing materials for future applications in quantum technology.Nanjing University has not observed superconductivity in lutetium-hydrogen-nitride compounds under near-room-temperature conditions,providing theoretical and ex
178、perimental support for exploring new physical phenomena and novel materials.Quantum physicists at Delft University of Technology have,for the first time,demonstrated the possibility of controlling and manipulating spin waves on a chip using superconductors.These tiny waves in magnets may offer alter
179、natives for electronic devices in the future.34Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareThese achievements contribute to advancing quantum physics and quantum information science.In the future,room-temperature superconductivity has the potential to enhance the efficiency and performance of quantum bit
180、s,expand the scale and stability of quantum systems,reduce the manufacturing and maintenance costs of quantum computers,and increase their availability and reliability.However,the current technical approach to achieving room-temperature superconductivity mainly involves extremely high pressure,signi
181、ficantly limiting its feasibility and controllability in practical applications.In the near term,room-temperature superconductivity may not have significant implications for superconducting quantum computing,as other factors such as temperature noise,coherence length,and material processing still ne
182、ed consideration in quantum computing.Looking ahead,it is essential to remain attentive to new technological discoveries that may bring forth additional possibilities.A research group at Columbia University in New York accidentally discovered a superatomic material called Re6Se8C2,composed of rheniu
183、m,selenium,and chlorine.It is the fastest and most efficient semiconductor to date,allowing electrons in experiments to move several micrometers in less than a nanosecond.35Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareIn 2023,companies across various sectors initiated collaborations,focusing on utilizing
184、quantum computing technology to address complex problems and laying the foundation for large-scale commercial applications.Despite the rapid progress in the commercialization of the quantum computing industry in 2023,the exploration of its advantages across various sectors is vigorously underway.How
185、ever,addressing this challenge at the current stage may require several years.Therefore,engaging in discussions with industry-leading companies is crucial to understanding the current state and future development directions of quantum computing.Throughout this process,a thorough analysis of time com
186、plexity,problem scale,and the differences between quantum and classical algorithms for each specific problem is essential.Identifying the practical intersections where quantum advantage can be achieved becomes a key focus.By providing funding and sharing quantum computers with the University of Chic
187、ago and the University of Tokyo,the aim is to drive the commercialization of their quantum computing-related technologies.This collaborative partnership is designed to jointly develop a 10-year quantum computing project,laying the foundation for the commercial application of quantum computing.PsiQua
188、ntum has signed a contract with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA)of the United States Department of Defense to participate in the Public Utility-Scale Quantum Computing(US2QC)program.This collaboration aims to expedite the companys construction of the first practical-scale quantum
189、 computer,leveraging DARPAs resources and guidance to drive innovation and applications in quantum computing.Commercial ApplicationsInterdisciplinary collaboration,driving industrial development36Quandela successfully installed its first quantum computer,MosaiQ,at the OVHcloud data center in Europe.
190、This marks a significant milestone for the leading European photonic quantum computing company,providing a quantum platform to industrial clients.Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareTogether with BMW Group,Airbus has initiated a global quantum computing challenge named Quantum Traffic Exploration
191、 to address the most pressing challenges in the aviation and automotive sectors.KPMG has announced its participation in the IBM Quantum Network,aiming to further explore how quantum computing can bring future opportunities to KPMG professionals and clients.IonQ has acquired a company focused on deve
192、loping the next generation of network quantum computing architecture and a full-stack quantum compiler.This acquisition is intended to support AWS with a new backend,featuring the Aria system equipped with 25 algorithmic qubits.Additionally,IonQ has entered into a$25 million contract with the U.S.Ai
193、r Force Research Laboratory(AFRL).The integration of CUDA Quantum into its platform has led to new partnerships with various entities in the quantum industry.Notable partners include quantum hardware companies such as Anyon Systems,Atom Computing,IonQ,ORCA Computing,Oxford Quantum Circuits,and QuEra
194、.In addition,collaborations extend to quantum software companies Agnostiq and QMware.Furthermore,partnerships have been established with over 120 enterprises,including several supercomputing centers,marking a significant entry into the quantum business sector.37Quantinuum collaborates with Microsoft
195、 Azure Quantum,KPMG,Ford,HSBC,and many others across various domains.This collaboration includes projects in quantum algorithm development,electric vehicle battery material simulation,potential revenue research in the banking sector,unveiling of new laboratories,quantum chemistry simulation,sustaina
196、ble transportation research,and the release of a quantum Monte Carlo integration engine.Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareIBM has upgraded the service capabilities of its cloud service platform;it has formed an ecosystem network community with over 250 institutions;collaborated with Moderna to
197、leverage quantum computing and artificial intelligence in researching mRNA vaccines,accelerating the discovery of new messenger RNA vaccines and therapies;entered into a strategic partnership with Ernst&Young(EY),with EY becoming a member of the IBM Quantum Network,gaining access to IBMs quantum com
198、puting systems to address complex business challenges.The new corporate brand and name for ColdQuanta signify the companys shift from researching and developing quantum technologies to applying them for commercial purposes.In 2023,the company successfully collaborated with multiple partners,includin
199、g the Japanese Quantum Moonshot Program,Riverlane,and L3Harris.Sandbox AQ has strategically collaborated with leading enterprises such as NVIDIA,NOVONIX,EY and others,aiming to drive innovation in areas like drug development,battery design,and clean energy.Concurrently,by establishing strategic part
200、nerships,including collaborations with universities and educational institutions,the company is committed to fostering talent development and promoting quantum and STEM education.Sandbox AQ has made substantial progress in advancing the sustainable development of the artificial intelligence and quan
201、tum technology ecosystem,promoting innovation,and contributing to employment growth.SpinQ Technology has entered into a strategic partnership with Ping An Bank to explore new scenarios for the application of quantum computing in fintech.The company has undergone a comprehensive business upgrade,unve
202、iling a range of products including superconducting quantum chips,quantum chip EDA software,superconducting quantum control and measurement systems,quantum software programming frameworks,and cloud platforms.Additionally,QuantumScape has successfully delivered a superconducting quantum chip to a res
203、earch institution in the Middle East,marking Chinas first export of superconducting quantum computing chips overseas.38Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareQudoor has unveiled a modular ion trap quantum computing engineering machine,establishing in-depth collaboration with the China Mobile Researc
204、h Institute in various areas such as mobile communication and computational power networks.Qike Quantum has also partnered with the Shanghai Computer Software Technology Development Center to establish the Shanghai Quantum Software Technology Research and Verification Center.As a founding member,the
205、 company participated in the establishment of Chinas first Quantum Computing Industry Intellectual Property Alliance.Additionally,Qike Quantum signed an agreement to join the computational capability scheduling platform in the Greater Bay Area,covering Guangdong,Hong Kong,and Macau.Origin Quantum co
206、llaborates with Ping An Bank to conduct research and implementation of quantum financial algorithms in the field of financial fraud.Through real-world validation on quantum computers,the application of quantum algorithms in financial operations is expected to enhance the computing speed for anti-fra
207、ud and anti-money laundering activities,significantly improving the intelligence level of banking financial services.39Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareIn 2023,the advancement of quantum computing education continued,but the field of quantum studies,being relatively new and interdisciplinary,p
208、articularly lacks comprehensive undergraduate programs in universities.To address the shortage of industry talents and keep pace with industry development,some companies have provided educational institutions with quantum computing equipment,online platform resources,and even practical opportunities
209、 within the enterprises.This aims to offer students better learning resources and environments,introducing new training models.Currently,the training of quantum talents mainly focuses on cultivating highly specialized talents in the fields of science and technology.However,as the quantum industry em
210、erges as a future industry,the shortage of talents extends beyond scientific and technical expertise to include various supporting talents in engineering,management,marketing,and other areas.Solutions for training these diverse talents are still relatively limited.Quantum EducationBy offering educat
211、ional products like teaching machines,organizing competition training camps,and establishing practical training centers,efforts are being made to collectively nurture professionals in the field of quantum computingIBM has announced a collaboration with the University of Chicago,Keio University,the U
212、niversity of Tokyo,Yonsei University,and Seoul National University to collectively support quantum education initiatives in Japan,South Korea,and the United States.Xanadu has signed a memorandum of understanding with Queens University in Canada,aiming to develop quantum computing educational tools a
213、nd provide educational programs to prepare students for careers in the field of quantum computing.SpinQ Technology has released the next generation of its portable nuclear magnetic quantum computer flagship products,the Gemini Mini Pro and the Triangle Mini.They organized the second Quantum Cup Quan
214、tum Computing Challenge Camp,implemented quantum computing education solutions in Shenzhen Middle School and Guilin No.1 High School,and delivered educational-grade quantum computers to the Bandung Institute of Technology in Indonesia and the National Autonomous University of Mexico.40Chapter two In
215、tegrated Quantum HardwareInfleqtion Corporation has launched the mini MOT V2,a compact vacuum system designed for neutral atom research and quantum application development.This system offers the capability to control quantum states and can be utilized for academic research and physics education.Sand
216、box AQ collaborates with over 30 universities,businesses,and educational organizations to expand AI and quantum training.These institutions engage in formal or informal partnerships with the company to enhance their artificial intelligence,quantum,and STEM courses.QuantumCTek has collaborated with H
217、igh School Affiliated to University of Science and Technology of China(USTC)and Hefei No.10 High School to jointly establish Quantum Science Exploration Laboratory and Quantum Information Innovation Laboratory.These initiatives aim to meet students theoretical learning and experimental needs in quan
218、tum science and technology.Additionally,through activities such as popular science lectures,they explore training models for quantum information technology at the high school level.CAS cold atom and the School of Mathematics and Physics at China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)have signed a School-E
219、nterprise Cooperation Agreement and held a ceremony for the awarding of internship practice bases.Origin Quantum has developed a VR teaching system designed for popular science education in universities.This system helps users gain a deep understanding of quantum technology,comprehend the evolution
220、of quantum bit states,and engage in practical activities by building superconducting quantum computers.The company has also organized the Sinan Cup Quantum Computing Programming Challenge to support talent development in quantum computing for universities and enterprises.41Chapter two Integrated Qua
221、ntum HardwareThere are a total of 76 quantum computing hardware companies globally,with North America accounting for 34.21%,Europe for 30.26%,Asia for 28.95%,and other regions for 6.58%.North America is the largest market for midstream quantum computing hardware,with the United States having 20 comp
222、anies,accounting for 26.3%of the global market,and Canada having 6 companies,representing 7.9%globally.The strength of North America lies in its robust research and innovation capabilities,along with a high level of attention and investment in quantum computing.Companies in North America utilize div
223、erse physical platforms such as superconducting,ion trap,and photonic to build quantum computers,forming a competitive and diversified market landscape.Representative companies in the region include IBM,Google,Microsoft,Amazon,Intel,Rigetti,IonQ,Xanadu,and more.Europe is the second-largest market fo
224、r midstream quantum computing hardware,with a total of 23 companies distributed across countries like France,Germany,the United Kingdom,the Netherlands,Finland,etc.Europes strength lies in its diverse and collaborative market environment,as well as its long-term planning for quantum computing develo
225、pment.European companies also use various physical platforms,including superconducting,ion trap,photonic,neutral atoms,etc.,to construct quantum computers.These companies often receive funding and support through the European Unions Quantum Flagship program and national quantum initiatives,collabora
226、ting with academia and industry.Representative companies in the region include Pasqal,Quandela,and more.The Global Landscape of Competition among Quantum Computing Hardware Manufacturers02The Global Distribution of Quantum Computing Hardware ManufacturersFigure:Global Distribution of Complete Machin
227、e Enterprises in 202342Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareAmericaEuropeAsiaAustraliaUSCanadaUKGermanyNetherlandsFranceFinlandSpainIrelandAustriaNorwayAustraliaJapanChina20665321111318441Israel|Version Feb 2024Asia is the third-largest market for midstream quantum computing hardware,with a total
228、of 20 companies,mainly concentrated in China and Japan.Asias strength lies in its vast and rapidly growing market demand,along with active exploration and application of quantum computing.Companies in Asia primarily use superconducting and photonic physical platforms to build quantum computers,with
229、superconducting dominating the market.Asian companies develop their technologies and products through government investments and support,collaborating with academia and industry.Representative companies in the region include Tencent,Huawei,Fujitsu,and more.4322325101
230、52025FinlandNetherlandsGermanyJapanAustraliaFranceCanadaUKChinaUSSuperconducting Quantum ComputerTrapped ion quantum computerOptical quantum computerNeutral atom quantum computerSemiconductor quantum computerOtherDistribution of Technical Routes in Hardware Whole Machine EnterprisesFigure:Distributi
231、on of Technology Routes of Whole Machine Hardware Enterprises in Major Technology Countries around the World in 2023The United States is the country with the largest number of midstream quantum computing hardware companies,exhibiting the most diverse distribution of types.The U.S.holds an undisputed
232、 leadership position in the quantum computing field,characterized by cutting-edge technology,abundant resources,extensive collaborations,diverse applications,and a well-established ecosystem.Chapter two Integrated Quantum Hardware|Version Feb 2024The midstream companies in the U.S.cover all physical
233、 platforms,including superconducting,ion trap,photonic,neutral atoms,semiconductor,and topological insulator,forming a diversified and competitive market landscape.The strength of midstream companies in the U.S.lies in their robust research and innovation capabilities,coupled with a high level of at
234、tention and investment in quantum computing.The U.S.government has made significant investments and support for quantum computing,establishing multiple quantum information science centers and quantum industry alliances,fostering close collaboration with academia,industry,and the military.China is th
235、e second-largest country in terms of the number and types of midstream quantum computing hardware companies.China demonstrates strong catching-up and development capabilities in the quantum computing field,boasting a massive market and a relatively complete industrial chain.Chinese midstream compani
236、es span across various physical platforms,including superconducting,ion trap,photonic,and neutral atoms,creating a diversified and competitive market landscape.44Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareWith the continuous advancement of quantum computing technology,midstream integrated companies are
237、poised to encounter heightened technical challenges and a myriad of technical opportunities.For instance,the pivotal role and significance of quantum error correction technology in the future development of quantum computing underscore the importance of enhancing the trustworthiness and reliability
238、of quantum computations.However,the current state of quantum computing hardware remains at a small-scale,noisy stage,signifying that in practical applications,the accuracy and reliability of quantum computing still face certain limitations.Therefore,midstream integrated companies must continuously e
239、levate their technical capabilities and innovation prowess,while also engaging in collaborative efforts and knowledge exchange with other technology providers.This collaborative approach is crucial for collectively propelling the development and innovation of quantum computing technology.As quantum
240、computing applications continue to expand,midstream integrated companies will face greater market demand and numerous market opportunities.For example,the synergistic development of quantum computing and the field of artificial intelligence(AI)has significant implications.Currently,the application o
241、f AI in scientific research is still unfolding,with immense potential in addressing challenges related to intelligent problem-solving,emotions,and human-computer interaction.However,the integration of quantum computing with large-scale AI models still encounters various challenges and issues at the
242、current stage.Therefore,midstream integrated companies need to continuously adjust their market positioning and development strategies,while also collaborating and exchanging insights with other market participants.This collaborative effort is essential for collectively propelling the development an
243、d innovation of quantum computing applications.Development Trends of Quantum Computing Machine Enterprises03The future development trends of enterprises in the middle of quantum computing mainly include the following aspects:Technological InnovationMarket Demand45Chapter two Integrated Quantum Hardw
244、areAs the importance and impact of quantum computing continue to rise,midstream integrated companies will face increased government investment and support,along with the possibility of encountering more government regulations and restrictions.Different countries and regions may have distinct policy
245、environments and changes that can have varying effects on the development and competition of midstream integrated companies.Therefore,these companies need to continuously monitor and adapt to policy environments and changes.Additionally,collaboration and communication with policymakers and policy im
246、plementers are crucial to collectively drive the development and innovation of quantum computing policies.With the continuous development and innovation in the quantum computing industry,midstream integrated companies will encounter a growing number of collaborators and competitors.For instance,vari
247、ous quantum computing companies have independently developed a complete system of software,adopting a full-stack development approach using different programming languages and frameworks.This situation may lead to redundant investments and resource wastage.Therefore,midstream integrated companies ne
248、ed to continually establish and maintain their own collaborative relationships and competitiveness.Additionally,collaboration and communication with other partners and competitors are essential to collectively drive the development and innovation of the quantum computing industry.Policy EnvironmentC
249、ollaboration and Communication46Chapter two Integrated Quantum HardwareCore Equipment and Devices03Major Progress in Quantum Computer Core Devices in 2023The Competitive Landscape of Global Quantum Computing Enabling Technology CompaniesQuantum Computing Enabling Technology Enterprise Development Tr
250、ends0102034803Core Equipment and DevicesContentsChapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesIn 2023,the development of core components in the field of quantum computing has rapidly progressed,with various technologies and products continuously emerging.Finlands Bluefors expanded its influence in the manu
251、facturing and sales of cryogenic equipment by acquiring Cryomech in the United States and Rockgate in Japan.Significant advancements were made by the Institute of Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and the Shenzhen International Quantum Research Institute in low-temperature,low-noise amplifiers,and
252、 helium-free dilution refrigerators,crucial for the stable operation of quantum computers.Furthermore,research achievements from the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology(NICT)in Japan opened up new possibilities f
253、or photon detection and laser color control in quantum computers.Research outcomes from the University of Minnesota and Quantum Machines provided novel design and improvement solutions for the circuit components and low-temperature sample holders of quantum computers.These advancements pave the way
254、for the large-scale application of quantum computing in the future,indicating that the future of quantum computing is filled with boundless possibilities.Major Progress in Quantum Computer Core Devices in 20230149Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesFigure:Quantum Computing Core Equipment and Devi
255、ce Progress in 202350Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesQubit EnvironmentBluefors acquired the American cryogenic equipment manufacturer Cryomech and the Japanese cryogenic equipment distributor Rockgate.ZL Cryogenic has successfully developed a continuous operation dilution refrigerator with a
256、record-breaking minimum temperature of 8.5 mK.The refrigerator exhibits a cooling capacity of 480 micro-watts at 100 mK without the need for liquid helium.China Shipbuilding Heavy Industry Group(CSIC)Pride has delivered the first dilution refrigerator,completing on-site installation,commissioning,tr
257、aining,and acceptance at the customers location.The dilution refrigerator,developed by the Institute of Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),achieves a continuous operating minimum temperature of 7.5 mK and a cooling capacity of 450 micro-watts at 100 mK,without the use of liquid helium.The SL40
258、0 developed by Origin Quantum can provide an extremely low-temperature environment below 12 mK and a cooling capacity of not less than 400 micro-watts at 100 mK.Maybell has introduced the Big Fridge,featuring a sample volume of over 130 liters at a minimum temperature of 10 mK and a cooling capacity
259、 of 1000 micro-watts at 100 mK.Quantum Measurement and Control SystemNIST has employed the same input laser source on a chip to generate multiple laser colors,thereby enhancing the chips efficiency and power output.QuiX Quantum showcased for the first time a fully integrated entangled quantum light
260、source on a chip.Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences employed,for the first time,an extremely narrow-band interference circuit method,reducing the noise of single-photon detectors.CryoCoax has developed a high-density multi-channel coaxial cable based on the SMPM interface that can be in
261、stalled on dilution refrigerators.NICT in Japan has developed a superconducting wide-band single-photon detector.Origin Quantum has released a ruthenium oxide temperature sensor and an impedance-matched quantum parametric amplifier.Quantum Chip ManufacturingThe new Enchilada Trap chip produced by th
262、e Microsystems Engineering,Science,and Application Fabrication Facility at Sandia National Laboratories is capable of storing and transmitting up to 200 quantum bits.IMEC and Xanadu announced a partnership to develop the next generation of photonic quantum bits(qubits)based on ultra-low-loss silicon
263、 nitride(SiN)waveguides.The IMEC research team has achieved over 100 microseconds of coherence time and an average single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.94%by employing an overlapped Josephson junction design.This was accomplished through improvements in the manufacturing process and optimization of stru
264、ctural surface treatment steps.otherDOEs Ames National Laboratory collaborates with the Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center(SQMS)to research the interfaces and connectivity of nanoscale Josephson junctions.The superconducting diode device developed by the University of Minnesota Twi
265、n Cities campus is more energy-efficient and capable of simultaneously processing multiple signals,thereby enhancing the scalability of quantum computing.Quantum Machines has introduced a PCB-based modular low-temperature sample holder designed for superconducting quantum chips.It supports 8 GHz RF
266、signal connections.|Version Feb 2024In the field of quantum computing,the dilution refrigerator industry is witnessing a competitive and thriving trend globally.To achieve a leading position,countries need to overcome technological bottlenecks and address shortcomings.For Western countries,the prima
267、ry technological breakthroughs come from increasing the cooling capacity and optimizing architectures for quantum computers.The acquisition and collaboration strategies between Western companies,such as Bluefors acquiring Cryomech,highlight the urgent need to gain core technology and market advantag
268、es.The medium-term goals for European and American dilution refrigerator companies include achieving large space,high cooling capacity,and meeting the structural requirements for distributed quantum computing.In the case of dilution refrigerators in China,although the start was later,continuous inve
269、stment in research and development has led to the successful development of high-performance dilution refrigerators.This signifies the rise of Chinas ultra-low temperature refrigeration technology in global technological competition.With this progress,Chinas position in the field of quantum computin
270、g is gradually strengthening,injecting more vitality into global technological innovation competition.The vigorous development in the field of quantum computing provides significant opportunities for the development of extremely low-temperature systems in China,but it also poses a series of challeng
271、es.Compared to the international advanced level,China still has some gaps in core technologies,such as in pulse tube refrigerators,core component distillation chambers,spatial layout in the mK temperature zone,and heat leak optimization,providing ample room for improvement.On the other hand,the comp
272、etitiveness of Chinas dilution refrigerators in the global market needs more time to be tested.Although it takes time for Chinese products to enter the market,through research and development,these products are expected to meet significant global demands,enhance the corresponding technological level
273、s,and achieve a competitive position in the high-end instrument and equipment sector.The key lies in whether China can grasp international standards with limited resources,making its products competitive in the international market.Overall,in the past year,various Chinese teams have made significant
274、 progress in dilution refrigerator research and are gradually approaching the performance level of top global commercial machines.Dilution RefrigeratorMergers and acquisitions,continuous iterations of product optimization,and the continued influx of start-ups51Chapter threeCore Equipment and Devices
275、The development goal of the quantum computing measurement and control(QM&C)system is to assist in achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing,ensuring the execution of quantum algorithms in noisy quantum systems.To achieve this goal,QM&C systems need functionalities such as high-fidelity quantum gate
276、 operations,efficient quantum error correction encoding,and fast quantum feedback control.Existing superconducting quantum measurement and control systems can be classified into two generations.The first generation is primarily composed of devices capable of directly generating and receiving simulat
277、ed microwave signals.While these systems are easy to implement,the lack of feedback control limits their scalability and programming capabilities.In 2017,the research team at Delft University of Technology proposed the QuMA microarchitecture,which can generate real-time,precisely timed control signa
278、ls,combining flexible programming with feedback control capabilities and better scalability.Such hardware systems based on custom digital logic,especially those utilizing instruction sets,are referred to as second-generation quantum measurement and control systems.Leading measurement system supplier
279、s internationally,such as Zurich Instruments,Keysight Technologies,have introduced second-generation quantum measurement and control system products.Chinese second-generation quantum measurement and control system products have also been introduced since 2021.The main challenge currently faced by th
280、e quantum control system architecture is achieving programmable feedback control with extremely low feedback delay(on the order of picoseconds or even shorter),while ensuring the scalability of the measurement and control system.The development of quantum software and quantum control architecture sh
281、ould ideally be closely aligned,but the two directions are currently evolving relatively independently,leading to practical issues of mismatched capabilities.Coordinating the development of quantum software and quantum measurement and control systems for seamless integration poses another challenge
282、for quantum computer engineering.At present,reinforcement learning,as a subfield of machine learning,has demonstrated advantages in numerical calculations in quantum physics,including quantum state preparation,quantum circuit design,and fault-tolerant quantum computing.Therefore,reinforcement learni
283、ng may be an effective means to address existing issues in quantum measurement and control systems.Qubit Measurement and Control SystemReinforcement learning is enhancing the collaborative development of superconducting measurement and control systems,accelerating the research and development proces
284、s of optical measurement and control system devices through silicon nitride and silicon photonics integration.52Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesIn optical measurement and control systems of quantum computing,lasers typically possess high stability,precise tuning capabilities,and low drift to
285、ensure the accuracy and reliability of quantum information.Future development of lasers will focus on integrated photon devices(silicon photonic integrated chips),aiming to create lasers with different wavelength frequencies on a single chip.Although the color conversion efficiency of silicon nitrid
286、e microresonators is still relatively low,significant improvements in efficiency and power output can be achieved by enhancing chip-level color conversion lasers.This facilitates the goal of generating lasers of different colors using the same laser source.In the realm of detectors,silicon nitride p
287、hotonics is also a crucial development direction.By introducing new technologies such as racetrack waveguides,researchers have successfully improved the performance of silicon nitride microresonators,addressing the efficiency reduction issue caused by mode competition.Additionally,superconducting wi
288、de-band photon detectors(SWSPD)represent a promising new type of photon detector.The innovative structural design allows for efficient photon detection,with a bandwidth more than 200 times wider than traditional superconducting nanowire photon detectors(SNSPD).The development of SWSPD signifies a si
289、gnificant advancement in the field of photon detectors,focusing on improving photon detection efficiency by enhancing the structure of the detector.However,accompanying challenges include ensuring stability and reliability while maintaining high detection efficiency.Future research may involve furth
290、er optimizing detector structures and improving manufacturing processes to enhance precision and overcome these challenges.53Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesGlobally,the field of quantum computing materials and related auxiliary devices is rapidly advancing,exploring methods for the preparati
291、on,fundamental properties,and corresponding quantum devices of silicon and germanium quantum computing materials.The research on these materials involves key technical issues such as the formation of quantum dots,charge control,and spin manipulation.The collaboration between Ames National Laboratory
292、 and the Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center(SQMS)is driving the study of the properties of superconducting quantum materials,further expanding the frontiers of quantum computing.The University of Minnesota Twin Cities has developed a novel superconducting diode with higher energy e
293、fficiency,capable of simultaneously processing multiple signals and integrating a series of gates that control energy flow,enhancing the scalability of quantum computers.These research and development efforts indicate that the United States is moving towards a deeper understanding and improvement of
294、 quantum computing components.OtherSilicon germanium quantum materials help improve energy efficiency,and wafer-level integration becomes a key challengeAs the worlds largest producer of electronic components,China faces challenges of having a large but not strong industry,with a shortage of compani
295、es in the quantum materials and related device sector.These companies tend to be smaller in scale,with a later start in technology research and development,and there exists a significant gap in industrialization capabilities compared to international advanced levels.In the future,the research on mat
296、erials for quantum computing chips will mainly focus on achieving wafer-scale controllable preparation of atomic-scale silicon-germanium quantum materials.Factors such as defects,stress,atomic occupation,atomic steps,isotope purity,and the controllable preparation of nanowire structures and componen
297、ts will be crucial in influencing the properties of quantum bits and integration.54Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesAs of the end of 2023,there are a total of 238 companies globally engaged in upstream empowering technologies for quantum computing.Among them,China has the highest number of ent
298、erprises,reaching 85,accounting for 35.7%of the total.Following closely is the United States,with 54 companies,representing 22.7%.Germany ranks third with 25 companies,constituting 10.5%.France and Japan are positioned as the fourth and fifth respectively,with 21 companies(8.8%of the total)and 14 co
299、mpanies(5.9%of the total).Other countries actively involved in this field include the United Kingdom,the Netherlands,Switzerland,Finland,Sweden,Denmark,Canada,Russia,Israel,Italy,Belgium,and Singapore.The Asia-Pacific region leads in the number of companies engaged in upstream empowering technologie
300、s for quantum computing,accounting for approximately 42.0%of the total.The majority of these enterprises are concentrated in China and Japan,both of which place high importance on and provide substantial support for quantum computing.These countries have formulated corresponding strategic documents
301、and invested in the establishment of quantum technology laboratories and research centers.Chinese companies mainly focus on low-temperature equipment,quantum computing control systems,vacuum devices,lasers,and other areas,demonstrating rapid technological progress and strong competitive capabilities
302、.Representative companies in the Asia-Pacific region include SHI Cryogenics Group and Shanghai Precision.The Competitive Landscape of Global Quantum Computing Enabling Technology Companies02Figure:Global Distribution of H1 Enabling Technology Companies in 2023Global Distribution of Enabling Technolo
303、gy Companies55Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesSwedenDen-markRussiaBelgium3Italy1Singa-poreAmericaEuropeAsiaAustraliaUSUKGermanyNetherl-andsFranceFinlandJapanChinaSwitzerl-and85521541Canada1Australia1|Version Feb 2024Europe ranks second in the number of companies involved in upstrea
304、m empowering technologies for quantum computing,constituting 33.6%of the total.Enterprises in this region cover all aspects of empowering technologies,showcasing high technological levels and strong innovation capabilities.European companies are primarily concentrated in countries such as France,Ger
305、many,and the United Kingdom,all of which have their own quantum plans and strategies,with substantial government investments and support.The European Union provides a unified platform and resources,facilitating cross-border collaboration and competition.Representative companies include Bluefors,Qblo
306、x,Quandela,LIGENTEC and others.In the Americas,there are 56 companies engaged in upstream empowering technologies for quantum computing,accounting for 23.5%of the total.These companies cover all aspects of empowering technologies,with the highest technological levels and leading capabilities.The maj
307、ority of enterprises are concentrated in the United States,which is a global leader and pioneer in the field of quantum computing.The U.S.government invests significantly in and supports quantum computing,establishing multiple quantum information science centers and quantum network alliances,collabo
308、rating closely with academia,industry,and the military.Representative companies in the Americas include Form Factor,Keysight,Photon Spot,IPG PHOTONICS and others.56Chapter threeCore Equipment and Devices24022700708090SwedenDenmarkFinlandSwitzerlandNetherla
309、ndsUKJapanFranceGermanyUSChinaQuantum bit environmentQuantum bit measurement and controlChip manufacturingOther1In terms of the cross-distribution of countries and types of empowering technologies,enterprises engaged in upstream empowering technologies for quantum computing exhibit different prefere
310、nces in different countries.Regarding the quantum bit environment,countries such as China,the United States,and Germany have a relatively higher number of enterprises,indicating strong capabilities and development advantages in the field of quantum bit environment technology.In the quantum bit contr
311、ol system aspect,similarly,China and the United States have a significant number of enterprises,showcasing their leading positions in this technological field.In the chip manufacturing sector,the United States,Germany,and other countries dominate,with a relatively larger number of enterprises,signif
312、ying their high technological levels and market shares in the field of quantum computing chip manufacturing.Distribution of Global Enabling Technology Enterprise TypesFigure:Global Distribution of Types of Technology Enterprises Empowered by Major Technology Countries in 20235711Chapter threeCore Eq
313、uipment and Devices|Version Feb 2024From the perspective of the balance between countries and types,there are differences in the balance level of enterprise types engaged in quantum computing upstream empowering technologies across different countries.High-balance countries,such as China,have a rela
314、tively even distribution of enterprises across different types,indicating a comprehensive and balanced development in quantum computing upstream empowering technologies.Low-balance countries,such as Germany and Japan,have significant differences in the number of enterprises across different types,re
315、vealing outstanding development in specific technological areas,while other areas are relatively weaker.This difference may be closely related to factors such as each countrys research foundation,market demands,technological innovation,strategic choices,and resource allocation.The distinct developme
316、nt focus and strengths in various areas of quantum computing upstream empowering technologies reflect the unique position and competitive advantages of each country in the global quantum computing industry.58Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesThe development of upstream empowering technologies i
317、n quantum computing is closely related to each countrys strategic awareness and ecosystem construction regarding quantum computing.Countries with strong strategic awareness and ecosystem construction for quantum computing,such as the United States,China,France,Germany,and the United Kingdom,tend to
318、have a higher number of enterprises and higher technological levels in upstream empowering technologies.Quantum Computing Enabling Technology Enterprise Development Trends03With the continuous advancement of quantum computing technology,enterprises in upstream empowering technologies will face chall
319、enges in improving efficiency,reducing costs,and enhancing compatibility.The development of quantum computing chips will focus on increasing the number of quantum bits,reducing error rates,and optimizing silicon-based integrated photonics quantum chip technology.Research on materials and auxiliary d
320、evices will concentrate on exploring silicon and germanium quantum computing materials and improving superconducting quantum materials.To achieve efficient and highly compatible quantum computing,coordination and integration of quantum software,quantum control architectures,and quantum measurement a
321、nd control systems will be key technological development directions.Reinforcement learning may become an effective means to address issues in quantum measurement and control systems.The United States leads in the field of quantum computing,with significant government investments and support,leading
322、to the establishment of multiple quantum information science centers and quantum network alliances.North American enterprises exhibit the highest technological proficiency and leadership capabilities.Technological Innovation59Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesMarket DemandThe future market dema
323、nd is expected to move towards greater personalization and customization.Enterprises must continuously strengthen research and innovation to meet the rising demand for quantum computing devices and services in the market.Companies should focus on improving the efficiency and reducing the costs of qu
324、antum computing devices,as well as introducing more diverse,intelligent,and secure services and platforms to adapt to the evolving market.By gaining in-depth insights into customer needs,enterprises can provide specialized quantum computing solutions tailored to different industries and application
325、domains.This approach will drive upstream empowering technology enterprises in the market to offer more innovative and targeted products and services.Some countries and companies have already secured leading positions in specific areas,such as the United States in quantum bit measurement and control
326、 and Finland in quantum bit environments.These nations and enterprises,backed by government policies,are likely to consolidate their advantages further and make breakthroughs in other types of quantum technologies.Simultaneously,other countries and companies may need to accelerate their pace to catc
327、h up,diversifying and learning across various types of quantum technologies to achieve balanced and optimized development.Policy EnvironmentCollaboration and Communication60Chapter threeCore Equipment and DevicesIn the future,international cooperation will be a key factor in promoting the developmen
328、t of quantum computing upstream enabling technologies.Through cross-border collaborations and acquisitions,businesses can expand their capabilities and technological reserves,enhancing their competitiveness in the global market.Inter-country cooperation may encompass joint research projects,knowledg
329、e exchange,and standardization efforts,all contributing to the collective prosperity of the global quantum computing industry.Different countries exhibit preferences and strengths in various aspects of quantum computing upstream enabling technologies.Some may excel in hardware development,while othe
330、rs may focus more on quantum software or related services.This diversity will foster the healthy development of the global quantum computing ecosystem,allowing nations to collaborate and share strengths for global complementarity.Software,Algorithm,Cloud Platform04Differences Between Quantum Computi
331、ng Software and Classical SoftwareMajor Advances in Quantum Computing Software in 2023Classification of Quantum Algorithms and Corresponding Hardware Requirements with Anticipated Application Deployment TimelinesKey Algorithmic Developments in Quantum Computing in 2023Progress in Quantum Computing C
332、loud Platforms in 20230102030405Chapter fourSoftware,Algorithm,Cloud Platform04Software,Algorithm,Cloud PlatformContents62Chapter fourDifferences Between Quantum Computing Software and Classical Software01Multiple physical qubits encode logical qubits to protect quantum information from errors cause
333、d by decoherenceQPU needs error correctionAutomatic calibration of quantum chip and quantum pulse parametersQPU requires calibration due to errors and instabilitiesControl waveforms for quantum hardwareThe quantum measurement and control system uses analog signalsScheduling quantum tasksThere are many constraints on task parallelism in quantum chips(such as crosstalk)Quantum error correction syste