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1、Philippines Digital Economy Report 2020 A BETTER NORMAL UNDER COVID-19: DIGITALIZING THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY NOW Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized A BETTER NORMAL UNDER COVID-19: DIGITALIZING THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY NOW 202
2、0 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expresse
3、d in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map
4、in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its know
5、ledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington,
6、DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrightsworldbank.org. A BETTER NORMAL UNDER COVID-19: DIGITALIZING THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY NOW SEPTEMBER 2020 Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment Global Practice Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation Global Practice East Asia and Pacific Region PHILIPP
7、INES DIGITAL ECONOMY REPORT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Philippines Digital Economy Report is a publication prepared by a World Bank (WB) Philippines team in collaboration with the Philippines Digital Economy Steering Committee coordinated by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). The repor
8、t assesses the state of the digital economy in the Philippines, and prescribes policy recommendations to increase digital adoption, decrease the digital divide, and address the new normal brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. The intended audience are Philippine policymakers, but the report may serve th
9、e needs of a wider audience including the private sector, academia and think tanks, development partners, and WB management and staff. The report was undertaken with the guidance of the Philippines Digital Economy Steering Committee consisting of key government stakeholders including NEDA, Departmen
10、t of Finance (DOF), Department of Budget and Management (DBM), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Philippine Competition Commission (PCC), Philippine Statistics Authority, and the Bangko
11、 Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). On the World Bank side, the report was undertaken with the guidance of Ndiame Diop (Country Director, Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand; and former Practice Manager, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice), Mara Warwick (former Country Director), H
12、assan Zaman (Regional Director, Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions, East Asia and Pacific), Achim Fock (Operations Manager; and Acting Country Director at report finalization), Cecile Thioro Niang (Practice Manager, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice), Souleymane Couliba
13、ly (Program Leader, Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions) and Birgit Hansl (former Program Leader). The study was conducted by a team from multiple Global Practices at the WB. Kevin Chua (Task team leader, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice) and Andres Garcia (co-task team le
14、ader, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice) led the preparation of the report. The task team consisted of Natasha Beschorner (Digital Development Global Practice); Isaku Endo, Jin Lee, and Asya Akhlaque (Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice); Roberto Martin Gala
15、ng (International Finance Corporation); Rong Qian, Kevin Thomas Cruz, Bradley Larson, Karen Annette Lazaro and Jessalaine Bacani (Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice); and Grace Mirandilla- Santos, Samuel Bautista, Jonathan Pemberton and Romulo Virola (Consultants). The graphic desi
16、gner and layout artist were Gato Borrero and Emmanuel Rigunan (Consultants). The report was edited by Priya Susan Thomas (Knowledge Management Officer, Documentation and Communications Products). Elysse Miranda, Reinaluz Ona and Maria Consuelo Sy provided excellent administrative support. The Extern
17、al Communications team, consisting of Clarissa Crisostomo David, David Llorico and Stephanie Anne Margallo, prepared the media release, dissemination plan and web-based multimedia presentation. The report was peer-reviewed by Deepak Mishra (Practice Manager), Richard Record (Lead Economist), Doyle G
18、allegos (Lead Digital Development Specialist), Smita Kuriakose (Senior Economist), Ana Paula Cusolito (Senior Economist), Sailesh Tiwari (Senior Economist), and Jose Ramon Albert (Philippine Institute for Development Studies). Four chapters of the report have separately undergone technical reviews u
19、nder the respective Global Practices. The chapter on digital infrastructure was reviewed by Timothy Kelly (Lead Digital Development Specialist) and Doyle Gallegos. The chapter on digital payments was reviewed Harish Natarajan (Lead Financial Sector Specialist) and Marco Nicoli (Senior Financial Sect
20、or Specialist). The chapter on logistics of small parcel items was reviewed by Charles Kunaka (Lead Private Sector Specialist), Satya Prasad Sahu (Senior Trade Facilitation Specialist) and Tania Priscilla Gomez (Senior Economist). The chapter on the indirect taxation of cross-border e-commerce was r
21、eviewed by Sebastian James (Senior Economist) and Daniel Alvarez Estrada (Senior Public Sector Management Specialist). Philippines Digital Economy Report 2020 V ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A4AI AAB ACH ACOP ACU ADB ADSL AEC AFM AI APEC ARTA ASEAN ATM B2B B2C BCDA BDA BEA BEPS BFAR BIR BOC BPO BRTI BS
22、P BTS BWA CAB CAMP CAO CATV CDN Alliance for Affordable Internet Authorized agent bank Automated clearing house Association of Off-Dock CY/CFS Operators of the Philippines Aggregate capacity utilization Asian Development Bank Asymmetric digital subscriber lines ASEAN Economic Community Accounting an
23、d financial management Artificial intelligence Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Anti-Red Tape Authority Association of Southeast Asian Nations Automated teller machine Business-to-business Business-to-consumer Bases Conversion and Development Authority Basic deposit account Bureau of Economic Analy
24、sis Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Bureau of Internal Revenue Bureau of Customs Business process outsourcing Indonesian Telecommunications Regulatory Authority Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Base transceiver station Broadband Wireless Access Civil Aeronautics
25、 Board COVID-19 Adjustment Measures Program Customs administrative order Cable TV Content delivery network CFS CFW CHED CHIP CICS CMEC CMO CMTA CMTS COD COVID-19 CPCN CPMI CSO CY DA DAI DBM DDT DE DENR DepEd DFON DICT DIY DO DOF DOH DOJ DOST DOTC Container freight station Customs Facilities and Ware
26、houses Commission on Higher Education Connect, Harness, Innovate, and Protect Check Image Clearing System Central Mail Exchange Center Customs memorandum order Customs Modernization and Tariff Act Cellular mobile telephone system Cash-on-delivery Coronavirus disease 2019 Certificate of Public Conven
27、ience and Necessity Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures Clearing switch operator Container yard Department of Agriculture Digital Adoption Index Department of Budget and Management Direct debit transfer Digital Economy Department of Environment and Natural Resources Department of Educat
28、ion Domestic fiber optic network Department of Information and Communications Technology Do-it-yourself Department Order Department of Finance Department of Health Department of Justice Department of Science and Technology Department of Transportation and Communications Philippines Digital Economy R
29、eport 2020 vi DOTr DPWH DTI E online communication platforms have facilitated home-based work, virtual meetings, and remote classes; and government agencies in many countries have used online processes to quickly deliver social assistance to vulnerable households. Unfortunately, not all countries ha
30、ve been able to leverage digital technologies to their full extent, because of poor access to high quality internet and long-held analog practices. In the Philippines, COVID-19 has accelerated the adoption and use of digital technologies. However, digitalization is largely constrained by the country
31、s low high-speed broadband penetration, which lags behind neighboring middle-income countries (Figure I). The digital divide in the Philippines is large with nearly 60 percent of households not having access to internet, and unable to reap the benefits of digitalization. As a result, face-to- face i
32、nteractions and analog practices largely dominate in the Philippines, making social distancing economically costly. For example, cash and cheques remain the dominant modes of payment while applying for permits and licenses typically requires exchange of documents in person. Gatherings of people wait
33、ing in lines are typical fixture for Filipinos to secure goods and services. Figure I. The Philippines lags most regional peers in high-speed fixed and mobile broadband penetration Source: Data from Telegeography and GSMA (2019) Philippines Digital Economy Report 2020 1 1 The CHIP framework was deve
34、loped by a select team of managers and senior specialists within the World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region unit in 2019. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides a thorough analysis of the obstacles to digitalization and identifies key reforms and policy measures that could help the Philippines harn
35、ess the potential of the digital economy. It uses the CHIP (Connect, Harness, Innovate, Protect) conceptual framework to analyze the requirements to accelerate digital transformation.1 The framework focuses on four key drivers of digitalization: (i) Connect, which refers to a set measures to build t
36、he digital foundation and enablers such as digital infrastructure for participation in the digital economy; (ii) Harness, which points to needed investments in analog complements such as skills, regulations, and institutions to leverage the old economy; (iii) Innovate, which refers to expanding the
37、new economy services, digital payments, digital entrepreneurship and e-government; and (iv) Protect, which focuses on mitigating the risks in the digital economy. The need to act on the digital economy is urgent. Reforms delivered now will help the government cushion the impact of the COVID-19 outbr
38、eak, support the recovery in the medium term, and make the economy more inclusive, competitive, and resilient to similar shocks in the long term. Malaysia China Vietnam Thailand Philippines Indonesia 4G (% of population)3G (% of population)Fixed-broadband (per HH) Broadband Penetration, December 201
39、8 00708090100 Accelerating digitalization: connecting the Filipinos, harnessing the opportunities offered Despite the high internet usage, digital adoption in the Philippines generally trails behind many regional neighbors. Use of internet has expanded rapidly in the Philippines over the
40、past decade. From 23 million in 2010, the number of Filipino internet users has more than tripled to 73 million in 2020.2 On average, every Filipino spends nearly 10 hours a day on the internet, the most worldwide, with over five hours on mobile internet, and nearly four hours on social media. In ec
41、onomic terms, the share of the value added of the Digital Economy to GDP, in constant prices, grew from 7 percent in 2012 to over 10 percent in 2018. During the same period, the value added of the digital economy posted double-digit annual growth averaging over 13 percent. Still, the World Bank Digi
42、tal Adoption Index (DAI) and its three sub-indices on people, government and business, reveal Figure II. Digital adoption in the Philippines lags its middle-income regional peers Source: World Bank (2018) 2 We are Social, 2020. “Digital 2020: Global Digital Overview,” Accessible Online: February 8,
43、2020. 3 Ookla, “Speedtest Global Index Monthly comparisons of internet speeds from around the world.” Speedtest, August 2019. Accessible Online: index, 2019. 4 Opensignal, “The State of Mobile Network Experience: Benchmarking mobile on the even of the 5G revolution.” Accessible online: com/files/dat
44、a/reports/global/data-2019-05/the_state_of_mobile_experience_may_2019_0.pdf, 2019. 5 ITU, “World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2017,” 2017. Philippines Digital Economy Report 2020 2 that the Philippines falls behind regional peers when it comes to digital adoption (Figure II). The size o
45、f e-commerce exemplifies the low levels of digital adoption. While retail trade contributes to around 20 percent of GDP, e-commerce facilitates only 0.5 percent of sales. The relatively poor performance in digital adoption can be traced to a multitude of factors including the high cost and uneven qu
46、ality of internet, limited adoption of digital payments, expensive logistics, and a business environment with low levels of competition. Increasing digital penetration in the Philippines requires (i) upgrading the countrys digital infrastructure as internet connection is a prerequisite to participat
47、ion in the digital economy; (ii) harnessing market opportunities provided functioning digital payments and online platforms; (iii) improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the countrys logistics system and, finally; (iv) improving the business environment. Upgrading the Digital Infrastructure T
48、he Philippines limited digital infrastructure has generated a digital divide, contributing to an unequal access to services delivered via the internet. In 2018, about 40 percent of the Philippines total population of 103 million and about 57 percent of the countrys 23 million households did not have
49、 internet access (United Nations Broadband Commission). The gaps vis-vis regional countries concern access, affordability and quality of internet service. Indeed, Filipino consumers experience slower download speeds and pay more than consumers in most Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries (Figure III). At 16.76 Mbps, the countrys mobile broadband speed is much lower than the global average of 32.01 Mbps.3 In the region, the 3G/4G mobile average download speed stands at 13.26 Mbps compared to only 7 Mbps in the Philippines.4 Moreove