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1、 1 2 Acknowledgements The 2017 EU Industrial R c/ Inca Garcilaso, N 3 E-41092 Seville (Spain) Tel.: +34 954488318, Fax: +34 954488300 E-mail: JRC-B3-SECRETARIATec.europa.eu Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which
2、 might be made of this publication. Our goal is to ensure that the data are accurate. However, the data should not be relied on as a substitute for your own research or independent advice. We accept no responsibility or liability whatsoever for any loss or damage caused to any person as result of an
3、y error, omission or misleading statement in the data or due to using the data or relying on the data. If errors are brought to our attention, we will try to correct them. JRC108520 ISBN 978-92-79-76298-7 (pdf) 978-92-79-76299-4 (print) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) 1018-5593 (print) doi: 10.2760/912318 (
4、online) 10.2760/308029 (print) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union European Union, 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. 3 The 2017 EU Industrial R - in ICT sectorss, EU -1.1% vs. US 31.1% and - in Others (mainly low tech sectors), both with negative
5、performance, EU -10.1% vs. US -33%. 2 For a set of 1476 companies that reported R in September 2017 EasyJet, the budget airline, announced a partnership with Wright Electric of the US to develop, within a decade, a battery-propelled aircraft for short haul flights of up to 535km. Batteries The batte
6、ry is the most expensive component in an electric car and determines key parameters such as the range and recharge time (and too many rapid recharges can degrade current batteries). Recent developments include Panasonic and Teslas new, lower cost lithium battery pack used in Teslas latest model. But
7、 the future is likely to be in solid state batteries to give increased range with longer life and reduced charging time. Toyota, for example, is working on an improved lithium battery with a solid electrolyte and other solid state batteries are likely to follow. Dyson is very likely to use a solid s
8、tate battery in its new electric car based on technology from the Sakti3 company it acquired in 2015 for $90m. Self-driving vehicles Teslas new model 3 comes with autopilot, a step towards full self- driving. But although the Tesla and certain other current models offer partial autonomy, full autono
9、my or self-driving in mass production cars is some years away probably in the period after 2025. However, non-automotive companies such as Alphabet (Google) are well advanced in testing self-driving cars. The Google self-driving project now an Alphabet subsidiary called Waymo demonstrated its first
10、fully self-driving vehicle without a steering wheel on public roads in 2015. Waymo is about to launch a driverless taxi service in Phoenix, Arizona. Regulatory authorities are encouraging testing with 27 companies now having permits in California to test self-driving cars on public roads (but with a
11、 human in the car just in case). And the UK government is to allow wirelessly-connected truck convoys on British motorways by the end of 2018. Road transport is the most visible application for autonomous vehicles but sea and air transport will follow. ICT, Robotics and AI The increase in computer p
12、rocessing power and the reduction in memory costs are enabling the use of big data, AI (artificial intelligence) and of more connected devices. AI is the key to the new smart robotics which is finding a wide range of applications from self-driving cars to medical diagnostics, surgery and farming. Th
13、ese new applications use AI and big data and are the next step on from the earlier generation of industrial robots programmed to carry out relatively simple repetitive tasks on a production line. Smart robots are finding applications not just in replacing manual jobs but increasingly in skilled manu
14、al and white collar jobs too. Self-driving cars are one of the most visible smart robotic applications but 22 currently have humans on board just-in-case of malfunction and also to satisfy regulators. However, technology will progress to enable higher degrees of autonomy until the passenger simply p
15、rogrammes in his destination and the car drives there autonomously. Machine learning will enable analogous advances in medical diagnostics, autonomous drones and speech recognition. Military robots are inevitable military drones are already being used for anti-terrorist missions in the Middle East a
16、nd will receive substantial development funding. Military robots are likely to evolve to intelligent fighting systems that can make decisions without human control. Other sectors that will be transformed by intelligent robots are logistics and warehousing, farming, law, education, elderly care (an i
17、mportant area of R Defence 49 2.9% Automobiles Automobiles; Commercial Vehicles Tires 197 17.1% Chemicals Commodity Chemicals; Specialty Chemicals 123 3.2% Health industries Biotechnology; Health Care Providers; Medical Equipment; Pharmaceuticals 491 21.5% ICT producers Computer Hardware; Electrical
18、 Components Electronic Equipment; Electronic Office Equipment; Semiconductors; Telecommunications Equipment 514 23.4% ICT services Computer Services; Fixed Line Telecommunications; Internet; Mobile Telecommunications; Software 299 13.1% Industrials Aluminium; Containers Diversified Industrials; Indu
19、strial Machinery; Iron Nonferrous Metals; Transportation Services 303 5.8% Others* Alternative Energy; Banks; Beverages; Construction Electricity; Financial Services; Food Food Producers; Forestry Gas, Water General Retailers; Household Goods Leisure Goods; Life Insurance; Media; Mining; Nonlife Ins
20、urance; Oil Oil Equipment, Services Personal Goods; Real Estate Investment Support Services; Tobacco; Travel Biotechnology; Computer Hardware; Computer Services; Defence; Electronic Office Equipment; Health Care Providers; Internet; Leisure Goods; Medical Equipment; Pharmaceuticals; Semiconductors;
21、Software; Technology Hardware Telecommunications Equipment 1128 54.6% medium-high Auto Parts; Automobiles; Commercial Vehicles Commodity Chemicals; Containers Diversified Industrials; Electrical Components Electronic Equipment; Financial Services; Household Goods Industrial Machinery; Personal Goods
22、; Specialty Chemicals; Support Services; Tires; Travel Beverages; Fixed Line Telecommunications; Food Producers; General Retailers; Media; Oil Equipment, Services Tobacco 138 3.9% low Aluminium; Banks; Construction Electricity; Food Forestry Gas, Water Iron Life Insurance; Mining; Mobile Telecommuni
23、cations; Nonferrous Metals; Nonlife Insurance; Oil Real Estate Investment Transportation Services 264 6.1% Total 2500 100.0% Note: This classification takes into account the R Medium-high between 2% and 5%; Medium-low between 1% and 2% and Low below 1%. Some sectors are adjusted to compensate the in
24、sufficient representativeness of the Scoreboard in those sectors using the OECD definition of technology intensity for manufacturing sectors. * For simplification, in this report these 4 groups are also referred to as high tech, medium-high tech, medium-low tech and low tech. *Sectors included in th
25、e Others group in table 1.2 are presented at ICB3 level Source: The 2017 EU Industrial R By US companies is 72% to ICT services, 48% to health industries and 45% to Aerospace By Japanese companies is 31% to Chemicals, 24% to Automobiles By Chinese companies is 12% to ICT producers, 12% to Industrial
26、s and 20% to other sectors. Figure 1.5 - R Health industries 23% and ICT producers 13%). 76% within the US (Health industries 27%; ICT producers 25% and ICT services 24%). 62% within Japan (Automobiles ICT producers 20% and Health industries 12%). 57% within China (ICT producers 34%; Automobiles and
27、 ICT services 10%). 31 Whereas the top five companies in the EU and the US account for 19.2% of the total R however, net sales growth remains well below the level of R 549 US; 345 Japan; 114 China; 287 RoW) with R some of this growth was due to acquisitions - Broadcom acquired Brocade Communications
28、 during 2016/17 and Dell completed its acquisition of EMC for $67bn in 2016. And those showing the lowest R TOSHIBA (-18%); BRISTOL- MYERS SQUIBB (-16 %); DUPONT (-13%) and TOYOTA MOTOR (-12%). The R the two companies consumer healthcare businesses are now in a joint venture controlled by GSK which
29、has the majority shareholding. There are ten new entrants for the 2017 top 50. Six of these companies have increased their R for Net sales, DE 69% and for Employment, FR 58%) 11 For simplification, in this section these groups are referred to as high tech, medium-high tech, medium-low tech and low-t
30、ech. 75 - In medium-high tech (for R for Net sales, UK 57% and for Employment, Other 40%) - In medium-low tech (for R for Net sales, NL 79% and for Employment, NL 113%) - In low tech sectors (for R for Net sales, FR -3% and for Employment, FR 5%) The above results analysed by member state show disti
31、nct characteristics of the R this share is close to 100% for companies such as SAP, Facebook, Autonavi and Ericsson. Among the non-ICT sectors considered, the Aerospace and Defence stands out in terms of digital patenting compared to Automobile this is quite straightforward for companies operating i
32、n Electronic and Electrical equipment that mainly develop physical devices. These latter companies also dedicate much effort in the development of Image and sound technology subfield and to Human-interface technologies subfields. These technologies are key for the interactions between the digital an
33、d physical worlds. Other important ICT subfields include High speed network, Mobile communication, Electronic measurement, Cognition and meaning understanding and Security. For instance, High speed network often feature among the top ICT subfields in industries such as Technology hardware and equipm
34、ent and Software and computer services, as well as Automobiles and Parts. High speed network coupled with Large-capacity and information analysis are essential for real time data transmission and processing, like the ones needed for example in autonomous and connected cars. These two technologies, t
35、ogether with Electronic measurement appear to be very important also for companies in the Aerospace and Defence industries. 90 Table 7.2 - Top 10 patenting companies in key industries RankCompany nameCountrycategory1category2category3PatentsICT share Aerospace that concerns about 10% of EU-owned pat
36、ents in ICT and also non-ICT. 93 Focusing on differences in ICT versus non ICT, EU companies seem to behave in a similar fashion, as shown by the distributions of shares across inventors locations in ICT or non-ICT (EU in row). Differently from EU and Japanese firms, US, and to a much lesser extent,
37、 China shows a few differences across ICT and non-ICT. For instance, US-based companies rely in much lower proportions to China-located inventors for their non- ICT inventions. The related difference comes from a greater reliance to home- and EU-located inventors for non-ICT patents. Figure 7.2 furt
38、her details the geographical distribution of ICT patents applicants and inventors. The top panel displays a network graph connecting the HQ locations of inventors to that of the applicants at the world level. The bottom panel focuses on the digital patenting of the EU28 both in terms of applicants a
39、nd of inventors. The size of the circles relates to the number of patents when only inventor-located countries are considered: the bigger is the circle of an area, the greater is the number of patents with inventors located in the given area. The colour of the circle reflects the number of patents f
40、rom applicants that are located in the selected area (owned here versus invented here): the darker is the circle, the higher is the number of patents with applicants located in the area of interest. Only countries (regions in the case of the EU) “owning” at least 3500 ICT related paten families were
41、 considered in the world network of ICTs. In addition self- edges were omitted. Overall, US, Japan-, Korea-, and to a lesser extent, China-, EU- and Taiwan-based top corporate R while Germany, France, the Netherland and Austria are countries with larger applicant-inventor patent flows (the thickest
42、lines). These represent a cluster with high connectivity within the EU. Looking again at the extremes of the spectrum, the UK seems to stand rather as an inventor location (the lightest circle), while the Netherlands exhibits important differences with a relatively higher proportion of applicants (t
43、he darkest circle) within the EU, as compared to the number of inventors that are based in the country. Other European economies such as France, Sweden, Finland, and to a lesser extent, Germany, Belgium, Austria and Italy feature relatively fewer differences when their role as applicants location an
44、d inventors location are compared. 94 Figure 7.2 - Applicant-inventor locations for the development of digital technologies World EU 28 Source: JRC/OECD COR understand sectoral differences in terms of publication behaviour of top R better understand the spillovers of the R better characterise the lo
45、cation of the firm knowledge production activity by looking at the authors affiliations address. 18 Full report available at (last access 30 Oct 2017): http:/iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/10180/948317/Scientific%20Publication%20Activity%20of%20Scoreboard%20Companies 96 The data presented in the cha
46、pter represents the results of a joint study JRC- UNIT B.3 SPRU (Science Policy Research Unit - University of Sussex). We collect data on the publication activity of the top 2,500 worldwide companies in terms of R General Industrials; Food Producers; Fixed Line Telecommunications; and Electricity. 2
47、0 C4 is a concentration index and its equals to the share of total publications for which the top 4 publishing firms in each sector are responsible. 99 also inside each sector there is a huge difference among firms (as suggested by the standard deviation values between brackets). Figure 8.3 - Averag
48、e number of publications per firm by sector (2011-2015) - top 15 sectors for overall number of publications. Source: Scientific Publication Activity of Scoreboard Companies IRITEC technical report In addition to looking at the data from a sectoral perspective, we can aggregate them according to wher
49、e the Scoreboard headquarters of the publishing company are located. Figure 8.4 reports the shares of the total number of publications per sector in five distinct geographical areas: EU, US, Japan, China and Rest of the World (RoW). 100 Figure 8.4 - Share of total number of publications by region (2011-2015) Source: Scientific Pu