1、 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in AUSTRALIA 2021 PVPS Task 1 Strategic PV Analysis and Outreach Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY What is IEA PVPS TCP?The International Energy Agency(IEA),founded in 1974,is an autonomous body within the fra

2、mework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD).The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy cooperation among its 30 member countries and with the participation of the European Commission.The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme(IEA PVPS)is one of the collab

3、orative research and development agreements(technology collaboration programmes)within the IEA and was established in 1993.The mission of the programme is to“enhance the international collaborative efforts which facilitate the role of photovoltaic solar energy as a cornerstone in the transition to s

4、ustainable energy systems.”In order to achieve this,the Programmes participants have undertaken a variety of joint research projects in PV power systems applications.The overall programme is headed by an Executive Committee,comprised of one delegate from each country or organisation member,which des

5、ignates distinct Tasks,that may be research projects or activity areas.This report has been prepared under Task 1,which deals with market and industry analysis,strategic research and facilitates the exchange and dissemination of information arising from the overall IEA PVPS Programme.The IEA PVPS pa

6、rticipating countries are Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Chile,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Malaysia,Mexico,Morocco,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,South Africa,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkey,and the United States of America.The European Commission,Solar

7、Power Europe,the Smart Electric Power Alliance(SEPA),the Solar Energy Industries Association and the Copper Alliance are also members.Visit us at:www.iea-pvps.org What is IEA PVPS Task 1?The objective of Task 1 of the IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme is to promote and facilitate the exchange

8、 and dissemination of information on the technical,economic,environmental and social aspects of PV power systems.Task 1 activities support the broader PVPS objectives:to contribute to cost reduction of PV power applications,to increase awareness of the potential and value of PV power systems,to fost

9、er the removal of both technical and non-technical barriers and to enhance technology co-operation.An important deliverable of Task 1 is the annual“Trends in photovoltaic applications”report.In parallel,National Survey Reports are produced annually by each Task 1 participant.This document is the cou

10、ntry National Survey Report for the year 2018.Information from this document will be used as input to the annual Trends in photovoltaic applications report.Authors Main Content:RJ Egan,L Koschier Data:N Haghdadi,M Deghani,R Passey,A Bruce,Australian PV Institute(APVI)Analysis:RJ Egan,O Ashby Editing

11、:O Ashby DISCLAIMER The IEA PVPS TCP is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency(IEA)but is functionally and legally autonomous.Views,findings and publications of the IEA PVPS TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual membe

12、r countries This Project received funding from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA).The views expressed herein are not necessarily the views of the Australian Government,and the Australian Government does not accept responsibility for any information or advice contained herein.COVER PICTURE

13、 35 MW Brigalow solar farm in Queensland.Image provided by Ideematec,Sentient Impact Group and GLSG Solar Australia.COPYRIGHT This report is copyright of the Australian PV Institute.The information contained therein may freely be used but all such use should cite the source as“2021 PV in Australia R

14、eport,APVI”.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.5 1 Installation Data.9 Applications for photovoltaics.9 Total photovoltaic power installed.9 Key enablers of PV development.13 2 Competitiveness of pv ele

15、ctricity.14 Module prices.14 System prices.15 Cost breakdown of PV installations.17 Additional country information.18 3 Policy Framework.19 National targets for PV.20 Direct support policies for PV installations.20 Self-consumption measures.26 Tenders,auctions&similar schemes.28 Other utility-scale

16、measures including floating and agricultural PV.28 Retroactive measures applied to PV.29 Indirect policy issues.29 Financing and cost of support measures.31 4 Industry.32 Production of feedstocks,ingots and wafers(crystalline silicon industry).32 Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(includin

17、g TF and CPV).32 Manufacturers and suppliers of other components.33 5 Pv In the Economy.36 Labour places.37 Research Development and Innovation.37 Business value.37 6 Interest From Electricity Stakeholders.38 Structure of the electricity system.38 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power

18、Applications in COUNTRY 3 Interest from electricity utility businesses.39 Interest from municipalities and local governments.40 States and Territories.41 7 Highlights and Prospects.42 Highlights.42 Prospects.42 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 4 ACKNOWLEDGE

19、MENTS COPYRIGHT:This report is copyright of the Australian PV Institute.The information contained therein may freely be used but all such use should cite the source as“PV in Australia Report 2021,APVI,July 2022”.This report is prepared by the Australian PV Institute(APVI)in its role representing Aus

20、tralia on the International Energy Agency(IEA)in the IEA PV Power Systems(PVPS)Technical Collaboration Platform.The APVI is supported in this by ARENA and by its members who are active in the IEA PVPS program of work.The Institute receives funding from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA:ww

21、w.arena.gov.au)to assist with the costs of IEA PVPS Programme membership,Task activities and preparation of this report.The IEA programme is headed by an Executive Committee composed of representatives from each participating country or organisation.The Australian Executive Committee member is Renat

22、e Egan(ACAP)and the alternate member is Olivia Coldrey(Sustainable Energy for All).Australian participation in the IEA PVPS tasks is managed by the APVI.The management of individual tasks(research projects/activity areas)is the responsibility of Operating Agents,with participating countries providin

23、g Task Leaders and Experts.In Australia,tasks are represented by Australian Experts including;Task 1 Communications,Strategy and Outreach.Expert is Linda Koschier Task 12 Sustainability.Co-Operating Agent is Jose Bilbao(UNSW),Expert is Rong Deng(UNSW)Task 13 Performance and Reliability.Expert is Dav

24、id Parveliet(Murdoch)Task 14 High Penetration PV.Expert is Iain Macgill(UNSW)Task 15 Building Integrated PV.Expert is Rebecca Yang(RMIT)Task 16 Solar Resource for High Penetration and Large Scale Applications.Expert is John Boland(UniSA)Task 17 PV and Transport.Experts are Julie Macdonald(ITPower)an

25、d N Ekins-Daukes(UNSW)Information about the active and completed tasks can be found on the IEA-PVPS website.www.iea-pvps.org THE AUSTRALIAN PV INSTITUTE(APVI)The objective of the APVI is to support the increased development and use of PV via research,analysis and information.The APVI provides;up to

26、date information and analysis of PV developments in Australia and around the world,as well as issues arising,a network of PV industry,government and researchers who undertake local and international PV projects,with associated shared knowledge and understanding;Australian input to PV guidelines and

27、standards development;and management of Australian participation in the IEA SHC and PVPS Programme.More information on the APVI can be found:www.apvi.org.au Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Australian market for grid-connected photov

28、oltaics(PV)continued to grow through 2021,in both centralised(utility scale)and decentralised(rooftop)installs,with a new benchmark of 4.9 GW of new solar registered.Additional annual rooftop installs on residential,commercial and industrial roofs exceeded 3 GW,with 1.7 GW on residential roofs and 1

29、.3 GW on commercial and industrial roofs,shown in Figure 1.New centralised,utility scale solar connections remain stable at around 1.7 GW annual installs,off a high of 2.4 GW in 2019.The total installed capacity at the end of 2021 reached 26 GW,meaning Australia has a remarkable,and world leading in

30、stallation rate of over 1 kW of solar per person,ahead of the Netherlands and Germany who both have less than 800 W per person.With continued growth in 2022,Australia looks set to maintain this lead.Figure 1.Annual PV installations by sector By the end of 2021,the average penetration of solar on fre

31、e-standing homes was 33%,and the average installation size exceeded 8.8 kW.In the ten years,since 2011,the installation rate has grown nearly five-fold,from just under 1 GW/year to 4.9 GW/year in 2021.In 2011,Australia had no centralised plant greater than 1 GW,and in just ten years,by the end of 20

32、21,Australia had close to 9 GW of utility scale solar connected.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 6 Historical trends in total installed capacity are shown in Figure 2,where a few highlights can be seen:With 16.5 GW on rooftops,Australia has seen a greater t

33、han ten-fold increase over ten years,from a total installed capacity of 1.3 GW in 2011.The total installed capacity across all sectors has more than doubled to 26 GW in three years from 11.5 GW in 2018.More solar was installed in the single year 2021(4.9 GW)than the sum of all total installed to the

34、 end of 2014(4.1 GW)Figure 2.Cumulative Installs in Australia by Grid-Connection The Australian market is very different to most world markets as it has been dominated by rooftop PV.The demand for rooftop solar PV has kept Australia in the top ten markets for photovoltaics by annual installs and tot

35、al installed capacity for over ten years,a remarkable outcome for a country of only 26 million people.At the end of 2021,Australia saw:The total number of rooftop installations exceed 3 million.This means over 33%of free-standing households across the nation are now powered with a PV system.In the s

36、tates of Queensland and South Australia,achieve an average of close to 40%of free-standing homes being powered by solar.A significant number of localities now have densities of rooftop solar over 50%.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 7 The percentage of resi

37、dential rooftop dwellings is shown by state in Figure 3.Highlighting an average penetration in the states of Queensland and South Australia in excess of 40%,with populations of 5.2 million and 1.8 million respectively.Figure 3.Percentage of residential dwellings with a PV system by state/territory I

38、n 2021,the average size of rooftop installation(100 kW)was 8.8 kW,up from 8.0 kW in 2020.The average PV system size continues to grow steadily as the size of residential systems increases,and as a growing number of businesses purchase PV.Technology and manufacturing improvements led to a steep drop

39、in prices between 2007 and 2013.Prices then continued to drop,but less dramatically.In 2021,however,compounding factors of supply chain challenges associated with COVID-19 and growing demand has led to the first significant price increase in years.The evidence is that the situation will not improve

40、over 2022.Despite this,demand remained high over 2021.In contrast to other areas of global leadership,very little building-integrated PV(BIPV)was added in 2021,and no new Floatovoltaics have been recorded beyond the single 100 kW installation in 2017.In late 2021,Australia moved from a 30-minute set

41、tlement period in energy market transactions to a 5-minute settlement period,providing better returns for battery investment.We also recently saw the first wholesale demand response mechanism on the national electricity market(NEM).Australias long-standing off-grid market continues to be important,p

42、articularly in residential applications where PV continues to displace diesel in hybrid power systems and in industrial and agricultural applications including power systems for telecommunications,signalling,water pumping and lighting.In Western Australia(WA),microgrids and stand-alone power systems

43、(SAPS)are being tested for wider implementation to better serve remote communities by taking advantage of new renewable energy technologies.These systems make use of PV technology along with energy storage to provide reliable renewable power generation to isolated and fringe-of-grid communities,part

44、icularly those in areas prone to extreme weather events.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 8 Significant markets also exist for fuel saving and peak load reduction on diesel grid systems in communities,mine sites and tourist locations.There is also a reasonab

45、ly significant market for recreational PV applications for caravans,boats and off-road vehicles.Looking to the future,Australias rooftop market is expected to remain strong through to 2030,with increasing interest due to price pressures related to supply of coal and gas emerging in 2022.For large sc

46、ale solar,there is a firm pipeline of projects,supported by state-based initiatives,with all Australian states now having zero-carbon targets by 2050 and plans for Renewable Energy Zones,designed to coordinate transmission,generation,firming and storage projects to deliver efficient,timely and coord

47、inated investment in renewable energy.A change of government in Australia in mid-2022 has resulted in an acceleration in commitments to net-zero emissions that is expected to result in increased investor confidence and growth in the solar PV sector.Some large prospective projects,in support of energ

48、y exports,green-hydrogen and green-minerals processing could result in a significant boost,with each of the prospective projects positioned to add 4 GW per year in demand if actioned.Figure 4.35 MW Brigalow solar farm in Queensland.Image provided by Ideematec,Sentient Impact Group and GLSG Solar Aus

49、tralia.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 9 1 INSTALLATION DATA The PV power systems market is defined as the market of all nationally installed(terrestrial)PV applications with a PV capacity of 40W or more.A PV system consists of modules,inverters,batteries

50、and all installation and control components for modules,inverters and batteries.Other applications such as small mobile devices are not considered in this report.For the purposes of this report,PV installations are included in these statistics if the PV modules were installed and connected to the gr

51、id between 1 January and 31 December 2021 although commissioning may have taken place at a later date.Applications for photovoltaics Unlike other markets,Australian solar installations are dominated by rooftop demand,supported by a government mechanism that delivers an upfront capital cost reduction

52、.Over 30%of Australian free-standing homes are now powered by solar,and over 12.5%of electricity demand,nationally,is met by solar energy.The commercial and industrial rooftop market has shown consistent growth.Due to this continuing demand for rooftop solar,Australia has remained in the top ten mar

53、kets world-wide for photovoltaics by annual installs and total installed capacity for over ten years,a remarkable outcome for a country of only 26 million people.The utility scale solar market grew with the benefit of incentives until 2020.With the removal of these incentives,the utility scale marke

54、t initially contracted but has started to recover.In Australia,there are only small activities that target BIPV,floating PV,AgriPV and VIPV,and they typically only operate at research or demonstration scale.Total photovoltaic power installed PV connected to the grid in Australia has benefitted from

55、incentives and support from national government through a Renewable Energy Target(RET).The RET is delivered through the Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme(SRES)for systems up to 100 kW and will continue to 2030.The Large-Scale Renewable Energy Target(LRET)for systems over 100 kW was met in 2020.Dat

56、a is collected by the Federal Governments Clean Energy Regulator.Small-scale systems create trading certificates(STCs)which are redeemable as an upfront capital subsidy.Large systems produce generation certificates(LGCs)are redeemable annually based on energy generated.These incentives come with a r

57、eporting obligation and are categorised into small(100 kW).Within these categories residential solar is typically considered 0-10 kW while commercial and industrial installations are rated at 10-100 kW.Above 100 kW there is a mix of commercial,industrial,and ground mount up to 5 MW;installations abo

58、ve 5 MW are usually ground mounted.The Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 10 STC system will run to 2030,with an annual reduction in the support provided.The LGC system is closed,with certificates to continue to be redeemed and traded for some time.Table 1:An

59、nual PV power installed during calendar year 2021 Installed PV capacity in 2021 MW AC or DC Decentralized 3201 DC Centralized 1713 DC Off-grid 30 DC Total 4944 DC Table 2:PV power installed during calendar year 2021 Installed PV capacity MW Installed PV capacity MW AC or DC Grid-connected BAPV Resid

60、ential 3201 1737 DC Commercial 1355 DC Industrial 109 DC BIPV Residential Commercial Industrial Utility-scale Ground-mounted 1713 1713 DC Floating Agricultural Off-grid Residential 29.6 24.2 DC Other Hybrid systems Total 4943.6 DC Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in C

61、OUNTRY 11 Table 3:Data collection process If data are reported in AC,please mention a conversion coefficient to estimate DC installations.Utility-scale capacity is often reported in AC terms,and occasionally in DC terms.Where the DC capacity is unknown,we have assumed a 1.27x DC:AC ratio based on an

62、 average from those plants that report the ratio.The average is available for more than 50%of new plant.Is the collection process done by an official body or a private company/Association?PV data for the tables above are derived from an official process from the Renewable Energy Certificate(REC)Regi

63、stry of the Australian Governments Clean Energy Regulator.The data is cleaned and published by the APVI.www.apvi.org.au Link to official statistics(if this exists)Large Scale:http:/www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/RET/About-the-Renewable-Energy-Target/Large-scale-Renewable-Energy-Target-market-data/l

64、arge-scale-renewable-energy-target-supply-data Small Scale:http:/www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/DocumentAssets/Pages/Postcode-data-for-small-scale-installations-SGU-Solar.aspx Figure 5.Rooftop mounted PV system,5.4 kW capacity installed on a new house in suburban Australia.Credit:Tindo Solar.Task 1

65、 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 12 Table 4:The cumulative installed PV power in 4 sub-markets Year Off-grid MW(Including large hybrids)Grid-connected distributed MW(BAPV,BIPV)Grid-connected centralized MW(Ground,floating,agricultural,etc)Total MW 1992 7.3 0 0 7.

66、3 1993 8.9 0 0 8.9 1994 10.7 0 0 10.7 1995 12.7 0 0 12.7 1996 15.6 0.1 0 15.7 1997 18.3 0.2 0.2 18.7 1998 21.2 0.9 0.5 22.6 1999 23.3 1.5 0.5 25.3 2000 26.3 2.4 0.5 29.2 2001 30.2 2.8 0.5 33.5 2002 35.2 3.4 0.5 39.1 2003 40.3 4.6 0.7 45.6 2004 46.2 5.4 0.7 52.3 2005 53 6.9 0.8 60.7 2006 60.5 9 0.8 7

67、0.3 2007 66.4 15 1 82.4 2008 73.3 29.9 1.3 105 2009 83.9 101 2.5 187 2010 87.8 479 3.8 571 2011 101 1268 7.4 1376 2012 118 2276 21.5 2416 2013 132 3070 24 3226 2014 148 3875 68.5 4092 2015 173 4580 356 5109 2016 210 5329 446 5985 2017 247 6145 740 7132 2018 284 8030 3272 11 586 2019 303 10 395 5701

68、16 399 2020 330 13 476 7285 21 091 2021 360 16 677 8998 26 035 *small changes to historical values reflect changes in the source data.Installs can be reported as much as a year later.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 13 Table 5:Other PV market information 20

69、21 Number of PV systems in operation in your country Residential 3 066 748 2 798 782 Commercial 266 299 Industrial 1531 Utility-scale 136 Off-grid na Decommissioned PV systems during the year MW Residential 1 1 Commercial Industrial Utility-scale Off-grid Repowered PV systems during the year MW Resi

70、dential 0 Commercial Industrial Utility-scale Off-grid Table 6:PV power and the broader national energy market 2020 2021 Total electricity demand TWh 265.2 267.4 Estimated total PV electricity production(including self-consumption)GWh 29.5 36 Key enablers of PV development Table 7:Information on key

71、 enablers.Comment Annual Value Total Value Source Decentralized storage systems Registered grid connected batteries.12 977 sites NA Clean energy regulator data.The industry thinks its nearly three times larger than the recorded value Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications i

72、n COUNTRY 14 2 COMPETITIVENESS OF PV ELECTRICITY Module prices Module price trends(excluding sales tax)by year shown in Table 8.All prices listed are in AUD/W.Module prices are average prices inferred from system prices.The minimum price quoted achieved in 2021 was from imported panels.Module prices

73、 have increased due to supply chain challenges and increased shipping costs.Table 8:Typical module prices Year Lowest price of a standard module crystalline silicon$/W Highest price of a standard module crystalline silicon$/W Typical price of a standard module crystalline silicon$/W 2005 8 2006 7.5

74、8.5 2007 7 8 2008 5 8 2009 3 6 2010 2 3.2 2011 1.2 2.1 2012 0.9 1.5 2013 0.5 0.75 2014 0.62 0.8 2015 0.62 0.8 2016 0.57 0.78 2017 0.53 1.35 0.67 2018 0.35 1.15 0.55 2019 0.35 1.15 0.52 2020 0.3 1.15 0.47 2021 0.3 1.15 0.55 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 1

75、5 System prices The figures reported in the table below are an average price for a rooftop installation of 7 kW excluding subsidies which reduce the system cost by a further 40-50c/W,depending on insolation,averaged here at 0.45c/W Residential and commercial prices are based on a dataset provided by

76、 PV lead generator Solar Choice.Small-scale systems are eligible for an up-front subsidy that is excluded in the table below.Prices quoted are also exclusive of sales tax(GST).Pricing is all inclusive for rooftop solar costs including installation,connection and registration.The utility-scale solar

77、market grew rapidly between 2014 and 2020 with a steep decline in pricing.LGC system sizes average prices are not published as they are site dependent and commercial in confidence.The prices for systems connected in 2021 were negotiated some years ago.Table 9:Turnkey PV system prices of different ty

78、pical PV systems Category/Size Typical applications and brief details Current prices AUD/W Residential BAPV 5-10 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity to grid-connected households.Typically roof-mounted systems on villas and single-family homes.1.55 S

79、mall commercial BAPV 10-100 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity to grid-connected commercial buildings,such as public buildings,multi-family houses,agriculture barns,grocery stores etc.1.60 Large commercial BAPV 100-250 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounte

80、d,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity to grid-connected large commercial buildings,such as public buildings,multi-family houses,agriculture barns,grocery stores etc.1.60 Industrial BAPV 250 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity to

81、grid-connected industrial buildings,warehouses,etc.1.50 Small centralized PV 1-20 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems that work as central power station.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity

82、 for sale.N/A Large centralized PV 20 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems that work as central power station.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for sale.N/A Task 1 National Survey Report

83、of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 16 Table 10:National trends in system prices for different applications Year Residential BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV system 5-10 kW AUD/kW Small commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 10-100 kW AUD/kW Large

84、 commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 100-250 kW AUD/kW Small Centralized PV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,centralized PV systems 10-20 MW AUD/kW 2005 12 2006 12.5 2007 12 2008 12 2009 9 2010 6 2011 3.9 2012 3 2013 3.1 2014 2.77 2.68 2.7 2015 2.45 2.07 2.18 2016 2.42 2.08

85、 2.76 2017 2.22 2.01 2.24 2018 1.72 1.77 1.77 1.85 2019 1.6 1.58 1.44 na 2020 1.52 1.58 1.44 na 2021 1.55 1.60 1.60 na Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 17 Cost breakdown of PV installations The cost breakdown of a typical 5-10 kW roof-mounted,grid-connected

86、,distributed PV system on a residential single-family house and a typical 10 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems at the end of 2021 is presented in Table 11.The cost structure presented is from the customers point of view i.e.it does not reflect the installer companies overall co

87、sts and revenues.The“average”category in Table 11 and Table 12 represents the average cost for each cost category and is the average of the typical cost structure.The average cost is taking the whole system into account and summarizes the average end price to the customer.The“low”and“high”categories

88、 are the lowest and highest cost that have been reported within each segment.These costs are individual figures,i.e.summarizing these costs do not give an accurate system price.Table 11:Cost breakdown for a grid-connected roof-mounted,distributed residential PV system of 5-10 kW Cost category Averag

89、e AUD/W Low AUD/W High AUD/W Hardware Module 0.55 0.3 NA Inverter 0.2 Mounting material 0.22 Other electronics(cables,etc.)Subtotal Hardware 0.97 Soft costs Planning 0.59 Installation work Shipping and travel expenses to customer Permits and commissioning(i.e.,cost for electrician,etc.)Project margi

90、n Subtotal Soft costs 0.59 Total(excluding VAT)1.56 Average VAT Total(including VAT)1.56 Total(excluding VAT)Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 18 Additional country information With over 26 GW of solar and a population of 26 million,Australia now leads the w

91、orld in installed solar per capita,with 3 million rooftop solar installations and 1 kW of solar per person.Germany and the Netherlands follow with less than 800W of installed solar per person.With the current high energy prices and continued support for small-scale installations through the Small-sc

92、ale Technology Certificates,we expect the small-scale market to remain strong into the future.The Australian electricity market is described in more detail in Section 6.Table 14:Country information Retail electricity prices for a household AUD/kWh 0.2-0.42 Retail electricity prices for a commercial

93、company AUD/kWh 0.23 0.42 Retail electricity prices for an industrial company AUD/kWh 0.20 0.30 Population mid 2022 26 094 037 Country size km2 7.69 million Average PV yield in kWh/kW 1400 PV yield value information This value is a generalised average as conditions vary significantly across Australi

94、a.Figure 6:Rooftop solar panels on a rural property.Credit:APVI.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 19 3 POLICY FRAMEWORK This chapter describes the support policies aiming directly or indirectly to drive the development of PV.Direct support policies have a di

95、rect influence on PV development by incentivising,simplifying or defining adequate policies.Indirect support policies change the regulatory environment in a way that can push PV development.Table 15:Summary of PV support measures Category Residential Commercial+Industrial Centralized Measures in 202

96、1 On-going New On-going New On-going New Feed-in tariffs Yes-Yes -Feed-in premium (above market price)-Capital subsidies Yes-Yes-Green certificates-Yes-Yes-Renewable portfolio standards with/without PV requirements-Income tax credits-Self-consumption Yes-Yes-Net-metering-Net-billing-Collective self-

97、consumption and virtual net-metering-Commercial bank activities e.g.,green mortgages promoting PV Yes-Yes-Activities of electricity utility businesses Yes-Yes-Sustainable building requirements-Yes-BIPV incentives-Other(specify)-Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUN

98、TRY 20 National targets for PV The Renewable Energy Target(RET)is designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in the electricity sector and encourage the additional generation of electricity from sustainable and renewable sources.The RET is made up of two parts the Large-scale Renewable Energy

99、Target(LRET),of 33,000 GWh(that was met before 2020),and the Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme(SRES),with no set target.Details are provided below.Direct support policies for PV installations 3.2.1 The Renewable Energy Target The Renewable Energy Target works by allowing both large-scale power sta

100、tions and the owners of small-scale systems to create large-scale generation certificates and small-scale technology certificates for every megawatt hour of power they generate.Certificates are then purchased by electricity retailers(who supply electricity to householders and businesses)and submitte

101、d to the Clean Energy Regulator to meet the retailers legal obligations under the Renewable Energy Target.This creates a market which provides financial incentives to both large-scale renewable energy power stations and the owners of small-scale renewable energy systems.The RET is funded by a cross-

102、subsidy,leveraged upon all electricity consumption except for certain classes of industrial electricity consumers.Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme(SRES)The SRES covers small generation units(small-scale solar photovoltaic,small wind turbines and micro hydroelectric systems)and solar water heaters

103、,which can create small-scale technology certificates(STCs).There is no cap on the number of STCs that can be created,however the scheme has a completion date of 2030.Prior to 2015,up-front deeming arrangements meant that PV systems up to 100 kWp could claim 15 years worth of STCs up front.Since 201

104、5,PV installations receive one year less deeming each year,diminishing in line with the RET completion date of 2030.Small-scale technology certificates can be created following the installation of an eligible system and are calculated based on the amount of electricity a system produces or replaces(

105、that is,electricity from non-renewable sources).Generally,householders who purchase these systems assign the right to create their certificates to an agent in return for a lower purchase price.The level of this benefit differs across the country depending on the level of solar energy.The Clean Energ

106、y Regulator(CER)manages transfer of STCs through a voluntary clearing house and liable entities are required to surrender STCs to the CER four times a year.The dollar value of these STCs is discounted from the upfront cost of the installation.With support from the SRES,and the declining cost of PV s

107、ystems,both the volume of new small-scale installs and the average system size has grown year on year.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 21 Large-scale Renewable Energy Target(LRET)The LRET,covering large-scale renewable energy projects like wind farms,commer

108、cial-scale solar and bioenergy includes legislated annual targets had an initial target of 41 000 GWh,that was reduced in 2015 to 33 000 GWhr,which was then achieved in late 2019,ahead of the 2020 target date.Liable entities meet their obligations by acquiring and surrendering Large-scale Generation

109、 Certificates(LGCs),with 1 LGC created for each MWh of renewable electricity 3.2.2 National government agencies The Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA),Clean Energy Finance Corporation(CEFC),and Clean Energy Innovation Fund(CEIF)continued to operate throughout 2021 to support the deployment of

110、 renewable and clean energy technologies,with a strong focus on solar PV.3.2.2.1 The Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA)The Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA)is an Australian Government statutory agency,established in 2012 by the Australian Renewable Energy Agency Act 2011(ARENA Act).AR

111、ENA supports the global transition to net zero emissions by accelerating the pace of pre-commercial innovation,to the benefit of Australian consumers,businesses and workers.ARENA supports renewable energy technologies to become commercially viable by investing in innovation and knowledge.We invest t

112、hroughout the innovation chain,balancing investment in emerging commercial technologies with earlier-stage research,development and demonstrations to address long-term needs.ARENA has been directly responsible for many renewable energy success stories including:World-leading solar photovoltaic(PV)re

113、search,principally through ongoing funding of the Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics(ACAP),including,in 2021,the delivery of the first pieces of equipment supported by a$19 million Infrastructure Project Funding Round for research infrastructure to maintain Australias world class solar PV

114、research program.Support for innovation,trials and pilots in demand response,virtual power plants and energy engagement to help pave the way for a better understanding of consumer behaviour and identify opportunities to reduce consumer costs Co-investment in large-scale solar and batteries to de-ris

115、k large projects,to enhance the reliability of supply and to provide support for power system security as Australia transitions to a low emissions energy future.Source:https:/www.transparency.gov.au/annual-reports/australian-renewable-energy-agency/reporting-year/2020-21 Task 1 National Survey Repor

116、t of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 22 3.2.2.2 Clean Energy Finance Corporation(CEFC)The Clean Energy Finance Corporation(CEFC)is a Commonwealth Government initiative with a clear mission to accelerate investment in Australias transition to net zero emissions.The CEFC invests to lead the

117、 market,operating with commercial rigour to address some of Australias toughest emissions challenges.With the increase in experience and competitive pricing for utility scale solar,CEFC investment is shifting away from solar to enabling technology,including increased transmission,2021 project commit

118、ments related to solar photovoltaics include participation in a joint venture to accelerate the delivery of Gippslands Perry Bridge and Fulham solar farms,where grazing and solar will co-exist;3.2.2.3 Clean Energy Innovation Fund(CEIF)The Clean Energy Innovation Fund is an AUD 200 million program su

119、pporting the growth of innovative clean energy technologies and businesses,including Australias first Clean Energy Seed Fund.3.2.2.4 Australian Energy Market Operator(AEMO)AEMO develops and maintains an Integrated System Plan(ISP);a whole-of-system plan that provides an integrated roadmap for the ef

120、ficient development of the National Electricity Market(NEM)over the next 20 years and beyond.The 2020 release reports an expectation that distributed energy will provide as much as 22 per cent of total underlying annual energy consumption by 2040,with more than 26 gigawatts of additional renewable e

121、nergy required to replace coal-fired generation and a further 6-19 gigawatts of new dispatchable resources required in the form of utility scale pumped hydro,fast response gas-fired generation,battery storage,demand response and virtual power plants.An updated Integrated System Plan was released on

122、June 30 2022.More detail can be found at https:/.au/en/energy-systems/major-publications/integrated-system-plan-isp 3.2.2.5 Technology Investment Roadmap developed by the Commonwealth Department of Industry,Science,Energy and Resources(DISER).The Technology Investment Roadmap is a strategy to accele

123、rate development and commercialisation of low emissions technologies.These include energy storage to assist cost effective,reliable low emission electricity,hydrogen,carbon capture and storage,soil carbon sequestration,biofuels,resources,and energy exports to reduce emissions while strengthening our

124、 economy.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 23 3.2.3 Solar for communities No ongoing programs exist in this area.The Federal Government Community Energy Efficiency and Solar Grants program closed in 2021.Examples of local initiatives include the Majura Commu

125、nity Solar Farm in the ACT,established by SolarShare,the Majura Community Solar Farm is part of the ACT governments Community Solar initiative whereby electricity is sold under a Feed in Tariff contract.SolarShare will be able to sell the energy into the energy network and receive 19.56c for each kW

126、h of electricity generated.https:/.au/solar-farm-project/greenfield-project Figure 7:Majura Community Solar Farm.Credit:ITP Renewables.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 24 3.2.4 State based incentives including feed in tariffs Complementing the established R

127、ET,state-based incentives have helped support PV markets through feed-in-tariffs,cash incentives and reverse auctions.Source:https:/www.energy.gov.au/rebates 3.2.4.1 Direct Subsidies Most state governments are now offering some type of incentive for solar plus battery installations or to add a batte

128、ry to an existing solar system:The NSW Government is offering up to 3,000 free 3 kW solar installations for low-income households.The ACT Government offers an AUD 2,500 incentive for low-income households to invest in rooftop solar PV panels.The Victorian Government Solar Homes provides eligible Vic

129、torian households with a rebate of up to 50%of the purchase cost to install solar PV panels.The rebate is up to$1,850,currently about half the value of an average 4 kW solar PV system.The Victorian Government Small Business Rebate offers a rebate of 50%,up to AUD 3,500 to reduce the upfront cost of

130、installing a solar PV system on a business,and access to interest free loans.3.2.4.2 Feed-in Tariff Each of the State and Territory jurisdictions have run their own feed-in tariff(FiT)schemes.All now closed to new entrants but many are still operating.Most PV systems now receive feed-in tariffs with

131、 a value that is ostensibly based on the wholesale electricity price but is often more because of customer acquisition value;in some states a minimum value is stipulated by the government but in other states the value is left to electricity retailers to decide.In Victoria,the value of avoided greenh

132、ouse gas emissions is included in the mandatory minimum feed-in tariff.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 25 Table 16:Australian State and Territory feed-in tariffs in 2021 State Start Date Size Limits Rate AUDc/kWh Scheme end Type Eligibility Victoria Premiu

133、m FiT(closed 1 Jan 2012)1 Nov 2009 5 kW 60 2024 Net Residential,community,small business Comments Customers lose their FiT if they change their system size or move house.South Australia Groups 1,2&3(closed 30 Sept 2011)1 July 2008 10 kVA 1 30 kVA 3 44 30 June 2028 Net A facility that consumes less t

134、han 160 MWh/yr Comments Groups 1,2&3 differ according to the amount of electricity the FiT applies to and when the system was logged with the network operator.ACT Gross FiT(closed 31 May 2011)1 March 2009 30 kW 50,05(10 kW),40,04(10-30 kW),after 1 July 2010 45,7(30 kW)20 years after connection Gross

135、 Residential,business Gross FiT(closed 13 July 2011)1 April 2011 30-200 kW 34,27 20 years after connection Gross Residential,business Comments Although the Gross FiT(30 kW)was closed on 31 May 2011,30 kW systems were made eligible for the Gross FiT(30-200 kW)from 12 July 2011 to 13 July 2011 to allo

136、w these systems to access the cap originally set aside for systems 30 kW to 200 kW.Queensland Solar Bonus Scheme(closed 10 July 2012)1 July 2008 10 kVA 1 30 kVA 3 44 1 July 2028 Net Consumers with less than 100 MWh/yr Comments Customers lose their SBS FiT if they change their system size or move hou

137、se.Western Australia Residential FiT scheme(closed 1 Aug 2011)1 July 2010 5 kW(city)10 kW 1 30 kW 3(country)40 to 30 June 2011 20 from 1 July 2011 10 years after installation Net Residential RE Buyback Scheme 2005 Up to 5 kW dropped to 7.135 from 9.5 on 1 Sept.2014 Open ended Net Residential,Commerc

138、ial (Horizon Power)Comments The amount of the REBS FiT depends on the local cost of generation,the retail tariff and whether residential or commercial Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 26 3.2.5 Local government incentives In 2021,local governments continue t

139、o play a part in supporting the deployment of solar power systems.Local governments installed PV on their own premises,offered Environmental Upgrade Agreements,supported community bulk-buy initiatives,and have financially supported the Australian PV Institutes SunSPoT that allows households and busi

140、nesses to obtain a better understanding of the financial outcomes of installing solar in their roof.3.2.6 BIPV development measures Australia has no specific Building Integrated PV(BIPV)development measures.Australia maintains a Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme(NatHERS)that measures the energy

141、efficiency of residential buildings.There is also the National Australian Built Environment Rating System(NABERS),that measures the energy efficiency,water usage,waste management and indoor environmental quality of buildings,tenancies and homes and their impact on the environment.Solar PV can be use

142、d to help meet both these schemes.Self-consumption measures Table 17:Summary of self-consumption regulations for small private PV systems in 2021 PV self-consumption 1 Right to self-consume Yes.2 Revenues from self-consumed PV Savings on the electricity bill.3 Charges to finance Transmission,Distrib

143、ution grids&Renewable Levies Charged to consumers,incorporated in the retail tariff in c/kWh.Excess PV electricity 4 Revenues from excess PV electricity injected into the grid Different types of Feed-in Tariffs.5 Maximum timeframe for compensation of fluxes In 2021,the market operator changed the se

144、ttlement period from the former current 30-minute wholesale electricity spot market settlement period to five-minutes,providing a better price signal for investment in faster response technologies,such as batteries and gas peaking generators 6 Geographical perimeter(use of the public or private grid

145、)Feed-in-tariff payments only,no use of grid possible for trading 7 Number of participants(individual or collective self-consumption)No collective self-consumption,distribution costs apply to all excess PV electricity Other characteristics 8 Regulatory scheme duration Premium FiTs differ between jur

146、isdictions,and standard FiTs are revised annually.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 27 9 Third party ownership accepted Yes(for ex-solar leasing).10 Grid codes and/or additional taxes/fees impacting the revenues of the prosumer No.11 Regulations on enablers

147、of self-consumption(storage,DSM)None.12 PV system size limitations Some regional limits on system size to connect.Some regional limits requiring self-consumption only.13 Electricity system limitations None(except additional grid codes).14 Additional features None.3.3.1 Change to 5 minute settlement

148、The introduction of 5-minute settlement to the Australian Energy Market in 2021 has led to some significant changes in bidding practices for generators and batteries in the energy market,with some of the big-battery projects benefiting from arbitrage opportunities.In contrast to bidding under the 30

149、-minute period,the market is not seeing a rush to negative price-bidding after a price spike by generators to secure offtake,which was a perverse outcome of the 30-minute settlement scheme.The change was agreed to in 2017,giving generators sufficient notice to plan.More detail can be found here:http

150、s:/.au/initiatives/major-programs/nem-five-minute-settlement-program-and-global-settlement 3.3.2 Collective self-consumption Current network pricing regulations in Australia stipulate that full network charges must be paid even for locally transmitted electricity,which acts as a barrier to collectiv

151、e self-consumption or virtual net-metering(which are therefore only practical within embedded networks).Microgrids that include PV operate across the country,particularly in new housing developments and in power supplies for remote communities.Community solar investment occurs at relatively low leve

152、ls in Australia.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 28 Tenders,auctions&similar schemes 3.4.1 Solar tenders Solar tenders come from a mix of state governments,local governments,electricity retailers,and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA).Each has it

153、s own process with varying funding mechanisms,the most common being PPAs for energy generation or Renewable Energy Certificates(or both).In addition to state government tenders,corporations are running tenders for supply of electricity,known as Corporate PPAs.Other utility-scale measures including f

154、loating and agricultural PV 3.5.1 Floating solar After the construction of one floating solar plant in 2017,there were no new connections in 2021.There are no agriculture-specific large-scale solar plants.Two GW-scale solar projects are under development:3.5.2 Ultra-large-scale solar The Australian-

155、ASEAN Power Link in the Northern Territory,is projected to be the worlds largest solar farm and battery storage facility with 20 GW of solar,42 GWhr of battery storage and 4,200 km of under-sea cable delivering power into Southeast Asia.The Asian Renewable Energy Hub in Western Australia,which will

156、see 26 GW of wind and solar proposed to provide energy to large energy users in the Pilbara region,including new and expanded mines and downstream mineral processing.The bulk of the energy will be used for large scale production of green hydrogen products for both domestic and export markets.3.5.3 S

157、ocial policies In 2021,several measures for solar for low-income households were maintained by State Governments:The NSW Government is offering the Solar for Low Income Households program to 3,000 selected households,with the government installing a 3 kW rooftop solar for free in exchange for no lon

158、ger receiving the Low-Income Household Rebate for electricity bills for ten years.The Victorian government offers the Solar for Rentals program for landlords up to a maximum of AUD 1,850 as well as an interest free loan up to the value of the rebate which must be paid back over 4 years.The AUD 1,850

159、 rebate is also available for community housing.The ACT Government provides the Solar for Low Income Households Program where eligible participants can access a subsidy of up to 50%of the total cost of a solar system.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 29 Retr

160、oactive measures applied to PV No retrospective measures that impact the profitability of existing PV plants,either positively or negatively have been implemented.Indirect policy issues 3.7.1 Rural electrification measures Some examples of rural electrification measures are:The Commonwealth governme

161、nt is providing up to AUD 50.4 million from 2019/20 to 2023/24 to support feasibility studies looking at microgrid technologies to replace,upgrade or supplement existing electricity supply arrangements in off-grid and fringe-of-grid communities located in regional and remote areas.The Western Austra

162、lian government has developed the Distributed Energy Resources(DER)Roadmap which includes a strong focus on microgrids in rural areas.They have also announced regulatory changes that allow the state government owned network operator,Western Power,to excise customers from fringe-of-grid areas and dev

163、elop solar powered microgrids to improve power quality.As part of the AUD 3.6 million Decarbonising Remote Communities program,four Indigenous communities in Queenslands far north Doomadgee,Mapoon,Pormpuraaw and the Northern Peninsula Area are receiving over 1 MW solar PV installed to reduce the use

164、 of diesel power.3.7.2 Support for electricity storage and demand response measures There are numerous trials of virtual power plants,demand response and battery integration.Some offer discounts on hardware,others premium payments for demand response.There are currently about 20 commercially availab

165、le VPP products,testing different business models.There is around 300 MW of household VPP aggregated under all the schemes and around 350 MW in commercial and industrial VPP arrangements.source:https:/ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/What-Is-the-State-of-Virtual-Power-Plants-in-Australia_March-2

166、022_2.pdf Victoria,the ACT,and South Australia all have solar rebates for batteries.NSW Govt offers interest free loans to support household batteries.3.7.3 Support for electric vehicles and vehicle-integrated photovoltaics(VIPV)In 2021,there was no national program to develop the electric vehicle m

167、arket.Government support for electric vehicles(EVs)has instead been led by state governments.State Governments offer a rebate of up to$3,000 as well as waiving Stamp Duty on Electric Vehicles.They are also supporting the roll out of charging stations.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Pow

168、er Applications in COUNTRY 30 One state(Victoria)introduced an EV specific tax.It charges electric vehicle owners 2.5 cents per kilometre to partially account for the declining fuel excise paid by those filling up with petrol or diesel.For a car travelling 15,000km annually,that means$375 in a road

169、user charges source:https:/.au/car-motoring/info/electric-car-incentives#:text=NSW%20EV%20incentives,can%20be%20up%20to%20%243%2C000.3.7.4 Curtailment policies The Australian Energy Market Operator(AEMO)poses strict rules that limit total large-scale solar(and wind)output to protect what it calls sy

170、stem strength.Curtailment happens when combined output reaches a pre-defined level and happens regularly in South Australia,where there is a rapidly growing large-scale solar capacity now standing at 110 MW and more than 1,800 MW of wind capacity.Output of solar farms is also discounted using a Marg

171、inal Loss Factor(MLF).The MLF is a calculation used to estimate how much a plants output reaches a destination and reflects distance to load.An MLF of 0.9,for instance,suggests losses of 10 per cent,so a solar plant will be credited for just 90 MWh out of every 100 MWh registered at the meter at the

172、 plant.MLFs are revised and set annually and lead to increased risk in establishing business models around return on investment in large-scale solar.3.7.5 Other support measures 3.7.5.1 State-Based Emission Reduction Targets State and territory governments are driving the Australian energy markets p

173、rogress in emissions reductions.All states and territories except Western Australia now have strong renewable energy targets or net zero emissions targets in place.Both the ACT and Tasmania are now powered by 100%renewables,and in addition now Tasmania plans to decarbonise their whole electricity an

174、d energy system with a 200%renewables target.The state initiatives contrast with the position that the Australian Commonwealth Government held in 2021,where they preferred a technology led initiative and developed a Roadmap for low emissions technologies,with the then Prime Ministers stated goal to“

175、reach net-zero emissions as soon as possible,and preferably by 2050”.The state-based targets that are in place are broadly consistent with the level of renewable energy needed across Australia by 2030 to contribute to keeping global temperature rise below two degrees Celsius(2C).Australia has seen a

176、 change of government in mid-2022,which has already resulted in some significant changes including a commit to cut emissions by 43%by 2030.3.7.5.2 Renewable Energy Zones(REZs)State based Renewable Energy Zones(REZs)aim to motivate regional investment in generation from wind and solar,storage(e.g.,ba

177、tteries),and in high-voltage poles and wires.Queensland has announced plans for three REZs with 60 GW of projects proposed from the market.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 31 NSW has announced plans for a targeted AUD 32 billion investment in five REZs,call

178、ing for 12 GW of renewable energy to be built and an additional 2 GW for storage,with bipartisan support.Victoria has announced an AUD 1.6 billion plan for clean energy including the biggest battery in the southern hemisphere.Financing and cost of support measures The cost of the SRES and LRET schem

179、es and most feed in tariffs are passed through to energy consumers as a levy on their bills.Financing for large scale projects from government funds in 2021 was by way of recuperable grants or equity.Figure 8.Limondale Solar Farm in NSW 349 MW installation.Image provided by RWE Renewables Australia

180、and Ideematec.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 32 4 INDUSTRY Production of feedstocks,ingots and wafers(crystalline silicon industry)Australia has no solar feedstock,ingot or wafer production.Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CPV

181、)Module manufacturing is defined as the industry where the process of the production of PV modules(the encapsulation)is done.A company may also be involved in the production of ingots,wafers or the processing of cells,in addition to fabricating the modules with frames,junction boxes,etc.The manufact

182、uring of modules may only be counted to a country if the encapsulation takes place in that country.For many years,Tindo Solar has been the sole manufacturer of solar panels in Australia.Tindo imports cells to produce poly and PERC-mono panels,doing module assembly and testing in Australia.Tindos bus

183、iness model is to both sell panels wholesale and retail PV systems through parent company Cool or Cosy.In early 2021,Tindo secured funds to expand manufacturing capacity to 150 MW/yr,expected to be finished in 2022.Total PV cell and module manufacture together with production capacity information is

184、 summarised in Table 19 below.Table 19:PV cell and module production and production capacity information for 2021 Cell/Module manufacturer(or total national production)Technology(sc-Si,mc-Si,a-Si,CdTe,CIGS)Total Production MW Maximum production capacity MW/yr Cell Module Cell Module Wafer-based PV m

185、anufactures Tindo Solar 30 60 Totals 0 30 0 60 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 33 Manufacturers and suppliers of other components Balance of system component manufacture and supply is an important part of the PV system value chain.4.3.1 PV inverters(for gr

186、id-connection and stand-alone systems)Australian companies Latronics and Selectronics design and manufacture inverters for use in both grid and off-grid applications.Magellan Power is an Australian based manufacturer of power electronics including PV inverters designed for both residential and comme

187、rcial applications.Redback Technologies is an Australian intelligent hybrid PV-storage inverter manufacturer.MIL Systems is an Australian power system engineering company that produces a residential grid-connected inverter.4.3.2 Storage batteries Australian company RedFlow manufactures Zinc Bromine

188、flow batteries.Its ZBM product delivers up to 3 kW of continuous power(5 kW peak)and up to 8 kWh of energy.RedFlow has launched a product to serve the residential market.There are large numbers of foreign manufactured battery companies supplying to the Australian market,some of whom are setting up l

189、ocal manufacturing.4.3.3 Battery charge controllers and DC switchgear A range of specialised fuses,switches and charge controllers are made locally.Here are a few examples of charge controllers&switchgear implementations in Australia:Magellan Power have a range of battery,control and switching techn

190、ologies.Solari Energy Solagrid Energy Storage System(ESS)a stand-alone energy storage system suitable for any sized solar energy installation.They also produce Solagrid audible alarm safety device in case of faults.Wattwatchers have developed low-cost,ultra-compact,multi-circuit meters with built in

191、 wireless communications.Solar Analytics provide a home energy monitoring solution with a focus on solar,with over 35,000 sales.CatchPower,SwitchdIn,Greensync,Reposit and Evergen are developing internet-of-energy solutions including to optimise solar and battery interactions with the grid.Task 1 Nat

192、ional Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 34 4.3.4 Supporting structures With most solar going in on rooftops,there is some local industry including -IXL who manufacture a range of mounting and tracking systems to suit local conditions.-Capral Aluminium makes extruded alumini

193、um for Clenergy mounting systems here in Australia.See https:/ company Schletter are also making roof top mounting systems For large scale solar,5B is a Sydney based renewable energy technology business that has created a completely prefabricated and rapidly deployable ground mount solar array solut

194、ion-enabling faster,lower cost and more flexible solar projects.Figure 9.2.2 MW Large Scale PV array Port Bonython roll out of 5B Maverick Technology.Image courtesy of 5B Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 35 4.3.5 BIPV Tractile Solar manufactures composite r

195、oof tiles that combine PV cells with Thermal Hot Water.and was showcased in the Desert Rose House,that took second place in 2018 Solar Decathlon,Middle East.Bristile roofing(part of the Brickworks group of companies)make a PV integrated rooftile.See https:/.au/solar/Melbourne-based architectural fir

196、m Kennon has announced the nations first building to harness solar power via its facade is under construction.The revolutionary design conceived by Kennon in 2019 will be brought to life by a private developer,with the eight-storey office building to be located at 550 Spencer Street,West Melbourne.W

197、ith 1182 individual solar panels to be located on the facade,the building will produce more energy than it consumes,revolutionising sustainability outcomes for the future of architectural design.Construction is expected to be completed in mid-2023,with the developer seeking a long-term tenant motiva

198、ted to uphold the buildings sustainability values.Figure 10.Schematic of planned BIPV on a commercial building at 550 Spencer St,Melbourne Credit:CUUB/Kennon architecture firm Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 36 5 PV IN THE ECONOMY This chapter aims to prov

199、ide information on the benefits of PV for the economy.The Australian solar supply chain is typically structured as follows:Wholesalers(Distributors)import from overseas manufacturers and sell to PV Retailers.PV retailers buy products from wholesalers,or direct from the manufacturer,and arrange for i

200、nstallation.PV retailers often outsource installation to contract installers,though its not uncommon for them to employ in-house accredited installers.The retailer is responsible for collecting the paperwork from the installer that is needed for STC creation.Installers collect equipment from retaile

201、rs(or from wholesalers bonded warehouses)and transport it to site for installation.The installer is responsible for physical installation and commissioning of the system,as well as signing off on critical paperwork for electrical connection and STCs.Installation teams must include at least one accre

202、dited installer(electrician),with accreditation by the Clean Energy Council(CEC).The CEC-accredited installer signing off on the job is liable to ensure both the system design and installation meet Australian Standards and CEC guidelines.Some PV installers are also micro-retailers.Figure 11.Rooftop

203、Installation PV in progress.Credit:Tindo Solar.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 37 Labour places Through 2021 there were an estimated 25,370 full-time equivalent(FTE)labour places in the PV industry.Indirect employment would include jobs related within cons

204、ultancies,industry associations,government and electricity utilities and would potentially double these numbers.Research and development are well supported in Australia,with close to 250 employed in solar energy research and over 300 students in higher education research in solar energy.The signific

205、ant R&D budget is supported principally by the national funded Australian Renewable Energy Agency with funding to the end of 2030.Table 20:Estimated PV-related full-time labour places in 2021 Market category Number of full-time labour places Research and development(not including companies)250 Manuf

206、acturing of products throughout the PV value chain from feedstock to systems,including company R&D 120 Distributors of PV products and installations 25,000 System and installation companies Operation and maintenance companies Electricity utility businesses and government Total 25 370 Research develo

207、pment and innovation Solar PV R&D is primarily funded by the Australian Renewable Energy Agency,with an annual research budget,averaged around 19 MAUD/yr over four years.Business value Table 21:Rough estimation of the value of the PV business in 2021(VAT is excluded)Sub-market Capacity installed MW

208、Average price AUD/W Value AUD Sub-market AUD Off-grid Grid-connected distributed 3,056 1.6 4,930,000,000 4,930,000,000 Grid-connected centralized 1,422 1.5 2,275,000,000 2,275,000,000 Value of PV business in 2021 7,205,000,000 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNT

209、RY 38 6 INTEREST FROM ELECTRICITY STAKEHOLDERS Structure of the electricity system In most areas of the country on main grids the electricity system is split into generation,transmission,distribution,and retail sectors,where smaller grids are(typically)vertically integrated.There is a mix of public

210、and private ownership across all jurisdictions and sectors.The National Electricity Market(NEM)spans Australias eastern and south-eastern coasts and comprises five interconnected states that also act as price regions:Queensland,New South Wales(including the Australian Capital Territory),South Austra

211、lia,Victoria,and Tasmania.There are over 400 registered participants in the NEM,both State government owned and private,including market generators,transmission network service providers,distribution network service providers,and market customers.The NEM is a wholesale commodity exchange for electri

212、city across the five interconnected states.The market works as a“pool”,or spot market,where power supply and demand is matched in real time through a centrally coordinated dispatch process.Generators offer to supply the market with specified amounts of electricity at specified prices for set time pe

213、riods and can re-submit the offered amounts at any time.From all the bids offered,the Australian Energy Market Operator(AEMO)decides which generators will be deployed to produce electricity,with the cheapest generator put into operation first.A dispatch price is determined every five minutes,and six

214、 dispatch prices are averaged every half-hour to determine the“spot price”for each NEM region.AEMO uses the spot price as its basis for settling the financial transactions for all electricity traded in the NEM.Network,retail and environmental charges are added to the energy price in calculating reta

215、il tariffs and these are all charged to the customer by the retailer.Western Australia and the Northern Territory are not connected to the NEM.Western Australia operates two separate networks,the South West Interconnected System(SWIS)and the North West Interconnected System.A range of smaller grids

216、also operate in remote areas of the states.The SWIS operates via a short-term energy market and a reserve capacity market.Capacity and energy are traded separately.The Northern Territory operates several grids both large and small to service population centres and regional townships.Task 1 National

217、Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 39 Interest from electricity utility businesses The businesses that make up the electricity industry have collectively recognised the inevitability of solar power rolling out across Australia,and most have opted to play a constructive role.

218、Solar is impacting the energy market operation both technically and financially.-Financially,solar is reducing the amount of energy transported and sold and reducing the wholesale electricity price during the daytime.-Technical issues most commonly relate to inverter response to system disturbance a

219、nd impacts upon local voltages.Network operators have been given the ability to constrain the amount of PV that is connected to their networks and impose these constraints upon individual applicants,unless applicants use inverters with operation modes under the network operators influence.6.2.1 Elec

220、tricity network operators Though the energy market operator has stopped electricity network operators from discriminating with solar-specific tariffs that would financially penalise solar households,most network operators still impose delays and conditions to network connection approval that increas

221、e the soft costs of solar deployment.Despite this,some network operators have spun-off solar retailing companies of their own and managed at arms length through ring-fencing provisions.Australian energy regulators,while becoming mindful of the need to change regulatory frameworks considering these d

222、evelopments,are currently themselves restricted by their own governance arrangements and reporting structures.Nevertheless,new regulatory frameworks are needed to cater for rapidly increasing distributed energy options.For instance,network businesses are currently prevented from implementing distrib

223、uted energy options themselves,even if these may provide more cost-effective solutions than grid upgrades or extensions,while third party access to this market is not available.Regardless,momentum is swinging towards a more neutral playing field that balances the needs of both incumbents and the new

224、 entrant distributed energy market participants.The Energy Networks Association is actively considering a future with high-penetration PV,working with CSIRO to produce an Electricity Network Transformation Roadmap.6.2.2 Electricity generators and retailers Electricity generators and retailers are co

225、mmonly the same company in many parts of Australia and are therefore collectively referred to as gentailers.Three large companies dominate the energy retail space in Australia,all offer feed-in-tariffs,have made some investment in large-scale solar and/or are currently participating in the rollout o

226、f solar farms by contracting PPAs from solar farms(in order to meet their Renewable Energy Target obligations).The three largest electricity retailers also have their own solar retailing divisions.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 40 Several small retailers

227、with a solar-energy focus have been established to address a market opportunity in the community demand for access to solar,the significant portion of Australian households with an investment in solar and increased electricity prices.Interest from municipalities and local governments There is high(a

228、nd increasing)interest in PV implementation from local governments and community organisations around Australia.These groups are typically less well-resourced than utility or large government organisations and must operate within the electricity market described above.However,they are backed by a hi

229、gh level of community support for local generation and employment creation.Many local governments install PV on their own buildings,operate bulk-buy initiatives,and are beginning to set their own renewable energy goals and support community-owned solar installations.Specific examples of local govern

230、ment solar PV support initiatives include:City Power Partnerships,an initiative of the Climate Council that brings together over 150 local government organisations,over 500 cities and towns representing 60%of the population.The CPP has a commitment to clean energy,representing almost 60%of the Austr

231、alian population.The Melbourne Renewable Energy Project(MREP)1 and 2:a consortium of local government,educational institutions,and private companies that successfully purchased 88h and 110h per year(respectively)of energy from new large-scale renewable energy facilities.Together,MREP 1 and 2 contrib

232、uted to reducing the equivalent of 5%of Melbournes emissions.Solar My School,a Council-run program initially founded by three Sydney Councils,now involves over 160 schools across Sydney and regional NSW.This program aims to help schools install solar with support through the whole process.Other exam

233、ples of broader programs used by,and in some cases established by,local governments include:Solar Bulk Buy Programs,which give households and businesses in these municipalities access to bulk purchase discount deals.Many local government bulk-buy programmes exist.Many local governments have initiate

234、d Environmental Upgrade Agreements to assist in reducing the carbon intensity of energy use.This can include solar PV and is implemented by lower than market fixed interest rate loans over a longer than usual loan term.Community Groups and Energy Foundations including the Australian Energy Foundatio

235、n(formerly Moreland Energy Foundation)and the Yarra Energy Foundation.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 41 States and territories In 2021,state governments continued to progress measures that would support the deployment of renewable energy,by identifying ar

236、eas of opportunity,accelerating the development approval of some solar farms,tendering for renewable energy for their facilities,creating state-based targets for renewable energy uptake,and launching tenders for grid-scale batteries.Collectively Australian governments are investing over AUD 7 billio

237、n in clean energy stimulus measures,with the Tasmanian government leading progress having already achieved 100%renewables and South Australia following Figure 12.Residential solar.Credit:APVI.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 42 7 HIGHLIGHTS AND PROSPECTS Hi

238、ghlights Despite the challenges faced through 2021 posed by the COVID-19 pandemic,this year was another strong one for solar installations across the Australian market.The year saw a total installed capacity of 4.9 GW taking the country to a total cumulative capacity of 26 GW,more than doubling the

239、total capacity at the end of 2018.With a population of 26 million people,Australia now has a world-class 1 kW per capita of solar installed.The small-scale solar sector(100 kW)had another incredible year despite COVID-19 and supply chain challenges,with over 3 GW of installed capacity.State,local go

240、vernment and community initiatives have continued to drive this market through what was otherwise a challenging year.Australia continues to build on its high per-capita rooftop install rate with over 33%of free-standing households now generating power from their rooftop,and well over 50%in many urba

241、n areas.At the end of 2021 there were more than 3 million household solar installations across the country.Prospects Building off a strong base,and with a change in government in mid-2022 leading to stronger and more ambitious commitments to net-zero emissions,Australia is likely to see ongoing grow

242、th in the solar PV market.There are well established plans and commitments to invest in adapting the electricity system to meet increasing solar deployment at utility scale,through enhancing transmission,and to manage the significant decentralised generation investment.Continuing support from Small-

243、scale Technology Certificates through to 2030 will provide ongoing momentum for rooftop solar,with strong growth expected in commercial and industrial markets.State-based government competition for investment in Renewable Energy Zones,including related infrastructure investments will drive large-sca

244、le investment in both solar and wind by reducing risk and increasing investor confidence.The Commonwealth Government funded Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA)has a budget to end 2030 of 1.6 BAUDs to support Australia in the global transition to net zero emissions,by accelerating the pace of p

245、recommercial innovation,to the benefit of Australian consumers,businesses and workers.The energy market operator(AEMO)is designing for 100%renewable penetration across the market by 2025,with evidence already of feasibility,and challenges,when on occasions,the entire state of South Australia(SA)is e

246、ntirely powered by solar and wind,supported by batteries.New infrastructure connecting SA-NSW and VIC-NSW grids are under development.Project EnergyConnect was approved for construction in mid-2021.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 43 Network operators are l

247、ooking at setting up autonomous micro and mini-grids and generator/retailers are investing in virtual power plants(VPPs).Storage capacity is set to increase with large-scale storage project approvals and the increasing competitiveness of small-scale,behind the meter storage options.Big vison project

248、s are under development to support renewable energy exports including Sun Cables plans for 20 GW of solar in the Northern Territory delivering power by under-sea cable into Southeast Asia and the Asian Renewable Energy Hub with up to 26 GW of wind and solar to support hydrogen exports.The ongoing in

249、vestment in renewables will present market and engineering challenges that will need to be met by policy and regulatory change including by a redesign of tariffs to incentivise use of low-cost,low-emissions power,by investments in storage and investments in transmission and distribution.New benchmar

250、ks continue to be set,with South Australia achieving 100%renewable energy over a 24-hour period in late September 2021.Fig 12:The state of South Australia is 100%renewables for a 24hour period for the first time on September 20 2021.Source:https:/opennem.org.au/Challenges include grid and connection

251、 constraints for utility scale solar and changing economics as Marginal Loss Factors(MLF)are adjusted to reflect co-incidence of supply and connection and distance to load.Technology is moving faster than policy and regulation and to maintain the rapid pace of renewable energy deployment,Australia n

252、eeds to support national electricity market reforms and provide policy certainty to support the needed electricity infrastructure investments and additional electricity transmission,energy storage and demand response mechanisms.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUN

253、TRY 44 END This report was prepared by the APVI with support from ARENA and APVI members www.apvi.org.au The views expressed herein are not necessarily the views of the Australian Government.The Australian Government does not accept responsibility for any information or advice contained within this document.Fig 13:Trundle Solar Farm 6.4 MW Solar Farm,where ITP Renewables provided due diligence for the financiers and commissioning for Enerparc Australia.Image courtesy of ITP Renewables.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV_Australia Power Applications in COUNTRY 1