1、JUNE 2022WORKING PAPER 2022-19Market analysis of two-and three-wheeler vehicles in key ASEAN member statesAuthors:Huong Le,Zifei YangKeywords:Two-and three-wheelers,electric two-and three-wheelers,ASEAN countries mopeds.1.Introduction In many of the 10 member states of the Association of Southeast A

2、sian Nations1(ASEAN),two-wheelers(2Ws)and three-wheelers(3Ws)are dominant transport modes.In Vietnam,for example,at the end of 2020,more than 80%of travel demand in the country was met by the countrys 65.2 million registered 2Ws.2 Two-wheeler sales in key ASEAN member states that track monthly and a

3、nnual sales data(the“ASEAN Seven”nations of Indonesia,Thailand,the Philippines,Vietnam,Cambodia,Malaysia,and Singapore)grew steadily between 2010 and 2019,with annual sales peaking in 2019 at nearly 15 million units,some 22.1%of the 2W global market.3 Two-wheeler sales declined to 10.9 million vehic

4、les in the first COVID year,2020,but still accounted for 18.1%of 2W sales worldwide.The large share of 2Ws in ASEAN countries generates significant challenges to air quality,noise levels,road safety,and greenhouse gas emissions(GHG),with adverse impacts on health and the environment.These impacts ha

5、ve led governments to take corrective actions,including promoting public transport,introducing stringent vehicle emission standards,implementing low-emission zones,and promoting electric vehicles.However,the implementation and effectiveness of these actions vary significantly across countries.This p

6、aper provides an overview of the two-and three-wheeler(2&3W)market in the ASEAN Seven member states in 2019 and 2020.The paper also analyzes and compares the 2&3W markets in a subset of four countries whose data is further segmented by 1 ASEAN member states include Brunei,Cambodia,Indonesia,Laos,Mal

7、aysia,Myanmar,the Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,and Vietnam.2 Vietnam Register,http:/www.vr.org.vn/.3“ASEAN 2021.Two-Wheeler Industry Recovery is Slow and Still 2.5 Million Below Pre-Covid Level,”MotorcyclesData,accessed February 22,2022,https:/ INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATIONwww.thei

8、cct.orgcommunicationstheicct.org twitter theicctAcknowledgments:The authors thank Francisco Posada,Sunitha Anup,Anh Bui,Ashok Deo,and Gary Gardner for their inputs and critical reviews of an earlier version of this report.This publication is part of NDC Transport Initiative for Asia(NDC-TIA).NDC-TIA

9、 is part of the International Climate Initiative(IKI).The Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,and Consumer Protection(BMU)supports the initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag.For more visit:https:/www.ndctransportinitiativeforasia.org/2ICCT WORKING

10、PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESfleet characteristics(e.g.,body type,engine displacement),brand,and top-selling models.These four countriesIndonesia,Thailand,the Philippines,and Vietnamare known collectively in this paper as the“ASEAN Four”ma

11、rket leaders.The 2&3W sales in these four market leaders accounted for 91.4%of total 2&3W sales in the ASEAN Seven countries in this study.In addition,the paper describes and analyzes the uptake of electric two-wheelers(E2Ws)and electric three-wheelers(E3Ws),characteristics of E2W and E3W fleets,mar

12、ket share by brand,and top-selling models of these four countries.This papers profile of the 2&3W market in the ASEAN region could be used to support future policy development in mitigating the negative impacts of 2&3Ws and in building sustainable transport in the region.Future policy initiatives,fo

13、r example,might be used to support production of E2Ws and E3Ws,to promote and integrate E2Ws and E3Ws in transport systems,and to limit the increase in the number of internal combustion engine(ICE)2&3Ws.The paper can also shed light on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on 2&3W markets in the regio

14、n as the time frame covers 2019 and 2020.Table 1 presents the ASEAN country groupings as used in this paper.Table 1.ASEAN country groupings as used in this paperGroup NameMembersDefining characteristicsASEAN Seven membersThailand,Malaysia,Indonesia,Vietnam,the Philippines,Singapore,and CambodiaASEAN

15、 countries that keep monthly and annual sales dataASEAN Four leading markets Indonesia,Thailand,the Philippines,VietnamASEAN countries that keep monthly and annual sales data,as well as data on market share by brand and key features.These four are the largest ASEAN markets.This paper begins by intro

16、ducing data sources and data availability on the 2&3W market in the ASEAN Seven countries.Monthly and annual 2&3W sales in 2019 and 2020 are analyzed and presented in section 3.Then,the 2&3W market shares,by brand and key features of 2&3W fleets,are analyzed and compared,focusing mainly on the ASEAN

17、 Four countries that have data available at the model level,and with results presented in sections 4 and 5.Section 6 presents the top selling 2&3W models in these four countries.Section 7 describes E2W and E3W market shares,by major brand and key features,in the ASEAN Four nations.Finally,the key fi

18、ndings of the paper are summarized in Section 8.2.Data description For this analysis,a database of 2&3W fleets sold in Thailand,Vietnam,Indonesia,the Philippines,Malaysia,Singapore,and Cambodia in 2019 and 2020 was developed.The database was compiled mainly from MotorCycle Data(https:/ websites of m

19、anufacturers(e.g.,.vn/,https:/ showroom information(e.g.,https:/.vn/).Table 2 summarizes the data availability,broken down by brand,model,and key characteristics of 2&3W fleets in the ASEAN Seven countries in 2019 and 2020.As shown,the data on vehicle brand is 100%available for all countries.Data on

20、 vehicle models,body type,engine displacement,and number of wheels are 100%available for the ASEAN Four countries.However,the data availability on characteristics of electric 2&3W models(including battery capacity,battery type,top speed,max range,and battery removability)varies among these four coun

21、tries.Data on 2&3W models and fleet characteristics were unavailable for Cambodia,Malaysia,and Singapore.3ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESTable 2.Data availability of 2&3W characteristics in ASEAN Seven countriesYearNationAll veh

22、iclesICE 2/3WsElectric 2/3WsBrandModelBody TypeWheelsEngine Displacement(cc)Battery Capacity(kWh)Battery TypeTop Speed(km/h)Max Range(km)Battery removible2019Cambodia100%n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/aMalaysia100%n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/aSingapore100%n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/aIndonesia100%100%100%100

23、%100%98.9%98.9%98.9%98.9%98.9%Thailand100%100%100%100%100%69.4%79.7%79.5%79.5%65.0%Philippines100%100%100%100%100%85.2%96.0%96.0%96.0%94.2%Vietnam100%100%100%100%100%94.3%98.9%98.9%98.9%98.1%2020Cambodia100%n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/aMalaysia100%n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/aSingapore100%n/an/an/an/an/

24、an/an/an/an/aIndonesia100%100%100%100%100%98.5%98.1%98.5%98.5%97.1%Thailand100%100%100%100%100%90.9%92.3%92.3%91.5%90.0%Philippines100%100%100%100%100%95.9%95.9%95.9%95.9%95.5%Vietnam100%100%100%100%100%98.2%99.4%99.4%99.4%98.3%Note.n/a=not availableNote that there are different definitions and clas

25、sifications of 2&3Ws among countries.Therefore,to synchronize the analysis and data in this paper,definitions and classifications of 2&3Ws have been adopted from MotorCycles Data.4 Regarding 2Ws,four vehicle body types were included in the analysis,including moped,underbone,scooter,and motorcycle.Th

26、e definition of these body types is presented in Table 3.Table 3.Definitions and classification of 2Ws by body typeBody typeExamplesMoped Operates by engine or pedals like a bicycle(sometimes does not have pedals)Engine below seat,slim frame Engine displacement 50 cc Speed 30 km/hUnderbone No struct

27、ural member connecting the headstock to the structure under the front of the seat,and no fuel tank or similarly styled appendage in the space between the riders knees Single tube frame supports the entire bike Chain drive,pedal shifting Fuel tank under the seat Maximum engine displacement 150 ccScoo

28、ter A step-through frame;platform for the riders feet Engine enclosed within bodywork Compartment located under the seat Automatic clutch and continuously variable transmission Engine capacity:50 cc single-cylinder to 850 cc twin-cylinderMotorcycle Various models:naked,touring/cruiser,sport bike,end

29、uro type Fuel tank usually in front of rider 4 Motorcycles Data(2020).“Global Models Classification.”https:/ WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESRegarding 3Ws,three different body types were sold in the region in 2019 and 2020,including s

30、cooter 3Ws,1X2 trikes,and commercial 3Ws.Figure 1 gives examples of these body types.(a)Scooter 3W(Piaggio MP3 3005)(b)1X2 Trike 3W(Yamaha NIKEN6)(c)Commercial 3W(BEMAC 68VM7)Figure 1.Examples of 3W body types3.Overview of 2/3-wheeler market sales Total 2&3W sales by country in 2019 and 2020 in ASEA

31、N Seven markets Figure 2 presents the annual sales of 2&3Ws in the ASEAN Seven countries in 2019 and 2020.In this paper,the terms 2&3W market,2W market,and 3W market refer to markets for both internal combustion(ICE)and electric vehicles.In total,10.9 million vehicles(of all types)were sold in 2020,

32、a reduction of 28.9%compared to 2019,mainly because of the COVID-19 pandemic effects.The 2&3W markets declined in 2020 in all seven countries compared with 2019.In both years,Indonesia had the largest 2&3W market,followed by Vietnam and the Philippines;Singapore had the smallest market.In 2020,3.7 m

33、illion 2&3Ws were sold in Indonesia,whereas the number of 2&3Ws sold in Singapore was 11,300.Three-wheelers were offered in three countries including Indonesia,the Philippines,and Thailand.However,3W sales in these countries were relatively small,accounting for only 0.01%of Thailands 2&3W market,0.0

34、6%of Indonesias 2&3W market,and 0.78%of the Philippines 2&3W market,in 2020.The market share of 3Ws in these three countries was very small,accounting for only 0.14%of 2&3W fleet in the ASEAN Seven countries.In 2020,Indonesia experienced the deepest drop in 2&3W sales among the seven countries,decli

35、ning by 43.7%compared to 2019.Singapore and the Philippines also experienced significant sales declines in 2020,shrinking by 41.5%and 30%compared to 2019,respectively.Vietnam,Thailand,Malaysia,and Cambodia were the least affected countries;total 2&3W sales in 2020 were 13.6%,9.7%,8.6%,and 19.8%lower

36、,respectively,than in 2019.5 https:/ https:/www.yamaha-motor.co.th/bigbike/niken/overview7 https:/www.bemac- WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATES01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000IndonesiaVietnamPhilippinesThailandMalaysiaCambodiaSingap

37、oreTotal 2/3W sales(in thousands)20192020-43.7%-13.6%-30%-9.7%-8.6%-19.8%-41.5%05101520252/3W sales(in thousand)Figure 2.Total annual sales of 2&3Ws in the ASEAN Seven countries in 2019 and 2020Monthly sales of 2&3Ws in 2019 and 2020 in the ASEAN Seven marketsFigure 3 shows monthly sales of 2&3Ws in

38、 2019 and 2020,illustrating the seasonal pattern of vehicle purchases and the impact of the COVID pandemic on vehicle sales.In general,there was no clear seasonal pattern in 2&3W sales in the region.In 2019,monthly sales in Singapore,Cambodia,Malaysia,Thailand,and the Philippines were relatively sta

39、ble.In Vietnam,vehicle sales in January and December were slightly higher than in other months in general.At the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020,essentially the onset of the COVID pandemic,the 2&3W market in ASEAN Seven countries declined sharply,with the deepest drop coming in April 2020.At t

40、hat time,several countries were under lockdown,which strongly affected the production and distribution of 2&3Ws in these countries.However,after April,the 2&3W market in the region gradually recovered.Vietnam,Thailand,and Malaysia recovered to near-previous levels.An exception was Indonesia,where th

41、e 2&3W market in 2020 was still far below 2019 levels,which contributed significantly to the contraction of the 2&3W market in the ASEAN region in 2020.020040060080002019/12019/42019/72019/102020/12020/42020/72020/10Sales(In thousands)SingaporeCambodiaMalaysiaThailandPhilippinesVietnamInd

42、onesiaNote:Sales of 2&3W in Singapore were quite small and are not shown in the figureFigure 3.Monthly sales of 2&3Ws in the ASEAN Seven countries in 2019 and 2020 6ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATES2W and 3W sales in Indonesia,Vie

43、tnam,Thailand,and the Philippines in 2019 and 2020 Figure 4 shows annual sales of 2Ws and 3Ws in 2019 and 2020 in Indonesia,Vietnam,the Philippines,and Thailand,the ASEAN Four leading markets.Indonesia had the largest 2W market in the region and the Philippine 3W market was the largest in the region

44、 in both years.Regarding the 2W market,shown in Figure 4a,Indonesia and the Philippines were the most affected in 2020;the 2W market in these countries declined by 43.7%and 29.9%,respectively,compared to 2019.In comparison,the other countries experienced smaller declines,with Thailands growth at-9.7

45、%and Vietnams at-13.6%.As shown in Figure 4b,only three countries sold 3Ws:Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines.In Vietnam,3Ws are not a common transport mode,and their use is strongly restricted.Thus,3W sales in Vietnam are very small and may not register in the database.Indonesia and the Philipp

46、ines,the two largest 3W markets,also had the biggest market losses among three countries.In 2020,3W sales in Indonesia and the Philippines fell by 40.1%and 40.5%,respectively,compared to 2019.Thailand had the lowest 3W sales among three countries but was the only one to experience growth.The number

47、of 3Ws sold in Thailand increased from 76 vehicles in 2019 to 132 vehicles(a 73.7%increase)in 2020.000510152025PhilippinesIndonesiaThailandVietnamTotal 3W sales(in thousands)-40.1%-40.5%73.7%01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000IndonesiaVietnamPhilippinesThailandTotal 2W sales(in thousands)-43.7%-13.

48、6%-29.9%-9.7%(b)3-wheelers(a)2-wheelers2019202000.030.060.090.120.153W sale(in thousands)73.7%Figure 4.Comparison of 2W and 3W sales by country,ASEAN Four nations,2019 and 20207ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESE2W and E3W sales by

49、 country in 2019 and 2020The number of E2Ws sold in the ASEAN Four nations in 2019 and 2020 is presented in Figure 5.The trend for E2Ws was the opposite of the trend in the 2&3W market:in 2020,sales of E2Ws increased in all four countries compared with 2019.Although Thailand sold the fewest E2Ws amo

50、ng four countries,it experienced the largest growth.Vietnam was the leading country in E2W sales in the region,with more than 250,000 E2Ws sold in 2020,an increase of 43.5%compared to 2019.E3W sales were much smaller,and only occurred in the Philippines and Thailand.In 2019,E3Ws were offered for sal

51、e only in the Philippines,with total sales of 2,595 vehicles.In 2020,2,433 E3Ws were sold in Thailand and the Philippines,of which 2,364 vehicles were sold in the Philippines and 69 in Thailand.050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000IndonesiaVietnamThailandPhilippinesE2W sales(vehicle)19.2%43.6%8

52、8.8%4.8%20000E2W sales(vehicle)88.8%Figure 5.Comparison of E2W sales by country,ASEAN Four nations,2019 and 2020E2W market shareThe market share of E2Ws in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines is relatively small,less than 1.5%of all 2Ws sold,whereas the market share in Vietn

53、am was approximately 8.5%in 2020.In 2019,only 1.7%of the 2Ws sold in the ASEAN Four countries were E2Ws,compared to 3.2%in 2020(an increase of 95.3%compared to 2019).In 2019,the share of E2Ws was still very low across the ASEAN Four,with less than 1%of the market share in Indonesia(0.52%),Thailand(0

54、.05%),and the Philippines(0.9%).However,the share of E2Ws in Vietnam was far greater,5.14%.In 2020,the market share of E2Ws grew significantly in all four countries.The share of E2Ws in the Philippines doubled from 0.52%in 2019 to 1.1%in 2020 and increased from 0.9%in 2019 to 1.34%in Indonesia.Thail

55、and had the smallest E2W market share among the four countries,but growth was robust;it doubled from 0.05%to 0.1%between 2019 and 2020.Meanwhile,as in 2019,Vietnam had the largest share of E2Ws among the four countries,and it grew substantially,to 8.54%of the 2W market.The change in E2W market share

56、 between 2019 and 2020 is shown in Figure 6.8ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATES0.52%5.14%0.05%0.90%1.10%8.54%0.10%1.34%0%2%4%6%8%10%IndonesiaVietnamThailandPhilippinesE2W market share 20192020Figure 6.Change in E2W market share,ASE

57、AN Four nations,2019 and 20204.Comparison of 2&3W market share by major brands This section presents the 2W and 3W market share by brand for Indonesia,Vietnam,Thailand,and the Philippines,the ASEAN Four nations that maintain segmented data.Although the 2W market declined sharply in 2020 compared to

58、2019,there were only slight changes in the market shares of key 2W brands in all countries.In contrast,3W market share by brand changed significantly between 2019 and 2020.2W market The 2W market share by major brand in the ASEAN Four nations is shown in Figure 7.In 2020,there were 34,32,75,and 36 b

59、rands offering 2Ws in Indonesia,Vietnam,Thailand,and the Philippines.This paper analyzes the top five major brands in each country and each year.These five accounted for more than 95%of total 2W sales in Indonesia,Vietnam,and Thailand,and more than 83%in the Philippines.The majority of 2Ws sold in t

60、hese countries were from Honda and Yamaha,accounting for 67.4%and 18.2%of 2020 sales,respectively,or 85.6%for the two firms together.The market shares of these two brands were relatively similar between 2019 and 2020.Regarding the other three brands in each country,the ranking positions were changed

61、,and some brands were listed in the top five brands in 2019 but not included in the top five brands in 2020.Honda had the largest share of 2W markets in all four countries,especially in Indonesia(77.5%),Thailand(77.7%),and Vietnam(71.8%).In the Philippines,Hondas share was 27.5%.Yamaha was a distant

62、 second in these countries,with a 2W market share of 18.2%,15.8%,and 15.8%in Indonesia,Vietnam,and Thailand,respectively.The Philippines 2W market was more diverse,with Kawasaki,Rusi,and Suzuki also being common brands.In general,the 2W market in these four countries was dominated by Japanese brands

63、,including Honda,Yamaha,Kawasaki,and Suzuki.Piaggio,an Italian brand,was also among the top five in Thailand.Several local brands also landed in the top five 2W brands in these countries:Viar and Gesits in Indonesia,Vinfast and Pega in Vietnam,GPX in Thailand,and Rusi in the Philippines.Despite bein

64、g in the top five,the market shares of these firms were relatively small and similar in both years,except VinFast in Vietnam.The 2W market share of VinFast in Vietnam increased significantly,from 1.4%in 2019 to 3.7%in 2020.9ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES

65、 IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESViarVinFastHondaGesitsPegaYamahaPiaggioRusiKawasakiGPXRest of the marketSuzukiSYMOthers0%20%40%60%80%100%Market share20192020Fleet(four markets)20192020Indonesia20192020Vietnam20192020Thailand20192020PhilippinesFigure 7.Segmentation of the 2W market by brand in the ASEAN F

66、our nations,2019 and 20203W market Figure 8 shows the 3W market share by brand in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines in 2019 and 2020.Several brands,such as Yamaha and Piaggio,sold both 2Ws and 3Ws in these countries.The 3W market share by brand was different between 2019 and 2020,particularly i

67、n Indonesia and Thailand.Piaggio was the only brand that offered 3Ws in all three countries,and it had the largest market share in Indonesia.Piaggios 3W market share in Indonesia increased significantly,from 50.7%in 2019 to 76.8%in 2020.Bajaj,an Indian brand,was a large 3W brand in Indonesia and the

68、 Philippines;it sold 38.9%of the 3Ws in these countries in 2020 but did not offer their 3Ws in Thailand.Similarly,Yamaha was a large 3W brand in Thailand and the Philippines,but it did not offer 3Ws in the Indonesian market.As the largest and most diverse 3W market in the region,the Philippines saw

69、little change in the 3W market share by brand between 2019 and 2020.In 2020,42.8%of 3Ws sold in the Philippines were from Bajaj,followed by TVS,another Indian brand,with 17.8%.In Thailand,in 2019,3Ws were sold by Yamaha and Piaggio only,but in 2020,four more brands offered 3Ws and Yamaha still had t

70、he largest 3W market share in both years.Several local brands also offered 3Ws in these countries,including Rusi in the Philippines,and BIZ NEX Motor and Tuktuk in Thailand.BajajYamahaPiaggioTVSBEMACRusiYADEAMUVTUKTUKRest of the marketOthers0%20%40%60%80%100%Market share20192020Fleet(three markets)2

71、0192020Indonesia20192020Thailand20192020PhilippinesFigure 8.Segmentation of 3W market share by key brands in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines,2019 and 202010ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATES5.Comparison of 2&3W market share

72、by key characteristics This section analyzes and compares the characteristics of the 2W and 3W fleets of the ASEAN Four countries.As the top four 2&3W markets in the ASEAN region,their 2&3W sales shares accounted for 91.4%of sales in the seven countries in this study,so they can be considered repres

73、entative of the ASEAN region.Characteristics compared include body type,engine displacement,and fuel types.Data on 2&3W fleet characteristics of other ASEAN countries are not available;thus,they are not described in this section.2W market characteristicsBy body typeTwo-wheeler body types varied grea

74、tly among the four countries and are presented in Figure 9.In general,scooters were the most common in all four countries,accounting for 60.1%of the 2019 2W fleet,and 62%of the 2020 fleet.The next most common type was underbone 2Ws with a market share of 24.8%in 2019 and 25.8%in 2020.Motorcycles had

75、 the lowest market share 2Ws in the four countries,at 15.1%in 2019 and 12.3%in 2020.Two-wheeler market shares by body type between 2019 and 2020 in Vietnam and Thailand did not change greatly.But the Philippines experienced a significant change in market share by body type between these two years.0%

76、20%40%60%80%100%20192020Fleet(four markets)20192020Indonesia20192020Vietnam20192020Thailand20192020PhilippinesMotorcyclesScooterUnderboneMarket shareFigure 9.The 2W market share by body types,ASEAN Four nations,2019 and 2020In all four countries,the scooter has become more common in 2W markets.The s

77、hare of scooters was highest in Indonesia,accounting for 78.2%of Indonesias 2W market in 2019 and 83.6%in 2020.Next were Vietnam(54.5%in 2020)and Thailand(44.5%in 2020).Only 29.7%of the 2Ws sold in the Philippines in 2019 were the scooter body type,but the market share of this vehicle type increased

78、 to 43.2%in 2020.Three countries(not including Vietnam)experienced an increase in the market share of scooters between 2019 and 2020.Underbone 2Ws were most popular in Thailand,with a market share of 47.3%in 2019 and 48.4%in 2020,followed by Vietnam and the Philippines.Indonesia had the lowest share

79、 of underbone 2Ws among four countries,accounting for only 7.6%of Indonesias 2W market in 2019,a share that declined to 5.8%in 2020.The Philippines had the largest share of motorcycles among the four countries,31%in 2019 and 28.5%in 2020.Indonesia was next,with a share of 14.2%in 2019 and 10.6%in 20

80、20.Motorcycles had smaller shares in 2W markets in Thailand and Vietnam,with only 7.2%in Thailand and 7.8%in Vietnam in 2020.In general,the market share of motorcycles in 2020 was reduced in all four countries compared with 2019.11ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER V

81、EHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESBy engine displacement Figure 10 shows the distribution of the 2W market by engine displacement in Indonesia,Vietnam,Thailand,and the Philippines.In general,the 2W market segmented by engine displacement did not change greatly across the four countries between 2019

82、and 2020.Two-wheelers with engine displacement between 100 cc and 125 cc were the most popular in all countries,accounting for 62.9%of the 2W market in the four countries.In 2020,the market shares of this vehicle type were 52.9%in Indonesia,65.7%in Vietnam,76.3%in Thailand,and 68.1%in the Philippine

83、s.Two-wheelers with engine displacement smaller than 50 cc were least popular in all four countries,with a share of only 0.5%.These small 2Ws were more common in Vietnam than in other countries,accounting for 1.5%of Vietnams 2W market in 2020.In 2020,13.6%of 2Ws sold in the ASEAN Four had engine dis

84、placement greater than 150 cc.These engines accounted for 18.8%and 18.1%of the Philippines 2W market in 2019 and 2020,respectively.Market shares in the other three countries were smaller but increased between 2019 and 2020,in contrast to the Philippine market share.Two-wheelers with engine displacem

85、ent between 125 cc and 150 cc experienced the largest reduction in market share,falling from 13%in 2019 to 10%in 2020.The Philippines experienced the largest decrease,declining from 18%in 2019 to 11.9%in 2020.Two-wheelers with engine displacement between 50 cc and 100 cc,the most common size in Indo

86、nesia and Vietnam,accounted for 14.9%of Indonesias 2W market and 13.3%of Vietnams 2W market in 2020.All internal combustion 2Ws in the four countries were powered by gasoline.E2W150 cc0%20%40%60%80%100%Market share20192020Fleet(four markets)20192020Indonesia20192020Vietnam20192020Thailand20192020Phi

87、lippinesUnknownFigure 10.The 2W market share by engine displacement,ASEAN Four nations,2019 and 20203W market characteristics By body typeThe 3W market segmented by body type in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines in 2019 and 2020 is shown in Figure 11.In 2020,86%of 3Ws sold in three countries we

88、re commercial 3Ws,whereas only 13.9%were scooter 3Ws and 0.1%were 1x2 trike 3Ws.In general,Thailand experienced a significant change in the 3W market segmented by body type,whereas Indonesia and the Philippines experienced slight changes.Commercial 3Ws were the most popular in Indonesia and the Phil

89、ippines,accounting for 90.1%and 85.5%of 3W market in Indonesia and the Philippines in 2020,respectively.Scooter 3Ws were not common in these two countries and had a significantly smaller share than commercial 3Ws,with only 9.9%of Indonesias 3W market and 14.5%of the Philippines 3W market in 2020.In

90、contrast,all 3Ws in Thailand were scooter 3Ws in 2019,but their share fell substantially to 36.4%in 2020.In 2019,1x2 trike 3Ws were not offered in all three countries,but they accounted for 9.8%of the 3W market in Thailand 12ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLE

91、S IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESin 2020.It should be noted that the 3W market in Thailand was much smaller than in the other two countries,but its 3W market was more diverse in vehicle type in 2020.CommercialScooter 3-Wheelers1X2 Trike0%20%40%60%80%100%Market share2019(25,973)2020(15,636)Fleet(three mar

92、kets)2019(3,983)2020(2,371)Indonesia2019(76)2020(132)Thailand2019(21,914)2020(13,133)PhilippinesNote:numbers in parenthesis indicate total sales of 3Ws.Figure 11.The 3W market share by body type in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines in 2019 and 2020By engine displacement Figure 12 shows the 3W m

93、arket share segmented by engine displacement in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines in 2019 and 2020.In general,3Ws with engine displacement between 175 cc and 200 cc had the largest share of the 3W market in all three countries,followed by 3Ws with engine displacement smaller than 125 cc.In 2020

94、,54.2%of 3Ws sold in all countries had engine displacement between 175 cc and 200 cc and all of them were commercial 3Ws.Some 20.6%of 3Ws had engine displacement less than 125 cc;62%of these were commercial 3Ws whereas 38%of them were scooter 3Ws.Three-wheelers with engine displacement between 125 c

95、c and 150 cc were not offered in any of the three countries in both years.Three-wheelers with engine displacement greater than 200 cc were not popular in all countries,accounting for only 1.6%of the 3W market in three countries in 2020,and 95%of them were scooter 3Ws.Figure 13 shows the 3W market se

96、gmented by engine displacement and body type in 2019 and 2020.Thailand and Indonesia experienced large changes in the 3W market segmented by engine displacement between 2019 and 2020.Three-wheelers with engine displacement less than 125 cc were the most common in Indonesia,whereas 3Ws with engine si

97、ze between 175 cc and 200 cc dominated the 3W market in the Philippines.In 2020,69.5%of Indonesias 3Ws had engine displacement less than 125 cc,and 64.3%of Philippine 3Ws had engine displacement between 175 cc and 200 cc.In 2019,3Ws with engine displacement between 150 cc and 175 cc were common in I

98、ndonesia and Thailand,accounting for 46.7%in Indonesias 3W market and 53.9%in Thailands 3W market.However,the share of these 3Ws declined sharply in these two countries in 2020,to 19.2%in Indonesia,and to 9.3%in Thailand.Three-wheelers with engine displacement greater than 200 cc were not popular in

99、 three countries and had much smaller share in the 3W market.However,in 2020,the share of this vehicle type in the 3W markets of Indonesia and Thailand increased significantly,reached 9.9%(compared to 1.8%in 2019)in Indonesia and 10.1%(compared to 1.3%in 2019)in Thailand.Although the 3W market in th

100、e Philippines fell sharply in 2020(decreasing by 45%compared to 2019),the 3W market segmented by engine displacement was relatively similar over these two years.13ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESE3W200 cc0%20%40%60%80%100%Market

101、share20192020Fleet(three markets)20192020Indonesia20192020Thailand20192020PhilippinesFigure 12.The 3W market segmented by engine displacement,ASEAN Four nations,2019 and 2020Regarding E3Ws,10%of 3Ws sold in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines in 2019 were E3Ws,a share that increased to 15.6%in 20

102、20.In 2019,this type of vehicle was not sold in Indonesia or Thailand,but in the Philippines it accounted for 11.8%of the 3W market,which increased to 18%in 2020.E3Ws accounted for 53.5%of the 132 three-wheelers sold in Thailand in 2020.0%20%40%60%80%100%Market share20192020E3W20192020200 ccCommerci

103、alScooter 3-Wheelers1X2 TrikeFigure 13.The 3W market segmented by engine displacement and body type6.Top-selling 2&3W models This section presents the top 10 best-selling 2W and 3W models in the ASEAN Four nations in 2019 and 2020.Top 10 best-selling 2W modelsThailand had the most diverse 2W market

104、segmented by models;more than 600 2W models were sold in this country in 2020,followed by the Philippines with around 400 models and Vietnam and Indonesia,with approximately 300 models each.The top 10 best-selling 2W models,ranked by market share from highest to lowest,and by key characteristics of

105、each country,are shown in Table 4.All these models were internal combustion 2Ws.The top 10 best-selling models in Indonesia,Thailand,and Vietnam were from Honda and Yamaha only.However,in the Philippines,one model manufactured by Kawasaki and two models by Suzuki were also listed in the top 10 best-

106、selling models in 2020.In general,the top-selling models and their market shares changed little in Indonesia,Thailand,and Vietnam between 2019 and 2020,whereas significant change occurred in the Philippines.The 2W model named Click 125 from 14ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THR

107、EE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESHonda and the CT 125 from Kawasaki ranked 56th and 20th among the best-selling 2W models in the Philippines in 2019,becoming the first and seventh best-selling models in 2020.Four models listed in the top 10 best-selling models in this country in 2019 we

108、re replaced by other models in 2020.In 2020,the market share of the top 10 best-selling models accounted for 78.9%of the 2W market in Indonesia,74.3%in Vietnam,80.8%in Thailand,and 51.9%in the Philippines.Two-wheel scooters dominated the top-selling models in Indonesia(eight models)and Thailand(seve

109、n models),although underbone 2Ws were more popular in Vietnam(six models).In 2020,the best-selling model was Beat 110(27.7%)in Indonesia,Vision(16.7%)in Vietnam,Wave 110i(33.8%)in Thailand,and Click 125(10.2%)in the Philippines;all four models belonged to Honda.Regarding engine displacement,the top

110、three best-selling models in Indonesia,Thailand,and Vietnam had engine displacement below 125 cc.Many 2W models with engines larger than 125 cc were also listed in these countries top 10 best-selling models.However,the market shares of these models were relatively low compared to the top three model

111、s.Table 4.Top 10 best-selling 2W models in ASEAN Four nations,2019 and 2020(a)2019Rank BrandModelMarket shareEngine size(cc)Body type BrandModelMarket shareEngine size(cc)Body type Indonesia Thailand 1 Honda BEAT 110 27.2%108 Scooter Honda Wave 110i 36.7%109Underbone2 Honda SH100 13.1%100 Scooter Ho

112、nda SH125 10.6%124Scooter3 Honda VARIO 125 8.2%124 Scooter Honda PCX 150 5.9%153Scooter4 Honda VARIO 150 6.5%149 Scooter Honda WAVE 125 I 5.7%124Underbone5 Yamaha Fino 125 5.3%124 Scooter Honda Click 125 5.2%124Scooter6 Honda PCX 150 5.0%153 Scooter Yamaha Filano 125 3.9%124Scooter7 Yamaha MIO 125 4

113、.2%124 Scooter Honda SUPER CUB 110 3.5%109Underbone8 Yamaha Vixion 150 2.9%150 Motorcycle Honda Click 150 3.3%150Scooter9 Honda CB150 2.3%150 Motorcycle Yamaha Finn 115 2.4%115Scooter10 Honda Supra X Helmin 125 2.3%125Underbone Honda MSX125 1.7%124MotorcycleTotal 77.2%78.7%PhilippinesVietnam 1 Yamah

114、a Aerox 155 10.1%155 Scooter Honda Vision 110 17.3%110Scooter2 Honda BEAT 110 6.5%108 Scooter Honda WAVE 100 13.3%97Underbone3 Rusi DL100 5.8%125Underbone Honda Air Blade 125 9.8%124Scooter4 Honda XRM125 5.8%124Underbone Yamaha Sirius 110 8.1%110Underbone5 Suzuki Smash115 4.4%115Underbone Honda LEAD

115、 110 6.5%124Scooter6 Honda TMX125 4.3%124 Motorcycle Honda SH125 MODE 6.1%124Scooter7 Kawasaki KLX150 4.0%144 Motorcycle Honda Wave RSX FI 5.3%109Underbone8 Honda WAVE 110 4.0%109Underbone Yamaha Exciter150 4.5%150Underbone9 Suzuki Raider150 3.9%150Underbone Honda Future FI 4.3%125Underbone10 Kawasa

116、ki CT 100 3.8%102 Motorcycle Honda Winner 3.5%149UnderboneTotal 52.5%78.8%15ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATES(b)2020Rank BrandModelMarket shareEngine size(cc)Body type BrandModelMarket shareEngine size(cc)Body type Indonesia Thail

117、and 1 Honda BEAT 11027.7%108Scooter Honda Wave 110i33.8%109Underbone2 Honda SH10014.9%100Scooter Honda WAVE 125 I10.6%124Underbone3 Honda VARIO 1259.1%124Scooter Honda SH12510.6%124Scooter4 Honda PCX 1506.9%153Scooter Honda PCX 1506.7%153Scooter5 Honda VARIO 1506.5%149Scooter Yamaha Filano 1254.9%12

118、4Scooter6 Yamaha MIO 1254.1%124Scooter Honda Click 1503.9%150Scooter7 Yamaha Fino 1253.8%124Scooter Honda Click 1253.6%124Scooter8 Yamaha Aerox 1552.1%155Scooter Yamaha Finn 1152.5%115Scooter9 Honda CB1501.8%150Motorcycle Honda Super cup 1102.3%109Underbone10 Yamaha Vixion 1501.8%150Motorcycle Yamah

119、a NMAX 1501.9%155ScooterTotal 78.9%80.8%PhilippinesVietnam 1 Honda Click 12510.2%124ScooterHondaVision16.7%110Scooter2 Yamaha Aerox 1556.5%155ScooterHondaWave Alpha13.3%97Underbone3 Honda BEAT 1105.4%108ScooterHondaAir Blade9.4%124Scooter4 Yamaha NMAX 1505.2%155ScooterYamahaSirius/R/RC/RL6.7%110Unde

120、rbone5 Honda TMX1254.8%124MotorcycleHondaSH mode5.9%124Scooter6 Honda XRM1254.5%124UnderboneHondaLEAD5.5%124Scooter7 Kawasaki CT 1254.0%124MotorcycleHondaFuture FI4.9%125Underbone8 Yamaha MIO S 1253.9%124ScooterHondaWave RSX FI4.8%109Underbone9 Suzuki Raider1503.8%150UnderboneHondaWinner3.9%149Under

121、bone10 Suzuki Smash1153.5%115UnderboneYamahaExciter1503.2%150UnderboneTotal 51.9%74.3%Best-selling 3W models In contrast to 2W sales,the number of 3W models sold in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines was relatively small;only five were sold in Indonesia,nine in Thailand,and nine in the Philippin

122、es in 2020.Table 5 shows all 3W models sold in these countries in 2019 and 2020.Key characteristics of these models are also described in this table.In each country,3W models were ranked based on their market share,from largest to smallest.The majority of 3Ws offered in these countries were internal

123、 combustion 3Ws,and commercial 3Ws were the most common.Thailand experienced the largest change in 3W offerings and their market shares over the two years.The number of 3W models sold in the country increased from three in 2019 to nine in 2020,and NEX1(an E3W)from BIZ NEX Motor was the highest-selli

124、ng model in 2020.In total,there were two E3W models sold in Thailand and the Philippines in 2019,and five in 2020.Some 3W models sold in Thailand had much higher engine displacement than those sold in the other two countries in 2020.16ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEEL

125、ER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESTable 5.The 3W models sold in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines,2019 and 2020(a)2019RankBrandModel Sales in 2019(vehicles)Market share(%)Engine displacement(cc)Body typeCountry of origin Indonesia1PiaggioAPE 1251,860 46.7%123 CommercialItaly2BajajRE-4S1,860

126、 46.7%173 CommercialIndia3TVSKargo 200101 2.5%200 Scooter 3-wheelIndia4PiaggioMP3 12589 2.2%124 Scooter 3-wheelItaly3PiaggioMP3 300 YOURBAN69 1.7%278 CommercialItaly6Peugeot Metropolis 400i4 0.1%399 Scooter 3-wheelFranceTotal 3,983 100.0%Thailand 1YamahaTricity 1554153.9%155 Scooter 3-wheelJapan2Yam

127、ahaTricity 1253444.7%124 Scooter 3-wheelJapan3PiaggioMP3 500 LT SPORT ABS11.3%493 Scooter 3-wheelItalyTotal 76 100.0%Philippines 1BajajRE COMPACT 4S9,380 42.8%198 CommercialIndia2TVSKing 2004,480 20.4%200 CommercialIndia3YamahaTricity 1252,965 13.5%124 Scooter 3-wheelJapan4BEMAC68VM2,155 9.8%E3WComm

128、ercialJapan5RusiChariot 1751,176 5.4%175 CommercialPhilippines6MotoposhTrke 200780 3.6%200 CommercialPhilippines7PiaggioAPE 125538 2.5%123 CommercialItaly8Terra MotorsT4440 2.0%E3WCommercialJapanTotal 21,914 100.0%(b)2020RankBrandModel Sales in 2020(vehicles)Market share(%)Engine displacement(cc)Bod

129、y typeCountry of origin Indonesia1PiaggioAPE 1251,649 69.5%123 CommercialItaly 2BajajRE-4S455 19.2%173 CommercialIndia3PiaggioMP3 300 YOURBAN172 7.3%278 Scooter 3-wheelItaly 4PeugeotMetropolis 400i62 2.6%399 Scooter 3-wheelsFrance5TVSKargo 20033 1.4%200 CommercialIndiaTotal 2,371 100.0%Thailand 1BIZ

130、 NEX MotorNEX14937.1%E3WCommercialThailand2YamahaTricity 1253526.5%124 Scooter 3-wheelJapan3E-tuk Factorye-Tuk Classico2015.2%E3WCommercialNetherlands4YamahaTricity 155129.1%155 Scooter 3-wheelJapan5YamahaNIKEN107.6%847 1X2 TrikeJapan6ASMATT632.3%n/a1X2 Triken/a7PiaggioMP3 300 YOURBAN ERL10.8%278 Sc

131、ooter 3-wheelItaly 8SRTTTUK TUK SRTT10.8%550 Commercialn/a9THAITUK TUK TT 550 ESD10.8%550 Commercialn/aTotal 132 100.0%Philippines 1BajajRE COMPACT 4S5,623 42.8%198 CommercialIndia2TVSKing 2002,336 17.8%200 CommercialIndia3BEMAC68VM1,545 11.8%E3WCommercialJapan4YamahaTricity 1251,198 9.1%124 Scooter

132、 3-wheelJapan5RusiChariot 175798 6.1%175 CommercialPhilippines6Yadea A3 Mini7005.3%E3WScooter 3-wheelChina7MotoposhTrke 200481 3.7%200 CommercialPhilippines8PiaggioAPE 125333 2.5%123 CommercialItaly 9Terra MotorsT4119 0.9%E3WCommercialJapanTotal 13,133 100.0%17ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALY

133、SIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATES7.Electric two-and three-wheelersIn this section,we focus on E2W and E3W markets in the ASEAN Four nations in 2020 only,because the market share of E2Ws and E3Ws in these countries was relatively small in 2019.E2W market E2Ws by brand V

134、arious brands of E2Ws were sold in 2020 in the ASEAN Four countries,but only a few major brands dominated the E2W market.Figure 14 shows the 2020 E2W market share by major brands in Indonesia,Vietnam,Thailand,and the Philippines.Several brands offered their vehicles in all four countries,such as Yad

135、ea and NIU.However,their market share in these countries varied significantly.E2W markets in Indonesia and Vietnam were dominated by local brands,Gesits in Indonesia and VinFast in Vietnam.These brands are recently established,but theyhave already gained position inE2W markets in their respective co

136、untries.In 2020,64.9%of the E2Ws in Indonesia were sold by Gesits,and 43.4%of the E2Ws in Vietnam were sold by VinFast.With strong support from local governments,these local brands could potentially become leaders in E2W markets in their home countries as well as in the ASEAN region.Unlike Indonesia

137、 and Vietnam,E2W markets in Thailand and the Philippines were dominated by foreign brandsa Taiwanese brand(DECO)in Thailand,and a Chinese brand(TailG)in the Philippines.DECO sold 61%of the E2Ws in Thailand and TailG sold 54.6%of the E2Ws in the Philippines.The top five E2W brands and their countries

138、 of origin are shown in Table 6.Many Chinese brands fall in the top five E2W brands in the ASEAN Four countries.Table 6.Top 5 E2W brands in the ASEAN Four nations,2020IndonesiaVietnamThailandPhilippinesBrandCountry of originBrandCountry of originBrandCountry of originBrandCountry of originGesitsIndo

139、nesiaVinFastVietnamDECOTaiwanTailGChinaBF GoodrichIndonesiaPegaVietnamAJThailandMotostarPhilippinesViarIndonesiaDIBAOTaiwanNIUChinaYadeaChinaHondaJapanYadeaChinaSTAR8-VThailandRejusUnknownYadeaChinaAnbicoVietnamSWAGSingapore VMotoChinaIn addition to brands offering E2Ws solely,some large ICE 2W bran

140、ds such as Honda and Piaggio also offered E2Ws in several countries.For example,Honda,the largest 2W brand in the ASEAN four countries,sold its E2Ws in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines,but not in Vietnam.Although Honda had the largest 2W market share in these countries,its E2W market share was

141、 still very limited,with only 3.3%in Indonesias E2W market,1.2%in Thailands E2W market,and 1%in the Philippine E2W market.In general,Honda and Yamaha efforts to develop the E2W market in the ASEAN region were very limited.Accelerating the deployment of electric vehicles in the region will require ac

142、tions to encourage these major 2W brands to shift to the manufacture of E2W.18ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESIndonesiaGesits64.9%BF Goodrich12.2%Viar11.1%Honda3.3%Yadea2.0%Others6.6%PhilippinesTailG54.6%Motostar28.9%Yadea4.7%Rej

143、us4.5%VMoto3.1%Others4.2%ThailandDECO61.0%AJ11.0%NIU6.5%STAR8-V4.8%SWAG3.5%Others13.1%VietnamVinFast43.4%Pega15.7%Dibao11.8%Yadea8.6%Anbico8.3%Others12.2%Figure 14.E2W market share by brand,ASEAN Four nations,2020E2Ws by battery type Figure 15 shows E2Ws segmented by battery type in Indonesia,Vietna

144、m,Thailand,and the Philippines in 2020.Some 67.8%of E2Ws sold in these countries used lead acid batteries;only 31%used lithium-ion batteries.E2Ws with lithium-ion batteries dominated E2W markets in Indonesia and Thailand,accounting for 83.1%of Indonesias E2W market and 77.3%of Thailands E2W market.E

145、2Ws with lead acid batteries were most common in the Philippines and Vietnam,with a share of 86.4%of the E2W market in the Philippines and 75%in Vietnam.In Thailand,several E2W models were offered with both lead acid and lithium-ion battery options(presented as lead acid/Li-ion in Figure 15),and cus

146、tomers can buy either vehicle with lead acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries.This type of vehicle accounted for 0.8%of Thailands E2W market.19ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESLead acidLead acid/Li-ionLi-ionUnknown0%20%40%60%80%

147、100%Market shareFleet(four markets)IndonesiaVietnamThailandPhilippinesFigure 15.The E2W market segmented by battery type in the ASEAN Four nations,2020E2Ws by removable battery typeFigure 16 presents the E2W market in ASEAN Four countries in 2020 segmented by battery portability,which is the ability

148、 to remove the battery from vehicles for charging or swapping.Only 30.7%of E2Ws sold in these countries had removable batteries whereas 68.1%had unremovable batteries.In general,battery portability tracks well with battery type.The lithium-ion batteries in most E2Ws sold in these countries can be re

149、moved,explaining why the number of E2Ws with removable batteries in Indonesia and Thailand was greater than in Vietnam and the Philippines.In Indonesia,83%of E2Ws have removable batteries,followed by Thailand with 75%.Only 4.1%of E2Ws in the Philippines have removable batteries whereas up to 91.4%of

150、 Philippine E2Ws do not.Removable batteryUnremovable batteryUnknown0%20%40%60%80%100%Market shareFleet(four markets)IndonesiaVietnamThailandPhilippinesFigure 16.The E2W market segmented by battery removability in the ASEAN Four nations,2020E2Ws by battery capacityFigure 17 shows the E2Ws in Indonesi

151、a,Vietnam,Thailand,and the Philippines in 2020 segmented by battery capacity.E2Ws with battery capacity between 1 kilowatt hour(kWh)and 1.5 kWh was most common in all four countries,accounting for 86.6%of all E2Ws sold in these countries.This vehicle type accounted for 81.5%of Indonesias E2W market

152、and 91.3%of Vietnams E2W market.In the Philippines,E2Ws with batteries less than 1 kWh were also common,accounting for 46.6%of the E2W market.The market share of E2Ws with battery capacity greater than 1.5 kWh was negligible in Indonesia,the Philippines,and Vietnam,but reached 47.5%in Thailand.20ICC

153、T WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATES0.5 kWh(0.5-1 kWh(1-1.5 kWh(1.5-2(2-2.5 kWh 2.5 kWhUnkown0%20%40%60%80%100%Market shareFleet(four markets)IndonesiaVietnamThailandPhilippinesFigure 17.The E2W market segmented by battery capacity in t

154、he ASEAN Four nations,2020E2Ws by maximum speed Figure 18 shows E2Ws in 2020 segmented by maximum speed,which varies greatly by country.In total,E2Ws with maximum speed less than 50 kilometers per hour(km/h)had the largest shares in the E2W market in all four countries,accounting for 70.8%.This was

155、because the majority of Vietnams E2W fleet,the largest E2W market among the ASEAN Four,had a maximum speed of less than 50 km/h.Of Indonesias E2W market,64.9%had maximum speeds in the range of 60 to 70 km/h.E2Ws with a maximum speed below 50 km/h were dominant in Vietnams E2W market,with 83.2%of the

156、 E2W market share in this country.E2Ws with maximum speed ranging from 50 to 60 km/h were more common in the Philippines than in other countries.Thailand had the more diverse fleet in terms of the distribution of maximum speed;in addition,the country had the highest share(34.1%)of E2Ws with maximum

157、speeds greater than 70 km/h.E2Ws with speeds greater than 70 km/h were not common in Indonesia,Vietnam,or the Philippines.50 km/h(50-60 km/h(60-70 km/h(70-80 km/h 80 km/hUnkown0%20%40%60%80%100%Fleet(four markets)IndonesiaVietnamThailandPhilippinesMarket shareFigure 18.The E2W market segmented by ma

158、ximum speed in the ASEAN Four nations,2020E2Ws by rangeFigure 19 shows the distribution of E2Ws by range,which is the maximum travel distance when batteries are fully charged,in the ASEAN Four nations.In total,46.3%of E2Ws sold in these four countries had ranges between 70 km and 90 km,followed by E

159、2Ws with ranges between 50 km and 70 km(23%)and between 90 km and 100 km(10.3%).The majority of E2Ws in Indonesia had a lower range than E2Ws in the other three countries,with 69.9%of E2Ws in Indonesia having a range of less than 50 km.E2Ws with a travel range between 70 km and 90 km were more popul

160、ar in Vietnam,Thailand,21ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESand the Philippines than in Indonesia,with E2W market shares of 53.7%,37.9%,and 46.8%respectively,in these countries.Among the ASEAN Four,Thailand had the largest share of

161、E2Ws with a range between 50 km and 70 km,at 34.9%.E2Ws with the travel distance greater than 110 km accounted for a smaller market share in all four countries;Thailand had the largest share of this vehicle type among the four countries(12.9%).0%20%40%60%80%100%Fleet(four markets)IndonesiaVietnamTha

162、ilandPhilippinesMarket shareUnknown50 km(50-70 km(70-90 km(90-110 km(110-130 km 130 kmFigure 19.The E2W market segmented by range in the ASEAN Four nations,2020Top 10 best-selling E2W models The top 10 best-selling E2W models(ranked by sale volume,from highest to lowest)in the ASEAN Four nations is

163、presented in Table 7.The number of ICE 2W models far outnumbers the E2W models available in these four countries.In 2020,only 17 E2W models were sold in Indonesia,59 in Thailand,18 in the Philippines,and 30 in Vietnam.Thailand had the smallest E2W market among four countries,but the E2W market was t

164、he most diverse in terms of models.The top 10 best-selling models accounted for a large share of E2Ws in all four countries and had the highest share in Indonesia(98%)and the Philippines(97.4%).E2Ws with lithium-ion batteries were more common in Thailand and Indonesia,whereas E2Ws with lead acid bat

165、teries were more popular in the Philippines and Vietnam.22ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESTable 7.Top 10 best-selling E2W models in 2020 in the ASEAN Four nations,by countryIndonesia Thailand Rank BrandModelNumber salesBattery ca

166、pacity(kWh)Range(km)Max speed(km/h)Battery typeCountry of originBrandModelNumber salesBattery capacity(kWh)Range(km)Max speed(km/h)Battery typeCountry of origin1GesitsGesits26,522 1.445070 Li-ionIndonesiaDECOSuper Ace330 2.160 80 80 Li-ionTaiwan2Viar Q14,520 2.7660 60 Li-ionIndonesiaDECO Hannah226 1

167、.200 70 65 Li-ionTaiwan3BF Goodrich BF-BE3,469 1.255 45 Lead acidIndonesiaDECOLuciano115 1.200 70 65 Li-ionTaiwan4Honda PCX electric1,353 2.0640 60 Li-ionJapanDECO Sylla98 2.160 80 80 Li-ionTaiwan5BF Goodrich BF-Q7844 1.255 45 Lead acidIndonesiaDECO CJDS6091 n/an/an/an/aTaiwan6YadeaC-LINE797 1.34450

168、 45 Li-ionChinaSTROM Panther PNT-L62 5.8185 95 Li-ionIndia7VmotorE-max 90S733 1.9260 45 Lead acidChinaAJ C-LION55 1.440 120 60 Lead acidThailand8BF Goodrich BF-CG659 1.4460 58 Lead acidIndonesiaAJ Q555 1.200 85 50 Lead acidThailand9NIUUnknown 588 n/an/an/an/aChinaDECO Ekon48 1.200 70 60 Li-ionTaiwan

169、10ECGOECGO2557 1.24860 43 Li-ionIndonesiaAJC-LIKE44 1.440 120 60 Lead acidThailandTotal 40,042 1,124 PhilippinesVietnam Rank BrandModelNumber salesBattery capacity(kWh)Range(km)Maximum speed(km/h)Battery typeCountry of originBrandModelNumber salesBattery capacity(kWh)Range(km)Maximum speed(km/h)Batt

170、ery typeCountry of origin1TailG Linshia7,890 0.960 90 55 Lead acidChinaVinFast Klara A264,300 1.320 80 50 Lead acidVietnam2TailG Turtle King4,382 1.320 100 55 Lead acidChinaVinFast Klara S19,050 1.320 120 48 Li-ionVietnam3MotorStar Viber2,436 0.462 80 45 Lead acidPhilippinesVinFast Impes17,000 1.320

171、 68 50 Li-ionVietnam4MotorStar e-bike TDL165Z2,038 1.008 40 45 Lead acidPhilippinesNIUn/a15,776 1.200 80 45 Li-ionChina5MotorStar e-scooter TDR554Z2,013 1.008 60 45 Lead acidPhilippinesPega Aura14,674 1.200 70 50 Lead acidVietnam6Rejus MIUS1,060 1.152 40 65 Li-ionn/aPega SPega S10,343 2.304 120 65 L

172、ead acidVietnam7Vmoton/a1,006 n/an/an/an/aChinaVinFast Ludo10,050 1.320 70 35 Li-ionVietnam8Yadea M6490 1.440 65 45 Lead acidChinaGogoro JVC Royal7,990 1.200 90 50 Lead acidTaiwan9Terra Motors A4000i354 1.920 65 65 Li-ionJapanPega Xmen7,778 1.200 100 50 Lead acidVietnam10Honda PCX electric228 2.060

173、40 60 Li-ionJapanYadeaE37,185 0.960 60 45 Lead acidChinaTotal 21,897 174,146 Note:n/a=not available.E3W market The 2020 E3W market was much smaller than the E2W market.In total,only 2,433 E3Ws were sold in Thailand and the Philippines in 2020,of which 2,364 vehicles were sold in the Philippines and

174、69 in Thailand.Table 8 shows all five E3W models,including sales and key features of these models;three models were sold in the Philippines and two models in Thailand.Two commercial E3W models were sold in the Philippines equipped with lithium-ion batteries with a battery capacity of 5kW.The T4,offe

175、red by Terra Motors,had a lower maximum speed than BEMACs 68VM,but the T4 had significantly greater range when the battery was fully charged.The E3Ws offered in Thailand had a higher battery capacity than the E3Ws offered in the Philippines.NEX1 from BIZ NEX Motor had a battery capacity of 7.4 kWh,a

176、nd e-Tuk Classico from the E-tuk factory had a battery capacity of 7 kWh.E-Tuk Classico had two battery options,lead acid and lithium-ion.Both options had a battery capacity of 7kW,but the maximum travel distance was only 80 km for vehicles equipped with lead acid batteries and up to 100 km for vehi

177、cles equipped with lithium-ion batteries.23ICCT WORKING PAPER 2022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESTable 8.E3W models sold in the Philippines and Thailand,2020CountryBrandModelBody typeSale number(vehicles)Battery capacity(kWh)Top Speed(kmph)Max Range(K

178、m)Battery Type Country of origin Market share (3W market only)PhilippinesBEMAC68VMCommercial154555060Li-ionJapan11.8%PhilippinesYadeaA3 MINIScooter 3-wheels7001.22560Lead acidChina5.3%PhilippinesTerra MotorsT4Commercial119545100Li-ionJapan0.9%ThailandBIZ NEX MotorNEX1Commercial497.47080Li-ionThailan

179、d37.1%ThailandE-Tuk Factory e-Tuk ClassicoCommercial2075080Lead acidNetherlands15.2%100Li-ion8.SummaryThis paper analyzed the 2&3W market in 2019 and 2020 in key ASEAN member states,including Thailand,Vietnam,Indonesia,the Philippines,Malaysia,Singapore,and Cambodia.In general,the 2&3W sales were im

180、pacted by COVID in 2020.In 2020,10.9 million 2&3Ws were sold in seven ASEAN countries,accounting for 18.1%of global 2W sales.An analysis comparing the characteristics of the 2W and 3W fleets of the ASEAN Four nations showed these countriesIndonesia,Vietnam,the Philippines,and Thailandare the top fou

181、r 2&3W markets.The 2020 2&3W sales in these four markets accounted for 91.4%of sales in the seven countries in this study.Among these seven countries,Indonesia was the largest 2W market,but the Philippines was the largest 3W market.Vietnam had the largest E2W market among the ASEAN Four countries.Du

182、e to COVID,Indonesia experienced the deepest decline in 2&3W sales among the ASEAN Seven countries,dropping by 43.7%compared to 2019.Singapore and the Philippines also experienced significant sales declines in 2020,reduced by 41.5%and 30%,respectively,compared to 2019.The 2&3W market in the other co

183、untries was less affected.Delving deeply into the 2&3W markets,segmented by vehicle characteristics and with a focus on the ASEAN Four nations,produced the following key findings.2W market The majority of 2Ws sold in four countries were from Honda and Yamaha.Honda had the largest share of 2W markets

184、 in all countries,especially in Indonesia(77.5%in 2020),Thailand(77.7%in 2020),and Vietnam(71.8%in 2020).Although Yamaha was the second largest brand in Indonesia,Thailand,and Vietnam,its 2W market share in these countries was much lower than Hondas.In 2020,the top five brands accounted for more tha

185、n 95%of total 2W sales in Indonesia,Vietnam,and Thailand,and more than 83%in the Philippines.The market share of the top 10 best-selling models accounted for a large share of the 2W market in all countries in 2020,78.9%in Indonesia,74.3%in Vietnam,80.8%in Thailand,and 51.9%in the Philippines.The top

186、 10 selling models in Indonesia,Thailand,and Vietnam were from Honda and Yamaha exclusively,and all these models were internal combustion 2Ws.The popularity of different 2W body types varied across countries.Scooters were most popular in Indonesia(83.6%in 2020),whereas underbones gained a larger mar

187、ket share(48.4%in 2020)than scooters in Thailand.2Ws with engine displacement between 100 cc and 125 cc were the most popular in all countries.In 2020,the market shares of this vehicle type were 52.9%in Indonesia,65.7%in Vietnam,76.3%in Thailand,and 68.1%in the Philippines.2Ws 24ICCT WORKING PAPER 2

188、022-19|MARKET ANALYSIS OF TWO-AND THREE-WHEELER VEHICLES IN KEY ASEAN MEMBER STATESwith smaller engine size(less than 100 cc)were more common in Indonesia and in Vietnam than in other countries.The share of E2Ws increased in all four countries in 2020 compared to 2019.Among the ASEAN Four,Vietnam ha

189、d the largest share of E2Ws and experienced the greatest increase in E2W share,from 5.1%in 2019 to 8.5%in 2020.The E2W market shares in the Philippines and Indonesia were 1.3%and 1.1%,respectively,in 2020.A variety of brands of E2Ws were sold in the four countries.E2W markets in Indonesia and Vietna

190、m were dominated by local brandsGesits in Indonesia and VinFast in Vietnam.Conversely,E2W markets in Thailand and the Philippines were dominated by foreign brands,the Taiwanese brand DECO in Thailand and the Chinese bran TailG in the Philippines.Honda and Yamaha,the two largest 2W brands,also offere

191、d E2Ws in several ASEAN countries.However,their E2W market shares were significantly lower than other E2W brands.The majority of E2Ws sold in four countries used lead acid batteries(67.8%).E2Ws with lithium-ion batteries dominated E2W markets in Indonesia and Thailand,whereas E2Ws with lead acid bat

192、teries were more common in the Philippines and Vietnam.E2Ws with battery capacity between 1 kWh and 1.5 kWh were the most common in all four countries,accounting for 86.6%of all E2Ws sold in these countries.Especially in Indonesia and Vietnam,this vehicle type dominated the E2W market,accounting for

193、 81.5%and 91.3%,respectively,of E2W sales.E2Ws with battery power of less than 1 kWh were more common in the Philippines than in the other three countries.When segmented by maximum speed and range,the E2W market varied significantly across four countries.The majority of E2Ws sold in the four countri

194、es had a maximum speed below 50 km/h and had maximum range of 70 to 90 km.3W market The market share of 3Ws in the 2&3W fleet in ASEAN countries was relatively small,with only 0.14%of the 2&3W market in the region in 2020.Indonesia and the Philippines,the two largest 3W markets among four countries,

195、also had the biggest market loss in 2020(-40.1%in the Philippines and-40.5%in Indonesia,compared to 2019).Thailands 3W market was small but it was the only country experiencing growth in 2020 when it increased by 73.7%.In 2020,commercial 3Ws were the most common in Indonesia(90.1%),the Philippines(8

196、5.5%),and Thailand(53.8%).Thailand had a considerably higher share of scooter 3-wheelers(36.4%)than Indonesia and the Philippines.In 2020,3Ws with engine displacement of less than 125 cc were the most common in Indonesia(69.5%).Three-wheelers with engine displacement between 175 cc and 200 cc domina

197、ted the Philippine 3W market(64.3%).Unlike the 2W market,the 3W market in 2020 was dominated by different brands:Piaggio in Indonesia,Yamaha in Thailand,and Bajaj in the Philippines.The number of 3W models sold in 2020 in Indonesia,Thailand,and the Philippines was relatively small:only five in Indon

198、esia,nine in Thailand,and nine in the Philippines.The E3W market was much smaller than the E2 market.In 2020,only 2,433 E3Ws,in five models,were sold in Thailand and the Philippines.Of those,2,364 vehicles were sold in the Philippines and 69 in Thailand.In Thailand,E3Ws were more common than ICE 3Ws;55.5%of 3Ws sold in Thailand in 2020 were E3Ws.https:/