1、World TradeStatisticalReview2022About the WTOThe World Trade Organization deals with the global rules of trade between nations.Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly,predictably and freely as possible.About this publicationWorld Trade Statistical Review provides a detailed analy

2、sis of the latest developments in world trade.It is the WTOs flagship statistical publication and is produced on an annual basis.For more informationAll data used in this report,as well as additional charts and tables not included,can be downloaded from the WTO web site at www.wto.org/statisticsI.In

3、troduction 4Acknowledgements 6A message from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 7II.Highlights of world trade in 2021 8World trade overview 10Merchandise trade 12Commercial services 15Leading traders 18Least developed countries(LDCs)19III.World trade and economic growth,2021-22 20Trade and GDP gro

4、wth in 2021 and first half of 2022 22Merchandise trade volume 23Commodity prices 25Exchange rates 26 Merchandise and commercial services trade values 27 Other trade-related indicators 32IV.Composition,definitions&methodology 40Composition of geographical and economic groupings 42Definitions and meth

5、odology 42Specific notes for selected economies 49Statistical sources 50Abbreviations and symbols 51V.Statistical tables 523World Trade Statistical Review 2022Acknowledgements06A message from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala07Introduction 4Chapter I5AcknowledgementsThis publication has been prep

6、ared under the direction of Robert Koopman,former Director of the Economic Research and Statistics Division,and the International Trade Statistics Section.The coordination of the report was undertaken by Christophe Degain and Florian Eberth.Statistical research,data compilation and the preparation o

7、f estimates were conducted by Barbara dAndrea-Adrian,Shradha Bhatia,Lori Chang,Christophe Degain,Florian Eberth,Zineb Haj Nassar,Coleman Nee and Ying Yan.Contributions to this publication were also provided by the Research Group of the Economic Research and Statistics Division.The International Trad

8、e Statistics Section also wishes to thank colleagues from the Information and External Relations Division(IERD)and the Language and Documentation Services Division(LDSD)whose collaboration is vital in the production of this report.In particular,recognition is due to Anthony Martin,Serge Marin-Pache

9、and Steve Cooper in IERD and to the French and Spanish translators in LDSD.Finally,we wish to thank the users of WTO statistics for their constructive suggestions on how to improve our statistical output.This regular feedback allows us to constantly refine the data we provide.World Trade Statistical

10、 Review 2022 6A message from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-IwealaNgozi Okonjo-Iweala Director-GeneralAfter rebounding strongly,if unevenly,from the slump caused by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020,global trade in merchandise and services faces renewed headwinds,amid a slowing global econom

11、y,persistent inflation,monetary tightening,and the ongoing impacts of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine.In October,the WTO downgraded its forecast for merchandise trade growth in 2023 to 1.0 per cent,in volume terms well below the 3.4 per cent growth projected as recently as April.The war,which st

12、arted in February 2022,has weighed heavily on world trade,with sharp rises in commodity prices and disruptions in access to essential goods such as grain,gas,and fertilizers.The Black Sea Grain Initiative,a deal brokered by the United Nations and Trkiye to get trapped Ukrainian grain,as well as Russ

13、ian food and fertilizer,to international markets,has delivered critical supplies to people in developing and other countries,and put downward pressure on world market prices.But prices remain high by historical standards in many countries,particularly in local currency terms.The data in this report,

14、which cover trade in 2021 and the first half of 2022,shed light on recent trends in world trade,providing insights into the repercussions of COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine on the global economy,commodity prices,inflation,goods shortages,and supply chain congestion.Global merchandise trade grew by 2

15、6 per cent in value terms in 2021 with estimated average price increases of 15 per cent accounting for the difference with the 9.8 per cent increase in global merchandise trade volumes.Particularly strong year-on-year growth was observed for major manufacturing inputs such as iron and steel(+60 per

16、cent)and chemicals(+26 per cent).The value of world trade in pharmaceuticals and office and telecom equipment was as much as 1.3 times higher in 2021 than in 2019,before the pandemic,mostly due to high demand for COVID-19 vaccines and an increase in remote working.World trade in commercial services

17、was up 16 per cent year-on-year in 2021,boosted by the recovery in demand for transport services(+35 per cent)and the resilience of other services (+12 per cent),including financial and business services,fostered by digital technologies.Digitally delivered services which are critical for remote work

18、,learning,and entertainment were estimated at US$3.71 trillion in 2021,30 per cent above 2019 levels.This continues the growth recorded in 2020.However,despite positive year-on year growth,travel-related expenditures remained 57 per cent below 2019 levels,as travel restrictions were only partially e

19、ased during the year.As a result,total services trade remained 5 per cent below pre-pandemic levels.Exports of goods from least-developed countries(LDCs)in 2021 performed marginally better than the world average(+26.9 per cent versus+26.6 per cent),but LDC exports of commercial services lagged behin

20、d(+9 per cent versus +17 per cent).Given the relatively small share of services in the LDC export basket,LDCs share in world goods and services exports remained at 0.93 per cent in 2020 and 2021.Improving the integration of LDCs into the world trading system remains a priority,with important roles f

21、or Aid for Trade and capacity-building initiatives regarding digital infrastructure and governance.Trade in intermediate goods recorded a 28 per cent year-on-year increase in value terms in 2021,followed by estimated 10 per cent growth in Q1 2022.Despite difficulties in global supply chains such as

22、port congestion,component and labour shortages,and rising operating costs,the share of intermediate goods in world exports(excluding fuels)remained at its long-term trend level of just over 50 per cent,suggesting that supply chains did not see wide-scale retrenchment.We hope the statistics and insig

23、hts in this report will be useful for WTO members,trade analysts and all policymakers seeking to respond to current challenges and lay the foundations for strong,sustainable and inclusive future growth.It is also a reminder of the importance of accurate trade data for monitoring the pursuit of susta

24、inability targets as well as the implementation and impact of agreements reached at the WTOs 12th Ministerial Conference in June 2022.I would like to thank the team who worked on this report.7Chapter I:IntroductionWorld trade overview10Merchandise trade12Commercial services15Leading traders18Least-d

25、eveloped countries(LDCs)19Highlights of world trade in 2021 8Chapter II9Year-on-year percentage changeQuarter1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 234 1 23 4-60%-50%-40%-30%-20%-10%0%10%20%30%40%50%ServicesGoodsYear2008200920000192

26、0202021World trade overviewTrade in goods made a strong recovery in 2021,exceeding pre-pandemic levels,while services trade remained well below its 2019 value.Chart 2.1World trade in goods and commercial services,2008-2021,quarterly(Year-on-year percentage change)Note:Trade as average of exports and

27、 imports.Source:WTO-UNCTAD-ITC.+27%Trade in goods has recovered faster than services trade due to strong consumer demand for products,especially in advanced economies,sustained by governments fiscal stimulus measures.In 2021,trade in goods rose by 27 per cent year-on-year,and by 17 per cent in compa

28、rison with 2019.+16%By contrast,unequal distribution of vaccines,the emergence of new COVID-19 variants and border restrictions continued to weigh on the recovery of tourism and passenger transport in the services sector.Trade in commercial services expanded by 16 per cent in 2021.However,it remaine

29、d 5 per cent below pre-pandemic levels.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 10 04005006002002020265586US$billion+US$170 billion68%32%Manufactured goodsOther goods02004006008001,0001,2002002020219441,0361,0418561,1581,1151,2461,2371,0251,374ExportsImportsUS$

30、billion0572002117.319.018.517.021.65.45.96.15.05.8GoodsCommercial servicesUS$trillion%share in world merchandise exports8020202112.812.713.114.715.18.78.58.68.17.88.28.07.87.87.3ChinaUnited StatesGermany Trade in goods and servicesWorld trade in goods and

31、services amounted to US$27.3 trillion in 2021,a 24 per cent increase compared with 2020.Note:Average of exports and imports.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Leading merchandise tradersChina,the United States and Germany were the top three merchandise exporters in 2021,representing 15 per cent(China),8 pe

32、r cent(United States)and 7 per cent(Germany)of world exports.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Manufactured goodsTrade in manufactured goods represented 68 per cent of world merchandise exports in 2021,with a value of US$14.8 trillion.Source:WTO estimates.Transport servicesTrade in transport services rose

33、 by 35 per cent in 2021,fuelled by a surge in freight shipping rates.The total value exceeds pre-pandemic levels.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Iron and steelWorld exports of iron and steel grew the most among manufactured goods in 2021.Since 2017,they have increased by US$170 billion.Source:WTO estima

34、tes.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2021 11Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2021 WorldSouth&CentralAmericaAsiaNorth AmericaEuropeAfricaMiddleEastCommonwealthof IndependentStates(CIS),includingassociate andformer memberstates26.137.728.723.222.531.531.234.29.715.612.39.58.26

35、.44.94.8Merchandise trade in valueMerchandise trade in volumeUS$billion05,00010,00015,00020,000200202021*17,20918,99318,49517,13521,6781,7251,8041,7801,8032,1402,6153,2703,0882,3263,65812,00613,01012,75012,13114,823TotalAgricultureFuels and miningManufactured goodsMerchandise tradeAll reg

36、ions recorded growth in merchandise trade in 2021.Trade in US dollar terms rose more sharply than trade in terms of volume.The strength of recovery of merchandise trade differed markedly across regions.Merchandise exportsWorld exports of fuels and mining products contributed more than any other prod

37、uct group to the 26 per cent growth in world merchandise exports in 2021.Chart 2.2World merchandise trade by regions,2021(Annual percentage change)+37.7%South and Central America registered 37.7 per cent growth in the value of merchandise trade in 2021,the strongest among all regions.This was due to

38、 the rising prices of primary commodities,such as fuel,grains and base metal,which the region mostly imports from the Commonwealth of Independent States,Africa and the Middle East.*Estimate for product break-down.Data include trade within the European Union and exclude re-exports of Hong Kong,China.

39、Source:WTO estimates.Chart 2.3Merchandise exports by major product group,2017-21(US$billion)Source:WTO estimates.+57%Fuels and mining products rose by 57 per cent in 2021,due to a hike in energy prices and a rebound in demand.+22%Exports of manufactured goods grew by 22 per cent in 2021,after a decl

40、ine of 5 per cent in 2020.+19%Exports of agricultural products increased the least in 2021,rising by 19 per cent.The lower growth is because agricultural exports remained resilient in 2020 despite the pandemic.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 12 12Annual percentage change200

41、00202021-60-40-200204060364-3-7-41-173030-7-3364351-3-7-44-172729-8-2973Fuel exportsFuel prices0070Manufactured goods(total)Iron and steelChemicalsOffice andtelecomequipmentClothingAutomotiveproductsTextiles22.260.325.620.519.615.27.3Annual percentage changeWorld exports of man

42、ufactured goodsWorld exports of manufactured goods exceeded their pre-pandemic levels in 2021,increasing by 22 per cent with exports of iron and steel growing the most.Fuel prices and world fuel exportsWorld fuel exports bounced back in 2021 after the COVID-19-related collapse in demand in 2020.Fuel

43、 prices saw a sharp rise in 2021 due to the increased demand.+60%World exports of iron and steel increased the most in 2021,rising by 60 per cent driven by increased demand and high prices for raw materials.+7%Exports of textiles grew the least,rising by 7 per cent in 2021.This lower growth is becau

44、se textiles maintained high values in 2020 despite the pandemic.+64%In 2021,world fuel exports reached a new peak in value terms,rising by 64 per cent and climbing to US$2,573billion.+73%Fuel prices jumped by 73 per cent in 2021,due to increased demand and limited production.Chart 2.4World exports o

45、f manufactured goods,2021(Annual percentage change)Chart 2.5World exports of fuels and fuel prices,2011-21(Annual percentage change)Note:Data include trade within the European Union and exclude re-exports of Hong Kong,China.Source:WTO estimates.Source:WTO Secretariat(export values)/IMF(fuel prices).

46、Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2021 13Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2021 50607033281Total intermediate goods(IG)IG food&beveragesIG parts&accessories(excl.transport equipment)IG parts&accessories(transport equipment)IG ores;pr

47、ecious stones;rare earthsIG other industrial suppliesAnnual percentage changeQuarterUS$billion2023412341234QuarterYear20040060080010001200AsiaEuropeNorth AmericaSouth and Central AmericaAfrica43%and 35%Asia and Europe were the main providers of inputs for supply chains in 2021,representin

48、g 43 per cent and 35 per cent respectively of world exports of intermediate goods.67%Almost 67 per cent of Asian exports of industrial inputs were shipped within Asian supply chains,especially high-tech components such as processors.Exports of intermediate goods within Asia reached US$2.9 trillion i

49、n 2021.Chart 2.6 World exports of intermediate goods,total and by main category,2021Q1-Q4Source:WTO estimates.Source:Trade Data Monitor(110 reporting economies,including estimates for Africa).Regional breakdown of world exports of intermediate goodsAsia and Europe represented close to 80 per cent of

50、 world exports of intermediate goods in 2021.+46%and-12%The fluctuation in exports of ores and precious stones reflects the rise in prices of iron ores during the first half of 2021(46 per cent)and decline in the second half(-12 per cent).+68%Q2 of 2021 saw a recovery(68 per cent)in automotive suppl

51、y chains,from a low base,following the strong decline recorded by the automotive industry in terms of supply and demand during the peak of the pandemic.World exports of intermediate goodsWorld exports of intermediate goods used in supply chains grew by 28 per cent in 2021.Sustained growth of“other i

52、ndustrial supplies”,representing nearly half of world exports and covering a wide range of manufacturing inputs from metal structures to electronic components and pharma products reflects increased activity in manufacturing production chains in 2021.Chart 2.7World exports of intermediate goods,by re

53、gion,2019Q1-2021Q4World Trade Statistical Review 2022 14Year-on-year percentage changeQuarter-80%-60%-40%-20%0%20%40%60%-100%80%TransportTravelOther commercial servicesYear20211 2 3 420201 2 3 420191 2 3 420181 2 3 420171 2 3 420161 2 3 420151 2 3 420141 2 3 420131 2 3 420121 2 3 420111 2 3 420101 2

54、 3 420091 2 3 420081 2 3 4Note:Trade as average of exports and imports.Source:WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.Commercial servicesA surge in consumer demand for goods along with pandemic-related restrictions resulted in port bottlenecks,a misallocation of containers instead of shortage of containers worldwi

55、de and shipping delays,leading to a large increase in shipping rates in 2021 and strong growth in the value of sea transport services.However,by the end of 2021,travel-related expenditure was still 57 per cent below its value in 2019.Chart 2.8World trade in commercial services by sectors,quarterly,2

56、008-21(Year-on-year percentage change)+45%Following a 28 per cent plunge in Q2 of 2020,global transport services rebounded strongly in 2021,rising by 45 per cent on average in Q2 to Q4 of 2021.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2021 202141.849.849.935.323.224.521.324.723.5

57、1.72.32.2Sea transportAir transportOther transport servicesPostal and courier servicesPercentage changeNote:Trade as average of exports and imports.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Annual percentage change0%10%20%30%-10%40%ComputerservicesAudio-visual andrelated servicesCharges for theuse of intellectual

58、 property,n.i.e.Insurance andpension servicesFinancial servicesOther businessservicesConstruction2113422 vs.2019Chart 2.9Other commercial services by selected subsector,2021(Annual percentage change)Other commercial servicesExports of other commercial services ranging from

59、 computer services to construction were up 14 per cent globally in 2021.However,recovery was uneven across sectors.Supply chain disruptions boosted growth in insurance services but hindered recovery in construction,with exports 8 per cent below 2019 levels.This was due to shortages of essential buil

60、ding materials,such as steel,and high prices.As in 2020,computer services recorded the strongest growth.+14%Insurance services rose 14 per cent in 2021,up 30 per cent compared with 2019,as insurance premiums on freight transport soared.+21%Computer services continued to rise,increasing by 21 per cen

61、t in 2021,34 per cent above pre-pandemic levels.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Trade in transport servicesChart 2.10Breakdown of trade in transport services 2019-21(Percentage share)24.5%The value of air transport services,covering largely passenger transport,fell sharply in 2021 due to travel restrict

62、ions worldwide relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.As a result,the share of air transport in transport services overall contracted from 35.3 per cent in 2019 to 24.5 per cent in 2021.49.9%Boosted by high consumer demand for goods and surging shipping rates,sea transport services accounted for half(49.

63、9 per cent)of trade in transport services in 2021.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 16Index 2005=020025030035040020052006200720082009200001920202021Digitally-delivered services exports(mode 1)Goods exportsNote:In the chart,digitally delivered services co

64、ver cross-border supply(mode 1 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services)of insurance and pension services,financial services,charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.,telecommunications,computer and information services,other business services,and personal,cultural and recreational se

65、rvices.Sources:For services,WTO estimates in the Trade in Services by Mode of Supply revised dataset(TiSMoS).For goods exports on balance-of-payment basis,WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Chart 2.11Global exports of digitally delivered services,2005-21(Index 2005=100)Global exports of digitally delivered servic

66、es+7.3%Global exports of digitally delivered services have almost tripled since 2005,rising by 7.3 per cent on average per year from 2005 to 2019,outpacing goods exports(+4.7 per cent on a balance-of-payments basis).+14%While goods trade fell in 2020,exports of digitally delivered services rose by 1

67、4 per cent,boosted by an increase in remote working,distance learning and home entertainment due to COVID-19.3.71 trillionIn 2021,world exports of digitally delivered services reached an estimated value of US$3.71 trillion.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2021 17Chart 2.12Changes in rankings

68、for merchandise traders in the worlds top 100,2020-21(Rank)Chart 2.13Changes in rankings for commercial services traders among the worlds top 100,2020-21(Rank)Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.NorwaySloveniaPakistanNew ZealandLibyaAngolaDemocraticRepublic ofthe CongoMyanmarGhan

69、aMacao,ChinaBruneiDarussalamNepalTanzaniaNicaraguaGuinea3835495367772908373878990BahamasLithuaniaEl SalvadorMacao,ChinaChileSaudi Arabia,Kingdom ofTrkiyeBangladeshAustraliaArgentinaUgandaKazakhstanQatarSri LankaNigeria009362565954373232287470252

70、9535893996774344Nepal jumped 13 places in its world ranking among merchandise traders,moving up to 103rd position in 2021.While China remained the leading merchandise trader in 2021,Macao(China)and Brunei Darussalam entered the top 100 merchandise traders in the world for the first time i

71、n over 15 years.This was prompted by strong imports of consumer goods for Macao(China)and strong exports and imports of mineral fuels for Brunei Darussalam.Economies such as Bangladesh and El Salvador that witnessed a boost in exports of other commercial services like computer services jumped up in

72、rankings in 2021.70Bangladesh climbed four places among the leading traders of commercial services to 70th position in 2021.Leading tradersWorld Trade Statistical Review 2022 18Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.US$billion050020022940432729GoodsCommercial services+27%+9%+27

73、%LDCs goods exports rose by 27 per cent in 2021,in line with the rest of the world.Exports of goods from least-developed countries(LDCs)amounted to US$229 billion in 2021,a 27 per cent increase,while LDC exports of commercial services totalled US$29 billion,expanding by 9 per cent.Compared with pre-

74、pandemic levels,goods exports were up 17 per cent while services exports remain 32 per cent below the value for 2019.This is because travel receipts continued to be affected by the pandemic and mobility restrictions.+9%The value of LDCs exports of commercial services expanded by 9 per cent in 2021,c

75、ompared with 17 per cent for the rest of the world.Least-developed countries(LDCs)Chart 2.14Exports of least-developed countries,2018-21(US$billion)Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2021 19Trade and GDP growth in 2021 and first half of 202222Merchandise trade volume23Commodity prices25Exchange

76、 rates26Merchandise and commercial services trade values27Other trade-related indicators32World trade and economic growth,2021-22 20Chapter IIIWorld merchandise trade volume and real GDP rebounded strongly in 2021 after slumping in 2020 following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Merchandise trade

77、volume rose 9.7 per cent in 2021 while GDP at market exchange rates increased by 5.9 per cent.However,weaker trade growth was recorded in the first half of 2022.Merchandise trade made a strong recovery in 2021,as demand for imported goods continued to rebound from the pandemic-induced slump of 2020.

78、However,disruptions to supply chains increasingly weighed on growth over the course of the year.Both merchandise and commercial services trade grew at double-digit rates in the first half of 2022 when measured in nominal US dollar terms.These increases were driven by higher food and energy prices as

79、 well as increased spending on travel and transport services.Merchandise exports were up 17 per cent year-on-year in value terms in the second quarter while commercial services exports were up 18 per cent in the first quarter.Merchandise trade slowed in the first half of 2022 as the global economy s

80、truggled under the influence of several related factors,including the war in Ukraine,high inflation and lingering effects from the COVID-19 pandemic.Merchandise trade growth fell to 4.4 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter of 2022,with slower growth expected in the second half of the year.21-

81、6-4-62002020212.21.44.93.20.5-5.29.73.02.73.33.22.6-3.45.8TradeGDPAverage trade growth 2010-2019Average GDP growth 2010-2019Annual percentage changeTrade and GDP growth in 2021 and first half of 2022World trade and GDP rebounded in 2021 after falling sharply in 2020 durin

82、g the COVID-19 pandemic but weaker growth is expected in 2022 and 2023 as the global economy slows.Chart 3.1 World merchandise trade volume and real GDP growth,2015-21(Annual percentage change)Sources:WTO for trade,consensus estimates for GDP.Note:GDP growth is weighted at market exchange rates.The

83、volume of world merchandise trade grew 9.7 per cent in 2021.Growth was up sharply from 2020,when merchandise trade fell 5.2 per cent during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.Trade growth in 2021 was well above the 2.7 per cent average rate for 2010-19,the period between the global financial cr

84、isis and the onset of the pandemic.Merchandise trade registered an even larger increase in US dollar terms in 2021,rising 26 per cent to US$22.46 billion after having fallen 7 per cent to US$17.76 billion in 2020.Stronger growth in value terms than in volume terms implies rising export and import pr

85、ices.These were up 15.4 per cent on average in 2021.Growth in merchandise trade in 2021 was accompanied by a 5.8 per cent increase in world GDP at market exchange rates,well above the 3.0 per cent average rate for 2010-19.World trade grew around 1.7 times faster than world GDP in 2021.Supply chain d

86、isruptions increasingly weighed on trade over the course of 2021 and in the first half of 2022.Economic forecasts have pointed to further weakening of trade and GDP in the second half of 2022 and in 2023.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 22-20-15-10-505101520253.01.51.31.4-0.32.11.91.74.25.15.65.6

87、4.93.63.81.61.30.6-0.2-0.8-3.8-15.4-5.01.06.122.17.86.14.84.4Year-on-year%change90955120125Volume index,2015=100Volume index,2015=100Year-on-year%changeQuarter44123412Year2000212022Merchandise trade volumeMerchandise trade growth slowed in the f

88、irst half of 2022 and was expected to diminish further in the second half of the year due to the Ukraine crisis,high inflation and lingering effects from the global pandemic.Chart 3.2 World merchandise trade volume,2015Q1-2022Q2(Volume index 2015=100 and year-on-year percentage change)Source:WTO and

89、 UNCTAD.Year-on-year growth in the seasonally adjusted volume of world merchandise trade peaked at 22.1 per cent in the second quarter of 2021,one year after the low point of the 2020 recession triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic.Merchandise trade slowed in the first half of 2022 as the global econom

90、y struggled under several related factors,including the conflict in Ukraine,high inflation and lingering effects from the pandemic.Merchandise trade growth fell to 4.4 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter of 2022,with slower growth expected in the second half of the year.Despite the slowdown,

91、global merchandise trade volume remained at an all-time high in 2022Q2,up 7.4 per cent from its pre-pandemic peak in the third quarter of 2019.Chapter III:World trade and economic growth,2021-22 23607080900North AmericaSouth AmericaaEuropeCISbAfricaMiddle EastAsiaQuarter 234Yea

92、r20022Volume index,2019=100Volume index,2019=0North AmericaSouth AmericaaEuropeCISbAfricaMiddle EastAsiaQuarter 234Year20022Merchandise trade growth has varied strongly across regions since the start of the Ukraine crisis in the first quarter of

93、 2022.Chart 3.3 Merchandise export and import volume by region,2019Q1-2022Q2(Volume index,2019=100)a Refers to South and Central America and the Caribbean.b Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States,including certain associate and former member states.Sources:WTO and UNCTAD.ExportsImports The Com

94、monwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member states,recorded a sharp 10.4 per cent quarter-on-quarter decline in the volume of its merchandise exports in the second quarter of 2022,partly as a result of reduced shipments of energy to European trading partners.Me

95、anwhile,the volume of CIS imports plunged 21.7 per cent as sanctions against the Russian Federation took effect.Quarter-on-quarter export growth in Q2 of 2022 was 6.5 per cent in the Middle East,2.5 per cent in Africa and 1.3 per cent in South America.Increased shipments from other petroleum-exporti

96、ng regions partly made up for reduced supplies from the CIS.Import volumes were up 6.1 per cent quarter-on-quarter in Africa,5.5 per cent in the Middle East and 1.6 per cent in South America,as surging export revenues allowed countries in these regions to import more.Merchandise export and import vo

97、lumes were up in North America and Europe in Q2 of 2022 compared to Q1 but trade in Asia declined,falling 0.5 per cent on the export side and 0.3 per cent on the import side.The trade slowdown in Asia is partly attributable to impacts of the pandemic on supply chains,which interrupted production and

98、 disrupted shipments of goods in China.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 24Index,2019=0800EnergyCrude oilNatural gasFoodGrainsFertilizersMonthYear789 10 11 12 89 10 11 22789 10 11 12US$/MMBtu020406080Natural gas,USNatural gas,EuropeNatural gas

99、,Japan1234562019MonthYear78910 11 12 11 12 11 12 020212022Prices of primary commodities,such as energy(coal,natural gas,spot crude and propane)and food,rose steeply in 2022,led by sharply higher European natural gas prices in the wake of the Ukraine crisis.Chart 3.

100、4 Monthly average prices for primary commodities,January 2019-September 2022(Index 2019=100 and US$per million Btu)Btu=British thermal unit.Source:World Bank.Prices for energy and food products increased sharply following the outbreak of the war in Ukraine.Energy prices in September 2022 were up 47

101、per cent year-on-year and 125 per cent compared to January 2021.Food prices also rose 12 per cent year-on-year in September and 19 per cent since January 2021.The rise in energy prices was driven by natural gas,which jumped 118 per cent year-on-year in September 2022 and 433 per cent since January 2

102、021.Crude oil prices moderated between June and September but remained high,up 64 per cent compared to January 2021 Global grain prices were up 21 per cent year-on-year in September 2022,including a 24 per cent rise in the price of wheat.Particularly worrying for food security was the price of ferti

103、lizers,which were up 75 per cent year-on-year in September.High fertilizer prices could cause farmers in poor countries to use less or do without,with negative consequences for crop yields.Natural gas prices have varied strongly across regions since the start of 2021.In September 2022,European gas p

104、rices were more than eight times higher than in January 2021.Prices in the United States nearly tripled over the same period but remained low compared to Europe,US$7.76 per million Btu compared to US$59.10.Commodity pricesChapter III:World trade and economic growth,2021-22 258590955ChinaE

105、uro areaJapanUnited KingdomUnited StatesIndex,January 2014=1001 246357 8 9 00221 246357 8 9 101112 1 246357 8 9 101112 1 246357 8 9 101112 1 246357MonthYearExchange ratesExchange rates fluctuated strongly in 2021 and 2022,with safe haven currencies appreciating and those of ene

106、rgy importers depreciating.Chart 3.5 Exchange rate indices for selected economies,January 2018 August 2022a(Index,January 2014=100)a Real effective exchange rates against a broad basket of currencies.Source:Bank for International Settlements(BIS).The real effective exchange rate of the US dollar ros

107、e steadily in 2021 and increased more sharply in 2022,reflecting both the expected tightening of US monetary policy and the dollars status as a safe haven in times of uncertainty.The dollar appreciated 3.9 per cent against a broad basket of currencies between January and December 2021 and a further

108、6.8 per cent between January and August 2022.Dollar appreciation also contributed to food insecurity by making many countries imports more expensive in national currency terms.The Chinese yuan gained 7.0 per cent in value against other currencies over the course of 2021 but only rose 0.3 per cent in

109、 the first eight months of 2022.In contrast,the euro fell 2.5 per cent between January and December 2021 before losing another 3.5 per cent between January and August 2022.The British pound appreciated by 3.5 per cent over the course of 2021 before falling 3.6 per cent in the first eight months of 2

110、022.The value of the Japanese yen has declined steadily,dropping 6.8 per cent against currencies of Japans trading partners between January and December 2021 and another 9.8 per cent between January and August 2022.The depreciation of the yen partly reflects Japans status as a net importer of energy

111、 during a period of high oil and gas prices.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 26Year-on-year percentage change in US$values020406080Total merchandiseAgricultural productsFuels and mining productsManufactured goods22923569262021Q42022Q12022Q2First half 2022/2019Higher prices f

112、or fuels and agricultural products boosted trade values in 2021 and the first half of 2022,contributing to double-digit growth in merchandise trade values.Merchandise and commercial services trade valuesChart 3.6 World merchandise exports by sector,2021Q4-2022Q2(Year-on-year percentage change in US$

113、values)Sources:WTO estimates.Total merchandise trade in nominal US dollar terms was up 17 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter of 2022,mostly due to rising export and import prices.The US dollar value of trade in agricultural products was up 13 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter of 2

114、022 while trade in fuels and mining products rose 60 per cent.Meanwhile,trade in manufactured goods only increased 10 per cent in Q2.The value of merchandise trade in the first half of 2022 was up 32 per cent compared to the first half of 2019,before the pandemic.The value of trade in fuels and mini

115、ng products increased 69 per cent over the same period while the value of agricultural products trade rose 34 per cent.Chapter III:World trade and economic growth,2021-22 27Year-on-year percentage change in US$values020406080222232043578Q42022Q1

116、2022Q2First half 2022/2019WorldNorth AmericaSouth AmericaaEuropeCISbAfricaMiddle EastAsiaOil-producing regions recorded the strongest growth in export values but exports from Asia were also up substantially compared to the pre-pandemic period.Chart 3.7 Merchandise exports by region,2021Q4-2022Q2(Yea

117、r-on-year percentage change in US$values)a Refers to South and Central America and the Caribbean.b Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States,including certain associate and former member states.Sources:WTO and UNCTAD.In the second quarter of 2022,the highest year-on-year growth in the value of me

118、rchandise exports was recorded in the Middle East(78 per cent)and in Africa(35 per cent),well above the world average of 17 per cent.Growth was slightly above average in the CIS region(24 per cent),North America(23 per cent)and South America(20 per cent).It was below average in Asia(14 per cent)and

119、Europe(9 per cent).Exports from Asia in the first half of 2022 were up 39 per cent compared to the first half of 2019,reflecting the strong trade performance of the region during the COVID-19 pandemic.However,the regions exports are expected to grow more slowly from the second half of 2022 as extern

120、al demand weakens.Export growth in value terms remained positive in the CIS region as higher prices masked a decline in volume terms.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 28Year-on-year percentage change in US$values-40-20020406024204620232522292118181Q4202

121、2Q12022Q2First half 2022/2019WorldNorth AmericaSouth AmericaaEuropeCISbAfricaMiddle EastAsiaMerchandise imports in value terms grew at double-digit rates in all regions except the Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),where imports fell sharply in the second quarter of 2022.Chart 3.8 Merchandise i

122、mports by region,2021Q4-2022Q2(Year-on-year percentage change in US$values)a Refers to South and Central America and the Caribbean.b Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States,including certain associate and former member states.Sources:WTO and UNCTAD.The highest year-on-year growth in the value o

123、f merchandise imports in the second quarter of 2022 was recorded by South America(34 per cent),well above the world average of 18 per cent.Growth was slightly above the world average in Africa(23 per cent),the Middle East(23 per cent)and North America(22 per cent).It was in line with the global aver

124、age in Europe(18 per cent)and slightly below average in Asia(15 per cent).Meanwhile,imports plunged by 28 per cent in the CIS region,mostly as a result of sanctions against the Russian Federation.Figures for the CIS should be interpreted with caution since economic data for the Russian Federation ha

125、s become scarce.Chapter III:World trade and economic growth,2021-22 29Year-on-year percentage change in US$values-40-20020406080-60100Commercial servicesGoods-related servicesTransport servicesTravelOther commercial services2678Q32021Q42022Q12022Q1/2019Q1Commerci

126、al services trade continued to recover in the second half of 2021 and the first quarter of 2022,with moderate growth in goods-related services and“other commercial services”balanced by strong recoveries in travel and transport services.Chart 3.9 Commercial services exports by category,2021Q3-2022Q1(

127、Year-on-year percentage change in US$values)Sources:WTO and UNCTAD.Year-on-year growth in the US dollar value of world commercial services trade slowed from 26 per cent in the third quarter of 2021 to 21 per cent in the fourth quarter,and then to 18 per cent in the first quarter of 2022.These growth

128、 rates are slightly lower than those for merchandise trade in the same period due to the fact that services trade declined less than merchandise trade during the pandemic.The category of“other commercial services”,which includes financial and other business services,was up 7 per cent year-on-year in

129、 the first quarter of 2022 while goods-related services registered a 9 per cent increase.In the same period,transport services were up 37 per cent while travel rose 89 per cent after a prolonged pandemic-related slump.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 30Year-on-year percentage change in US$valuesU

130、nited StatesaEuropean UnionUnited KingdomChinaaIndiaCommercial servicesTransportTravelOtherCommercial servicesTransportTravelOtherCommercial servicesTransportTravelOtherCommercial servicesTransportTravelOtherCommercial servicesTransportTravelOther-50050392114813

131、125Most large economies recorded strong growth in travel and transport services in the first half of 2022,which is likely to be sustained in the third quarter before slowing in the fourth.Chart 3.10 Commercial services exports of selected economies,January-June 2022a(Year-on-year percentage change i

132、n US$values)aUnited States and China refer to January-July.Note:Other includes goods-related services.Source:WTO and national statistics.Data for the five largest services exporting economies in the first half of 2022 illustrate more recent developments in commercial services trade.Travel exports we

133、re up strongly in most cases(161 per cent in the European Union,134 per cent in the United Kingdom and 104 per cent in the United States)as pandemic-related restrictions eased and pent-up demand for travel was released.China was the main exception,where spending on travel fell 22 per cent year-on-ye

134、ar due to extended restrictions following new outbreaks of COVID-19.Other services(including goods-related services)grew at a modest pace since they did not decline as much as travel and transport services during the pandemic.India was an exception,with strong growth of 25 per cent,linked to compute

135、r and IT services being in high demand since early in the pandemic.Chapter III:World trade and economic growth,2021-22 3505560Headline Global PMINew export ordersDiffusion index,base=50Diffusion index,base=502002120221 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6

136、 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112MonthYear2002120221 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112MonthYear304050607080Input pricesOutput pricesStocks of finished goodsSupplier delivery timesOther tra

137、de-related indicatorsPurchasing managers indices(PMIs)for September 2022 showed global manufacturing activity and trade slowing,partly relieving earlier pressures on supply chains.Chart 3.11 Global Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Indices(PMIs),January 2018-September 2022(Diffusion index,base=50)So

138、urce:J.P.Morgan and S&P Global.Note:Values greater than 50 indicate expansion while values less than 50 denote contraction.The global purchasing managers index(PMI)is a leading economic indicator based on surveys of businesses in more than 40 countries.Values greater than 50 indicate expansion while

139、 values less than 50 denote contraction.The manufacturing PMIs headline index fell to 49.8 in September 2022,marking the first contraction since June 2020.The new export orders sub-index also fell to 45.9 in the same month.Together,these suggest that global manufacturing activity stalled by the end

140、of the third quarter and that goods trade would continue to slow in the fourth quarter.Other sub-indices of the manufacturing PMI cast light on the state of global supply chains.An index representing input prices fell from 71.6 in April 2022 to 61.2 in September.Another showing final goods prices dr

141、opped from 63.8 to 56.6 over the same period.Delivery times also shortened in August and stocks of finished goods rose.These suggest that inflationary pressures and supply chain issues were easing in September,possibly due to weakening demand.World Trade Statistical Review 2022 32Index 2015=10085909

142、555Original series(Index 2015=100)Seasonally and working day adjusted2468 10 1220152468 10 1220162468 10 1220172468 10 1220182468 10 1220192468 10 1220202468 10 22MonthYearShipping indices showed global container throughput at an all-time high in September 2022 but n

143、ot much higher than in 2021,suggesting weak trade growth in 2022.Chart 3.12 Global container throughput index,January 2015-August 2022(Index 2015=100)Source:Leibniz Institute for Economic Research and the Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics.Note:The index is based on data gathered from 94

144、 ports accounting for 64 per cent of global container traffic.The volume of world container shipping reached an all-time high in August 2022,although it has been mostly flat since October 2020.Throughput dipped in April 2022 due to pandemic-related lockdowns in China but traffic rebounded after rest

145、rictions were relaxed.The decline in China was partly made up for by increased container handling at US ports,which previously experienced severe congestion.New outbreaks of COVID-19 could again interrupt shipping and hamper trade in the remainder of 2022 and in 2023.Chapter III:World trade and econ

146、omic growth,2021-22 33International commercial flights made a partial recovery in 2021 and grew steadily in 2022,reflecting stronger growth of travel and transport services.Chart 3.13 International commercial flights,January 2020-August 2022(Index,week of 1 January=100,7-day moving average)Source:Op

147、enSky Network and WTO Secretariat Calculations.International commercial flights are classified as transport services and are closely associated with travel expenditure by international tourists.Both cargo and passenger flights also carry significant quantities of goods,so they are linked to both mer

148、chandise and commercial services trade.Daily commercial flights,including flights within the European Union,finally exceeded their level at the start of 2020 during the summer of 2022.However,flights excluding those within the EU remained below their pre-pandemic level in August 2022.Rising fuel cos

149、ts and increased economic uncertainty are expected to weigh on commercial flights in the remaining months of 2022 and in 2023.Index,week of 1 January=100,7-day moving average020406080100120International flightsInternational flights excl.Intra-EU01-01-202029-01-202026-02-202025-03-202022-04-202020-05

150、-202017-06-202015-07-202012-08-202009-09-202007-10-202004-1 1-202002-12-202030-12-202027-01-202124-02-202125-03-202122-04-202120-05-202118-06-202116-07-202113-08-20211 1-09-202110-10-202107-1 1-202106-12-202103-01-202231-01-202201-03-202230-03-202227-04-202225-05-202223-06-202221-07-202019-08-2022Wo

151、rld Trade Statistical Review 2022 34Index,January 2020=100 0500Value in US$VolumeMonthYear6357892463572022The volume of world wheat trade declined slightly after the start of the Ukraine conflict but prices rose substantially,increasing the cost of importe

152、d food for consumers and undermining global food security.Chart 3.14 Estimated value and volume of world wheat exports,January 2020-July 2022(Index,January 2020=100)Source:WTO estimates based on partner statistics.The estimated volume of world trade in wheat fell nearly 20 per cent between March and

153、 July 2022 following the start of the Russia-Ukraine conflict but it was only down 4 per cent compared to July 2021.The decline in wheat trade in quantity terms was not as severe as it might have been but consumers could still have difficulty obtaining necessities due to higher prices.The cumulative

154、 value of world wheat trade between March and July 2022 was 64 per cent higher than during the same period in the previous year.Underlying data suggest that some countries have responded to higher wheat prices by reducing consumption and imports.Since March 2022,quantities of imported wheat were dow

155、n year-on-year in Bolivia(-69 per cent),Jordan(-41 per cent),Zambia(-38 per cent),Nigeria(-37 per cent)and Ecuador(-30 per cent),among others.Chapter III:World trade and economic growth,2021-22 35Composition of geographical and economic groupings42Definitions and methodology42Specific notes for sele

156、cted economies49Statistical sources50Abbreviations and symbols51Composition,definitions&methodology 40Chapter IV4141 North America South and Central America and the Caribbean Europe Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States Africa Middle East AsiaCo

157、mposition of geographical and economic groupings Definitions and methodology Refer to the WTO Stats Portals Technical Notes for country group definitions at stats.wto.org.Exports and importsTwo systems of recording merchandise exports and imports are in common use.They are referred to as general tra

158、de and special trade and differ mainly in the way warehoused and re-exported goods are treated.General trade figures are larger than the corresponding special trade figures because the latter exclude certain trade flows,such as goods shipped through bonded warehouses.To the extent possible,total mer

159、chandise trade is defined in this report according to the general trade definition.It covers all types of inward and outward movement of goods through a country or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones.Goods include all merchandise that either add to or subtract fro

160、m the stock of material resources of a country or territory by entering(imports)or leaving(exports)the countrys economic territory.For further explanations,see United Nations International Trade Statistics,Concepts and Definitions,Series M,N 52,Revision 3.Unless otherwise indicated,exports are value

161、d at transaction value,including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting country or territory(“free on board”valuation).Imports are valued at transaction value plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing co

162、untry or territory(“cost,insurance and freight”valuation).Merchandise tradeWorld Trade Statistical Review 2022 42A.Primary products(i)Agricultural products(SITC sections 0,1,2 and 4 minus divisions 27 and 28)of which,-Food(SITC sections 0,1,4 and division 22)of which,0-Food and live animals1-Beverag

163、es and tobacco4-Animal and vegetable oils,fats and waxes22-Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits-Fish(SITC division 03)-Other food products and live animals(SITC sections 0,1,4 and division 22 minus division 03)-Raw materials(SITC divisions 21,23,24,25,26,29)of which,21-Hides,skins and fur skins,raw23-Cru

164、de rubber(including synthetic and reclaimed)24-Cork and wood25-Pulp and waste paper26-Textile fibres(other than wool tops and other combed wool)and their wastes(not manufactured into yarn or fabric)29-Crude animal and vegetable materials,not elsewhere specified(ii)Fuels and mining products(SITC sect

165、ion 3 and divisions 27,28,68)of which,-Ores and other minerals(SITC divisions 27,28)of which,27-Crude fertilizers,other than those of division 56,and crude minerals(excluding coal,petroleum and precious stones)28-Metalliferous ores and metal scrap-Fuels(SITC section 3)-Non-ferrous metals(SITC divisi

166、on 68)Product group definitionsProductsAll product groups are defined according to Revision 3 of the Standard International Trade Classification(SITC)and to Revision 4 of the Classification by Broad Economic Categories(BEC).Throughout this report,other food products and live animals;beverages and to

167、bacco;animal and vegetable oils,fats and waxes;oilseeds and oleaginous fruit are referred to as other food products;electronic data processing and office equipment is referred to as EDP and office equipment;and integrated circuits and electronic components is referred to as integrated circuits.Agric

168、ultural products according to the AoA(WTO Agreement on Agriculture)definition refer to HS chapters 1 to 24(excluding fish and fish products)and a number of manufactured agricultural products(for further information see“The Legal Texts,The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Negotiations”,WT

169、O).This definition does not correspond to the definition of agricultural products presented in the breakdown of merchandise trade by main product group,as indicated below.B.Manufactures(SITC sections 5,6,7,8 minus division 68 and group 891)(i)Iron and steel(SITC division 67)(ii)Chemicals(SITC sectio

170、n 5)of which,-Pharmaceuticals(SITC division 54)-Other chemicals(SITC divisions 51,52,53,55,56,57,58,59)of which,51-Organic chemicals52-Inorganic chemicals53-Dyeing,tanning and coloring materials55-Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials;toilet,polishing and cleaning preparations56-Fertili

171、zers(other than those of Group 272,i.e.Fertilizers,crude)57-Plastics in primary forms58-Plastics in non-primary forms59-Chemical materials and products,not elsewhere specifiedChapter IV:Composition,definitions&methodology43(iii)Other semi-manufactures(SITC divisions 61,62,63,64,66,69)of which,61-Lea

172、ther,leather manufactures,not elsewhere specified and dressed fur skins62-Rubber manufactures,not elsewhere specified63-Cork and wood manufactures(excluding furniture)64-Paper,paperboard and articles of paper pulp,of paper or of paperboard66-Non-metallic mineral manufactures,not elsewhere specified6

173、9-Manufactures of metals,not elsewhere specified(iv)Machinery and transport equipment(SITC section 7)-Office and telecommunication equipment(SITC divisions 75,76 and group 776)of which,-Electronic data processing and office equipment(SITC division 75)-Telecommunications equipment(SITC division 76)-I

174、ntegrated circuits,and electronic components(SITC group 776)-Transport equipment(SITC group 713,sub-group 7783 and divisions 78,79)of which,78-Road vehicles(including air-cushion vehicles)79-Other transport equipment-Automotive products(SITC groups 781,782,783,784 and subgroups 7132,7783)of which,78

175、1-Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons(other than public-transport type vehicles),including station wagons and racing cars782-Motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special purpose motor vehicles783-Road motor vehicles,not elsewhere specified78

176、4-Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles and tractors7132-Internal combustion piston engines for propelling vehicles listed above-Other transport equipment(SITC division 79,groups 713,785,786 minus sub-group 7132)of which,79-Other transport equipment713-Internal combustion piston engines,and pa

177、rts thereof,not elsewhere specified785-Motorcycles and cycles,motorized and non-motorized786-Trailers and semi-trailers,other vehicles(not mechanically propelled),and specially designed and equipped transport containers-Other machinery(SITC divisions 71,72,73,74,77 minus groups 713,776 minus sub-gro

178、up 7783)of which,-Power generating machinery(SITC division 71 minus group 713)of which,71-Power generating machinery and equipment minus713-Internal combustion piston engines,and parts thereof,not elsewhere specified-Non-electrical machinery(SITC divisions 72,73,74)of which,72-Machinery specialized

179、for particular industries73-Metal working machinery74-General industrial machinery and equipment,not elsewhere specified and machine parts,not elsewhere specified-Electrical machinery(SITC division 77 minus group 776 and subgroup 7783)of which,77-Electrical machinery,apparatus and appliances,not els

180、ewhere specified and electrical parts thereof minus776-Thermionic,cold cathode or photo-cathode valves and tubes7783-Electrical equipment,not elsewhere specified,for internal combustion engines and vehicles;and parts thereof(v)Textiles(SITC division 65)(vi)Clothing(SITC division 84)(vii)Other manufa

181、ctures(SITC divisions 81,82,83,85,87,88,89 excluding group 891)of which,-Personal and household goods(SITC divisions 82,83 and 85)of which,82-Furniture and parts thereof,bedding,mattresses,mattress supports,cushions and similar stuffed furnishings83-Travel goods,handbags and similar containers85-Foo

182、twear-Scientific and controlling instruments(SITC division 87)-Miscellaneous manufactures(SITC divisions 81,88 and 89 minus group 891)of which,81-Prefabricated buildings,sanitary plumbing,heating and lighting fixtures and fittings,not elsewhere specified88-Photographic apparatus,equipment and suppli

183、es and optical goods,not elsewhere specified;watches and clocks89-Miscellaneous manufactured articles,not elsewhere specifiedWorld Trade Statistical Review 2022 44recorded in the balance of payments statistics compiled according to BPM6;further,if the goods are sold to a third economy after processi

184、ng,then the value of the goods(including the value of processing)is recorded as an export of the economy of the owner and an import of the third economy;the value of the processing is recorded as an export of services of the processing economy and an import of services of the economy of the owner.Di

185、fferences between BOP(BPM6)and national accounts statistics and IMTS can be found in the International Merchandise Trade Statistics:Compilers Manual,Revision 1(IMTS 2010-CM),Chapter XXIV Section B Goods to be recorded differently in IMTS and BPM6/national accounts(p250).(http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/tr

186、ade/publications/seriesf_87Rev1_e_cover.pdf)Refer to Table 11.1(p177)in the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Compilation Guide(BPM6 Compilation Guide(imf.org)Merchandise trade statistics serve as an input for the compilation of the goods account in the balance of payments(BO

187、P)and the rest of the world account in the System of National Accounts(SNA).The compilation of international merchandise trade statistics(IMTS)relies principally on customs records complemented,as appropriate,by additional sources to enhance their coverage(for instance,to include electricity,or trad

188、e in vessels and aircrafts).These statistics essentially reflect the physical movement of goods across borders,while National Accounts and BOP statistics record transactions that involve change in ownership.Goods for processing with or without change of ownership are recorded in merchandise statisti

189、cs when they enter or leave the economic territory,irrespective of whether a change in ownership takes place.However,goods supplied to another economy for processing without a change of ownership and returned to the economy of the owner after processing are not C.Other products:commodities and trans

190、actions not classified elsewhere(including gold);arms and ammunition(SITC section 9 and group 891)9-Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in SITC891-Arms and AmmunitionD.Intermediate products include all parts and accessories as well as industrial primary and processed intermediate p

191、roducts.The“fuels and lubricants”category(BEC chapter 3)was excluded.BEC headings 42,53,111,121,21,22Merchandise trade and the goods account in balance of payments statistics Trade in commercial services between residents and non-residents of an economy(BPM6)Depending on the location of the supplier

192、 and the consumer,the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS)defines four modes of supply.In addition to the cross-border supply(mode 1),where both the supplier and the consumer remain in their respective home territories,GATS also covers cases where consumers are outside their home territory t

193、o consume services(mode 2 consumption abroad),or where service suppliers are in the territory of the consumers to provide their services,whether by establishing affiliates through direct investment abroad(mode 3 commercial presence),or through the presence of natural persons(mode 4).An economys Bala

194、nce of Payments,namely the services account,can be used to derive estimates covering trade in commercial services for modes 1,2 and 4.The Balance of Payments does however not include most of the information on services supplied through foreign affiliates that is required to estimate the size of mode

195、 3.A framework for collecting these data,the“Foreign Affiliates Statistics(FATS)”was adopted by the international statistical community for the first time in 2002,and then further developed in 2010.Exports(credits or receipts)and imports(debits or payments)of commercial services are included in bala

196、nce of payments statistics,in conformity with the concepts,definitions and classification of the sixth(2009)edition of the IMF Balance of Trade in commercial services between residents and non-residents of an economy(BPM6),exports and importsPayments and International Investment Position Manual(BPM6

197、)as well as the 2010 edition of the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services(MSITS 2010).Chapter IV:Composition,definitions&methodology45In the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual,the current account is subdivided into goods,services(including government goods and services

198、,n.i.e.),primary income,and secondary income.Commercial services comprise all servicescategories except government goods and services,n.i.e.Commercial services are sub-divided into goods-related services,transport,travel,and other commercial services.The BPM6 contains the following 12 standard servi

199、ces components:(1)Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others(2)Maintenance and repair services,n.i.e.(3)Transport(4)Travel(5)Construction(6)Insurance and pension services(7)Financial services(8)Charges for the use of intellectual property,n.i.e.(9)Telecommunications,computer and infor

200、mation services(10)Other business services(11)Personal,cultural and recreational services(12)Government goods and services,n.i.e.Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others cover processing,assembly,labelling,packing,and similar activities undertaken by enterprises that do not own the

201、goods concerned and are paid a fee by the owner.Only the fee charged by the processor,which may cover the cost of materials purchased,is included under this item.Examples include oil refining,liquefaction of natural gas,assembly of clothing and electronics,assembly,labelling,and packing.Maintenance

202、and repair services n.i.e.cover maintenance and repair work by residents on goods that are owned by non-residents(and vice versa).The repairs may be performed at the site of the repairer or elsewhere.The value recorded for maintenance and repairs is the value of the work done not the gross value of

203、the goods before and after repairs.Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others and Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.form a new WTO aggregate named“Goods-related services”.Transport is the process of carriage of people and objects from one location to another as well as related sup

204、porting and auxiliary services.Transport can be classified according to:(i)mode of transport,namely,sea,air,or other(“other”may be further broken down into rail,road,internal waterway,pipeline,and space transport as well as electricity transmission);and(ii)what is carried passengers or freight.Also

205、included are postal and courier services.Travel credits cover goods and services for own use or to give away acquired by non-residents from an economy during visits to that economy.Travel debits cover goods and services for own use or to give away acquired from other economies by residents of the re

206、porting economy during visits to these other economies.The most common goods and services covered are lodging,food and beverages,entertainment and Definition of commercial services in the Balance of Paymentstransportation(within the economy visited),gifts and souvenirs.Travel is further subdivided i

207、nto:(i)personal travel and(ii)business travel.The aggregate category Other commercial services corresponds to the following components defined in BPM6:Construction covers the creation,renovation,repair,or extension of fixed assets in the form of buildings,land improvements of an engineering nature,a

208、nd other similar engineering constructions such as roads,bridges,dams,and so forth.It also includes related installation and assembly work,site preparation,specialized services such as painting,plumbing,and demolition,and management of construction projects.Construction also covers the acquisition o

209、f goods and services by the enterprises undertaking construction work from the economy of location of the construction work.Construction can be divided into(i)construction abroad and(ii)construction in the compiling economy.Insurance and pension services include services of providing life insurance

210、and annuities,nonlife insurance,reinsurance,freight insurance,pensions,standardized guarantees,and auxiliary services to insurance,pension schemes,and standardized guarantee schemes.Financial services cover financial intermediary and auxiliary services,except insurance and pension fund services,prov

211、ided by banks and other financial corporations.They include deposit taking and lending,letters of credit,credit card services,commissions and charges related to financial leasing,factoring,underwriting,and clearing of payments.Also included are financial advisory services,custody of financial assets

212、 or bullion,financial asset management,monitoring services,liquidity provision services,risk assumption services other than insurance,merger and acquisition services,credit rating services,stock exchange services,and trust services.Financial services may be charged for by:(i)explicit charges;(ii)mar

213、gins on buying and selling transactions;(iii)asset management costs deducted from property income receivable in the case of asset-holding entities;or(iv)margins between interest payable and the reference rate on loans and deposits(called financial intermediation service charges indirectly measured F

214、ISIM).World Trade Statistical Review 2022 46Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.include:(i)Charges for the use of proprietary rights(such as patents,trademarks,copyrights,industrial processes and designs including trade secrets,franchises);these rights can arise from research and deve

215、lopment,as well as from marketing;and(ii)Charges for licenses to reproduce or distribute(or both)intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes(such as copyrights on books and manuscripts,computer software,cinematographic works,and sound recordings)and related rights(such as for

216、live performances and television,cable,or satellite broadcast).For the purpose of this report,all references to intellectual property(IP)services or intellectual property related services refer only to“Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.”.Telecommunications,computer and information s

217、ervices cover(i)Telecommunications services,which encompass the broadcast or transmission of sound,images,data,or other information by telephone,telex,telegram,radio and television cable transmission,radio and television satellite,electronic mail,facsimile,and so forth,including business network ser

218、vices,teleconferencing,and support services;(ii)Computer services consisting of hardware-and software-related services and data processing services;(iii)Information services including news agency services,such as the provision of news,photographs,and feature articles to the media as well as database

219、 services.Other business services include(i)Research and development services,(ii)Professional and management consulting services and(iii)Technical,trade-related and other business services.(i)Research and development services consist of services that are associated with basic and applied research,a

220、nd experimental development of new products and processes.(ii)Professional and management consulting services include(a)legal services,accounting,management consulting,managerial services,and public relations services;and(b)advertising,market research,and public opinion polling services.(iii)Technic

221、al,trade-related,and other business services include:(a)architectural,engineering,and other technical services;(b)waste treatment and depollution,agricultural,and mining services;(c)operating leasing services;(d)trade-related services;and(e)other business services n.i.e.Personal,cultural,and recreat

222、ional services consist of(i)Audio-visual and related services and(ii)other personal,cultural,and recreational services.(i)Audio-visual and related services cover services and fees related to the production of motion pictures(on film,videotape,disk,or transmitted electronically,etc.),radio and televi

223、sion programs(live or on tape),and musical recordings.(ii)Other personal,cultural,and recreational services include(a)health services,(b)education services,(c)heritage and recreational services,and(d)other personal services.Health services as well as education services are provided remotely or on-si

224、te.Data on exports and imports of total services(including government goods and services n.i.e),other services(including government goods and services n.i.e)as well as government goods and services n.i.e.are available as memorandum items in the WTO DATA Portal.Memo items:Total services(Commercial se

225、rvices plus Government goods and services n.i.e)Other services(Other commercial services plus Government goods and services n.i.e)Government goods and services n.i.eGovernment goods and services n.i.e.cover:(a)goods and services supplied by and to enclaves,such as embassies,military bases,and intern

226、ational organizations;(b)goods and services acquired from the host economy by diplomats,consular staff,and military personnel located abroad and their dependents;(c)services supplied by and to governments and not included in other categories of services.Chapter IV:Composition,definitions&methodology

227、47The new statistical framework on Foreign Affiliates Statistics(FATS)is developed in the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010,the OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment and the OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators.The statistical framework cover

228、s both goods and services producing enterprises.It analyses the universe of affiliates for which foreign investors own more than 50 per cent of the voting power or equity interest.Depending on the compilers view,one can distinguish inward FATS,that is,activities of foreign-owned affiliates in the co

229、mpiling economy,or,outward FATS,that is,foreign affiliates of the compiling economy active abroad.Variables such as sales,value added,number of employees,etc.are used to describe the affiliates activities.These variables are broken down by country of origin or destination of investments and also by

230、type of primary activity of the affiliates.The United States also provide a breakdown into total supply of goods and total supply of services products.In the case of services industries the concept of supply(or output)is based on measures that better capture service output(i.e.the margin).This mainl

231、y has an impact on the measurement of activities of wholesalers and retailers,insurers and financial intermediaries.From a GATS perspective,the size of mode 3 in a given country can be approximated through the value of the output(or supply)of services by foreign-owned affiliates.In the absence of da

232、ta on output,sales of services are used.FATS are currently available mainly for OECD and a small number of non-OECD economies.Given the recent development of these statistics,comparability and coverage of individual economy data may not always be complete.Availability of detailed data and long-time

233、series varies considerably between economies.Annual changesThroughout this report,average annual percentage changes are analogous to compound interest rates.In calculating the average annual rate of change between 2010 and 2020,for example,data for calendar year 2010 were taken as the starting point

234、,and data for calendar year 2020 as the end point.World merchandise trade indicesThe volume indices and the deflators(i.e.price indices or unit values)are taken from a range of different international and national sources.The reported deflators and volume indices may not always be available for the

235、most recent years or may differ in product coverage from the corresponding value indices.Aggregation of the indices to obtain a world total is a two-tier process.First,export and import deflators from national and international sources are complemented with WTO and UNCTAD estimates for missing data.

236、They are then aggregated to obtain regional totals.The volume index for each region is obtained by dividing the respective trade value index for each region by the corresponding regional deflator.Second,the total world merchandise volume index is obtained by deflating the world trade value with the

237、aggregate of regional deflators.Throughout the aggregation process trade values of the previous year are used as weights.World gross domestic productWorld GDP growth is estimated as a weighted average of individual economies real GDP growth.The weights used are shares of the economies previous year

238、GDP at 2005 constant prices converted to dollars at market exchange rates.Foreign Affiliates StatisticsOther definitions and methodsWhile many economies worldwide have fully implemented the BPM6 for the recording of their Balance of Payments services transactions,some are still compiling their stati

239、stics according to the BPM5 methodology.Consequently,comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete.It should be noted in particular that world and regional estimates of trade in new services items such as Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others and Maintenance and r

240、epair services n.i.e.may be underestimated,as some economies do not report these items yet.While the coverage and comparability of trade in services statistics have improved significantly over the years,the data remain subject to recognized limitations,such as i)certain countries do not collect figu

241、res for all items,ii)statistically capturing some services items remains difficult(more notably on the imports side),iii)data can be reported on a net rather than gross basis,iv)certain transactions may prove complex to classify appropriately,v)different sources,data collection and estimation method

242、s lead to diverse results,etc.These distortions are more significant on detailed items levels and may lead to considerable asymmetries among countries reported trade flows by origin and destination.In June 2020,the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA)has revised and expanded its statistics

243、 on trade in services for 1999 onwards.As a result,the classification of certain services transactions,such as audiovisual services,was amended to align them with international statistical guidelines.Thus,statistics contained in the 2020 and later editions are not comparable with earlier reports.For

244、 more information,consult https:/apps.bea.gov/scb/2020/04-april/0420-international-annual-revision-preview.htm#trade-services.Statistics on trade in services for the aggregate“European Union”reflect the sum of trade of individual member countries.Coverage and comparabilityWorld Trade Statistical Rev

245、iew 2022 48Merchandise trade statistics of the European UnionBeginning with the 2002 report,EU data compiled according to national statistical practices have been replaced,starting 1993,with data compiled by Eurostat in accordance with EU legislation.The concepts and definitions adopted by the EU ar

246、e in line with the United Nations International Trade Statistics,Concepts and Definitions,Series M,N 52,Revision 3.As a result,the conceptual differences between EU member states data have been substantially reduced.Moreover,for the EU as a whole,Eurostat data are more timely than the previous sourc

247、e,thus reducing substantially the amount of estimation included in the EU aggregate.Since January 1993,statistics on the trade between the member states of the EU have been collected through the“Intrastat”system(see GATT 1994,International Trade Trends and Statistics).The coverage of this system,whi

248、ch relies on reports submitted by firms for transactions above a minimum value,is not as wide as the previous one,which was based on customs declarations.This is particularly noticeable on the import side.For example,prior to the adoption of the Intrastat system,reported intra-EU imports(c.i.f.)clos

249、ely matched reported intra-EU exports(f.o.b.).As of 2012,data on merchandise trade values for Switzerland includes trade in non-monetary gold.Merchandise trade flows between the European Union member States include trade associated with fraudulent VAT declaration,which concerns mainly office and tel

250、ecommunications equipment.Specific notes for selected economiesMajor breaks in data continuity of merchandise tradeThe use of official exchange rates which are not market-based for some major economies,together with the fluctuations of the United States dollar vis-vis major currencies,can have a sig

251、nificant impact on the weighting pattern.The increasing use of weights based on purchasing power parities(PPP)by other international organizations is meant to attenuate“anomalies”linked to these factors.In a period of widely diverging growth rates among countries and regions,the choice of the weight

252、ing pattern can have a marked influence on the global growth estimate.For the 2000-2011 period,global growth estimates based on PPP-weights indicate a significantly faster growth than estimates using weights based on GDP data measured at market exchange rates.This is because of differences in the tw

253、o weighting patterns.Re-exports and re-importsUnder the system of general trade adopted in this report,re-exports are included in total merchandise trade.However,in the case of Hong Kong,China,the magnitude of its reexports,if included in regional or world aggregates,would adversely affect the analy

254、tical value of the statistics by introducing a significant element of double counting.Therefore,Hong Kong,Chinas re-exports are excluded from the world and Asia(unless otherwise indicated);only Hong Kong,Chinas domestic exports and retained imports are included in the totals.Chapter IV:Composition,d

255、efinitions&methodology49Statistical sourcesMost frequently used international data sources are:EIU,The Economist Intelligence UnitEUROSTAT,Comext and on-line databasesFAO,FAOSTAT Agriculture databaseFAO,Production YearbookIMF,Balance of Payments StatisticsIMF,International Financial StatisticsIMF,Wo

256、rld Economic Outlook databaseOECD,Main Economic IndicatorsOECD,Measuring Globalisation:The Role of Multinationals in OECD EconomiesOECD,Monthly Statistics of International TradeOECD,National AccountsOECD,Statistics on International Trade in ServicesOECD/IEA,Energy Prices&TaxesTDM,Trade Data MonitorU

257、NECE,Economic Survey of EuropeUNECLAC,Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the CaribbeanUNIDO,National Accounts Statistics DatabaseUNSD,Comtrade database UNSD,International Trade Statistics YearbookUNSD,Monthly Bulletin of StatisticsWorld Bank,World Development IndicatorsFigures for total

258、merchandise trade are largely derived from national sources,supplemented by international databases and Secretariat estimates.Data on merchandise trade by product are mainly obtained from Eurostats Comext database,the Trade Data Monitor and UNSDs Comtrade database.Some inconsistencies in the aggrega

259、te export and import data for the same country or territory between sources are inevitable.These can be attributed to the use of different systems of recording trade,to the way in which data sources have converted data expressed in national currencies into dollars,and different implementation of his

260、torical revisions.Statistics on trade in commercial services are mainly drawn from the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and the Trade in Services by Partner Country dataset of the OECD.Data for European Union members are drawn from Eurostats on-line database.European Union figures for partner Worl

261、d are the aggregates of its 27 members(per 2020 membership)country data.European Union intra-trade and extra-trade are the aggregated statistics,based on the quarterly BOP data set,published by Eurostat,and may not correspond to total EU aggregates,which are based on annual statistics of the individ

262、ual countries.For other economies that do not report to the IMF(e.g.,Chinese Taipei)data are drawn from national sources.Estimations for missing data are mainly based on national statistics.Acknowledgements are due to the Food and Agriculture Organization,the International Monetary Fund,the Organiza

263、tion for Economic Co-operation and Development,the Statistical Office of the European Communities,the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean,the United Nations Statistics Division,the United Nations Industrial Developm

264、ent Organization,the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Bank whose assistance in supplying advance information has greatly facilitated the work of the Secretariat.Acknowledgements are also due to national institutions for providing advance statistics.World Trade Statistical Revie

265、w 2022 50ACPAfrican,Caribbean and Pacific Group of StatesAfCFTAAfrican Continental Free Trade AreaASEANAssociation of South-East Asian NationsAFTA ASEANFree Trade AreaBOPBalance of PaymentsBPM6Balance of Payments Manual,sixth editionCACMCentral American Common MarketCARICOMCaribbean Common MarketCEM

266、ACEconomic and Monetary Community of Central AfricaCISCommonwealth of Independent States,including associate and former member statesCOMESACommon Market for Eastern and Southern AfricaECOWASEconomic Community of West African StatesEFTAEuropean Free Trade AssociationEUEuropean UnionEUROSTATStatistica

267、l Office of the European CommunitiesFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFATSForeign Affiliates StatisticsFDIForeign Direct InvestmentGCCGulf Co-operation CouncilGDPGross Domestic ProductGNPGross National ProductHSHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding SystemIEAInternationa

268、l Energy AgencyIMFInternational Monetary FundITCInternational Trade CentreISICInternational Standard Industrial ClassificationLDCsLeast-developed countriesMERCOSURSouthern Common MarketNAFTANorth American Free Trade AgreementOECDOrganization for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPAPacific Allianc

269、eSAARCSouth Asian Association for Regional Co-operationSADCSouth African Development CommunitySAFTASouth Asian Free Trade AreaSITCStandard International Trade ClassificationTDMTrade Data MonitorWAEMUWest African Economic and Monetary UnionUNECEUnited Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUNECLACUnit

270、ed Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanUNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNIDOUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNSDUnited Nations Statistics DivisionThe following symbols are used in this publication:.not available or growth rates exc

271、eeding 500%0 figure is zero or became zero due to rounding-not applicableUS$United States dollarsQ1,Q2,Q3,Q4 1st quarter,2nd quarter,3rd quarter,4th quarterI break in comparability of data series.Data after the symbol do not form a consistent series with those from earlier years.Billion means one th

272、ousand million.Minor discrepancies between constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.Unless otherwise indicated,(i)all value figures are expressed in U.S.dollars;(ii)trade figures include the intra-trade of free trade areas,customs unions,geographical and other groups;(iii)merchandise trade

273、 figures are on a customs basis and(iv)merchandise exports are f.o.b.and merchandise imports are c.i.f.Data for the latest year are provisional.The statistical data in this publication are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant statistical authorities.In line with the practice of t

274、he WTO Secretariat,this publication uses the names of members as listed in the latest revision to document WT/INF/43.References to other geographical territories and groupings are based solely on terms provided to the WTO Secretariat by WTO members and observers or terms used by relevant internation

275、al organizations.The use of such data and terms does not constitute or imply an expression of opinion by the WTO Secretariat concerning the status of any country or territory,or the delimitation of its frontiers,or sovereignty.The colours,boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps

276、in this publication do not imply any judgment,official endorsement or acceptance by the WTO Secretariat as to the legal status or frontier of any territory,or the rights and obligations of any WTO member in respect of WTO agreements.References and data relating to territories that are not WTO member

277、s or observers in their own right do not amount to an endorsement as to the WTO status,if any,of such territories.Closing date 31 August 2022c.i.f.cost,insurance and freightf.o.b.free on boardn.e.s.not elsewhere specifiedn.i.e.not included elsewhereAbbreviations and symbolsChapter IV:Composition,def

278、initions&methodology51Statistical tables Table A1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production,2010-2021 54Table A2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy,2010-2021 54Table A3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by regi

279、on and selected economy,2010-2021 55Table A4 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy,1948,1953,1963,1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2021 56Table A5 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy,1948,1953,1963,1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2021 57Table A6 Leading exporters and importers

280、 in world merchandise trade,2021 58Table A7 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade(excluding intra-EU trade),2021 59Table A8 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services,2021 60Table A9 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services

281、(excluding intra-EU trade),2021 61Table A10 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination,2020 62Table A11 Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries,2021 66Table A12 Merchandise imports and exports of least-developed coun

282、tries,2021 67Table A13 Exports and imports of commericial services of least-developed countries,2021 68Table A14 Top 10 exporters and importers of agricultural products,2021 69Table A15 Top 10 exporters and importers of food,2021 70Table A16 Top 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining product

283、s,2021 71Table A17 Top 10 exporters and importers of manufactures,2021 72Table A18 Top 10 exporters and importers of iron and steel,2021 73Table A19 Top 10 exporters and importers of chemicals,2021 74Table A20 Top 10 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment,2021 75Table A21 Top 10 exp

284、orters and importers of automative products,2021 76Table A22 Top 10 exporters and importers of textiles,2021 77Table A23 Top 10 exporters and importers of clothing,2021 78Table A24 World trade in commercial services by category,2021 79Table A25 Growth of commercial services exports by category and b

285、y region,2010-2021 79Table A26 World trade in good-related services by region,2021 80Table A27 Major exporters and importers of goods-related services,2021 81Table A28 Major exporters and importers of manufacturing services on physical imputs owned by others,2020 and 2021 82Table A29 Major exporters

286、 and importers of maintenance and repair services,2020 and 2021 83Table A30 World trade in transport by region,2021 84Table A31 Leading exporters and importers of transport,2021 85Table A32 World trade in travel by region,2021 86Table A33 Leading exporters and importers of travel,2021 87 52Chapter V

287、Table A34 World trade in other commerical services by region,2021 88Table A35 Leading exporters and importers of other commercial services,2021 89Table A36 World exports of construction by region,2020-2021 90Table A37 Major exporters and importers of construction,2020 and 2021 91Table A38 World expo

288、rts of insurance and pension services by region,2020 and 2021 92Table A39 Major exporters and importers of insurance and pension services,2020 and 2021 93Table A40 World exports of financial services by region,2020 and 2021 94Table A41 Major exporters and importers of financial services,2020 and 202

289、1 94Table A42 World receipts of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.by region,2020 and 2021 95Table A43 Major exporters and importers of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.,2020 and 2021 95Table A44 World exports of telecommunications,computer and information services

290、by region,2020 and 2021 96Table A45 Major exporters and importers of telecommunications,computer and information services,2020 and 2021 96Table A46 Major exporters and importers of telecommunications services,2020 and 2021 97Table A47 Major exporters and importers of computer services,2020 and 2021

291、98Table A48 World exports of other business services by region,2020 and 2021 98Table A49 Major exporters and importers of other business services,2020 and 2021 99Table A50 Trade in other business services by category in selected economies,2020 100Table A51 World exports of personal,cultural and recr

292、eational services by region,2020 and 2021 101Table A52 Major exporters and importers of personal,cultural and recreational services,2020 and 2021 101Table A53 Major exporters and importers of audio-visual and related services,2020 and 2021 102Table A54 Leading exporters and importers of intermediate

293、 goods,2020 103Table A55 World merchandise exports and gross domestic product,1950-2021 104Table A56 Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies,2011-2021 106Table A57 Trade in commercial services by selected groups of economies,2011-2021 107Table A58 World merchandise exports by region and se

294、lected economy,2011-2021 108Table A59 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy,2011-2021 112Table A60 World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy,2011-2021 116Table A61 World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy,2011-2021 120Table A62

295、Sales by affiliates of foreign companies-resident affiliates primarily engaged in services activities (inward FATS),2017-2019 124Table A63 Sales by foreign affiliates of resident companies-affiliates located abroad primarily engaged in services activities(outward FATS),2017-2019 125Table A64 Service

296、s supplied by United States affiliates established abroad(outward FATS)and by foreign affiliates in the United States(inward FATS)by economy of affiliate,2019 126Table A65 World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy,2010-2020 127Table A66 World merchandise imports

297、of intermediate goods by region and selected economy,2010-2020 1312021World merchandise exports2.50.4-4.98.9Agricultural products2.82.1-2.31.9Fuels and mining products1.63.0-1.94.7Manufactures3.30.3-5.013.6World GDP2.62.5-3.45.8Note:See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggre

298、gates of merchandise exports,production and GDP. 2.5-4.98.9 World 2.6-5.510.42.4-8.96.5 North America 3.0-5.912.32.4-6.41.5Canada2.0-7.47.44.7-4.56.4Mexico2.9-15.219.21.8-10.88.1United States of America 3.2-3.912.11.1-4.95.6 South and Central America and the Caribbean 1

299、.9-10.725.42.61.43.7Brazil1.7-7.124.71.7-7.87.9 Europe 1.5-7.38.31.7-7.38.3European Union1.5-7.09.10.4-14.1-1.4United Kingdom1.3-13.34.61.18.84.5Norway 1.5-3.14.80.7-12.69.9Switzerland-0.3-13.51.71.5-1.70.5Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States1.

300、9-5.59.1-0.1-8.15.2 Africa 1.6-14.77.71.4-8.91.4 Middle East 2.3-10.18.44.30.513.3 Asia 4.1-1.011.12.2-3.7-1.7Australia 3.00.29.95.62.817.4China 5.04.97.74.4-11.422.7India (1)3.9-15.217.91.1-8.111.9Japan 1.5-3.82.43.73.111.0Six East Asian traders (2)3.4-0.214.4Exports Imports(1)Secretariat Estimates

301、(2)Hong Kong,China;Malaysia;Republic of Korea;Singapore;Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan,Penghu,Kinmen and MatsuTable A1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production,2010-2021(Annual percentage change)Table A2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region

302、 and economy,2010-2021(Annual percentage change)World Trade Statistical Review 2022 54ExportsImportsMerchandise3-726World 3-8263-1323North America 4-8233-1323United States of America 4-6222-1330Canada 2-9202-934South and Central America and the Caribbean 2-16423-534Braz

303、il 2-14413828Chile 4-15563-622Europe 3-6233-621European Union 3-7251-1317United Kingdom 1-892-2044Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States 2-8242-2148Russian Federation 2-6270-1931Kazakhstan 3-1111-1842Africa 2-17283-544South Africa 1-2236-5-4332Ni

304、geria 1-35452-2542Middle East 3-13266-1427United Arab Emirates 6-14411-3459Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of 3-10115-127Asia 5-7307430China 6-1300-918Japan 1-1221Commercial services4-1817World 4-19153-2011North America 2-23183-1910United States of America 2-22193-1711Canada 0-2371-3620South and Central Americ

305、a and the Caribbean 1-29191-1716Brazil-2-292-3-37-1Argentina-1-41104-1418Europe 4-14145-1419European Union 5-13123-89United Kingdom 3-21152-2719Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States 1-31161-2216Russian Federation 0-35170-1120Ukraine 1-32320-3521

306、Africa 1-249-1-4145Egypt 4-16233-212Nigeria-3-49-24.-2328Middle East.-3026.-1331United Arab Emirates.-302410-434Israel 5-2634.-2018Asia.-2014.-140China.-24168-310Singapore 8-110Note:Includes Secretariat estimates.Table A3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selecte

307、d economy,2010-2021(Annual percentage change)Chapter V:Statistical tables 553320032021 ValueWorld5984688738221678 ShareWorld100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0North America 28.124.819.917.316.817.915.812.7United States of America 21.614.614.312.211.212.69.88.1Ca

308、nada 5.55.24.34.64.23.93.72.3Mexico 0.90.70.60.41.41.42.22.3South and Central America and the Caribbean 11.39.76.44.34.53.03.13.3Brazil 2.01.80.91.11.21.01.01.3Chile 0.60.50.30.20.20.20.30.4Europe 35.139.447.850.943.545.346.236.9Germany(1)1.45.39.311.79.210.310.27.5Netherlands 2.03.03.64.73.53.84.03

309、.9France 3.44.85.26.35.26.05.32.7United Kingdom 11.39.07.85.15.04.94.22.2Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States(2)-1.72.33.0Africa 7.36.55.74.84.52.52.42.6South Africa(3)2.01.61.51.01.00.70.50.6Middle East 2.02.73.24.16.73.54.15.3Asia 14.013.412.

310、514.919.126.026.136.3China 0.91.21.31.01.22.55.915.5Japan 0.41.53.56.48.09.86.43.5India 2.21.31.00.50.50.60.81.8Australia and New Zealand 3.73.22.42.11.41.41.21.8Six East Asian traders 3.43.02.53.65.89.69.69.9Memorandum item:EU(4)-24.537.031.337.338.630.6USSR,Former2.23.54.63.75.0-GATT/WTO Members(5

311、)63.469.675.084.177.089.098.398.3Note:Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.(1)Figures refer to the Fed.Rep.of Germany from 1948 through 1983.(5)Membership as of the year stated.(2)Figures are significantly affected by i

312、ncluding the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003.(3)Beginning with 1998,figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union.(4)Figures refer to the EEC(6)in 1963,EC(9)in 1973,EC(10)in 1983,EU(12)in 1993,EU(25)in 2003,and the Eu

313、ropean Union,excluding the United Kingdom,in 2021.Table A4 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy,1948,1953,1963,1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2021(Billion dollars and percentage)World Trade Statistical Review 2022 563320032021 ValueWorld6285805759922034

314、ShareWorld100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0North America 18.520.516.117.218.521.322.718.0United States of America 13.013.911.412.414.315.917.113.3Mexico 1.00.90.80.60.71.82.32.4Canada 4.45.53.94.23.43.73.22.3South and Central America and the Caribbean 10.48.36.04.43.93.32.53.4Brazil 1.81.60.9

315、1.20.90.70.71.1Chile 0.40.40.40.20.20.30.30.4Europe 45.343.752.053.344.144.544.636.4Germany(1)2.24.58.09.28.19.08.06.4Netherlands 13.411.08.56.55.35.53.53.4France 5.54.95.36.45.65.75.23.2United Kingdom 3.43.34.44.83.33.35.23.1Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and fo

316、rmer member States(2)-1.51.42.1Africa 8.17.05.23.94.62.62.22.9South Africa(3)2.51.51.10.90.80.50.50.5Middle East 1.72.22.32.76.23.32.83.9Asia 13.915.114.114.918.523.523.833.4China 0.61.60.90.91.12.75.412.2Japan 1.12.84.16.56.76.45.03.5India 2.31.41.50.50.70.61.02.6Australia and New Zealand 2.92.32.2

317、1.61.41.51.41.4Six East Asian traders 3.53.73.23.96.110.28.79.4Memorandum item:EU(4)-25.537.131.436.236.129.4USSR,Former1.93.34.33.64.3-GATT/WTO Members(5)58.666.975.385.579.789.398.498.3(5)Membership as of the year stated.(2)Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of

318、the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003.(3)Beginning with 1998,figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union.(4)Figures refer to the EEC(6)in 1963,EC(9)in 1973,EC(10)in 1983,EU(12)in 1993,EU(25)in 2003,and the European Union,excluding the United K

319、ingdom,in 2021.Note:Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 import shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.(1)Figures refer to the Fed.Rep.of Germany from 1948 through 1983.Table A5 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy,1948,1953,1963,1973,1983,1993,

320、2003 and 2021(Billion dollars and percentage)Chapter V:Statistical tables 57Rank Exporters Value Share Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share Annual percentage change 1China 336415.1301United States of America 293513.0222United States of America 17547.9232China 268911.9303Germany 16327.

321、3183Germany 14206.3214Netherlands 8373.7244Japan 7693.4215Japan 7563.4185Netherlands 7583.4276Hong Kong,China 6703.0226France 7143.223 Domestic exports 200.1-43 Re-exports 6502.927 7Korea,Republic of 6442.9267Hong Kong,China 7123.225 Retained imports(1)1600.7208Italy 6102.7228United Kingdom 6943.199

322、France 5852.6209Korea,Republic of 6152.73210Belgium 5452.42910India 5732.55411Canada 5082.33011Italy 5582.53112Mexico 4952.21912Mexico 5222.33313Russian Federation 4942.24813Belgium 5102.32814United Kingdom 4682.11714Canada 5042.22015Singapore 4572.02615Spain 4181.928 Domestic exports 2080.931 Re-ex

323、ports 2501.122 16Chinese Taipei 4482.02916Singapore 4061.823 Retained imports(1)1570.72517United Arab Emirates 4251.92717Chinese Taipei 3821.73318India 3951.84318United Arab Emirates 3481.54119Spain 3831.72419Poland 3381.52920Switzerland 3801.71920Viet Nam 3321.52621Australia 3451.53721Switzerland 3

324、241.41122Poland 3381.52322Russian Federation(2)3041.32723Viet Nam 3361.51923Trkiye 2711.22424Malaysia 2991.32824Thailand 2671.22925Brazil 2811.33425Australia 2611.22326Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of 2761.25926Malaysia 2381.12527Thailand 2721.21727Brazil 2351.04128Indonesia 2301.04128Austria 2201.02729Czech

325、 Republic 2261.01829Czech Republic 2120.92430Trkiye 2251.03330Indonesia 1960.93831Austria 2030.92031Sweden 1870.82532Ireland 1900.9632Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of 1530.71133Sweden 1900.82233Hungary 1420.62234Norway 1600.79034Philippines 1240.63735Hungary 1420.61835Denmark 1200.52236Denmark 1260.61636Irel

326、and 1190.52037South Africa 1240.64437Romania 1160.52638Slovak Republic 1040.52038South Africa(1)1140.53639Chile 950.42839Slovak Republic 1030.52340Romania 870.42440Norway 980.42241Qatar 870.46941Portugal 980.42542Iraq 860.47142Chile 920.45643Finland 820.42443Israel 920.43344Argentina 780.34244Finlan

327、d 860.42645Portugal 750.32245Egypt 840.44046Philippines 750.31746Bangladesh(1)800.45247Iran 720.35347Greece 760.33648Ukraine 680.33848Ukraine 730.33349Kuwait,the State of 630.35749Pakistan 730.35850Kazakhstan 610.33150Iraq 660.321Total of above(3)2084593.4-Total of above(3)2082192.2-World(3)22328100

328、.027World(3)22587100.026Note:For annual data 2011-2021,see Tables A58 and A59.(1)Secretariat estimates.(2)Imports are valued f.o.b.(3)Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export.Table A6 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade,2021(Billion dollars and percentage)World

329、 Trade Statistical Review 2022 58Rank Exporters Value Share Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share Annual percentage change 1China 336418.4301United States of America 293515.8222Extra-EU exports257814.1172China 268914.4303United States of America 17549.6233Extra-EU imports250013.4274Jap

330、an 7564.1184Japan 7694.1215Hong Kong,China 6703.7225Hong Kong,China 7123.825 Domestic exports 200.1-43 Retained imports(1)1600.920 Re-exports 6503.627 6Korea,Republic of 6443.5266United Kingdom 6943.797Canada 5082.8307Korea,Republic of 6153.3328Mexico 4952.7198India 5733.1549Russian Federation 4942.

331、7489Mexico 5222.83310United Kingdom 4682.61710Canada 5042.72011Singapore 4572.52611Singapore 4062.223 Domestic exports 2081.131 Retained imports(1)1570.825 Re-exports 2501.422 12Chinese Taipei 4482.42912Chinese Taipei 3822.13313United Arab Emirates 4252.32713United Arab Emirates 3481.94114India 3952

332、.24314Viet Nam 3321.82615Switzerland 3802.11915Switzerland 3241.71116Australia 3451.93716Russian Federation(2)3041.62717Viet Nam 3361.81917Trkiye 2711.52418Malaysia 2991.62818Thailand 2671.42919Brazil 2811.53419Australia 2611.42320Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of 2761.55920Malaysia 2381.32521Thailand 2721.51

333、721Brazil 2351.34122Indonesia 2301.34122Indonesia 1961.13823Trkiye 2251.23323Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of 1530.81124Norway 1600.99024Philippines 1240.73725South Africa 1240.74425South Africa(1)1140.63626Chile 950.52826Norway 980.52227Qatar 870.56927Chile 920.55628Iraq 860.57128Israel 920.53329Argentina 780.44229Egypt 840.44030Philippines 750.41730Bangladesh(1)800.45231Iran 720.45331Ukraine 730.43332Ukr