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1、World Trade Statistical Review 2023World TradeStatisticalReview2023About the WTOThe World Trade Organization deals with the global rules of trade between nations.Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly,predictably and freely as possible.About this publicationWorld Trade Statistic
2、al Review provides a detailed analysis of the latest developments in world trade.It is the WTOs flagship statistical publication and is produced on an annual basis.For more informationAll data used in this report,as well as additional charts and tables not included,can be downloaded from the WTO web
3、 site at www.wto.org/statisticsI.Introduction 4Acknowledgements 6A message from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 7II.Highlights of world trade in 2022 8World trade overview 10Merchandise trade 12Commercial services 20Leading traders 26Least-developed countries 27III.World trade and economic grow
4、th,2022-23 28Trade and GDP growth in 2022 and the first half of 2023 30Merchandise trade volume 31Commodity prices 33Exchange rates 34 Merchandise and commercial services trade values 35Other trade-related indicators 40IV.Composition,definitions&methodology 42Composition of geographical and economic
5、 groupings 44Definitions and methodology 44Specific notes for selected economies 51Statistical sources 52Abbreviations and symbols 53V.Statistical tables 543World Trade Statistical Review 2023Acknowledgements6A message from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala7Introduction 4Chapter I5Acknowledgement
6、sThis publication has been prepared under the supervision of Ralph Ossa,WTO Chief Economist and Director of the Economic Research andStatistics Division.The coordination of the report was undertaken by Christophe Degain and Florian Eberth.Statistical research,data compilation and the preparation of
7、estimates were conducted by Barbara DAndrea Adrian,Shradha Bhatia,Lori Chang,Christophe Degain,Florian Eberth,Coleman Nee and Ying Yan.Contributions to this publication were also provided bythe Research Group of the Economic Research andStatistics Division.The International Trade Statistics Section
8、also wishes to thank colleagues from the Information and External Relations Division(IERD)and the Language and Documentation Services Division(LDSD)whose collaboration is vital in the production of this report.In particular,recognition is due to Anthony Martin,Serge Marin-Pache and Steve Cooper in I
9、ERD and to the French and Spanish translators in LDSD.Finally,we wish to thank the users of WTO statistics fortheir constructive suggestions on how to improve ourstatistical output.This regular feedback allows us toconstantly refine the data we provide.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 6A message
10、from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-IwealaNgozi Okonjo-IwealaDirector-GeneralAs a succession of crises buffet the global economy,with the COVID-19 pandemic giving way to the war in Ukraine,inflation,monetary tightening,and widespread debt distress,world trade has lost momentum,with trade growth slowi
11、ng in 2022 and remaining weak into early 2023.That said,global trade growth has remained positive,underscoring how trade has been a force for economic recovery and resilience.Nevertheless,numerous downside risks,from geopolitical tensions to potential financial instability,are clouding the medium-te
12、rm outlook for both trade and overall output.This report reviews world trade patterns in 2022,with insights into the outlook for trade in 2023,in light of the wider international context.In volume terms,world merchandise trade rose by 2.7%in 2022.The volume figure was well below the 12.4%growth in v
13、alue terms,reflecting the effect of high global commodity prices.In the manufacturing sector,one notable development was that China increased the value of its exports of automotive products in Q1 2022 by 30%year on year,using its strong position in the production of lithium-ion batteries to become t
14、he worlds second-biggest exporter of electric motor vehicles after the European Union.Services trade fared better than merchandise trade,growing 15%in 2022.International travel continued to rebound strongly,rising 70%year-on-year after many regions lifted pandemic-related mobility restrictions.Looki
15、ng back through the entire pandemic period,computer services were the most dynamic sector in services trade,with global exports in 2022 worth 44%more than their value in 2019.Digitally delivered services that is,services provided via computer networks,from streaming games to remote consulting servic
16、es are an emerging source of growth,accounting for 54%of global services exports in 2022,and 12%of total global trade in goods and services.Within Europe and Asia,intra-regional flows accounted for a large share of trade in digitally delivered services,respectively accounting for 62%and 43%in 2021.I
17、n contrast,the intra-regional shares in South&Central America and the Caribbean as well as in Africa were only 8%and 3%respectively,suggesting potential for growth.Exports of goods and services from least-developed countries(LDCs)increased by 31%between 2019 and 2022,with goods exports up 41%in valu
18、e terms over that period,once again reflecting higher commodity prices.LDCs exports of commercial services remained depressed,at 14%below their pre-pandemic levels.A major factor in the decline is the weak recovery of tourism,particularly tourism within Asia to Asian LDCs,due in part to continuing p
19、andemic-related measures within the region.Asian LDC travel exports in 2022 remained 74%below their value in 2019.In contrast,travel exports of African LDCs performed relatively well,coming in at only 9%below pre-COVID-19 levels in 2022.In turbulent times marked by geopolitical frictions,rapid techn
20、ological change,and ever-more-frequent climate and other shocks,multilateral trade cooperation and the WTO are more necessary than ever.By working together,governments can update the regulatory and policy frameworks needed to harness the full potential-and minimize the risks-of new digital technolog
21、ies.Open and predictable global trade,anchored in the multilateral trading system,offers businesses and households the outside options needed to cope with unexpected supply shortages.The need to deepen,deconcentrate,and diversify international supply networks so as to increase this“flexicurity”offer
22、s significant commercial opportunities for developing economies.Policymakers need reliable statistics to monitor how trade is evolving,assess the impact of macro-economic and geopolitical shocks,and formulate responses to benefit the people they serve.I would like to thank everyone who contributed t
23、o this report.We hope it provides useful insights for WTO members and all those involved in trade analysis.7Chapter I:IntroductionWorld trade overview10Merchandise trade12Commercial services20Leading traders26Least-developed countries27Highlights of world trade in 2022 Chapter II 89201220
24、00022Annual percentage change(%)World trade overviewServices trade recovered in 2022 rising by 15%year-on-year,slightly more than goods trade.Chart 2.1World trade in goods and commercial services,2012-22(Annual percentage change)Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Note:Trade
25、 as average of exports and imports.Commercial servicesGoodsServices trade rebounded from-18%in 2020,during the COVID-19 pandemic,to+15%in 2022.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 620021202212.713.114.715.014.48.58.68.17.98.38.07.87.87.36.6ChinaUnited StatesGermanyShare in world
26、(%)05520021202219.018.517.021.624.25.96.15.05.96.8GoodsCommercial servicesUS$trillionPercentage(%)020406080202020269633231293137Manufactured goodsOther goods05001,0001,5002,0002002120221,0261,0318651,1981,4811,2491,2401,0381,3931,713ExportsImpor
27、tsUS$billionPercentage share,%20304050609202020212022EuropeAsia(including Oceania)North AmericaLatin America(including Mexico,Caribbean)Africa Transport servicesTrade in transport services continued to grow in 2022,although at a slower pace than in 2021 as shipping rates returned to pre-p
28、andemic levels.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Trade in goods and servicesTrade in goods and services amounted to US$31.0 trillion in 2022,a 13%rise year-on-year.While trade in goods exceeded pre-pandemic levels already in 2021,trade in services caught upin 2022.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Note:Average
29、of exports and imports.Manufactured goodsThe share of manufactured goods in world merchandise exports fell to 63%in 2022(versus 68%in 2018)mainly due to high energy prices limiting demand.Source:WTO estimates.Intra-regional merchandise tradeIntra-regional merchandise trade represented 65%of Europes
30、world trade in 2022,the highest amongst the major world regions.The lowest was for Africa(14%in 2022,down from 16%in 2018).Source:UNCTADStat.Leading merchandise tradersChina remained the top merchandise exporter in 2022 but its share in world exports declined to14%(from 15%in 2021).The United States
31、 (8%of world trade)and Germany(7%)were ranked in second and third positions.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 11Merchandise tradeThe value of merchandise trade expanded at a faster pace across the globe than volume in 2022,inflated in part by high global commod
32、ity prices.Chart 2.2World merchandise trade by region,2022(Annual percentage change)Source:WTO SecretariatAnnual percentage change(%)01020301040WorldMiddle EastNorth AmericaEuropeAfricaSouth and CentralAmerica andthe CaribbeanAsiaCommonwealthof IndependentStates(CIS),including certainassociateand fo
33、rmermember states12.431.016.611.817.020.08.41.22.79.65.13.83.12.90.19.2Merchandise trade in valueMerchandise trade in volumeThe highest growth was achieved by the Middle East,an oil-rich region.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 122022*Fuels and mining products increased by 4 percentage pointsMerch
34、andise exportsWorld exports of fuels and mining products increased on average by 19percent per year between 2019 and 2022,reaching a value of US$5,158 billion in 2022.Their share in world exports increased by 4 percentage points during this period,rising to 21percent in 2022.*WTO estimates.Source:WT
35、O Secretariat.Note:Data including intra-trade of the European Union,excluding re-exports of Hong Kong,China.Chart 2.3Merchandise exports by major product group,2019 and 2022(US$billion and percentage share)10%21%63%6%201910%17%69%5%Fuels and miningproducts5,158Fuels and mining products3,097Manufactu
36、red goods12,744Manufactured goods15,288Other goods/n.e.s870Other goods/n.e.s1,541Agricultural products1,783Agricultural products2,326Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 13Textiles33920%16%10%4%4%2%44%Chemicals3,010Office and telecom equipment2,512Automotive products1,518Iron and steel628Clo
37、thing576Other manufactured goods*6,705World exports of manufactured goodsExcluding“other manufactured goods”,chemicals(US$3,010 billion)and office/telecom equipment(US$2,512 billion)had the highest shares 20percent and 16percent respectively in world exports of manufactured goods in 2022.Automotive
38、products(US$1,518 billion)represented 10percent of the global total.Chart 2.4World exports of manufactured goods,2022(US$billion)*Other transport equipment,other machinery,other manufactured goods n.e.s.Source:WTO estimates.Note:Data including intra-trade of the European Union,excluding re-exports o
39、f Hong Kong,China.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 World Trade Statistical Review 2023 14US$billion00500600700800European UnionUnited StatesJapanMexicoChinaKorea,Republic ofCanadaUnited KingdomThailandTrkiye699Leading exporters of automotive productsThe U
40、nited States overtook Japan as the second-largest exporter of automotive products in 2022.Among the top 10 exporters,China increased its exports the most,recording a 30percent increase.Chart 2.5Top 10 exporters of automotive products,2022(US$billion and annual percentage change)Source:WTO estimates.
41、China recorded a 30%year-on-year increase.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 15Chart 2.6World exports of intermediate goods,total and by main category,2022Q1-Q4(Year-on-year percentage change)World exports of intermediate goodsWorld exports of intermediate goods(IGs)inputs used to produce
42、a final product fell from a 9percent year-on-year increase in quarter 1 of 2022 to a 10percent decline in Q4.In value terms,they remained stable compared to 2021,amounting to US$9.7 trillion.Weakness in the exchange of industrial inputs in supply chains was largely due to a 0.3percent decrease in ex
43、ports of manufacturing supplies,parts and accessories,which represent more than 85percent of IGs.Food supply chains remained the most resilient sector,with a 15percent increase in 2022.Source:Trade Data Monitor.Year-on-year percentage change(%)214Total int
44、ermediate goods(IG)IG food&beveragesIG parts&accessories(excl.transport equipment)IG parts and accessories(transport equipment)IG ores;precious stones;rare earthsIG other industrial suppliesQuarterYear2022An overall increase at 15%in world exports of food IGs in 2022.World Trade Statistical Review 2
45、023 16World exports of intermediate goods by regionExports of intermediate goods declined in Europe and Asia in 2022,by 1.8percent and 1.2percent respectively.North and South America,however,saw an increase of 5.7percent.An increase in South and Central Americas exports of industrial inputs in 2022(
46、8.5percent)was mostly due to Brazils supplies of raw and processed soybean products,which grew by 27percent(representing 28percent of its IG exports).Chart 2.7World exports of intermediate goods,by region,2019Q1-2022Q4(US$billion)Source:Trade Data Monitor(100 reporting economies,including estimates
47、for Africa).2002334444QuarterYearUS$billion2004006008001000012008.5%annual increase of exports in IG goods for South and Central America in 2022.AsiaEuropeNorth AmericaSouth and Central AmericaAfricaChapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 17Source:WTO estimates.Africas tra
48、de in intermediate goodsAfricas trade deficit in intermediate goods shrank to US$4.4 billion in 2022.This is partly due to growth in its exports of intermediate goods,which totalled US$292 billion in 2022,an increase of 47percent compared with its pre-COVID-19 level in 2019.A rise in value terms is
49、largely due to high commodity prices.Chart 2.8African trade in intermediate goods,2010-22(US$billion)US$billion05003000000202024780827758616037194ImportsExportsTrade balanceAfricas IG trade deficit shrank to US$4 billion in 2022.World
50、 Trade Statistical Review 2023 18Top African IG Exporters2021-22 growth(%)2022 value(US$billion)Share in Africa IG exports(%)South Africa-4%108.738%Congo,Democratic Republic of46%22.48%Morocco13%21.27%Egypt16%17.96%Main destinationsExported productsUnited StatesRhodium,palladium,diamonds,iridiumChin
51、aGold,iron/tin ores,diamonds,copper,cobalt,rhodium,palladium,iridiumIndiaDiammonium phosphate,urea,phosphoric acidSpainCopper,wiring,phosphoric acidSaudi Arabia,Kingdom ofCopper,ironSource:WTO estimates.Major African traders in intermediate goodsThe top African exporters of intermediate goods in 202
52、2 were South Africa,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Morocco and Egypt.The main destinations for their exports were China,India,the United States and Spain.Exports were essentially primary products,such as precious materials(gold and diamonds),palladium group metals,copper,iron ores and inputs f
53、or the fertilizer industry.Chart 2.9African trade in intermediate goods:top exporters by main partner and product,2022(US$billion,percentage)The Democratic Republic of the Congo recorded a 46%increase in IG exports in 2022.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 19Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.No
54、te:Trade as average of exports and imports.Commercial servicesChart 2.10World trade in commercial services by sector,2012-22(Annual percentage change)In 2022,travel continued to bounce back strongly following the lifting of mobility restrictions worldwide.It is now on course for a full recovery and
55、a return to its pre-COVID-19 levels,when it accounted for almost one-quarter of services trade.6040200204060808020000212022Annual percentage change(%)Other commercial servicesTravelTransportTravel has increased by 91%compared with 2020.World Trade Statistical Review
56、2023 2000Financial servicesIntellectual property related servicesInsurance and pension servicesConstructionTelecommunications servicesPersonal,cultural,and recreational servicesInformation servicesOther business servicesComputer services32222220
57、22 vs.2019Year-on-year percentage change(%)Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Chart 2.11Other commercial services by selected sector,2022(Year-on-year percentage change)Other commercial servicesComputer services has been the most dynamic services sector over the last decade.In 2022,world exports were 44%ab
58、ove pre-pandemic levels.Growth was boosted by remote working as well as online learning and home entertainment.Globally,demand for software,cloud services,machine learning andenhanced cybersecurity continues to rise.Subdued growth in 2022,at 6percent compared with 22per cent the previous year,is ent
59、irely due to exchange rate volatility.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 21Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimatesNote:Trade as average of exports and imports.Trade in transport services/travelDespite recovery in many regions in 2022,air transport has only marginally increased compared to pre-pandemic
60、 levels.Exports of sea transport expanded due to high shipping rates in 2021.However,in 2022,growth slowed as shipping rates started to decline steadily since the spring.Chart 2.12Breakdown of trade in transport services 2019-22(Percentage share)The share of air transport in transport services overa
61、ll contracted from 35.2 per cent in 2019 to 25.8 per cent in 2022.Percentage change(%)0204060802021202242.150.352.448.435.222.422.425.821.025.022.922.91.72.22.22.8Sea transportAir transportOther transport servicesPostal and courier servicesWorld Trade Statistical Review 2023 22Chart 2.13G
62、rowth in digitally delivered services exports by region and selected group,2015-22Global exports of digitally delivered servicesEurope accounts for more than half of global exports of digitally delivered services.Its growth levelled off in 2022,largely due to the depreciation of the euro and the Bri
63、tish pound against the US dollar.Asias exports have been rising most,covering almost a quarter of the worlds digitally delivered services.Growth in Africa and LDCs continued to lag behind,with Africa holding less than 1%share of world exports in 2022.Note:In the chart,digitally delivered services co
64、ver cross-border supply(mode 1 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services)of insurance and pension services,financial services,charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.,telecommunications,computer and information services,most other business services,and personal,cultural,and recreation
65、al services.See Technical Notes for more information.Sources:WTO estimates.*The Commonwealth of Independent States includes certain associate and former member states.02000212022Index 2015=100AsiaRest of the world0200182019
66、202020212022Index 2015=100Rest of the worldSouth and Central America&the Caribbean02000212022Index 2015=100Rest of the worldAfrica02000212022Index 2015=100Rest of the worldCommonwealth of Independant States*10012
67、00802202000212022Index 2015=100Rest of the worldLDCs02000212022Index 2015=100Rest of the worldMiddle East02000212022Index 2015=100Rest of the worldNorth America01802008
68、02202000212022Index 2015=100Rest of the worldEurope(Index 2015=100)Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 23Note:The data is presented as a percentage of total trade in digitally delivered services.Source:WTO-OECD Balanced Trade in Services dataset.*CIS refers to the Comm
69、onwealth of Independent States,including certain associate and former member states.*Includes the Caribbean.Chart 2.14Intra-regional trade in digitally delivered services,2019-21(Percentage share)Intra-regional trade in digitally delivered servicesDigitally delivered services traded within Asia reac
70、hed 43.2%of the regions total trade in these services in 2021,up from 39.2%in 2019.Telecommunications,computer and information services as well as business,professional and technical services drove this rapid growth.In North America,the share of intra-regional trade in digitally delivered services r
71、ose to 18.2%,up from 15.8%in 2019.In contrast,intra-regional trade remained stable in South and Central America and the Caribbean and contracted slightly in Europe.Intra-Africa trade in digitally delivered services declined to 3.3%in 2021.0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%EuropeAsiaNorthAmericaMiddleEastCIS*So
72、uth and CentralAmerica*Africa633979984624320202021Percentage share(%)Digitally delivered services traded within Asia reached 43.2%of the regions total trade in these services in 2021.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 24DestinationEuropeAsiaNorth AmericaCIS*Middle EastSouth&Ce
73、ntral America*AfricaExporter200202192021Europe63.5%62.3%13.1%13.8%14.3%15.4%1.9%1.8%3.1%3.2%2.3%1.8%1.9%1.7%Asia30.8%29.0%39.2%43.2%19.7%18.4%1.1%1.0%4.3%4.1%2.6%2.2%2.4%2.1%North America54.3%50.0%20.1%22.4%15.8%18.2%0.9%0.8%2.0%2.1%5.4%5.1%1.5%1.4%CIS*56.
74、8%55.0%15.2%15.4%11.5%13.0%8.4%8.8%4.0%4.3%2.5%2.0%1.5%1.4%Middle East43.3%42.9%22.0%22.8%18.8%18.7%1.7%1.7%9.2%9.6%2.4%2.1%2.6%2.3%South&Central America*35.5%31.0%15.0%17.4%34.5%37.5%1.7%1.3%3.2%3.2%8.2%8.0%1.9%1.5%Africa52.4%52.4%20.3%22.0%14.8%14.0%1.0%0.9%5.2%5.3%2.4%2.1%3.9%3.3%Source:WTO-OECD
75、Balanced Trade in Services dataset.*CIS refers to the Commonwealth of Independent States,including certain associate and former member states.*Includes the Caribbean.Chart 2.15Regional exports of digitally delivered services by destination,2019-21(Percentage share in partner world)Inter-regional tra
76、de in digitally delivered servicesThe share of Africas exports of digitally delivered services to Asia rose from 20.3percent in 2019 to 22.0percent in 2021.Flows from South and Central America and the Caribbean to North America and to Asia were also on the rise.In 2021,37.5percent of the regions exp
77、orts of digitally delivered services went to North American countries,up from 34.5percent before the pandemic.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 25Chart 2.15Changes in rankings for merchandise traders in the worlds top 100,2019-22(Rank)Chart 2.16Changes in rankings for commercial services
78、traders among the worlds top 100,2020-21(Rank)Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.While China remained the largest merchandise trader in 2022,significant increases in the world rankings were achieved by Guatemala and Costa Rica,which moved up eight places to 76th and 77th place respectively.This was mostly
79、due to an increase in Costa Ricas exports of medical instruments and appliances and in its imports of electrical machinery and equipment.Guatemalas rise was prompted by an increase in imports of petroleum products.India rose to 7th position in the ranking of services traders in 2022 thanks to a doub
80、le-digit growth of 32percent,boosted by exports of computer services.Leading tradersSource:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Rank20192022ThailandNorwayNigeriaUkraineIranBangladeshSloveniaNew ZealandBelarusBulgariaEcuadorLatviaAzerbaijanGuatemalaCosta Rica242837344657486505964637064597847685
81、77Rank20192022IndiaSwedenAustraliaThailandMalaysiaSaudi Arabia,Kingdom ofGreeceMacao,ChinaColombiaPanamaDominicanRepublicBengladeshKenyaTunisiaMauritius2430303435550625872657367857888909686World Trade Statistical Review 2023 26Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.US$billion0501001502002
82、5030020022744273037GoodsCommercial servicesLeast-developed countries(LDCs)exports of goods increased by 41percent in 2022 compared with pre-pandemic levels in 2019 while commercial services remained depressed(-14percent).This was due to subdued recovery of international travel
83、to Asian LDCs(74percent below 2019).By contrast,travel exports of African LDCs performed better,remaining only 9percent below their value in 2019.Least-developed countriesChart 2.17Exports of least-developed countries,2019-22(US$billion)Exports of goods from least-developed countries reached US$277
84、billion in 2022.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 27Trade and GDP growth in 2022 and the first half of 202330Merchandise trade volume31Commodity prices33Exchange rates34Merchandise and commercial services trade values35Other trade-related indicators40World trade and economic growth,2022-2
85、3 28Chapter IIITrade and output growth slowed in 2022 and remained weak in the first months of 2023,weighed down by the war in Ukraine,high inflation and monetary policy tightening in major economies.Merchandise trade volume growth fell to 2.7%in 2022 from 9.4%in 2021,while GDP growth at market exch
86、ange rates dropped to 3.0%from 5.9%previously.In contrast to trade in volume terms,trade in current US dollar terms rose at double digit rates in 2022.The value of world merchandise exports increased by 11%to US$24,905 billion,partly due to spiking prices for energy and other primary products.Meanwh
87、ile,commercial services exports rose 16%to US$7,076 billion as the gradual easing of restrictions relating to the COVID-19 pandemic led to a recovery in international travel expenditure.The outlook for trade and GDP in the remainder of 2023 is clouded by downside risks,including heightened geopoliti
88、cal tensions,food and energy insecurity,increased risk of financial instability,and high levels of external debt.The trade slowdown culminated in a 2.1%quarter-on-quarter slump in the fourth quarter of 2022 and a further 0.3%decline in the first quarter of 2023,as high energy prices and rising inter
89、est rates dampened consumption and investment.29Trade and GDP growth in 2022 and the first half of 2023Annual percentage change(%)420246860020202120222.31.44.93.20.45.19.42.73.12.83.43.32.63.35.93.04202468610Merchandise trade volume growthReal GDP growth at market exchange rate
90、sAverage trade growth 2010-2022Average GDP growth 2010-2022In 2022,world merchandise trade growth slowed as the war in Ukraine led to sharp rises in commodity prices.Trade growth is expected to be weaker in 2023 as high interest rates continue to weigh on economic activity.Chart 3.1World merchandise
91、 trade volume and GDP growth,2015-22(Annual percentage change)Source:WTO for merchandise trade volume,consensus estimates for GDP.The volume of world merchandise trade as measured by the average of exports and imports increased by 2.7%in 2022 after growing 9.4%in 2021 as the global economy rebounded
92、 from the COVID-19 pandemic.Trade growth in 2022 was accompanied by real GDP growth at market exchange rates of 3.0%,down from 5.9%in 2021.A 2.7%increase in trade is consistent with WTO forecasts issued after the start of the war in Ukraine but is better than some more pessimistic scenarios consider
93、ed at that time,which would have seen growth as low as 0.5%if economies had split into competing trade blocs.Large-scale trade fragmentation has been avoided so far but remains a concern as geopolitical tensions rise.Trade and output growth are expected to be subpar in 2023,as stubbornly high inflat
94、ion and tighter financial conditions weigh on consumption and investment.The outlook remains clouded by downside risks,including geopolitical tensions,food and energy insecurity,increased risk of financial instability,and high levels of external debt.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 30Volume inde
95、x,2015=030301.20.60.10.53.414.74.11.76.622.17.25.64.13.45.70.31.09095115Year-on-year percentage changeVolume index,2015=100Year-on-year percentage change(%)QuarterYear402021202212023The volume of world merchandise trade grew more strongly than expected in
96、the first three quarters of 2022 before falling sharply in the fourth quarter.Trade continued to contract in the first quarter of 2023 but at a slower pace.Chart 3.2World merchandise trade volume,2019Q1-2023Q1(Volume index 2015=100 and year-on-year percentage change)Source:WTO and UNCTAD.Year-on-yea
97、r growth in the seasonally-adjusted volume of world merchandise trade was surprisingly strong at 4.4%in the first three quarters of 2022,before a 2.1%quarter-on-quarter decline in Q4 reduced growth for the year.Several factors contributed to the trade decline in Q4.High food prices reduced disposabl
98、e incomes of households in many economies,particularly some in Africa and the Middle East that imported large quantities of grain from Ukraine before the war.Meanwhile,high energy prices and rising interest rates raised costs in manufacturing and discouraged investment in industrialized economies,es
99、pecially in Europe.Renewed outbreaks of COVID-19 in China also disrupted production and trade in Q4 but the relaxation of pandemic control measures in the country promises to boost growth in 2023.Merchandise trade volume in Q1 of 2023 was down 1.0%compared to the same period in 2022.Trade growth wil
100、l need to be stronger in the remainder of the year to reach the WTOs forecast of 1.7%for 2023.Merchandise trade volume Volume index,2015=100Chapter III:World trade and economic growth,011070120North AmericaSouth AmericaMiddle EastVolume index,2019=202220232023412
101、314QuarterYear8090North AmericaSouth AmericaaEuropeCISbAfricaMiddle EastAsiaVolume index,2019=202220232023412314QuarterYearMerchandise trade growth has slowed in most regions since the outbreak of the war in Ukraine and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has proven
102、long-lasting.Chart 3.3Merchandise exports and imports by region,2019Q1-2023Q1Volume index,2019=100a Refers to South and Central America and the Caribbean.b Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States,including certain associate and former member states.Source:WTO and UNCTAD.EXPORTSIMPORTS The perfo
103、rmance of merchandise trade across the world was weak toward the end of 2022 and at the start of 2023.Between Q3 of 2022 and Q1 of 2023,the volume of merchandise exports rose in North America(0.7%)but all other regions recorded declines,including Africa(-1.5%),Europe(-1.5%),Asia(-1.9%),South America
104、(-2.6%),the Middle East(-2.8%)and the Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member states(-8.4%).Over the same period,merchandise import volumes declined in South America(-9.4%),Africa(-3.5%),Asia(-3.4%),Europe(-3.2%)and North America(-1.9%).Imports of the Mi
105、ddle East were up slightly(0.8%)while those of the CIS were up more sharply(17.1%)after plunging earlier in the year following the start of the war in Ukraine.The divergence in export volumes among regions that emerged during the pandemic has persisted.In the first quarter of 2023,Asias exports were
106、 still well above their average level in 2019(up 13.3%).Smaller increases were observed over the same time frame in North America(4.7%)and Europe(4.1%),while South America and Europe were mostly unchanged(1%and 0%,respectively).Export volumes were down strongly in Africa(-12.9%)and the CIS region(-1
107、4.5%).Import volumes were up compared to 2019 in all regions except Africa(-1.8%).World Trade Statistical Review 2023 322004006000800EnergyCrude oilNatural gasFoodGrainsFertilizersVolume index,2019=100147 10 147 10 147 10 147 10 02220232021MonthYear070080Natural gas,USNatural g
108、as,JapanNatural gas,EuropeUS$/MMBtu200232021MonthYear147 10 147 10 147 10 147 10 14Prices of primary commodities receded from their 2022 peaks by the middle of 2023 but they remain high compared to 2019.Chart 3.4Monthly average prices for primary commodities,January 2019-May 2023Index 201
109、9=100 and US$per million BtuSource:World Bank.Prices of primary commodities,particularly food and energy,rose sharply in 2022 following the outbreak of the war in Ukraine,helping to stoke inflation in many economies.Prices eventually receded from their peaks but by May 2023 they remained high by his
110、torical standards.Natural gas prices in May 2023 were down 81%from their peak in August 2022 but they were still 38%above their average level in 2019,before the COVID-19 pandemic.Similarly,global grain prices in May were 19%below their 2022 peak but 54%higher than in 2019.Prices of fertilizers also
111、remained very high,up 87%in May compared to 2019.Natural gas prices tend to diverge strongly across regions due to a fixed transport infrastructure that prevents gas from being easily transported from one part of the world to another.In September 2022,European gas prices were more than eight times h
112、igher than in January 2021.Prices in the United States tripled over the same period but remained low compared to Europe(US$7.76 per million Btu in the United States compared to US$59.10 in Europe).By May 2023,natural gas prices in Europe were still more than double their 2019 level and prices in Asi
113、a were up by one-third but North American prices were down 16%.Commodity pricesChapter III:World trade and economic growth,11095115Indices,2019=002220232021MonthYearThe appreciation of the US dollar in 2022,driven by rising US interest rates,may have c
114、ontributed to weaker global trade growth in both volume and value terms.Chart 3.5US dollar nominal and real effective exchange rates,Jan.2019-May 2023(Indices,2019=100)Source:Bank for International Settlements(BIS).The US dollar appreciated steadily in nominal effective terms against a broad basket
115、of currencies during the first three quarters of 2022,peaking in October with an increase of 12.7%compared to the same month in the previous year.This appreciation included a 17.7%rise in the value of the dollar against the euro,a 12.0%rise against the Chinese renminbi and a 30%rise against the Japa
116、nese yen.The appreciation of the US dollar in real effective terms was even greater at 13.5%in October 2022.A real appreciation means that US goods can be exchanged for more imported goods after accounting for differences in inflation across economies.A general appreciation of the US currency tends
117、to reduce the value of trade flows measured in US dollars.For developing economies,dollar appreciation and high US interest rates often translate into rising import prices,increasing inflationary pressures and raising debt service costs.Between October 2022 and May 2023,the value of the US dollar in
118、 terms of other currencies fell 5.9%,which could help ease strains in global financial markets.Exchange rates Real effective exchange rateNominal effective exchange rateWorld Trade Statistical Review 2023 340060Total merchandiseAgricultural productsFuels and mining productsManufactured go
119、ods45622 Q22022 Q32022 Q42023 Q1Year-on-year percentage change in US$values(%)Merchandise trade growth in value terms dropped to near zero in the fourth quarter of 2022,prompted by falling trade values for fuels and mining products.Chart 3.6Growth in world merchandise trade by
120、sector,2022Q2-2023Q1(Year-on-year percentage change in US$values)Note:Trade refers to average of exports and imports.Source:WTO estimates.Year-on-year growth in the US dollar value of world merchandise trade fell from 17%in the second quarter of 2022 to 1%in the fourth quarter.Trade growth in the fi
121、rst quarter of 2023 was even weaker,-2%compared to the same period in the previous year.The US dollar value of trade in agricultural products was up 13%year-on-year in the second quarter of 2022 but by the first quarter of 2023 it was only up 4%.Year-on-year growth in fuels and mining products trade
122、 fell sharply,from 59%in the second quarter of 2022 to-5%in the first quarter of 2023.Over the same period,growth in manufactured goods trade fell from 9%to-4%.Merchandise and commercial services trade valuesChapter III:World trade and economic growth,0604080WorldNorth AmericaSouth Am
123、ericaaEuropeCISbAfricaMiddle EastAsia690752022 Q22022 Q32022 Q42023 Q1Year-on-year percentage change in US$values(%)Merchandise export growth in value terms slowed across all regions,turning negative in Asia and the CIS region in the fourth quarter of 2022
124、.Chart 3.7Growth in merchandise exports by region,2022Q2-2023Q1(Year-on-year percentage change in US$values)a Refers to South and Central America and the Caribbean.b Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States,including certain former and associate members.Source:WTO estimates.Year-on-year growth i
125、n the US dollar value of merchandise exports slowed across the world in the second half of 2022 and into 2023,with steeper declines registered by oil-producing regions.Exports were most resilient in North America,where merchandise trade growth declined from 23%in the second quarter of 2022 to 5%in t
126、he first quarter of 2023.Growth also remained positive in Europe,dropping from 9%to 3%over the same period.Export growth in the first quarter of 2023 was negative in all other regions,including South America(-0.4%),Asia(-5%),the Middle East(-7%),Africa(-10%),and the Commonwealth of independent State
127、s(CIS),including certain former and associate members(-28%).Growth already turned negative in Asia in Q4 of 2022(-6%),partly due to renewed COVID-19 outbreaks in China that disrupted production and trade.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 3640WorldNorth AmericaSouth AmericaaEuropeCISbAfr
128、icaMiddle EastAsia4235062022 Q22022 Q32022 Q42023 Q1Year-on-year percentage change in US$values(%)Merchandise import growth turned negative in most regions in early 2023,except in certain oil-exporting regions with substantial export revenues.Chart 3.8Grow
129、th in merchandise imports by region,2022Q2-2023Q1(Year-on-year percentage change in US$values)a Refers to South and Central America and the Caribbean.b Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States,including certain former and associate members.Source:WTO estimates.Year-on-year growth in the value of
130、 merchandise imports turned negative in the first quarter of 2023 in most regions as declining food and energy prices reduced import bills.Imports were down 6%in Asia,5%in South America,2%in Africa,2%in North America and 1%in Europe.In contrast,imports were up 10%in the Middle East and 16%in the CIS
131、 region as high oil and natural gas prices boosted domestic revenues and allowed more goods to be purchased from abroad.Chapter III:World trade and economic growth,2022-2337Year-on-year percentage change in US$values(%)02040608010020120Commercial servicesGoods-related servicesTransport servicesTrave
132、lOther commercial services522 Q12022 Q22022 Q32022 Q4Commercial services trade slowed toward the end of 2022,with low or negative growth in Q4 in all categories other than travel,which continued to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.Chart 3.9World commercial services
133、 exports by category,2022Q1-2022Q4(Year-on-year percentage change in US$values)Source:WTO and UNCTAD.Year-on-year growth in the US dollar value of world commercial services trade fell from 17%in the first quarter of 2022 to just 1%in the fourth quarter.The decline was partly due to slowing economic
134、growth in major economies and an appreciating dollar in 2022,which tends to reduce the value of trade flows measured in dollars.Transport services recorded a 4%year-on-year decline in Q4 of 2022,after being up 40%in Q1.A key factor in the decline was shipping rates,which fell around 75%between the s
135、tart of the year and the end.The category of“other commercial services”,which includes financial services,was down 2%year-on-year in Q4 while goods-related services trade was up 4%.The category of travel was up 38%in Q4 of 2022,partly as a result of the low base in the previous year when pandemic-re
136、lated controls remained in place in some economies.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 38050250United StatesUnited KingdomaChinaaGermanyFranceIndiaa34622206822034610Commercial servicesTransportTravelOtherYear-on-year percentage change in US$values(%)Travel services r
137、ecorded strong growth in the first half of 2023 and are expected to receive a further boost from a return of Chinese tourists during the summer.Chart 3.10Commercial services exports of selected economies,Jan-April 2023(Year-on-year percentage change in US$values)a Refers to January-March.Source:WTO
138、and UNCTAD.Data for major services-exporting economies showed continued growth in travel in the first half of 2023 paired with declines in transport services in some economies.Travel exports of the United States were up 44%year-on-year between January and April as tourism continued to benefit from p
139、ent-up demand following the COVID-19 pandemic.France and Germany also saw strong travel growth of 36%and 22%during the same period.China and the United Kingdom both recorded 28%year-on-year growth in travel during the first quarter of 2023 while India registered a very strong 206%increase.Travel is
140、expected to get a boost from Chinese visitors during the summer following the relaxation of pandemic controls.During the first few months of 2023,exports of transport services were down 46%year-on-year in China,18%in France,15%in India and 9%in Germany.Meanwhile,growth remained positive in the Unite
141、d Kingdom(33%)and the United States(14%).The decline in China was mostly the result of lower shipping rates while the decline in Germany also reflected falling shipping volumes.Exports of other services(including the categories of goods-related services and other business services)continued to recor
142、d moderate year-on-year growth,including a 2%rise in the United States,and an 4%increase in China.The exception was Germany,with a 6%decline.Chapter III:World trade and economic growth,4550552560Headline Global PMINew export ordersDiffusion index,base=5020022202320214 7 104
143、 7 104 7 104 7 104 7 104MonthYear30405060702080Input pricesOutput pricesStocks of finished goodsSupplier delivery timesDiffusion index,base=5020022202320214 7 104 7 104 7 104 7 104 7 104MonthYearOther trade-related indicatorsPurchasing managers indices(PMIs)up to May 2023 showed continued
144、 weakness in exports of manufactured goods together with reduced inflationary pressures.Chart 3.11Global Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Indices(PMIs),January 2018-May 2023Diffusion index,base=50Source:J.P.Morgan and S&P Global.Note:Values greater than 50 indicate expansion while values less than
145、50 denote contraction.The global purchasing managers index(PMI)is a leading economic indicator based on surveys of businesses in more than 40 economies.Values greater than 50 indicate expansion while values less than 50 denote contraction.The Manufacturing PMIs headline index remained flat at 49.6 i
146、n May 2023 while the new export orders sub-index dipped to 47.3,suggesting continuing weakness in goods trade.Other sub-indices of the Manufacturing PMI cast light on the state of global supply chains.The sub-indices of input and output prices have both returned to near the baseline of 50 from highe
147、r levels at the start of 2022,indicating a reduction in inflationary pressure.Other indices show supplier delivery times shortening and stocks of goods close to intended levels,suggesting supply chain issues that were disrupting trade in the first half of 2022 have mostly disappeared.World Trade Sta
148、tistical Review 2023 4090130Index,2015=1002023MonthYear20024704Container shipping plateaued at a high level in 2022 before declining toward the end of the year,signalling weakness in goods trade into 2023.Chart 3.12Global c
149、ontainer throughput,January 2015-May 2023(Index,2015=100)Source:Leibniz Institute for Economic Research and Institute for Shipping Economics and Research.Note:The index is based on data from 92 ports accounting for 64%of global container traffic.Throughput subsequently fell nearly 5%between June 202
150、2 and March 2023 as global demand for traded goods eased and as economic growth slowed.An upturn in container throughput in May 2023 could signal the beginning of a turnaround in trade although the outlook remains clouded by numerous downside risks.Seasonally-adjusted global container throughput pea
151、ked in June 2022,having been mostly flat since October 2020.Original seriesSeasonally and working day adjustedChapter III:World trade and economic growth,2022-2341Composition of geographical and economic groupings44Definitions and methodology44Specific notes for selected economies51Statistical sourc
152、es52Abbreviations and symbols53Composition,definitions&methodology 42Chapter IV4343 North America South and Central America and the Caribbean Europe Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member states Africa Middle East AsiaComposition of geographical and eco
153、nomic groupings Definitions and methodology Refer to the WTO Stats Portals Technical Notes for country group definitions at stats.wto.org.Exports and importsTwo systems of recording merchandise exports and imports are in common use.They are referred to as general trade and special trade and differ m
154、ainly in the way warehoused and re-exported goods are treated.General trade figures are larger than the corresponding special trade figures because the latter exclude certain trade flows,such as goods shipped through bonded warehouses.To the extent possible,total merchandise trade is defined in this
155、 report according to the general trade definition.It covers all types of inward and outward movement of goods through a country or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones.Goods include all merchandise that either add to or subtract from the stock of material resources
156、 of a country or territory by entering(imports)or leaving(exports)the countrys economic territory.For further explanations,see United Nations International Trade Statistics,Concepts and Definitions,Series M,N 52,Revision 3.Unless otherwise indicated,exports are valued at transaction value,including
157、the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting country or territory(“free on board”valuation).Imports are valued at transaction value plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing country or territory(“cost,insuranc
158、e and freight”valuation).Merchandise tradeWorld Trade Statistical Review 2023 44A.Primary products(i)Agricultural products(SITC sections 0,1,2 and 4 minus divisions 27 and 28)of which,-Food(SITC sections 0,1,4 and division 22)of which,0-Food and live animals1-Beverages and tobacco4-Animal and vegeta
159、ble oils,fats and waxes22-Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits-Fish(SITC division 03)-Other food products and live animals(SITC sections 0,1,4 and division 22 minus division 03)-Raw materials(SITC divisions 21,23,24,25,26,29)of which,21-Hides,skins and fur skins,raw23-Crude rubber(including synthetic and
160、 reclaimed)24-Cork and wood25-Pulp and waste paper26-Textile fibres(other than wool tops and other combed wool)and their wastes(not manufactured into yarn or fabric)29-Crude animal and vegetable materials,not elsewhere specified(ii)Fuels and mining products(SITC section 3 and divisions 27,28,68)of w
161、hich,-Ores and other minerals(SITC divisions 27,28)of which,27-Crude fertilizers,other than those of division 56,and crude minerals(excluding coal,petroleum and precious stones)28-Metalliferous ores and metal scrap-Fuels(SITC section 3)-Non-ferrous metals(SITC division 68)Product group definitionsPr
162、oductsAll product groups are defined according to Revision 3 of the Standard International Trade Classification(SITC)and to Revision 4 of the Classification by Broad Economic Categories(BEC).Throughout this report,other food products and live animals;beverages and tobacco;animal and vegetable oils,f
163、ats and waxes;oilseeds and oleaginous fruit are referred to as other food products;electronic data processing and office equipment is referred to as EDP and office equipment;and integrated circuits and electronic components is referred to as integrated circuits.Agricultural products according to the
164、 AoA(WTO Agreement on Agriculture)definition refer to HS chapters 1 to 24(excluding fish and fish products)and a number of manufactured agricultural products(for further information see“The Legal Texts,The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Negotiations”,WTO).This definition does not corre
165、spond to the definition of agricultural products presented in the breakdown of merchandise trade by main product group,as indicated below.B.Manufactures(SITC sections 5,6,7,8 minus division 68 and group 891)(i)Iron and steel(SITC division 67)(ii)Chemicals(SITC section 5)of which,-Pharmaceuticals(SIT
166、C division 54)-Other chemicals(SITC divisions 51,52,53,55,56,57,58,59)of which,51-Organic chemicals52-Inorganic chemicals53-Dyeing,tanning and coloring materials55-Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials;toilet,polishing and cleaning preparations56-Fertilizers(other than those of Group 27
167、2,i.e.Fertilizers,crude)57-Plastics in primary forms58-Plastics in non-primary forms59-Chemical materials and products,not elsewhere specifiedChapter IV:Composition,definitions&methodology45(iii)Other semi-manufactures(SITC divisions 61,62,63,64,66,69)of which,61-Leather,leather manufactures,not els
168、ewhere specified and dressed fur skins62-Rubber manufactures,not elsewhere specified63-Cork and wood manufactures(excluding furniture)64-Paper,paperboard and articles of paper pulp,of paper or of paperboard66-Non-metallic mineral manufactures,not elsewhere specified69-Manufactures of metals,not else
169、where specified(iv)Machinery and transport equipment(SITC section 7)-Office and telecommunication equipment(SITC divisions 75,76 and group 776)of which,-Electronic data processing and office equipment(SITC division 75)-Telecommunications equipment(SITC division 76)-Integrated circuits,and electronic
170、 components(SITC group 776)-Transport equipment(SITC group 713,sub-group 7783 and divisions 78,79)of which,78-Road vehicles(including air-cushion vehicles)79-Other transport equipment-Automotive products(SITC groups 781,782,783,784 and subgroups 7132,7783)of which,781-Motor cars and other motor vehi
171、cles principally designed for the transport of persons(other than public-transport type vehicles),including station wagons and racing cars782-Motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special purpose motor vehicles783-Road motor vehicles,not elsewhere specified784-Parts and accessories of the mo
172、tor vehicles and tractors7132-Internal combustion piston engines for propelling vehicles listed above-Other transport equipment(SITC division 79,groups 713,785,786 minus sub-group 7132)of which,79-Other transport equipment713-Internal combustion piston engines,and parts thereof,not elsewhere specifi
173、ed785-Motorcycles and cycles,motorized and non-motorized786-Trailers and semi-trailers,other vehicles(not mechanically propelled),and specially designed and equipped transport containers-Other machinery(SITC divisions 71,72,73,74,77 minus groups 713,776 minus sub-group 7783)of which,-Power generatin
174、g machinery(SITC division 71 minus group 713)of which,71-Power generating machinery and equipment minus713-Internal combustion piston engines,and parts thereof,not elsewhere specified-Non-electrical machinery(SITC divisions 72,73,74)of which,72-Machinery specialized for particular industries73-Metal
175、 working machinery74-General industrial machinery and equipment,not elsewhere specified and machine parts,not elsewhere specified-Electrical machinery(SITC division 77 minus group 776 and subgroup 7783)of which,77-Electrical machinery,apparatus and appliances,not elsewhere specified and electrical p
176、arts thereof minus776-Thermionic,cold cathode or photo-cathode valves and tubes7783-Electrical equipment,not elsewhere specified,for internal combustion engines and vehicles;and parts thereof(v)Textiles(SITC division 65)(vi)Clothing(SITC division 84)(vii)Other manufactures(SITC divisions 81,82,83,85
177、,87,88,89 excluding group 891)of which,-Personal and household goods(SITC divisions 82,83 and 85)of which,82-Furniture and parts thereof,bedding,mattresses,mattress supports,cushions and similar stuffed furnishings83-Travel goods,handbags and similar containers85-FootwearWorld Trade Statistical Revi
178、ew 2023 46economy of the owner after processing are not recorded in the balance of payments statistics compiled according to BPM6;further,if the goods are sold to a third economy after processing,then the value of the goods(including the value of processing)is recorded as an export of the economy of
179、 the owner and an import of the third economy;the value of the processing is recorded as an export of services of the processing economy and an import of services of the economy of the owner.Differences between BOP(BPM6)and national accounts statistics and IMTS can be found in the International Merc
180、handise Trade Statistics:Compilers Manual,Revision 1(IMTS 2010-CM),Chapter XXIV Section B“Goods to be recorded differently in IMTS and BPM6/national accounts”(p.250).(http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/publications/seriesf_87Rev1_e_cover.pdf)Refer to Table 11.1(p.177)in the Balance of Payments and Inte
181、rnational Investment Position Compilation Guide(BPM6 Compilation Guide(imf.org)Merchandise trade statistics serve as an input for the compilation of the goods account in the balance of payments(BOP)and the rest of the world account in the System of National Accounts(SNA).The compilation of internati
182、onal merchandise trade statistics(IMTS)relies principally on customs records complemented,as appropriate,by additional sources to enhance their coverage(for instance,to include electricity,or trade in vessels and aircrafts).These statistics essentially reflect the physical movement of goods across b
183、orders,while National Accounts and BOP statistics record transactions that involve change in ownership.Goods for processing with or without change of ownership are recorded in merchandise statistics when they enter or leave the economic territory,irrespective of whether a change in ownership takes p
184、lace.However,goods supplied to another economy for processing without a change of ownership and returned to the C.Other products:commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere(including gold);arms and ammunition(SITC section 9 and group 891)9-Commodities and transactions not classified elsewh
185、ere in SITC891-Arms and AmmunitionD.Intermediate products include all parts and accessories as well as industrial primary and processed intermediate products.The“fuels and lubricants”category(BEC chapter 3)was excluded.BEC headings 42,53,111,121,21,22Merchandise trade and the goods account in balanc
186、e of payments statistics Trade in commercial services between residents and non-residents of an economy(BPM6)Depending on the location of the supplier and the consumer,the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS)defines four modes of supply.In addition to the cross-border supply(mode 1),where bo
187、th the supplier and the consumer remain in their respective home territories,GATS also covers cases where consumers are outside their home territory to consume services(mode 2 consumption abroad),or where service suppliers are in the territory of the consumers to provide their services,whether by es
188、tablishing affiliates through direct investment abroad(mode 3 commercial presence),or through the presence of natural persons(mode 4).An economys Balance of Payments,namely the services account,can be used to derive estimates covering trade in commercial services for modes 1,2 and 4.The Balance of P
189、ayments does however not include most of the information on services supplied through foreign affiliates that is required to estimate the size of mode 3.A framework for collecting these data,the“Foreign Affiliates Statistics(FATS)”was adopted by the international statistical community for the first
190、time in 2002,and then further developed in 2010.-Scientific and controlling instruments(SITC division 87)-Miscellaneous manufactures(SITC divisions 81,88 and 89 minus group 891)of which,81-Prefabricated buildings,sanitary plumbing,heating and lighting fixtures and fittings,not elsewhere specified88-
191、Photographic apparatus,equipment and supplies and optical goods,not elsewhere specified;watches and clocks89-Miscellaneous manufactured articles,not elsewhere specifiedChapter IV:Composition,definitions&methodology47 Definition of commercial services in the Balance of PaymentsIn the sixth edition of
192、 the Balance of Payments Manual,the current account is subdivided into goods,services(including government goods and services,n.i.e.),primary income,and secondary income.Commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services,n.i.e.Commercial services are sub-divide
193、d into goods-related services,transport,travel,and other commercial services.The BPM6 contains the following 12 standard services components:(1)Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others(2)Maintenance and repair services,n.i.e.(3)Transport(4)Travel(5)Construction(6)Insurance and pensi
194、on services(7)Financial services(8)Charges for the use of intellectual property,n.i.e.(9)Telecommunications,computer and information services(10)Other business services(11)Personal,cultural and recreational services(12)Government goods and services,n.i.e.Manufacturing services on physical inputs own
195、ed by others cover processing,assembly,labelling,packing,and similar activities undertaken by enterprises that do not own the goods concerned and are paid a fee by the owner.Only the fee charged by the processor,which may cover the cost of materials purchased,is included under this item.Examples inc
196、lude oil refining,liquefaction of natural gas,assembly of clothing and electronics,assembly,labelling,and packing.Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.cover maintenance and repair work by residents on goods that are owned by non-residents(and vice versa).The repairs may be performed at the site of
197、the repairer or elsewhere.The value recorded for maintenance and repairs is the value of the work done not the gross value of the goods before and after repairs.Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others and Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.form a new WTO aggregate named“Goods-re
198、lated services”.Transport is the process of carriage of people and objects from one location to another as well as related supporting and auxiliary services.Transport can be classified according to:(i)mode of transport,namely,sea,air,or other(“other”may be further broken down into rail,road,internal
199、 waterway,pipeline,and space transport as well as electricity transmission);and(ii)what is carried passengers or freight.Also included are postal and courier services.Travel credits cover goods and services for own use or to give away acquired by non-residents from an economy during visits to that e
200、conomy.Travel debits cover goods and services for own use or to give away acquired from other economies by residents of the reporting economy during visits to these other economies.The most common goods and services covered are lodging,food and beverages,entertainment and transportation(within the e
201、conomy visited),gifts and souvenirs.Travel is further subdivided into:(i)personal travel and(ii)business travel.The aggregate category“Other commercial services”corresponds to the following components defined in BPM6:Construction covers the creation,renovation,repair,or extension of fixed assets in
202、the form of buildings,land improvements of an engineering nature,and other similar engineering constructions such as roads,bridges,dams,and so forth.It also includes related installation and assembly work,site preparation,specialized services such as painting,plumbing,and demolition,and management o
203、f construction projects.Construction also covers the acquisition of goods and services by the enterprises undertaking construction work from the economy of location of the construction work.Construction can be divided into(i)construction abroad and(ii)construction in the compiling economy.Insurance
204、and pension services include services of providing life insurance and annuities,nonlife insurance,reinsurance,freight insurance,pensions,standardized guarantees,and auxiliary services to insurance,pension schemes,and standardized guarantee schemes.Financial services cover financial intermediary and
205、auxiliary services,except insurance and pension fund services,provided by banks and other financial corporations.They include deposit taking and lending,letters of credit,credit card services,commissions and charges related to Exports(credits or receipts)and imports(debits or payments)of commercial
206、services are included in balance of payments statistics,in conformity with the concepts,definitions and classification of the sixth(2009)edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Trade in commercial services between residents and non-residents of an economy(BPM6),exports and importsand International In
207、vestment Position Manual (BPM6)as well as the 2010 edition of the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services(MSITS 2010).World Trade Statistical Review 2023 48financial leasing,factoring,underwriting,and clearing of payments.Also included are financial advisory services,custody of finan
208、cial assets or bullion,financial asset management,monitoring services,liquidity provision services,risk assumption services other than insurance,merger and acquisition services,credit rating services,stock exchange services,and trust services.Financial services may be charged for by:(i)explicit char
209、ges;(ii)margins on buying and selling transactions;(iii)asset management costs deducted from property income receivable in the case of asset-holding entities;or(iv)margins between interest payable and the reference rate on loans and deposits(called financial intermediation service charges indirectly
210、 measured FISIM).Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.include:(i)Charges for the use of proprietary rights(such as patents,trademarks,copyrights,industrial processes and designs including trade secrets,franchises);these rights can arise from research and development,as well as from mar
211、keting;and(ii)Charges for licenses to reproduce or distribute(or both)intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes(such as copyrights on books and manuscripts,computer software,cinematographic works,and sound recordings)and related rights(such as for live performances and telev
212、ision,cable,or satellite broadcast).For the purpose of this report,all references to intellectual property(IP)services or intellectual property related services refer only to“Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.”.Telecommunications,computer and information services cover(i)Telecommuni
213、cations services,which encompass the broadcast or transmission of sound,images,data,or other information by telephone,telex,telegram,radio and television cable transmission,radio and television satellite,electronic mail,facsimile,and so forth,including business network services,teleconferencing,and
214、support services;(ii)Computer services consisting of hardware-and software-related services and data processing services;(iii)Information services including news agency services,such as the provision ofnews,photographs,and feature articles to the media as well as database services.Other business ser
215、vices include(i)Research and development services,(ii)Professional and management consulting services and(iii)Technical,trade-related and other business services.(i)Research and development services consist of services that are associated with basic and applied research,and experimental development
216、of new products and processes.(ii)Professional and management consulting services include(a)legal services,accounting,management consulting,managerial services,and public relations services;and(b)advertising,market research,and public opinion polling services.(iii)Technical,trade-related,and other b
217、usiness services include:(a)architectural,engineering,and other technical services;(b)waste treatment and depollution,agricultural,and mining services;(c)operating leasing services;(d)trade-related services;and(e)other business services n.i.e.Personal,cultural,and recreational services consist of(i)
218、Audio-visual and related services and(ii)other personal,cultural,and recreational services.(i)Audio-visual and related services cover services and fees related to the production of motion pictures(on film,videotape,disk,or transmitted electronically,etc.),radio and television programs(live or on tap
219、e),and musical recordings.(ii)Other personal,cultural,and recreational services include(a)health services,(b)education services,(c)heritage and recreational services,and(d)other personal services.Health services as well as education services are provided remotely or on-site.Data on exports and impor
220、ts of total services(including government goods and services n.i.e),other services(including government goods and services n.i.e)as well as government goods and services n.i.e.are available as memorandum items in the WTO DATA Portal.Memo items:Total services(Commercial services plus Government goods
221、 and services n.i.e)Other services(Other commercial services plus Government goods and services n.i.e)Government goods and services n.i.eGovernment goods and services n.i.e.cover:(a)goods and services supplied by and to enclaves,such as embassies,military bases,and international organizations;(b)goo
222、ds and services acquired from the host economy by diplomats,consular staff,and military personnel located abroad and their dependents;(c)services supplied by and to governments and not included in other categories of services.Coverage and comparabilityWhile many economies worldwide have fully implem
223、ented the BPM6 for the recording of their Balance of Payments services transactions,some are still compiling their statistics according to the BPM5 methodology.Consequently,comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete.It should be noted in particular that world and regional estimate
224、s of trade in new services items such as Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others and Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.may be underestimated,as some economies do not report these items yet.While the coverage and comparability of trade in services statistics have improved signif
225、icantly over the years,the data remain subject to recognized limitations,such as i)certain countries do not collect figures for all items,ii)statistically capturing some services items remains difficult(more notably on the imports side),iii)data can be reported on a net rather than gross basis,iv)ce
226、rtain transactions may prove complex to classify appropriately,v)different sources,data collection and estimation methods lead to diverse results,etc.These distortions are more significant on detailed items levels and may lead to considerable asymmetries among countries reported trade flows by origi
227、n and destination.Chapter IV:Composition,definitions&methodology49The new statistical framework on Foreign Affiliates Statistics(FATS)is developed in the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010,the OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment and the OECD Handbook on E
228、conomic Globalisation Indicators.The statistical framework covers both goods and services producing enterprises.It analyses the universe of affiliates for which foreign investors own more than 50percent of the voting power or equity interest.Depending on the compilers view,one can distinguish inward
229、 FATS,that is,activities of foreign-owned affiliates in the compiling economy,or,outward FATS,that is,foreign affiliates of the compiling economy active abroad.Variables such as sales,value added,number of employees,etc.are used to describe the affiliates activities.These variables are broken down b
230、y country of origin or destination of investments and also by type of primary activity of the The statistical definition of digitally delivered trade is “All international trade transactions that are delivered remotely over computer networks”,which is contained in the second edition of the IMF-OECD-
231、UNCTAD-WTO Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade(2023).The Handbook adopts the convention that only services can be delivered digitally.This is consistent with international statistical standards.The Handbook identifies the following service categories in the Extended Balance of Payments Services clas
232、sification(EBOPS 2010)as digitally deliverable.On this basis of this list,the WTO has estimated the value of services exports that are actually digitally delivered cross border.Insurance and pension servicesaffiliates.The United States also provide a breakdown into total supply of goods and total su
233、pply of services products.In the case of services industries the concept of supply(or output)is based on measures that better capture service output(i.e.the margin).This mainly has an impact on the measurement of activities of wholesalers and retailers,insurers and financial intermediaries.From a GA
234、TS perspective,the size of mode 3 in a given country can be approximated through the value of the output(or supply)of services by foreign-owned affiliates.In the absence of data on output,sales of services are used.FATS are currently available mainly for OECD and a small number of non-OECD economies
235、.Given the recent development of these statistics,comparability and coverage of individual economy data may not always be complete.Availability of detailed data and long-time series varies considerably between economies.Foreign Affiliates StatisticsDigitally delivered servicesOther definitions and m
236、ethodsIn June 2020,the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA)has revised and expanded its statistics on trade in services for 1999 onwards.As a result,the classification of certain services transactions,such as audiovisual services,was amended to align them with international statistical gui
237、delines.Thus,statistics contained in the 2020 and later editions are not comparable with earlier reports.For more information,consult https:/apps.bea.gov/scb/2020/04-april/0420-international-annual-revision-preview.htm#trade-services.Statistics on trade in services for the aggregate“European Union”r
238、eflect the sum of trade of individual member countries.Annual changesThroughout this report,average annual percentage changes are analogous to compound interest rates.In calculating the average annual rate of change between 2010 and 2020,for example,data for calendar year 2010 were taken as the star
239、ting point,and data for calendar year 2020 as the end point.World merchandise trade indicesThe volume indices and the deflators(i.e.price indices or unit values)are taken from a range of different international and national sources.The reported deflators and volume indices may not always be availabl
240、e for the most recent years or may differ in product coverage from the corresponding value indices.Aggregation of the indices to obtain a world total is a two-tier process.First,export and import deflators from national and Financial services Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.Teleco
241、mmunications,computer,and information services Research and development services Professional and management consulting services Architectural,engineering,scientific,and other technical services Trade-related services Other business services n.i.e.Audio-visual and related services Health services Ed
242、ucation services Heritage and recreational servicesWorld Trade Statistical Review 2023 50Merchandise trade statistics of the European UnionBeginning with the 2002 report,EU data compiled according to national statistical practices have been replaced,starting 1993,with data compiled by Eurostat in ac
243、cordance with EU legislation.The concepts and definitions adopted by the EU are in line with the United Nations International Trade Statistics,Concepts and Definitions,Series M,N 52,Revision 3.As a result,the conceptual differences between EU member states data have been substantially reduced.Moreov
244、er,for the EU as a whole,Eurostat data are more timely than the previous source,thus reducing substantially the amount of estimation included in the EU aggregate.Since January 1993,statistics on the trade between the member states of the EU have been collected through the“Intrastat”system(see GATT 1
245、994,International Trade Trends and Statistics).The coverage of this system,which relies on reports submitted by firms for transactions above a minimum value,is not as wide as the previous one,which was based on customs declarations.This is particularly noticeable on the import side.For example,prior
246、 to the adoption of the Intrastat system,reported intra-EU imports(c.i.f.)closely matched reported intra-EU exports(f.o.b.).As of 2012,data on merchandise trade values for Switzerland includes trade in non-monetary gold.Specific notes for selected economiesMajor breaks in data continuity of merchand
247、ise tradeinternational sources are complemented with WTO and UNCTAD estimates for missing data.They are then aggregated to obtain regional totals.The volume index for each region is obtained by dividing the respective trade value index for each region by the corresponding regional deflator.Second,th
248、e total world merchandise volume index is obtained by deflating the world trade value with the aggregate of regional deflators.Throughout the aggregation process trade values of the previous year are used as weights.World gross domestic productWorld GDP growth is estimated as a weighted average of i
249、ndividual economies real GDP growth.The weights used are shares of the economies previous year GDP at 2005 constant prices converted to dollars at market exchange rates.The use of official exchange rates which are not market-based for some major economies,together with the fluctuations of the United
250、 States dollar vis-vis major currencies,can have a significant impact on the weighting pattern.The increasing use of weights based on purchasing power parities(PPP)by other international organizations is meant to attenuate“anomalies”linked to these factors.In a period of widely diverging growth rate
251、s among countries and regions,the choice of the weighting pattern can have a marked influence on the global growth estimate.For the 2000-2011 period,global growth estimates based on PPP-weights indicate a significantly faster growth than estimates using weights based on GDP data measured at market e
252、xchange rates.This is because of differences in the two weighting patterns.Re-exports and re-importsUnder the system of general trade adopted in this report,re-exports are included in total merchandise trade.However,in the case of Hong Kong,China,the magnitude of its reexports,if included in regiona
253、l or world aggregates,would adversely affect the analytical value of the statistics by introducing a significant element of double counting.Therefore,Hong Kong,Chinas re-exports are excluded from the world and Asia(unless otherwise indicated);only Hong Kong,Chinas domestic exports and retained impor
254、ts are included in the totals.Merchandise trade flows between the European Union member states include trade associated with fraudulent VAT declaration,which concerns mainly office and telecommunications equipment.Chapter IV:Composition,definitions&methodology51Statistical sourcesMost frequently use
255、d international data sources are:EIU,The Economist Intelligence UnitEUROSTAT,Comext and on-line databasesFAO,FAOSTAT Agriculture databaseFAO,Production YearbookIMF,Balance of Payments StatisticsIMF,International Financial StatisticsIMF,World Economic Outlook databaseOECD,Main Economic IndicatorsOECD
256、,Measuring Globalisation:The Role of Multinationals in OECD EconomiesOECD,Monthly Statistics of International TradeOECD,National AccountsOECD,Statistics on International Trade in ServicesOECD/IEA,Energy Prices&TaxesTDM,Trade Data MonitorUNCTAD,UNCTADStat database UNECE,Economic Survey of EuropeUNECL
257、AC,Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the CaribbeanUNIDO,National Accounts Statistics DatabaseUNSD,Comtrade database UNSD,International Trade Statistics YearbookUNSD,Monthly Bulletin of StatisticsWorld Bank,World Development IndicatorsFigures for total merchandise trade are largely deriv
258、ed from national sources,supplemented by international databases and Secretariat estimates.Data on merchandise trade by product are mainly obtained from Eurostats Comext database,the Trade Data Monitor and UNSDs Comtrade database.Some inconsistencies in the aggregate export and import data for the s
259、ame country or territory between sources are inevitable.These can be attributed to the use of different systems of recording trade,to the way in which data sources have converted data expressed in national currencies into dollars,and different implementation of historical revisions.Statistics on tra
260、de in commercial services are mainly drawn from the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and the Trade in Services by Partner Country dataset of the OECD.Data for European Union members are drawn from Eurostats on-line database.European Union figures for partner“World”are the aggregates of its 27 memb
261、ers(per 2020 membership)country data.European Union intra-trade and extra-trade are the aggregated statistics,based on the quarterly BOP data set,published by Eurostat,and may not correspond to total EU aggregates,which are based on annual statistics of the individual countries.For other economies t
262、hat do not report to the IMF(e.g.,Chinese Taipei)data are drawn from national sources.Estimations for missing data are mainly based on national statistics.Acknowledgements are due to the Food and Agriculture Organization,the International Monetary Fund,the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
263、Development,the Statistical Office of the European Communities,the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean,the United Nations Statistics Division,the United Nations Industrial Development Organization,the World Intellec
264、tual Property Organization and the World Bank whose assistance in supplying advance information has greatly facilitated the work of the Secretariat.Acknowledgements are also due to national institutions for providing advance statistics.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 52ACPAfrican,Caribbean and P
265、acific Group of StatesAfCFTAAfrican Continental Free Trade AreaASEANAssociation of South-East Asian NationsAFTA ASEANFree Trade AreaBOPBalance of PaymentsBPM6Balance of Payments Manual,sixth editionCACMCentral American Common MarketCARICOMCaribbean Common MarketCEMACEconomic and Monetary Community o
266、f Central AfricaCISCommonwealth of Independent States,including associate and former member statesCOMESACommon Market for Eastern and Southern AfricaECOWASEconomic Community of West African StatesEFTAEuropean Free Trade AssociationEUEuropean UnionEUROSTATStatistical Office of the European Communitie
267、sFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFATSForeign Affiliates StatisticsFDIForeign Direct InvestmentGCCGulf Co-operation CouncilGDPGross Domestic ProductGNPGross National ProductHSHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding SystemIEAInternational Energy AgencyIMFInternational Mon
268、etary FundITCInternational Trade CentreISICInternational Standard Industrial ClassificationLDCsLeast-developed countriesMERCOSURSouthern Common MarketNAFTANorth American Free Trade AgreementOECDOrganization for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPAPacific AllianceSAARCSouth Asian Association for R
269、egional Co-operationSADCSouth African Development CommunitySAFTASouth Asian Free Trade AreaSITCStandard International Trade ClassificationTDMTrade Data MonitorWAEMUWest African Economic and Monetary UnionUNECEUnited Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUNECLACUnited Nations Economic Commission for
270、Latin America and the CaribbeanUNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNIDOUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNSDUnited Nations Statistics DivisionThe following symbols are used in this publication:not available or growth rates exceeding 500%0 figure is zero or becam
271、e zero due to rounding-not applicableUS$United States dollarsQ1,Q2,Q3,Q4 1st quarter,2nd quarter,3rd quarter,4th quarterI break in comparability of data series.Data after the symbol do not form a consistent series with those from earlier years.Billion means one thousand million.Minor discrepancies b
272、etween constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.Unless otherwise indicated,(i)all value figures are expressed in U.S.dollars;(ii)trade figures include the intra-trade of free trade areas,customs unions,geographical and other groups;(iii)merchandise trade figures are on a customs basis and(
273、iv)merchandise exports are f.o.b.and merchandise imports are c.i.f.Data for the latest year are provisional.The statistical data in this publication are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant statistical authorities.In line with the practice of the WTO Secretariat,this publication
274、uses the names of members as listed in the latest revision to document WT/INF/43.References to other geographical territories and groupings are based solely on terms provided to the WTO Secretariat by WTO members and observers or terms used by relevant international organizations.The use of such dat
275、a and terms does not constitute or imply an expression of opinion by the WTO Secretariat concerning the status of any country or territory,or the delimitation of its frontiers,or sovereignty.The colours,boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps in this publication do not imply any
276、 judgment,official endorsement or acceptance by the WTO Secretariat as to the legal status or frontier of any territory,or the rights and obligations of any WTO member in respect of WTO agreements.References and data relating to territories that are not WTO members or observers in their own right do
277、 not amount to an endorsement as to the WTO status,if any,of such territories.Closing date 31 July 2023c.i.f.cost,insurance and freightf.o.b.free on boardn.e.s.not elsewhere specifiedn.i.e.not included elsewhereAbbreviations and symbolsChapter IV:Composition,definitions&methodology53Statistical tabl
278、es Table A1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production,2010-2022 56Table A2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy,2010-2022 56Table A3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy,2010-2022 57Ta
279、ble A4 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy,1948,1953,1963,1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2022 58Table A5 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy,1948,1953,1963,1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2022 59Table A6 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade,2022 60Tab
280、le A7 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade(excluding intra-EU trade),2022 61Table A8 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services,2022 62Table A9 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services(excluding intra-EU trade),2022 63Tabl
281、e A10 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination,2021 64Table A11 Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries,2022 68Table A12 Merchandise exports and imports of least-developed countries,2022 69Table A13 Exports and imp
282、orts of commericial services of least-developed countries,2022 70Table A14 Top 10 exporters and importers of agricultural products,2022 71Table A15 Top 10 exporters and importers of food,2022 72Table A16 Top 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining products,2022 73Table A17 Top 10 exporters an
283、d importers of manufactures,2022 74Table A18 Top 10 exporters and importers of iron and steel,2022 75Table A19 Top 10 exporters and importers of chemicals,2022 76Table A20 Top 10 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment,2022 77Table A21 Top 10 exporters and importers of automotive pro
284、ducts,2022 78Table A22 Top 10 exporters and importers of textiles,2022 79Table A23 Top 10 exporters and importers of clothing,2022 80Table A24 World trade in commercial services by category,2022 81Table A25 Growth of commercial services exports by category and by region,2010-2022 81Table A26 World t
285、rade in goods-related services by region,2022 82Table A27 Major exporters and importers of goods-related services,2022 83Table A28 Major exporters and importers of manufacturing services on physical imputs owned by others,2021 and 2022 84Table A29 Major exporters and importers of maintenance and rep
286、air services,2021 and 2022 85Table A30 World trade in transport by region,2022 86Table A31 Leading exporters and importers of transport,2022 87Table A32 World trade in travel by region,2022 88Table A33 Leading exporters and importers of travel,2022 89 54Chapter VTable A34 World trade in other commer
287、ical services by region,2022 90Table A35 Leading exporters and importers of other commercial services,2022 91Table A36 World exports of construction by region,2021-2022 92Table A37 Major exporters and importers of construction,2021 and 2022 93Table A38 World exports of insurance and pension services
288、 by region,2021 and 2022 94Table A39 Major exporters and importers of insurance and pension services,2021 and 2022 95Table A40 World exports of financial services by region,2021 and 2022 96Table A41 Major exporters and importers of financial services,2021 and 2022 96Table A42 World receipts of charg
289、es for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.by region,2021 and 2022 97Table A43 Major exporters and importers of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.,2021 and 2022 97Table A44 World exports of telecommunications,computer and information services by region,2021 and 2022 98Table A45 M
290、ajor exporters and importers of telecommunications,computer and information services,2021 and 2022 98Table A46 Major exporters and importers of telecommunications services,2021 and 2022 99Table A47 Major exporters and importers of computer services,2021 and 2022 100Table A48 World exports of other b
291、usiness services by region,2021 and 2022 100Table A49 Major exporters and importers of other business services,2021 and 2022 101Table A50 Trade in other business services by category in selected economies,2021 102Table A51 World exports of personal,cultural and recreational services by region,2021 a
292、nd 2022 103Table A52 Major exporters and importers of personal,cultural and recreational services,2021 and 2022 103Table A53 Major exporters and importers of audio-visual and related services,2021 and 2022 104Table A54 Leading exporters and importers of intermediate goods,2021 105Table A55 World mer
293、chandise exports and gross domestic product,1950-2022 106Table A56 Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies,2012-2022 108Table A57 Trade in commercial services by selected groups of economies,2012-2022 109Table A58 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy,2012-2022 110Table
294、A59 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy,2012-2022 114Table A60 World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy,2012-2022 118Table A61 World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy,2012-2022 122Table A62 Sales by affiliates of foreign com
295、panies resident affiliates primarily engaged in services activities (inward FATS),2018-2020 126Table A63 Sales by foreign affiliates of resident companies affiliates located abroad primarily engaged in services activities(outward FATS),2018-2020 127Table A64 Services supplied by United States affili
296、ates established abroad(outward FATS)and by foreign affiliates in the United States(inward FATS)by economy of affiliate,2020 128Table A65 World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy,2011-2021 129Table A66 World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region an
297、d selected economy,2011-2021 1332022World merchandise exports2.5-4.78.42.3Agricultural products2.2-2.42.9-4.7Fuels and mining products1.2-1.74.2-3.1Manufactures2.8-4.913.9-3.5World GDP2.7-3.36.03.0Note:See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports,pr
298、oduction and GDP.2.58.42.3 World 2.710.33.22.56.54.2 North America 3.312.56.02.31.11.0Canada2.48.66.25.06.48.3Mexico3.219.25.71.98.14.1United States of America 3.512.16.01.25.81.9 South and Central America and the Caribbean 2.125.64.22.83.74.7Brazil1.724.71.81.78.12.7 E
299、urope 1.88.55.21.88.42.9European Union1.89.45.51.30.210.2United Kingdom2.25.210.70.34.5-7.7Norway 1.54.81.50.79.90.6Switzerland-0.21.70.70.8-3.1-5.0Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States0.49.0-13.90.33.50.7 Africa 1.86.45.62.4-2.49.9 Middle East
300、2.98.39.44.013.10.6 Asia 3.710.5-0.41.9-1.7-1.6Australia 3.49.97.74.917.3-2.0China 3.97.6-7.24.022.90.6India (1)3.617.31.51.211.91.9Japan 1.52.30.53.69.82.6Six East Asian traders (2)3.512.56.0Exports Imports(1)Secretariat Estimates(2)Hong Kong,China;Malaysia;Republic of Korea;Singapore;Separate Cust
301、oms Territory of Taiwan,Penghu,Kinmen and MatsuTable A1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production,2010-2022(Annual percentage change)Table A2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy,2010-2022(Annual percentage change)World Trade Statistic
302、al Review 2023 56ExportsImportsMerchandise42712World 4261442318North America 5231642318United States of America 5221543018Canada 3201533416South and Central America and the Caribbean 4422343419Brazil 441253283Chile 556134229Europe 424153218European Union 4261521813Unite
303、d Kingdom 391934411Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States 124-92488Russian Federation Kazakhstan 4112024118Africa 32716344-1South Africa 33619-23234Nigeria 245354242Middle East 5262092741United Arab Emirates 7412245949Saudi Arabia,King
304、dom of 511235279Asia 530117307China 6301018-1Japan 22117Commercial services51915World 5161541216North America 4192441016United States of America 4212641211Canada 391831940South and Central America and the Caribbean 3253431526Brazil 213361-154Argentina 396452011Europe 5151252010European Union 5141041
305、59United Kingdom 421222196Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States 1143016-13Russian Federation 018-7-118-14Ukraine 6328232231Africa 2101924536Egypt 524114025Nigeria-1-1917.2647Middle East 52623.3152United Arab Emirates (1)72428113426Israel 73337.2
306、014Asia.1512.408China.1659259Singapore 8157Note:Includes Secretariat estimates.(1)Preliminary estimates for 2022.Table A3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy,2010-2022(Annual percentage change)Chapter V:Statistical tables 5733
307、20032022ValueWorld5984688738224312ShareWorld100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0North America 28.124.819.917.316.817.915.813.3United States of America 21.614.614.312.211.212.69.88.5Canada 5.55.24.34.64.23.93.72.5Mexico 0.90.70.60.41.41.42.22.4South and Central America and the Caribbea
308、n 11.39.76.44.34.53.03.13.4Brazil 2.01.80.91.11.21.01.01.4Chile 0.60.50.30.20.20.20.30.4Europe 35.139.447.850.943.545.346.235.8Germany(1)1.45.39.311.79.210.310.26.8Netherlands 2.03.03.64.73.53.84.04.0France 3.44.85.26.35.26.05.32.5United Kingdom 11.39.07.85.15.04.94.22.2Commonwealth of Independent S
309、tates(CIS),including certain associate and former member States(2)-1.72.33.0Africa 7.36.55.74.84.52.52.42.7South Africa(3)2.01.61.51.01.00.70.50.5Middle East 2.02.73.24.16.73.54.16.7Asia 14.013.412.514.919.126.026.135.1China 0.91.21.31.01.22.55.914.8Japan 0.41.53.56.48.09.86.43.1India 2.21.31.00.50.
310、50.60.81.9Australia and New Zealand 3.73.22.42.11.41.41.21.9Six East Asian traders 3.43.02.53.65.89.69.69.6Memorandum item:EU(4)-24.537.031.337.338.629.4USSR,Former2.23.54.63.75.0-GATT/WTO Members(5)63.469.675.084.177.089.098.398.1(5)Membership as of the year stated.(1)Figures refer to the Fed.Rep.o
311、f Germany from 1948 through 1983.(2)Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003.(4)Figures refer to the EEC(6)in 1963,EC(9)in 1973,EC(10)in 1983,EU(12)in 1993,EU(25)in 2003,and the European Union,excluding the United K
312、ingdom,in 2022.Note:Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.(3)Beginning with 1998,figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union.Table A4 World merchandise exports by region and sel
313、ected economy,1948,1953,1963,1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2022(Billion dollars and percentage)World Trade Statistical Review 2023 583320032022ValueWorld6285805759925118ShareWorld100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0North America 18.520.516.117.218.521.322.718.3United S
314、tates of America 13.013.911.412.414.315.917.113.4Mexico 1.00.90.80.60.71.82.32.5Canada 4.45.53.94.23.43.73.22.3South and Central America and the Caribbean 10.48.36.04.43.93.32.53.7Brazil 1.81.60.91.20.90.70.71.2Chile 0.40.40.40.20.20.30.30.4Europe 45.343.752.053.344.144.544.636.9Germany(1)2.24.58.09
315、.28.19.08.06.3Netherlands 3.43.34.44.83.33.33.53.6United Kingdom 13.411.08.56.55.35.55.23.3France 5.54.95.36.45.65.75.23.3Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),including certain associate and former member States(2)-1.51.41.6Africa 8.17.05.23.94.62.62.22.9South Africa(3)2.51.51.10.90.80.50.50.5Mid
316、dle East 1.72.22.32.76.23.32.84.2Asia 13.915.114.114.918.523.523.832.5China 0.61.60.90.91.12.75.410.8Japan 1.12.84.16.56.76.45.03.6India 2.31.41.50.50.70.61.02.9Australia and New Zealand 2.92.32.21.61.41.51.41.4Six East Asian traders 3.53.73.23.96.110.28.79.6Memorandum item:EU(4)-25.537.131.436.236.
317、129.7USSR,Former1.93.34.33.64.3-GATT/WTO Members(5)58.666.975.385.579.789.398.498.2(5)Membership as of the year stated.(1)Figures refer to the Fed.Rep.of Germany from 1948 through 1983.(2)Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between
318、1993 and 2003.(4)Figures refer to the EEC(6)in 1963,EC(9)in 1973,EC(10)in 1983,EU(12)in 1993,EU(25)in 2003,and the European Union,excluding the United Kingdom,in 2022.Note:Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 import shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.(3)Beginni
319、ng with 1998,figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union.Table A5 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy,1948,1953,1963,1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2022(Billion dollars and percentage)Chapter V:Statistical tables 59Rank Exporters Value Share A
320、nnual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share Annual percentage change 1China 359414.471United States of America 337613.2152United States of America 20658.3182China 271610.613Germany 16556.613Germany 15716.1114Netherlands 9663.9154Netherlands 8993.5195Japan 7473.0-15Japan 8973.5176Korea,Republi
321、c of 6842.766United Kingdom 8243.2197Italy 6572.677France 8183.2148Belgium 6332.5158Korea,Republic of 7312.9199France 6182.569India 7232.82610Hong Kong,China 6102.4-910Italy 6892.722 Domestic exports 180.1-13 Re-exports 5922.4-911United Arab Emirates(1)5992.44111Hong Kong,China 6682.6-6 Retained imp
322、orts(1)1640.6312Canada 5972.41812Mexico 6262.42013Mexico 5782.31713Belgium 6212.41814Russian Federation(1)5322.1814Canada 5822.31515United Kingdom 5292.11315Spain 4931.91816Singapore 5162.11316Singapore 4761.917 Domestic exports 2391.015 Retained imports(1)1990.827 Re-exports 2771.11117Chinese Taipe
323、i 4781.9717Chinese Taipei 4361.71418India 4531.81518United Arab Emirates(1)4251.72219Spain 4181.71019Poland 3811.51120Australia 4121.72020Trkiye 3641.43421Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of(1)4101.64921Viet Nam 3591.4822Switzerland 4021.6622Switzerland 3561.41023Viet Nam 3711.51123Australia 3091.21824Poland 36
324、11.4624Thailand 3031.21425Malaysia 3531.41825Malaysia 2941.12426Brazil 3341.31926Brazil 2921.12527Indonesia 2921.22627Russian Federation(1),(2)2400.9-2128Thailand 2871.2628Indonesia 2370.92129Trkiye 2541.01329Czech Republic 2360.91130Norway 2501.05630Austria 2320.9631Czech Republic 2411.0631Sweden 2
325、020.8832Ireland 2140.91232Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of 1880.72333Austria 2120.8433Hungary 1630.61434Sweden 1980.8434Ireland 1460.62135Hungary 1510.6735Philippines 1440.61636Iraq(1)1320.55336South Africa(1)1360.51937Denmark 1310.5437Romania 1320.51438Qatar 1300.54938Denmark 1270.5539South Africa 1230.5-13
326、9Portugal 1150.41740Slovak Republic 1080.4440Slovak Republic 1130.4941Kuwait,the State of(1)1040.46541Israel 1070.41642Chile 970.4342Norway 1060.4843Romania 970.41143Chile 1040.41344Argentina 880.41344Greece 980.42745Finland 860.3445Finland 970.41346Kazakhstan 850.34046Bangladesh 880.31047Portugal 8
327、20.31047Egypt(1)860.31748Philippines 790.3648Argentina 820.32949Israel 740.32249Iraq(1)780.31850Iran(1)730.3250Colombia 770.327Total of above(3)2315993.0-Total of above(3)2356792.0-World(3)24905100.011World(3)25621100.013Note:For annual data 2012-2022,see Tables A58 and A59.(1)Secretariat estimates.
328、(2)Imports are valued f.o.b.(3)Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export.Table A6 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade,2022(Billion dollars and percentage)World Trade Statistical Review 2023 60Rank Exporters Value Share Annual percentage change Rank Importers Val
329、ue Share Annual percentage change 1China 359417.671United States of America 337615.8152Extra-EU exports270413.252Extra-EU imports315514.8263United States of America 206510.1183China 271612.714Japan 7473.7-14Japan 8974.2175Korea,Republic of 6843.365United Kingdom 8243.9196Hong Kong,China 6103.0-96Kor
330、ea,Republic of 7313.419 Domestic exports 180.1-13 Re-exports 5922.9-97United Arab Emirates(1)5992.9417India 7233.4268Canada 5972.9188Hong Kong,China 6683.1-6 Retained imports(1)1640.839Mexico 5782.8179Mexico 6262.92010Russian Federation(1)5322.6810Canada 5822.71511United Kingdom 5292.61311Singapore
331、4762.217 Retained imports(1)1990.92712Singapore 5162.51312Chinese Taipei 4362.014 Domestic exports 2391.215 Re-exports 2771.41113Chinese Taipei 4782.3713United Arab Emirates(1)4252.02214India 4532.21514Trkiye 3641.73415Australia 4122.02015Viet Nam 3591.7816Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of(1)4102.04916Switzer
332、land 3561.71017Switzerland 4022.0617Australia 3091.51818Viet Nam 3711.81118Thailand 3031.41419Malaysia 3531.71819Malaysia 2941.42420Brazil 3341.61920Brazil 2921.42521Indonesia 2921.42621Russian Federation(1),(2)2401.1-2122Thailand 2871.4622Indonesia 2371.12123Trkiye 2541.21323Saudi Arabia,Kingdom of
333、 1880.92324Norway 2501.25624Philippines 1440.71625Iraq(1)1320.65325South Africa(1)1360.61926Qatar 1300.64926Israel 1070.51627South Africa 1230.6-127Norway 1060.5828Kuwait,the State of(1)1040.56528Chile 1040.51329Chile 970.5329Bangladesh 880.41030Argentina 880.41330Egypt(1)860.41731Kazakhstan 850.44031Argentina 820.42932Philippines 790.4632Iraq(1)780.41833Israel 740.42233Colombia 770.42734Iran(1)73