1、Exploring Co-Benefit Opportunities for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in the APEC RegionAPEC Energy Working GroupNovember 2022 Exploring Co-Benefit Opportunities for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in the APEC Region APEC Energy Working Group November 2022 Project:EW

2、G 04 2019A Produced by Department of Alternative Development Energy Development and Efficiency Ministry of Energy 17 Rama I Road,Kasatsuk Bridge,Pathumwan,Bangkok 10330 Thailand Tel:(66)2223 0021 9 ext.1402 Fax:(66)2226 3943 Email:munlika_sdede.go.th For Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat

3、 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel:(65)68919 600 Fax:(65)68919 690 Email:infoapec.org Website:www.apec.org 2022 APEC Secretariat APEC#222-RE-01.15 1 Contents 1.Executive Summary.4 2.Project Background.5 3.Review of Projects and Activities Co-Benefitting Renewable Energy and Energy Effici

4、ency.6 3.1.Transportation Sector.6 3.2.Power Generation and Distribution Sector.12 3.3.Building Sector.22 3.4.Preliminary Summary of Driving Mechanisms for Policy Recommendation.28 4.Proposed Criteria for Joint Projects Co-Benefitting Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.29 4.1.Review of Criteria

5、Being Used Currently.29 4.2.Extraction of Key Success Factors.30 4.3.Initial Proposal of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Co-benefits Criteria.31 4.4.Final Proposal of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Co-benefits Criteria.33 4.5.Way towards Mainstreaming Projects Co-benefitting Renewable

6、 Energy and Energy Efficiency.34 Annex.35 1.Summary of 1st Workshop.35 1.1.1st Workshop Participants.44 1.2.1st Workshop Presentation and Discussion.44 2.Summary of 2nd Workshop.51 2.1.2nd Workshop Participants.58 2.2.2nd Workshop Presentation and Discussion.58 3.Summary of Evaluation Tool to Assess

7、 Co-benefitting Projects in Transportation Sector and Hands-on Practice.64 3.1.Background.64 3.2.Fuel Economy Policies Implementation Tool(FEPIT).65 3.3.Measures to Achieve GFEI Target of-3.1%Annual Improvement Rate.65 3.4.Customers Viewpoint(Total Cost of Ownership).68 3.5.Governments Viewpoint(Ben

8、efit of the Economy).69 3.6.Summary of Hand-on Practice with FEPIT.70 2 Table of Tables Table 1 Criteria Documents and Categories.29 Table 2 Criteria Being Used Currently and Their Counts.30 Table 3 Key Success Factors for Projects or Activities Co-benefitting Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.

9、31 Table 4 Agenda for the 1st Workshop.35 Table 5 List of Participants to 1st APEC Workshop.37 Table 6 Agenda for the 2nd Workshop.51 Table 7 List of Participants to 2nd APEC Workshop.53 Table 8 Current vehicle tax structure.66 3 Table of Figures Figure 1 Past projects and activities co-benefitting

10、renewable energy and energy efficiency in transportation sector.6 Figure 2 Past projects and activities co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in power generation and distribution sector.12 Figure 3 Past projects and activities co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in

11、building sector.22 Figure 4 Steps to mainstream projects co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in APEC EWG.34 Figure 5 Breakdown statistics.44 Figure 6 Presentation and Discussion of the first day of workshop.45 Figure 7 Presentations on Policy Perspective on the second day of worksh

12、op.45 Figure 8 Slight modification of eligibility criteria for EELCM Sub-Fund.47 Figure 9 Modification of priority for EELCM Sub-Fund.47 Figure 10 Scoring by APEC Member Economies representatives.48 Figure 11 Breakdown statistics.58 Figure 12 Presentation and Discussion of the first day of workshop.

13、59 Figure 13 Presentations on co-benefit assessment on the second day of workshop.59 Figure 14 Co-benefit assessment hands-on practice session.62 Figure 15 Aspirational LDV Fuel Consumption Goal.64 Figure 16 Revision of registration rate(excise tax)and segment average CO2.65 Figure 17 Revision of an

14、nual circulation tax and segment average CO2.65 Figure 18 Vehicle share in Thailand.66 Figure 19 Prediction of new passenger car mix and average fuel economy in 2030.67 Figure 20 Prediction of pickup truck mix and average fuel economy in 2030.67 Figure 21 Total cost of ownership for passenger cars.6

15、8 Figure 22 Total cost of ownership for pickup trucks.68 Figure 23 Cost analysis of governments viewpoint.69 Figure 24 Cost of fuel demand in different scenarios.69 Figure 25 Projection of CO2 emission and policy impact in 2030.70 4 1.Executive Summary To speed up the implementation and reach the AP

16、EC Double Renewable Energy and 45%Energy Efficiency goals,EWG encourages collaborative work between the expert groups,EGNRET and EGEE&C.The joint projects in RE&EE will provide co-benefits technically and economically.This project addresses the co-benefitting opportunities for renewable energy and e

17、nergy efficiency project for power generation and distribution,transportation,and buildings sector so that cost can be shared to promote project with both renewable energy and energy efficiency benefits.It focuses on sharing of best practices with the development of criteria,framework,and guideline

18、of the joint project evaluation in the future.In addition,capacity building activities for project developers and stakeholders are on project designing and planning for transportation sector.The participants in this project are from various sectors in the APEC member economies.They contribute to the

19、 sharing of best practice on opportunities and developing roadmap or guideline for co-benefitting joint RE&EE project.This will benefit the APEC Secretariat to evaluate the future project submissions.This project aims to examine and analyze joint RE&EE projects among developed and developing APEC ec

20、onomies for guidelines in assessing future joint RE&EE projects to support both APEC RE&EE goals in a more economical way through cost-sharing project implementation.Key actions are:To share best practices of successful joint projects for RE&EE implementation with co-benefit in power generation and

21、distribution,transport,and buildings sectors,as shown in Chapter 3;To develop guideline with criteria and framework for joint RE&EE projects with co-benefit technically and economically from extensive literature review with inputs from both workshops,as shown in Chapter 4 and Annex 1&2,in addition t

22、o recent change of Energy Efficiency,Low Carbon and Energy Resiliency Measures(EELCER)Sub-Fund criteria and guideline approved during 60th meeting of the APEC Energy Working Group(EWG60)in Brunei Darussalam on June 21-25,2021;To share example of cost benefit analysis(CBA)on successful projects(for e

23、xample,RE&EE in transport sector-EV&biofuel),as shown in Annex 2;To build capacity and network for co-benefitting project developers in designing,planning,and assessing potential RE&EE joint project,as shown in Annex 1&2.Way forward to mainstream projects with co-benefitting in renewable energy and

24、energy efficiency can be implemented with future APEC proposals submitted to the Energy Efficiency,Low Carbon and Energy Resiliency Measures(EELCER)Sub-Fund being scored according to technical criteria in Table 3,as well as monitoring the occurrence frequencies of the keywords in Table 3 in future p

25、roposals with follow-up evaluation on the contribution of those proposals to the two APEC energy goals.5 2.Project Background Currently,many APEC economies are facing issues in implementing policies and projects to reach two ultimate key APEC goals of 45%energy intensity reduction by 2035 and doubli

26、ng the share of renewable energy by 2030.To speed up the implementation and achieve these goals,EWG encourages collaborative work between the expert groups,EGNRET and EGEE&C.The joint projects in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency(RE&EE)will provide co-benefits technically and economically since

27、 state-of-the-art technologies nowadays can address both energy efficiency and renewable energy issues with economic benefit in cost-sharing.Presently,there were very few joint RE&EE project submission to APEC Secretariat.Hence,this proposed project will identify and illustrate opportunities and bes

28、t practices in joint RE&EE projects with technical and economical co-benefit,where guidelines for future joint APEC project could be developed for the benefits of APEC economies to work collaboratively with synergy.Promoting energy efficiency in transportation sector and promoting renewable energy u

29、sage in this sector to enhance energy security and sustainability for the economy.For example,Thailand has a campaign to promote energy efficiency in transportation sector by using EVs,and to promote using biofuel for transportation sector.This project addresses the co-benefitting opportunities for

30、RE&EE project implementation with a focus on sharing best practices to develop criteria/framework for future joint APEC project guideline,as well as giving capacity building for potential project developers and stakeholders in APEC economies.In addition,capacity building objective of this project se

31、eks to strengthen the skills in designing,planning,and assessing the co-benefits of joint RE&EE project for potential project developers from both government(as supporters role)and private sectors(as implementers role).Examples on commercially available technologies in developed APEC economies can b

32、e showcased to available resources in developing APEC economies,where cross-border transactions on project development are promoted.Hence,two workshops are planned as follows.Although 1st workshop was originally planned to align with Hawaii Energy Conference(HEC),where participants can learn from en

33、ergy industry leaders and policy makers from around the world,COVID-19 pandemic has changed the original plan to have 1st workshop as a separate virtual event but with speakers from Hawaii Natural Energy Institute(HNEI),the co-organizer of HEC,instead.Originally,2nd workshop was planned to be in Tha

34、iland to learn from actual RE&EE projects,where step-by-step approach will be walked through using example in the transportation sector since disruptive electric vehicle technology clearly illustrates energy efficiency performance with ability to accommodate renewable energy.Nonetheless,on-going COV

35、ID-19 pandemic has changed the original plan to have virtual event but still retaining the original purpose as much as possible.The project outputs are divided into two following chapters:review of projects and activities co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency,and proposed criteria fo

36、r joint projects co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency.The report also includes the Summaries of key findings from 1st Workshop and 2nd Workshop,and also the summary of evaluation tool to assess co-benefitting projects in transportation sector and hands-on practice in the annexes.6 3

37、.Review of Projects and Activities Co-Benefitting Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency In the process of reviewing projects/activities that co-benefit renewable energy and energy efficiency,reports and literature related projects/activities in APEC economies that aim to support introduction or pop

38、ularization of renewable energy or promotion of energy efficiency in transportation sector,power generation and distribution sector,and building sector are first listed.Documents related to renewable energy are scanned to ensure whether the project/activities could benefit energy efficiency or not,a

39、nd vice versa.Finally,documents reporting projects/activities outside APEC economies are also visited,though limitedly,to gain additional insights that would help design activities that co-benefit renewable energy and energy efficiency.The projects/activities are listed under one of the three sector

40、s in which they can best fit in.For each project/activity,a summary including a brief description of the project/activity,contributions to renewable energy and to energy efficiency,driving mechanisms for policy recommendation,good practices,and lessons learned are provided.These pieces of informatio

41、n will be used to develop criteria for joint projects co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in the next step.3.1.Transportation Sector Projects/activities under transportation sector can be divided into four sub-categories as shown in Figure 1.The subcategories include electric/hybri

42、d/fuel cell vehicles,fuel-related measures,traffic management,and efficiency improvement.Projects/activities listed under this sector are low carbon bus in Peoples Republic of China and Republic of Korea,smart EV charging stations in United States of America,and several European Union members,Chinas

43、 Clean Diesel Action Plan,biofuel promotion in Southeast Asia,Smart Park ICT Re-Engineering Initiative in Chinese Taipei,and usage of waste heat in Czech Republic.Figure 1 Past projects and activities co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in transportation sector 7 Low Carbon/Electri

44、c Buses APEC Economies:Peoples Republic of China;Republic of Korea Description China aims to replace fuel-powered buses(targeting a 100%in most cities)with low-carbon buses(LCBs):plug-in hybrid and hybrid buses in order to decrease urban air pollution and greenhouse gas(GHG).LCBs use about four time

45、s less energy than fuel-powered units and could save on average 20%fuel.However,hybrid buses have an additional investment of 20-150%compared to fuel-powered units1.Similar approach can be seen in Seoul that encourages use of public transportation by increasing the expansion of median bus-only lanes

46、 in major cities and replace 50%of total buses in the city with low-carbon/electric buses2.Contribution to Renewable Energy The contribution to renewable energy depends on the resources for the generation of electricity being used in electric buses1.Contribution to Energy Efficiency Hybrid and plug-

47、in hybrid buses could help reduce the usage of fuel by 20%1 Fuel efficiency can also be improved by using lightweight carbon fiber composite materials for vehicle body shell2.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation LCBs were supported by a number of policies in China,e.g.,up-front purchase subsi

48、dies that cover bus size,pure electric drive range,bus efficiency,and technology,as well as,a series of interim rules issued in February 2018 tasking electric vehicle(EV)manufacturers to take responsibility for recovery of vehicle batteries by setting up recycling channels and services.1 The relevan

49、t approaches also appear in other economies,for example,Germany,United Kingdom,and The United States1.The approach in Seoul was different.The government set up a meeting with CEOs of companies across economies,introducing Advanced Purchase Commitment System and cooperated with private sector through

50、 an Agreement on Joint Development of Electric Bus2.Good Practices To optimize the usage of electric buses,configurations of electric bus technology,battery size,and charging technology,as well as other relevant parameters,such as route distance,bus performance in different seasons,battery reserve r

51、ate and battery capacity,need to be determined.1 Eco-friendly electric buses in Seoul were introduced under the framework of promoting zero emissions and resolving noise problem2.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacles Electric vehicles are expected to produce zero direct emissions;however,it is irrelevant

52、when emissions are caused at upstream due to energy production or transport.Furthermore,in economies that are dominated by fossil-fuel power plants,EVs only make significant contribution toward increased energy efficiency and improved air quality.Hybrid buses result in additional investment though t

53、hey have lower operational expenditures.In contrast,battery electric buses have lower maintenance costs but higher tire usage.1 1 Asia Development Bank(2018),Sustainable Transport Solutions:Low-Carbon Buses in the Peoples Republic of China,Asian Development Bank,Manila.2 ESCI KSP(n.d.).Making Clean

54、Future Seoul with Eco Friendly Vehicles.Energy Smart Communities Initiative.Retrieved from https:/www.esci-ksp.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Making-Clean-Future-Seoul-with-Eco-Friendly-Vehicles-Seoul-Electric-Bus-Project.pdf 8 Smart EV Charging Stations APEC Economies:Peoples Republic of China;T

55、he United States Non-APEC Economies:Denmark;Germany;Norway;Sweden Description Electric Vehicles(EVs)Smart Charging helps minimize load impact from EVs by integrating shares of variable renewable energy(VRE)into power systems.EVs:unidirectional(V1G),bidirectional vehicle-to-grid(V2G),and vehicle-to-h

56、ome/-building(V2H/B)adapt charging pattern to flatten peak demand,fill load valleys,balance the grid load in real-time,and manage energy resources based on distribution constraints and customers preferences.However,the development requires major investment,and several technical challenges remain in

57、some projects3.Contribution to Renewable Energy EV charging can be a viable opportunity to the usage of integrating renewable energy sources(solar and wind power)to decarbonize transport practically and cost-effectively3.Contribution to Energy Efficiency Smart charging can flatten the peak demand by

58、 switching to renewable energy(RE)sources(solar/wind power)according to the demand.In other words,charging intensity is adjusted during nighttime which requires a longer time than morning/afternoon.This prevents additional investments for high peak capacity3.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementati

59、on To develop charging station,its infrastructure requires major investment and appropriate regulations,such as-Grant schemes or funding for the installations or incentives for EV grid services,-Cooperation between automotive and power industries,-Supportive policies for e-mobility and smart chargin

60、g3,-Tax increase for internal combustion engine(ICE)vehicles or ban on sales of fossil-fuel cars,-Expansion of electric charging network infrastructure4.Good Practices To facilitate Smart Charging station,an online app with functions of charging activities,time-of-use,and pricing should be introduce

61、d in order to interact with customers.An optimization system which could choose to supply electricity back to the grid when the vehicle is sufficiently charged can be added(vehicle-to-grid:V2G).3 Considering the low sales number of EVs to date,consumers may accept of EVs with increasing driving rang

62、e,availability of charging stations,speed of charging,health of EV batteries.Lessons Learned and/or Obstacles Even though several economies have proved that smart charging can serve its purpose to integrate different RE sources to decrease peak load,some economies may confront following impediments:

63、-Technical requirements-Regulations and policies-Stakeholder role and responsibilities1 3 IRENA(2019),Innovation landscape brief:Electric-vehicle smart charging,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.4 IRENA(2019),Innovation outlook:Smart charging for electric vehicles,International Renewab

64、le Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.9 Biofuel APEC Economies:Indonesia;Malaysia;The Philippines;Thailand;Viet Nam Description The study presents the renewable energy(RE)research&development(R&D)efforts on policies and activities,particularly,bioenergy,solar,wind,geothermal power,and hydropower technologies,a

65、nd connections between the ten(10)ASEAN Member States(AMSs)as well as RE development targets in the region.The study shows that biomass,including biofuel,and hydropower offer better cost competitiveness compared to other energy forms5.Contribution to Renewable Energy The contribution of AMSs to the

66、RE target can be achieved by using biofuel to fully or partially substitute conventional fossil fuel.Contribution to Energy Efficiency Along with the promotion of biofuel,most AMSs introduces more stringent fuel standards to improve the fuel economy.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation To pro

67、mote the usage of RE,governments in ASEAN issued and applied RE-related policies,funding,and global grants in following ways:1.Increase R&D budget to promote research via government funding,private-public partnership,and global collaboration 2.Formulate and encourage R&D policy 3.Apply research fund

68、ing/R&D commercialization support 4.Set up RE-related pilot projects 5.Establish research centers Good Practice There are similar types of resources available in region which makes it possible for AMSs to support each others R&D.Many AMSs also build a framework to connect R&D players,governments,and

69、 private sectors to promote understanding in the RE priorities and make the R&D efforts relevant.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacles Despite the output of publication,patents,and commercialization,obstacles differ based on government structure,infrastructure,funding schemes,direction of research priorit

70、ies.A lack of inter-stakeholder engagement is also identified as an important challenge.Furthermore,insufficient data,information,knowledge with respect to RE R&D can hinder the progress of RE implementation.5 ASEAN-German Energy Programme(2019),Research and Development(R&D)on Renewable Energy in AS

71、EAN,ASEAN Centre for Energy(ACE),Jakarta.10 Smart Community:Smart Park ICT Re-engineering Initiative APEC Economy:Chinese Taipei Description Smart Park ICT Re-Engineering Initiative aims to transform several science parks into innovative and sustainable digital eco-communities by reducing carbon emi

72、ssions produced by private vehicles.To reach the goals,a combination of smart traffic control,parking,digital signage,e-shuttle buses,and a transportation app were introduced.Furthermore,a best practice in encouraging installation of PV systems in public and private buildings,factories,and agricultu

73、ral facilities in Tainan over past six years had been noted6.Contribution to Renewable Energy The parks objectives include increasing RE use,reducing diesel power generation,and providing low-carbon power.Installation of PV energy system on buildings and factories was the main mean to increase the R

74、E share.Contribution to Energy Efficiency The digital platform leads to a decrease in usage of fuel and carbon emissions through an integrated bus system:traffic control,parking,digital signage,transportation app,and e-shuttle buses.Furthermore,the use of electricity generation forecasting,remote mo

75、nitoring and control system for three phase equilibrium of AC power were adopted to predict load demand.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation The projects were encouraged and fostered by local governments and local green technology industry.Good Practices According to the Ministry of Science a

76、nd Technology,the aim of the project lies in reducing carbon emission produced by private vehicles.Since 2011,the projects contributed to the reduction of carbon emissions by 960 tons and save over 100,000 liters of fuel.Over past six years,the installation of PV systems expended continuously,making

77、 the supporting local government the first government to claim gold award in Low Carbon Models Town category.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle N/A 6New Southbound Policy Portal(2017).The Smart Park Information and Communication Technology Re-engineering Initiative and Great Tainan.New Southbound Policy

78、 Portal.Retrieved from https:/nspp.mofa.gov.tw/nsppe/print.php?post=114369 11 Usage of Waste Heat:Waste Heat Energy Harvesting for Improving Vehicle Efficiency Non-APEC Economy:Czech Republic Description In this Exhaust Heat Recovery System(EHRS),heat emitted by exhaust systems can be captured and u

79、sed to increase vehicle efficiency.Heat exchanger concept is primarily designed to capture heat from different locations and transfer the energy for passenger heating or cooling.It can even provide supplement for train power efficiencies.The process led to a shorter heating time and rapidly increase

80、d temperature after start-up,resulting in fuel saving in hybrid vehicles7.Contribution to Renewable Energy Waste heat that can be captured by exhaust systems is considered renewable energy.The heat can be fed into EHRS and help heating up the vehicle more rapidly,reducing power demand and enabling t

81、he vehicles to travel further on electronic motors.Contribution to Energy Efficiency Utilization of the waste heat can increase the fuel economy of the vehicle.Even under the worn-up condition,vehicles with EHRS demonstrated improvement of fuel economy.Similar finding applies to the hybrid powertrai

82、ns which allow increased fuel economy under cold engine temperature conditions.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation N/A Good Practice EHRS is considered very effective and efficient in extracting heat from powertrains from underfloor position.Its capability is more flexible when switching to

83、by-pass mode where heat can be collected within the exhaust system and coolant temperature is minimized when it rises during operation.In the next generation powertrain with EHRS installed,there is potential to extract larger quantity of heat which can be transferred to passenger cabin and/or powert

84、rain fluids.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle N/A 7 Chiew,L.,Clegg,M.,Willats,R.,Delplanque,G.,&Barrieu,E.(2011).Waste Heat Energy Harvesting for Improving Vehicle Efficiency.SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing,4(1),1211-1220.Retrieved March 2,2021,from http:/www.jstor.org/stable/2

85、6273853 12 3.2.Power Generation and Distribution Sector Projects/activities under power generation and distribution sector can also be divided into four sub-categories as shown in Figure 2.The sub-categories include energy storage,smart grid,heat generation,and hydrogen generation.There are two exam

86、ples for energy storage:one in Germany focusing on the development of battery,the other in France focusing on the modelling of electricity generating system that includes energy storage.As for smart grid,a project aiming for smart main grid in Hawaii,and several projects on renewable mini-grids in t

87、he US;Australia and Nepal are introduced.Co-generation projects in various economies around the world,and a landfill gas capture project in China are the examples for heat generation.Finally,an integration of renewable energy and hydrogen generation in Japan are shown as an example for hydrogen gene

88、ration.Figure 2 Past projects and activities co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in power generation and distribution sector 13 Energy Storage:Battery Non-APEC Economy:Germany Description Stationary battery storage system(BSS)has grown in the global market for several years.BSS app

89、lications provide wide support from ancillary service,reduction in power prices and increase in solar capacity at private homes.However,the young markets run its course without assumptions about prices and battery dimensions.Germany addressed this issue by building database on wide capacity and powe

90、r range of the storage systems.Lithium-ion technologies had influenced storage system market with high share for years,and currently its price has significantly fallen which makes it more affordable8.Contribution to Renewable Energy Large-scale storage system(LSS)and industrial storage system(ISS)de

91、velopments can play a critical role in increase RE share as the capacity being installed is normally large.Home storage system(HSS)tends to be more reliable in smaller-scale systems to support integrating a mix of renewable energy sources and increase the share of RE usage.Contribution to Energy Eff

92、iciency BSS with lithium-ion batteries can be used to store excessive energy to be used when the RE system cannot produce energy.It helps decrease specific system prices,and lead to higher energy efficiencies and longer lifetimes compared to lead-acid batteries in cyclic applications.Driving Mechani

93、sm for Policy Implementation To gather database on HSS market,funding support was provided by Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy in collaboration with banking group.The attendants of the programs were required to register HSS in an online questionnaire developed by the fund provider in

94、 order to receive the subsidy.As for ISS data,it was difficult to gather through the abovementioned approach.The data was collected via evaluation of press releases and direct contact to companies.Good Practice-Most ISS uses lithium-ion batteries and can be used for self-consumption.They can also be

95、 introduced as a part of smart grid.Their size depends on projects purposes and PV or wind power plant they are connected to.-HSS manufacturers may provide ancillary services to support the usage of the customers.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle-Individual HSS requires complex measurement technology,a

96、nd the cost are currently unlikely to be compensated by the income.-Site-specific conditions such as existing grid connection and developed location,cycle life and efficiency should be taken into account before consider installing LSS.8 Figgener,Jan&Stenzel,Peter&Kairies,Kai-Philipp&Linssen,Jochen&H

97、aberschusz,David&Wessels,Oliver&Robinius,Martin&Stolten,Detlef&Sauer,Dirk.(2020).The development of stationary battery storage systems in Germany-status 2020.The Journal of Energy Storage.33.10.1016/j.est.2020.101982.14 Energy Storage:Energy Storage Modelling Non-APEC Economy:France Description To s

98、upply electricity to remote areas in isolated regions,Artelias solution:hybrid energy systems and energy storage is proposed as a key to address the problem.Through setting up of autonomous power plants powered by renewable energy(solar and wind energy)or hybrid systems,users demand can be responded

99、.The solution also includes a wide range of service facilitating the integration of RE sources into power grids9.Contribution to Renewable Energy Hybrid energy system is an optimal option to use available RE at local level as sources to generate electricity in remote area and distribute it through m

100、icro-grids.The energy storage included in the system facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources into the grids Contribution to Energy Efficiency Energy storage can be accurately modelled to store excessive energy generated by RE to be used when the system cannot produce energy.Driving M

101、echanism for Policy Implementation The hybrid energy system and energy storage are currently developed by Arteria Group.The system primarily uses RE that can generate electricity locally as its power sources.Good Practices The system is an optimal solution for remote area to access to electricity.By

102、 using local RE resources for power generation and micro-grid for power distribution,it can timely respond to users demand.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle N/A 9 Hybrid energy systems and energy storage(n.d.).Artelia.Retrieved December 20,2020,from https:/ 15 Smart Grid(Main Grid):Jump Smart Maui APEC

103、 Economy:The United States Description To respond to high demand of electricity from over 60,000 customers,large solar power systems and wind turbines were deployed in the island of Maui.However,the increase in RE generation systems negatively impacted grid operation and stability.Therefore,advanced

104、 smart grid technologies were introduced to address the issues.Contribution to Renewable Energy The project uses PV and wind as the main energy sources to flatten the peak demand in the island of Maui.Together with advancement of smart technologies and management,demand of electricity can be effecti

105、vely supplied.Contribution to Energy Efficiency The advanced smart technologies and distributed and hierarchical architecture facilitate more efficient grid operation and better balance customers demand.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation JUMP Smart Maui is a smart community project where gl

106、obal stakeholders from leading private and public organizations play a significant role in its initiatives as well as additional essential activities:-Energy policies to support adoption of EVs and gasoline use in vehicles-Subsidies to aid on high costs grid services-Raising awareness of RE to overc

107、ome dependence on imported oil -Active involvement of locals Good Practice-The smart technologies are considered as a barrier breaker for grid operation and distributed energy system.To respond to high demand of electricity and dependence on costly imported oil,rapid and continuous installation of R

108、E generation system is not only a way out,but also the support of operational technologies.Demand and supply can be balanced.-EVs were considered one of important power sources in isolated place,since it can sufficiently supply electricity both,home appliance and grids.Therefore,bi-directional EV ch

109、arging development should be furthered.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle Operational issues can occur from a large-scale deployment of RE generation systems at a time,causing negative impact to customers.In order to address the issues,advancement of smart technologies and proper management,for example,

110、virtual power plant with grid control system and distributed architecture,should be put in place.16 Smart Grid(Mini-Grid/Micro-Grid):Renewable Mini-Grids APEC Economies:Australia;The United States Non-APEC Economy:Nepal Description Renewable energy mini-grids enable greater shares of variable renewa

111、ble energy(VRE),especially solar and wind energy,by connecting them to the main grid.The interconnected mini-grids increase flexibility of the main grid for greater integration of VRE by helping balance power grid,feeding any excess power into larger regional or domestic grids,and using a resilient

112、system which do not require physical operator,to intelligently and systematically control the integrated infrastructure.However,there is a need to development quality assurance mechanisms and access to finance and long-term investment for its development10.Contribution to Renewable Energy Different

113、RE sources are used by mini-grids which are connected to main grid,to generate electrical power.RE mini-grids not only enable flexibility in power system,but also improve cost effectiveness and make users less dependent on fossil fuel.Contribution to Energy Efficiency Interconnection between RE mini

114、-grids and main grids provide stable conditions to the energy consumption.During peak load,mini-grids containing different RE sources can be aggregated and transfer the power into main grid to serve high power consumption.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation Interconnected renewable mini-grid

115、 has proved a great contribution and potential to main grid in terms of energy management.This is attributed to stable policies and access to private investment,such as:-Enabling policies and regulatory structures for interconnected mini-grid-Standardization of renewable mini-gird-Grid connection re

116、adiness and technical innovation availability-Access to funding and long-term investment Good Practice Renewable mini-grids provide key services to the main grid in different ways.They help alleviate the imbalance of power grid,through several mechanisms,such as frequency control,stability congestio

117、n management,system restoration,and enhanced power quality.They can also supply excess power to domestic and regional main grids when they are in their sites.Aggregation of mini-grids can transfer the power into one single unit then distribute to the main grid in which it supports the main grid when

118、 the users demand rises.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle Investment in development of renewable mini-grid remains challenging since the return on investment is uncertain.In some economies,financing schemes and subsidies are required to fulfill the initial capital investment.Furthermore,it is necessary

119、 to balance the long-term costs of energy and infrastructure upgrade.10 IRENA(2019),Innovation landscape brief:Renewable mini-grids,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.17 Heat Generation:Cogeneration for RE APEC Economies:Peoples Republic of China;Indonesia;Japan;Republic of Korea;Malays

120、ia;Russian;Thailand;The United States Non-APEC Economies:Denmark;Finland;India Description Combined heat and power generation(CHP)is a proven cost-effective technology developed to address energy security and economically unstable situations.CHP can increase energy efficiency in short and middle ter

121、ms by delivery of hot water,space heating,hot air/steam for industrial processes,power generation.It produces less GHG emission compared to conventional power plants11.Contribution to Renewable Energy CHP offers a variety of benefits to RE sector,e.g.,beneficial use of local energy resource,reduced

122、CO2 emissions and other pollutants,and reduced need for transmission and distribution network.Renewable CHP includes,biomass,geothermal cogeneration,solar power,steam turbine,gas turbine,reciprocating engine,microturbine,and fuel cells.Contribution to Energy Efficiency CHP considerably increases ene

123、rgy efficiency.By combining electrical power and thermal energy.The system could increase its output by up to 70-90%compared to conventional systems.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation In terms of state support for cogeneration development,policies,instruments elaborated for its development

124、should be planned.Policies towards development of CHP technologies and its share in domestic energy balance and trading and other regulation/agreement for combined technologies/connection to domestic grid are significantly noted.Other policies or incentives includes financial and fiscal support(up-f

125、ront investment,R&D funding),utility supply obligations,local infrastructure and heat planning,climate change mitigation,and interconnection measure.Good Practice In APEC region,several economies such as Japan;Peoples Republic of China;Republic of Korea;and Singapore successfully introduced and popu

126、larized CHP.Regulatory support to aid its market is inevitable.There are different strategies for CHP application:-CHP investment attractiveness,reflecting more CHP-friendly approach(Japan);-Good prospect on CHP market development(China);-Government long-term plans to boost production of RE(Korea);-

127、CHP market opportunities(Singapore).Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle To successfully utilize cogeneration technologies,the study suggested following criteria to be met:-A reliable power requirement;-Relatively steady electrical and thermal demand patterns;-Higher thermal energy demand than electricity

128、;-Long operating hours in the year;-Inaccessibility to the grid or high price of grid electricity.Currently,several barriers toward CHP can be noted:11 Russian Fund of Education Programs(2013),Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Distributed Energy Systems,APEC Secretariat.18 Heat Generation:Cog

129、eneration for RE APEC Economies:Peoples Republic of China;Indonesia;Japan;Republic of Korea;Malaysia;Russian;Thailand;The United States Non-APEC Economies:Denmark;Finland;India -Economics and market barrier(cost for heat and electricity produced by CHP systems);-Regulatory barrier in according to ac

130、cess and interconnection between CHP and other RE resources(appeared in Slovenia;Belgium;Spain;Italy;Ireland);-Social and political awareness and knowledge about benefits of CHP;-Uncertainty of economic stability due to vary natural gas price(appeared in Slovenia;Greece;Belgium);-Locational and envi

131、ronmental rules;-High capital cost of heating infrastructure.19 Heat Generation:Landfill Gas Capture APEC Economy:Peoples Republic of China Description The city of Tianjin has implemented a project to recover landfill gas(LFG)and improve solid waste disposal.The project aims to:1)reduce methane emis

132、sions and other non-methane organic compounds to the atmosphere;2)utilize biogas from treatment process as fuel for electrical power source,and 3)use a stand-by flare unit to neutralize excess methane and other air pollutants from factories.The project benefits revenues from electricity sold to dome

133、stic grids,and enhanced safety from reducing risk of explosion from high methane concentrations12.Contribution to Renewable Energy The LFG project in Tianjin was considered as alternative method to use wasted landfill gas(RE),consisted of methane and other gas such as carbon dioxide and methane orga

134、nic compounds,primarily to produce electrical power through LFG collection,electricity generation and flaring system.Contribution to Energy Efficiency The LFG project offers an alternative source of electrical power in which it helps reduce usage of electrical power generated by conventional system.

135、Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation The implementation of following incentives aids the project to successfully demonstrate its operation for LFG recovery and electricity generation.The project was:-Initiated by government with investment;-Implemented and operated by specially created entity

136、 with the support by local resources and global experts;-Registered as a Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)project under domestic protocol which reached an agreement with World Bank to purchase the certified emission credits from the project.Good Practice After launched in 2008,the project utilized an

137、d recovered over 50%of methane in the area which helps:-Increase revenue to municipality from electricity sold to grid under a purchase agreement with World Bank;-Reduce local and regional pollution;-Enhance safety from explosion from high methane concentration;-Create local jobs;-Improve site manag

138、ement on threat to local groundwater Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle The followings can be challenges to the project:-Need for collaboration with private and public sectors in implementation and operation;-Technical problems and complexity during operating stages(to some developing economies);-Need f

139、or reconstruction of landfill and set-up for LFG recovery systems,leading to major investment and long-term operation and maintenance cost 12 ESMAP.(2009).Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency:Tianjin,China-Landfill Gas Capture for Electricity Generation.ESMAP Energy Efficient Cities Initiative.W

140、ashington,DC:World Bank.20 -Need of financing by World Bank load and register an agreement to purchase emission credits which ensures revenues 21 RE+Hydrogen:Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field(FH2R)APEC Economy:Japan Description hydrogen produced from RE can respond to the increase of energy c

141、onsumption and to the total decarbonization of power generation sector.Hydrogen can replace fossil fuel-based feedstocks.For example,it can combine with carbon dioxide to feed up to 100%syngas into the gas grid.In transport,hydrogen fuel cell offers driving performance comparable to conventional veh

142、icles.Lastly,hydrogen produced from RE facilitate the integration of VRE into energy system through the use of electrolyzer allowing the system a flexible load and grid balancing services13.Contribution to Renewable Energy Hydrogen can be used to store energy produced by VRE,e.g.,solar,wind,and can

143、be used in sectors that electrification is difficult,such as transport,building,and industry.Contribution to Energy Efficiency Key hydrogen technologies(ALK,PEM,SOEC)contribute its efforts to EE through large-scale application and minimal infrastructure requirements.Driving Mechanism for Policy Impl

144、ementation For the potential to materialize,initial stage of hydrogen application and scaling up remains concerns to policy makers.Following mechanisms can be used to stimulate the introduction of hydrogen application:1.Stable and supportive policy framework to encourage private investment;2.Technol

145、ogy-neutral instruments,including carbon pricing,emissions restrictions,specific mandates for RE content;3.Measures to cover initial cost difference(in case of vehicle application)4.Specific instrument to de-risk infrastructure investment and improve economics of supply chain(related to carbon marke

146、t)Good Practice-In transport,hydrogen can help overcome battery limitations by being complementary to electric vehicles and replacing diesel in rail transport and on-board/onshore power supply in shipping and aviation sectors.-In industry,power-to-hydrogen using electricity from RE helps industries

147、in its production and helps end-use sector in reducing fossil fuel dependency.-In gas grid sector,hydrogen from renewable power fed into gas grid represents a potential upside revenue to improve power-to-hydrogens economics.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle Deployment of hydrogen end-use applications r

148、equires a joint hydrogen supply chain including capacity for production,purification,and pressuring for transport.However,supply chain can be influenced and varied by following factors:-Sufficient existence of hydrogen sources;-Certain consumption threshold;-Investment in new large-scale production

149、capacity.13 IRENA(2018),Hydrogen from renewable power:Technology outlook for the energy transition,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.22 3.3.Building Sector Projects/activities under building sector can be divided into two sub-categories:nearly/net zero energy building(NZEB),and heating

150、 and cooling,as shown in Figure 3.There are examples of building codes,awards and funds that helped accomplish NZEB in various economies.As for heating and cooling,an example of district heating network in China and projects on renewable power-to-heat in Peoples Republic of China;Denmark;Germany;and

151、 United Kingdom are introduced.Figure 3 Past projects and activities co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in building sector 23 Nearly/Net Zero Energy Building:Building Codes/Awards APEC Economies:Australia;Canada;Peoples Republic of China;Hong Kong;China;Japan;Republic of Korea;Chi

152、nese Taipei;The United States Description The project carried out professional in-depth comparative research with the detailed information of best practice net zero energy building(NZEB)pilot buildings,to showcase how energy reduction could be achieved by integration design,advanced technology utili

153、zation and NZE oriented management&commissioning in buildings.An extensive investigation and comparative study of different NZEB best practices which includes commercial building and residential building in all climate regions among APEC economies were carried out and 100 NZEB best practices from 8

154、economies were collected14.Contribution to Renewable Energy NZEB is technically defined as a measure of a buildings energy performance,whereby it produces as much or more RE as it uses over the course of a year in operation.Therefore,NZEBs basically use RE as the main energy source.The renewable ene

155、rgy generation systems and technologies that integrated in NZEB commonly refer to solar power system,solar thermal system,wind power system,combined heat and power system,and the heat pump system.Contribution to Energy Efficiency To increase the energy performance of the building,various energy effi

156、ciency measures are applied in NZEB.Passive approaches include high performance building envelope,passive heating,passive cooling,and passive lighting.Active approaches include energy-efficient heating and cooling sources,HVAC system,lighting,and advanced control.Driving Mechanism for Policy Impleme

157、ntation Each economy combined different mechanisms to drive the accomplishment of NZEB in both public and private sectors.For example15:-Laws,regulations and technical guidelines;-Building codes and standards;-Funding for research,development,and demonstration projects,some of which are specific to

158、NZEB,though the rest are for all clean energy or low carbon innovations;-Other fiscal incentive policies of building energy efficiency,including subsidization;-Nearly/net zero energy building certifications;-Self-funded or industrial-led initiatives.14 Wei,X.,&Zhang,S.(2017).APEC 100 Best Practice A

159、nalysis of Nearly/Net Zero Energy Building.ASEAN-German Energy Programme(2019),Best Practices in Energy 15 ASEAN-German Energy Programme(2019),Best Practices in Energy Efficiency and Conservation,ASEAN Centre for Energy(ACE),Jakarta.24 Nearly/Net Zero Energy Building:Building Codes/Awards APEC Econo

160、mies:Australia;Canada;Peoples Republic of China;Hong Kong;China;Japan;Republic of Korea;Chinese Taipei;The United States Good Practice Governments used both carrots and sticks to facilitate the accomplishment of NZEB.To create the first move,fiscal incentive policies worked well,while certifications

161、,regulations,standards,and codes are useful means to sustain the NZEB projects.Interestingly,some private companies autonomously accomplished NZEB,and others get together and formed industrial led initiatives.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle The incremental cost of NZEB is the biggest obstacle for the

162、 dissemination of the concept.According to the investigation,one third of the projects can control the increment cost within 50%,and there are 6 out of 100 projects whose increment cost are over 100%of the typical buildings.25 Municipal Energy Efficiency Fund APEC Economy:The United States Descripti

163、on Establishment of long-term Municipal Energy Efficiency Fund in the City of Ann Arbor is able to overcome the land of readily available energy efficiency(EE)financing.The fund has financed EE projects in several sectors and demonstrated that EE can pay for itself in the long-term condition16.Contr

164、ibution to Renewable Energy The article indicates no contribution to RE sector.However,one of energy plans directives aims to increase use of RE such as,solar,wind and hydroelectric energy technologies.Other example outreach projects are also focusing on RE with possible longer payback.Contribution

165、to Energy Efficiency The fund supported financing to initiate several EE projects.Its management and method to allocate budget demonstrates that EE projects can foster itself in long-term condition.Projects assisted by the fund have cumulatively resulted in providing EE cost reduction and energy sav

166、ing.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation By recognizing need for local energy conservation,energy steering committees were appointed to develop energy plan and its directives which emphasized several areas for energy conservation.The following methods were used to allocate fund to any project

167、:-Subproject eligibility criteria(total energy saving potential,improvement of facility environment and educational or demonstrational value of project);-Fund administration(fund under the citys energy office supervision).Good Practice-The key to cost-effective reduction is the combination of capita

168、l availability and staff expertise.The success was demonstrated through making small but dedicated financial and human resource available for activities on energy conservation which can lead to significant impact for the city.-The fund provided upfront capital to municipal EE projects which aim to r

169、etrofit facilities in the city.It finally collected revenue from energy saving which was 80 percent of the upfront capital within five years.Therefore,the fund becomes financially sustainable and fully repay the bond obligations within ten years.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle It is essential to make

170、 sure that the followings are available in the initial stage:an initial funding source,and dedicated staff to support and coordinate the activities.More importantly,the fund does not guarantee the savings from subprojects,but relies on its repayments which could differ from the initial estimates whe

171、n the subprojects were approved.16 ESMAP.(2011).Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency:Ann Arbor,Michigan(USA)-Municipal Energy Efficiency Fund.ESMAP Energy Efficient Cities Initiative.Washington,DC:World Bank.26 District Heating Network APEC Economy:Peoples Republic of China Description The proje

172、ct proposes coal-free energy efficient small-scale district energy systems in eight different locations in Qingdao city.Without coal,the city relies on the use of mix of energy sources such as natural gas,extracted heat and solar thermal for the citys peak demand.The mix of sources combined with hig

173、hly EE district energy system help reduce the GHG emissions and other air pollutants in the city17.Contribution to Renewable Energy A mix of RE sources(especially heat sources)was used instead of coals for peak demand shaving.With the combined renewable heat sources such natural gas,waste heat,waste

174、water,geothermal heat pump and solar heat pump,the system could significantly reduce GHG emissions and other air pollutions in the area.Contribution to Energy Efficiency The project proposed nine components of the system with energy-efficient and low-emissions design features.The fully completed sys

175、tem achieved an energy intensity far below the Chinese average.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation Requirements under the environmental impact assessment(EIA)were used to monitor the fulfillment of the environmental laws and regulations.The project cost was supported by Chinese government an

176、d partially by the loan from Asian Development Bank(ADB).Good Practice Instead of conventional large-scale heating system,the project purposely used a wider range but smaller scale heating systems in dispersed areas.Small-scale systems facilitated the introduction of different clean and renewable re

177、sources,and co-generation or tri-generation to fulfill end-users needs.Compared to equivalent energy production of conventional systems(coal-fired sources),this system contributes to energy saving,reduces annual emissions and improves air quality in the area.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle-To set up

178、small-scale heating systems in several different areas,it becomes quite challenging to respond to domestic environmental laws,domestic assessment guidelines,global agreements,domestic environmental standards and ADB policies(in case of loan).-To ensure that the project will not result in significant

179、 adverse environmental,social and health impacts,mitigation measures should be applied and implemented in initial stage as well.-During its construction and operation phases,ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease took place in the area causing a challenge in collaborations,face-to-face meetings,hum

180、an gathering,and public activities.17 Qingdao Municipal Government and Qingdao Energy Group Co.Ltd.(2020).Peoples Republic of China:Qingdao Smart Low Carbon District Energy Project.Asian Development Bank,Manila.27 Renewable Power-to-Heat APEC Economy:Peoples Republic of China,Non-APEC Economies:Denm

181、ark;Germany;United Kingdom Description Renewable power-to-heat plays an important role in increasing the share of RE in building and industrial heating sectors.Renewable power-to-heat applications can be used as energy storage medium for VRE sources.Power-to-heat systems including centralized and de

182、centralized heating systems and support VRE integration in terms of reducing RE curtailment,increasing flexibility through load shifting,storing energy,providing grid services via aggregators,and increasing self-consumption from local renewable-based generation18.Contribution to Renewable Energy Var

183、ious renewable sources such as waste,solar thermal,geothermal are used to generate heat to feed into and aid in industrys production process.Through heat generation process,RE sources can be used effectively in two different ways:1)by direct conversion of RE sources to heat and 2)by using electricit

184、y generated from RE sources to produce heat.Contribution to Energy Efficiency Rapidly increasing number in switching from coal-fired boilers to electric heat pumps can give an immediate effect on overall energy efficiency and pollution from household heating.The process of load shifting with energy

185、management system also helped balance energy demand of buildings in Sweden,reduced 78%energy required for heating system and reduced customers energy bills by almost 20%.Driving Mechanism for Policy Implementation Policy and regulatory support can be a significant drive to deployment of power-to-hea

186、t technologies:-Limiting or banning the use of fossil fuel;-Introducing requirement for RE building model;-Initiating a change in taxation levels on fossil fuel usage reduction;-Incentivizing energy efficiency to boost power-to-heat applications;-Enabling interconnection of heating and electricity m

187、arkets;-Categorizing different consumer segments and types of building;-Market design that allows revenue stacking.Good Practice Power-to-heat technology in several economies receives government and private subsidies in different ways based on the economies policies and regulations.In China,governme

188、nt subsidies have encouraged consumer to switch from coal-fired boiler to electricity-based heat pumps,resulting in over a million heat pumps being sold in 2014.In Canada and Denmark,the government attempted to adopt government-owned heating and cooling plants.Lesson Learned and/or Obstacle Domestic

189、-level networks of stakeholders need to be appointed to promote power-to-heat technologies and provide better understanding to public.18 IRENA(2019),Innovation landscape brief:Renewable power-to-heat,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi 28 3.4.Preliminary Summary of Driving Mechanisms for

190、 Policy Recommendation From the review of over fifteen projects/activities co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in three different sectors,it can be seen that there are different types of policy that could enable or expedite such projects/activities in other APEC economies.Policies

191、enabling increase in renewable energy sharing tend to focus on supply side,trying to help renewable energy producers gain the competitiveness in order to be able to participate in energy market.On the other hand,policies facilitating reduction in energy intensity tend to focus on demand side,seeking

192、 for the way to help users decrease the energy usage while maintaining the same level of activities.Policies to accelerate the introduction of renewable energy typically include the full financial support for demonstration projects or subsidization to help the investment in new systems.Some governme

193、nts sign agreements with private sectors to facilitate their investment in renewable energy while others introduce policy incentives that ease private investment,e.g.,tax deduction.In addition,regulations that aim to reduce the usage of non-renewable energy,e.g.,fossil fuels,in the forms of increase

194、 in taxation of fossil fuels or carbon pricing can in turn expedite the usage of renewable energy.Policies to facilitate the improvement in energy efficiency also include fiscal incentives and support to research and development projects.Supporting policies can also be in terms of awards or certific

195、ation to prove that those users are consuming energy efficiently.Same as the case of renewable energy,restriction,or limitation of carbon emission,e.g.,emission standards,carbon tax or increase in taxation of fossil-fuel-related products also result in promotion of energy efficiency.Self-funded or i

196、ndustrial-led initiatives from the user side can also be observed since they help demonstrate the greenness of the industrial sector.For these particular projects,it turned out that policies that aimed to promote renewable energy by supporting the supply side could also benefit the demand side and c

197、onsequently the improvement in energy efficiency,and vice versa.For example,subsidy to an energy storage system in a solar power system aiming to facilitate the photovoltaic penetration in energy market can also help increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic system by storing the excessive electri

198、city generated during the day to use at night.Promotion of net zero emission building which aims to maximize the energy efficiency of the energy usage inside the building will also result in installation of renewable energy systems which help reduce the carbon emission.However,knowing that there are

199、 various ways to simultaneously facilitate the renewable energy and the energy efficiency,it would be more beneficial if the viewpoints of both supply side and demand side can be taken into account when designing the policy,referring to abovementioned examples.However,it could also be observed that

200、many of the activities relied on financial support from the government.One important reason to this is that some of the technologies,e.g.,energy storage system,electric vehicles,are not yet economically feasible in some of the APEC economies.During this stage,subsidy can be given to demonstration pr

201、ojects to familiarize the public with the technologies in order to have smooth transition when the technology cost goes down to acceptable level.29 4.Proposed Criteria for Joint Projects Co-Benefitting Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency 4.1.Review of Criteria Being Used Currently This section re

202、views existing criteria being used to evaluate energy-related projects.The list in Table 1 comprises of reports and publications containing 1)common quality criteria generally used to assess APEC projects 2)criteria for evaluation of energy-related projects or research,development,and demonstration

203、projects in Thailand,and 3)criteria to assess energy-related proposals in other economies.Documents in Table 1 were used as the resources for the review.The extracted criteria were counted as they appear in the documents as the frequency would represent the significance of them.The criteria were ran

204、ked by the counts in Table 2 to understand the prioritization.APEC common quality criteria were among those frequently found,including relevance,effectiveness,impact,efficiency,and sustainability.This set of criteria is used by APEC project overseers work with APEC Secretariat to achieve satisfactor

205、y quality according to the criteria.Therefore,the same set of criteria should also be used to evaluate the projects leading to co-benefits to renewable energy and energy efficiency.Some other criteria in Table 2 occasionally appear in the documents.Some of them emphasize on project procurement and q

206、ualification of grant applicants which do not fit to the objective of this project.The rest are technical requirements which could be important success factors to achieve co-benefits on renewable energy and energy efficiency.These technical requirements will be revisited in the next section where th

207、e key success factors are discussed.Table 1 Criteria Documents and Categories No.Document Category 1 Selection Criteria for Flagship 2020(translated)APEC 2 Co-benefits of Smart and Sustainable Energy District Projects:An Overview of Economic Assessment Methodologies Co-benefit Indicator 3 Guideline,

208、Criteria,Condition and Priority for Fund Spending to Promote Energy Conservation in Fiscal Year 2021(translated)Eligibility of Grant Applicants 4 Guidelines for the Monitoring,Evaluation and Design of Energy Efficiency Policies Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Policies 5 APEC Scoring Template APEC 6

209、APEC Project Proposal Quality Assessment APEC 7 Final Report Evaluation for Agricultural Research Project(translated)Eligibility of Grant Applicants 8 Eligibility Criteria and Guidelines for Accessing the Energy Efficiency and Low Carbon Measures Sub-Fund APEC 9 Evaluation of Renewable Energy Projec

210、ts in Europe Synthesis Report APEC 10 Guideline for Grant Applicants on SWITCH Asia II-Promoting Sustainable Consumption and Production Eligibility of Grant Applicants 11 Guidebook on APEC Projects Edition 15 APEC 12 Proposal Evaluation Form for Educational Funding and Research Development on Energy

211、 Conservation Technology in Fiscal Year 2016(translated)Eligibility of Grant Applicants 30 Table 2 Criteria Being Used Currently and Their Counts No.Criteria Count 1 Relevance 8 2 Effectiveness 7 3 Impact 6 4 Efficiency 5 5 Sustainability 3 6 Financial value added 2 7 Management of project cycle 2 8

212、 Design of action 2 9 Energy performance standards for buildings,cars or appliances 1 10 Mandatory targets/tradable permits certificates for(demand-side)energy(for certified energy savings)for energy companies 1 11 Labelling of appliances,cars,buildings 1 12 Information/knowledge transfer/education/

213、training 1 13 Energy audits 1 14 Co-operative or public procurement program 1 15 Supports the priorities of the APEC Fund to which it is applying 1 16 Quality appears strong 1 17 Supports economys priorities 1 18 Supports capacity building 1 19 Supports cross fora collaboration and benefits to multi

214、ple economies 1 20 Worthiness in research investment 1 21 Other contribution 1 22 Research team composition 1 4.2.Extraction of Key Success Factors Important keywords that appeared in the review of projects and activities co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in Section 1 were extrac

215、ted to determine the key success factors to the achievement of the co-benefits.They generally involve technical characteristics that can potentially lead to the increase in share of renewable energy and the decrease in energy intensity.The keywords were carefully picked up one by one from each proje

216、ct in all sectors,and then assorted into categories.The categories along with the keywords representing success factors are presented in Table 3.To prioritize the categories of the key success factors,the categories were ranked based on the number of keywords belonged to the categories.Two of the ca

217、tegories:cost effectiveness and sustainability,synchronize with the APEC quality criteria in the previous section.Therefore,no additional actions are required for these criteria.The rest of the criteria represent technical characteristics of the projects or activities that can contribute to the APEC

218、 goals on renewable energy and energy efficiency.They can be used as additional criteria for the proposals under the Energy Efficiency and Low Carbon Measures Sub-Fund.It is also worth mentioning that there are only few similarities in keywords in Table 3 and technical criteria in Table 2.This is be

219、cause the existing criteria aims to evaluate whether the project will help achieve either the goal for renewable energy or the goal for energy 31 efficiency.This indicates the necessity of having additional criteria if APEC EWG would like to fund the projects that can simultaneously benefit both APE

220、C Energy Goals.Table 3 Key Success Factors for Projects or Activities Co-benefitting Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency No.Category Keywords Count 1 Flattening peak demand Load impact minimization,Peak demand reduction,Avoiding peak load,Peak demand shaving,Load shifting,Integration of VRE,V2G,V

221、2H,V2B,Reducing RE curtailment,Storage of energy produced by VRE,Energy storage for VRE,Flexibility,Balancing power grid,Alleviating imbalance,Flexible load,Grid balancing,Ancillary service,Frequency control 16 2 Low carbon Zero emission,Carbon emission reduction,Frequency fluctuation mitigation,Les

222、s GHG emission,Emission reduction,Emission restriction,GHG emission reduction,Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)8 3 Digital Online app,Monitoring and control,Forecasting,Integrated Distribution Management system(DMS),Optimization system,Control of integrated infrastructure 6 4 Electricity/electrificat

223、ion Increasing self-consumption,Hybrid,V2G,V2H,V2B 5 5 Cost effectiveness Reduction in power price,Return of investment,Carbon pricing 3 6 Fuel standards Improvement of fuel economy,Emission restriction,Fossil fuel replacement 3 7 Local context Use of local energy resources,Local needs 2 8 Sustainab

224、ility Sustainable,Eco 2 4.3.Initial Proposal of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Co-benefits Criteria A proposal for the set of criteria that APEC EWG can use to evaluate future project proposals to ensure that the projects will co-benefit renewable energy and energy efficiency was presented a

225、t the 1st Workshop(see Annex 1)in March 2021.The review of criteria being used currently in Section 4.1 indicated that Quality Criteria for Assessing APEC Project including Relevance,Effectiveness,Impact,Efficiency,and Sustainability are frequently used,and are well-defined since they also appear in

226、 other documents.Therefore,they should continue to be used as key aspects that the evaluators need to consider during the evaluation of the project proposals.Taking a closer look at the eligibility criteria and guidelines for accessing the Energy Efficiency and Low Carbon Measures(EELCM)Sub-Fund,the

227、 important parts are the eligibility criteria and the priority for funding.Based on the abovementioned findings,the following slight modification of the eligibility criteria is proposed in italic.“To be eligible,projects must:32 Have at least 4 co-sponsoring economies from the projects originating f

228、orum,as confirmed by the APEC Secretariat;and Focus on activities which will contribute to achieving:1)APECs aggregate energy intensity reduction goal of 45%by 2035 which was agreed at the APEC Leaders Meeting in Honolulu in 2011;and 2)contribute to achieving the goal of doubling the share of renewa

229、bles by 2030 which was endorsed by the APEC Leaders Meeting in Beijing in 2014;and Demonstrate that the proposed project will meet capacity building needs for APEC developing economies;and In case of Category 2 projects,have a total APEC-funded budget of USD 100,000 or less.”The proposed eligibility

230、 criteria explicitly require the proposal to contribute to achieving both APEC energy goals instead of achieving either of them.Since the project contractor is required to fulfill both APEC energy goals,even if the project aims just only on reduction of energy intensity,the project contractor will n

231、eed to consider the ways that the project can contribute to introduction of clean energy.As for the priority for funding,the technical key success factors extracted from Section 4.2 could help ensure that the priority is given to the project that will lead to improvement of energy efficiency in acco

232、mpany with accelerating deployment of renewable energy.Below is the proposal to add the technical key success factors as another priority for funding.The proposed modification is shown in italic.“Support for the projects listed in Category 1 are the top priority of the EELCM Sub-Fund and as such,sub

233、ject to EWG endorsement,a maximum of 1 project per year would be funded from Category 1 project applications,before all other projects applying for the sub-fund.Therefore,the highest scoring Category 1 Concept Note will be funded first before any Category 2 Concept Notes are recommended for funding:

234、Low-Carbon Model Town(LCMT)as reflected in the official APEC LCMT Concept approved by all EWG members,including through policy making and dissemination of APEC low-carbon towns.This concept may continue to evolve and improve over time on the basis of lessons learned from previous phases and feedback

235、 from EWG members;or Projects that supports both RE&EE APEC goals through at least two of following six technical criteria:1)Flattening peak demand;2)Low carbon,3)Digital;4)Electricity/electrification;5)Fuel standards;6)Local context.”33 There is a scoring sheet where APEC economies are requested to

236、 provide scores according to the guiding questions for each criterion.The aforementioned technical criteria can be used when an economy evaluate whether the proposal supports the priorities of the sub-fund.4.4.Final Proposal of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Co-benefits Criteria During the 6

237、0th meeting of the APEC Energy Working Group(EWG60)in Brunei Darussalam on June 21-25,2021,the name of the Energy Efficiency and Low Carbon Measures(EELCM)Sub-Fund was changed to the Energy Efficiency,Low Carbon and Energy Resiliency Measures(EELCER)Sub-Fund along with the eligibility criteria and g

238、uideline.This is to align the funding from the sub-fund with the Energy Resiliency Principle and the initiative to Enhance Energy Access in APEC,which were endorsed by the APEC EWG in 2020.The essence of the proposal for the modifications of the eligible criteria of the sub-fund remains valid even t

239、hough the name of the sub-fund was changed to the Energy Efficiency,Low Carbon and Energy Resiliency Measures(EELCER)Sub-Fund,though the recommendation needs to be amended to suit the modified eligibility criteria.The proposed modification is shown in italic.“To be eligible,projects must:Have at lea

240、st 4 co-sponsoring economies from the projects originating forum,as confirmed by the APEC Secretariat;and Focus on activities which will contribute to achieving:1)APECs aggregate energy intensity reduction goal of 45%by 2035 which was agreed at the APEC Leaders Meeting in Honolulu in 2011;and 2)cont

241、ribute to achieving the goal of doubling the share of renewables by 2030 which was endorsed by the APEC Leaders Meeting in Beijing in 2014;and/or Focus on activities which will contribute to enhance energy resiliency,which was highlighted the importance at APEC Energy Ministerial Meeting in 2015;and

242、/or Focus on activities which will contribute to enhancing energy access,which was underlined by APEC leaders in 2016,2017 and 2020.Demonstrate that the proposed project will meet capacity building needs for APEC developing economies;and In case of Category 2 projects,have a total APEC-funded budget

243、 of USD 100,000 or less.”From the change in the name of the sub-fund to incorporate the new priority for funding,it could be assumed that the proposal to alter the priority for funding seems not to be feasible.However,the technical criteria listed in Table 3 can still be used by the economy to evalu

244、ate the contribution of the project proposal towards the two APEC energy goals which should align well with most economies priorities.34 4.5.Way towards Mainstreaming Projects Co-benefitting Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Figure 4 shows the plan to promote joint renewable energy and energy e

245、fficiency projects under APEC EWG.With the 1st Workshop(Annex 1)where economies shared best practices of successful joint projects for renewable energy and energy efficiency implementation with co-benefits,and the 2nd Workshop(Annex 2)where the evaluation tools to assess co-benefitting projects were

246、 introduced to economies along with hands-on practice,participated economies have realized the needs to design project proposals that can co-benefit renewable energy and energy efficiency,and have learned the way to design and evaluate them.The proposal to the eligibility criteria of the Energy Effi

247、ciency,Low Carbon and Energy Resiliency Measures(EELCER)Sub-Fund seems to be insignificant in terms of the written criteria.However,this slight modification will require the project contractor to find the ways to meet both APEC energy goals on renewable energy and energy efficiency,and he/she can re

248、fer to the list of the key success factors for the project to co-benefit renewable energy and energy efficiency in Table 3 which will help ensure that the project will result in co-benefits.The implementation will be even more efficient if the economies refer to this list during the project scoring.

249、In addition,a number of co-benefits evaluation tools are available for usage of any economies,which would facilitate the design of the joint RE&EE project with co-benefits.It is a good idea to have a monitoring program to monitor whether the modification of the eligibility criteria and the introduct

250、ion of the technical criteria for proposal scoring really lead to co-benefits to renewable energy and energy efficiency.This can be done by monitoring the occurrence frequencies of the keywords in Table 3 in future proposals and evaluate the contribution of those proposals to the two APEC energy goa

251、ls.Figure 4 Steps to mainstream projects co-benefitting renewable energy and energy efficiency in APEC EWG 35 Annex 1.Summary of 1st Workshop The 1st APEC Workshop on Exploring Co-Benefit Opportunities for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in the APEC Region was scheduled to hold in vi

252、rtual-hybrid manner during 18-19 March 2021 in Pathum Thani,Thailand,with the objectives to share best practices of successful joint projects for RE&EE implementation with co-benefit in power generation and distribution,transport,and building sector,as well as to discuss criteria and framework for j

253、oint RE&EE projects with co-benefit technically and economically.As shown in the agenda in Table 4,the 1st day workshop started with a welcome speech and a short introduction to the event by Dr Aree Thanaboonsombut,Deputy Executive Director,National Metal and Materials Technology Center(MTEC),Thaila

254、nd,valuing the co-benefits for renewable energy and energy efficiency,which is expected to be the opportunities to strengthen economic benefits for APEC economy and respond to APEC energy goals.Afterwards,opening speech was delivered by Dr Prasert Sinsukprasert,Director General,Department of Alterna

255、tive Energy and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy,Thailand,pointing out that global collaboration is a key to overcome currently appeared global disasters and to achieve APEC vision on renewable energy and energy efficiency which is consistent to the Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018(AEDP20

256、18)of Thailand.Table 4 Agenda for the 1st Workshop The 1st APEC Workshop on Exploring Co-Benefit Opportunities for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in the APEC Region Date:18-19 March 2021 at MTEC(https:/goo.gl/maps/HAyRpn85pCJSwyi3A)Room M506&online;Time zone:GMT+7 18 March 2021(Thur

257、sday)-Virtual Workshop 08:30 09:00 Registration and Reception(Online)09:00 09:10 Welcome Remark&Introduction-Workshop overview and goals 1.Instructions for online workshop 2.A short introduction to the event:workshop objective,expectation and agenda Dr Julathep Kajornchaikul,Executive Director,Natio

258、nal Energy Technology Center(ENTEC)(Thailand)09:10 09.20 Opening Ceremony Opening Speech by Dr Prasert Sinsukprasert,Director General,Department of Alternative Energy and Efficiency,Ministry of Energy(Thailand)Group Photo 09:20 09:40 09:40 10:00 Sharing of Best Practices for the RE&EE Projects Shari

259、ng best practices in the perspective of project conceptualization and design,financing,procurement,construction and operation,obstacles&overcomes Best Practice of RE&EE Co-benefit in Power Generation&Distribution Sector Dr Richard Rocheleu,Director of Hawaii Natural Energy Institute,University of Ha

260、waii(United States)Best Practice of RE&EE Co-benefit in Transportation Sector 36 18 March 2021(Thursday)-Virtual Workshop 10:00 10:20 Mr Bert Fabian,UN Environment Programme(UNEP)Best Practice of RE&EE Co-benefit in Building Sector Prof Dr Wen-Pei Sung,National Chin-Yi University of Technology(Chine

261、se Taipei)10:20 10:30 Digital Break 10:30 12:00 Brainstorming Activities Development of criteria and framework for joint RE&EE projects with co-benefit technically and economically In this session,government representatives,investors,developers,and academia will brainstorm on the criteria of possibl

262、e co-benefit projects for RE&EE through interactive activities with expected outcomes as follows:Define linkages and commonalities between the co-benefit RE&EE Projects between power generation and distribution,transport,and buildings sectors Facilitator:Dr Worajit Setthapun,Dean of Asian Developmen

263、t College for Community Economy and Technology,Chiang Mai Rajabhat University(Thailand)Activities:1.Introduction to Brainstorming activities format 2.Presentation on Preliminary studies of best practices,guideline,criteria,and framework for successful RE&EE joint projects in power generation&distrib

264、ution,transport,and buildings sector Dr Kampanart Silva,National Energy Technology Center(ENTEC)(Thailand)3.Discussion of linkages and commonalities between the co-benefit RE&EE Projects between power generation and distribution,transport,and buildings sectors a)Joint Project Commonalities/Differenc

265、es b)Co-benefit on economical and technical aspect and justifications c)Obstacles and Overcomes 4.Wrap up Day 1 19 March 2021(Friday)-Virtual Workshop 08:30 09:00 Registration and Reception(Online)09:00 09:20 Recap of Day 1 and Introduction of Day 2 Goal&Expectations Dr Worajit Setthapun,Dean of Asi

266、an Development College for Community Economy and Technology,Chiang Mai Rajabhat University(Thailand)09:20 09:40 09:40 10:00 Policy Perspective to facilitate Co-benefit RE&EE Projects Policy Best Practices in 100%RE Goal for Hawaii Mr Mark Glick,Energy Policy&Innovation Specialist,Hawaii Natural Ener

267、gy Institute,University of Hawaii at Manoa(United States)JUMP Smart Maui Project Mr Leon Roose,Hawaii Natural Energy Institute,University of Hawaii(United States)37 19 March 2021(Friday)-Virtual Workshop 10:00 10:20 10:20 10:40 Demonstration on Production and Utilization Technology for Hydrogen Ener

268、gy Carrier Dr Kinya Sakanishi,Assistant Director General,Department of Energy and Environment,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(Japan)District Cooling&District Heating(China)Dr Vivia Luo,Yunnan Academy of Scientific&Technology Information(China)10:4010:50 Break 10:50 1

269、1:50 Brainstorming Activities Development of criteria and framework for joint RE&EE projects with co-benefit technically and economically In this session,government representatives,investors,developers,and academia will brainstorm on the criteria of possible co-benefit projects for RE&EE through int

270、eractive activities with expected outcomes as follows:RE&EE project development criteria,framework and guideline of the joint project to be applicable for granting agencies Facilitator:Dr Nuwong Chollacoop,Project Manager,National Energy Technology Center(ENTEC)(Thailand)Activities:1.Introduction to

271、 Brainstorming activities format 2.Discussion of joint RE&EE project development criteria,framework and guideline a)Possible type of joint projects with economic and technical co-benefit b)Criteria and Framework for RE&EE Joint project c)Selection Guideline for granting agencies d)Possible Policy su

272、pport for joint projects 3.Wrap up possible way forward and collaborations 11:50 12:00 Closing Remarks Table 5 List of Participants to 1st APEC Workshop No.APEC Member Economy Title Name Gender Organization E-mail 1 Thailand Dr Prasert Sinsukprasert Male Department of Alternative Energy Development

273、and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy prasert_sdede.go.th 2 Thailand Dr Aree Thanaboonsombut Female National Metal and Materials Technology Center(MTEC)areehmtec.or.th 3 Peoples Republic of China Dr Vivia Luo Female Yunnan Academy of Scientific&Technology Information 38 No.APEC Member Economy Titl

274、e Name Gender Organization E-mail 4 Chinese Taipei Prof Dr Wen-Pei Sung Male National Chin-Yi University of Technology 5 Japan Dr Kinya Sakanishi Male Department of Energy and Environment,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology kinya-sakanishiaist.go.jp 6 UNEP Mr Bert Fabian

275、 Male United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)bert.fabianun.org 7 United States of America Dr Richard Rocheleu Male Hawaii Natural Energy Institute,University of Hawaii rocheleahawaii.edu 8 United States of America Mr Mark Glick Male Hawaii Natural Energy Institute,University of Hawaii at Manoa mb

276、glickhawaii.edu 9 United States of America Mr Marc Matsuura Male Hawaii Natural Energy Institute,University of Hawaii marcmmhawaii.edu 10 Australia Ms Cathy McGowan Female Department of Industry,Science,Energy and Resources Cathy.McGowanindustry.gov.au 11 Chinese Taipei Dr Liao,Ming Cheng Male Natio

277、nal Chin-Yi University of Technology liaomcncut.edu.tw 12 Chinese Taipei Mr Huang Chien Shiun Male Hsin Wu University 13 Hong Kong,China Mr VY Ek Chin Male Electrical and Mechanical Services Department(EMSD)ecvyemsd.gov.hk 14 Hong Kong,China Mr Harry Lai Male Electrical and Mechanical Services Depar

278、tment(EMSD)hclaiemsd.gov.hk 15 Hong Kong,China Ms Chim Sin Man Becky Female Electrical and Mechanical Services Department(EMSD)beckychimemsd.gov.hk 16 Hong Kong,China Mr Wong,Ka Yuk Enzo Male Electrical and Mechanical Services Department(EMSD)enzokywongepd.gov.hk 17 Hong Kong,China Ms Jovian Cheung

279、Female Electrical and Mechanical Services joviancheungemsd.gov.hk 39 No.APEC Member Economy Title Name Gender Organization E-mail Department(EMSD)18 Indonesia Dr Ahmad Agus Setiawan Male Universitas Gadjah Mada a.setiawanugm.ac.id 19 Indonesia Dr Muhammad Makky Institute for Research and Community S

280、ervice,Andalas University 20 Japan Dr Naoko Doi Female The Institute of Energy Economics,Japan doiedmc.ieej.or.jp 21 Malaysia Mr Ts.Steve Anthony Lojuntin Male Sustainable Energy Development Authority(SEDA)steveseda.gov.my 22 Malaysia Mr Mohd Helmi Omar Male Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources

281、helmi.omarketsa.gov.my 23 Malaysia Mrs Siti Sarah Sharuddin Female Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources sarah.sharuddinketsa.gov.my 24 Malaysia Prof Ir Dr Haslenda Hashim Female Universiti Teknologi Malaysia haslendautm.my 25 Malaysia Dr Hedzlin Zainuddin Female University Teknologi MARA(UiTM)he

282、dzl506uitm.edu.my 26 Mexico Dr Ral Taln Ramrez Male Trust Found for the Saving of Electric Energy raul.talancfe.gob.mx 27 Mexico Mr Odn de Buen Rodrguez Male National Commission for the Efficient Use of Energy odon.debuenconuee.gob.mx 28 Mexico Dr Sergio Omar Saldaa Zorrilla Male Ministry of Energy

283、of Mexico sosaldanaenergia.gob.mx 29 Peoples Republic of China Mr Steivan Defilla Male APEC Sustainable Energy Center 30 Peoples Republic of China Mr Xie Yitian Male China Electric Power Planning and Engineering Institute 31 Peoples Republic of China Dr Li Pengcheng Male China National Institute of

284、Standardization (CNIS) 32 Peoples Republic of China Dr Liu Ren Male China National Institute of Standardization (CNIS) 33 The Philippines Attorney Patrick Aquino Male Department of Energy 34 The Philippines Mr Jorge Vincent Bitoon Male Department of Energy 40 No.APEC Member Economy Title Name Gender

285、 Organization E-mail 35 The Philippines Mr John Kevin Paris Male Department of Energy 36 The Philippines Mr Daniel Collin Jornales Male Department of Energy djornalesdoe.gov.ph 37 The Philippines Ms Norita Froilan Female Department of Energy 38 The Philippines Mr Marc Venson Chua Male Department of

286、Energy 39 The Philippines Mr Victorino,Jr.Getalado Male Department of Energy 40 The Philippines Mr Aaron Premacio Male Department of Energy 41 The Philippines Mr Steven Ivan Male Department of Energy 42 The Philippines Ms Eleanor Hainto Female Department of Energy 43 Republic of Korea Ms Hana Wang F

287、emale Ministry of Foreign Affairs hnwang19mofa.go.kr 44 Republic of Korea Ms Youngsun Choi Female Korea Energy Economics Institute yschoikeei.re.kr 45 Republic of Korea Ms Ki-Won JUNG Female Ministry of Foreign Affairs kwjung07mofa.go.kr 46 United States of America Dr Kathleen Purvis Roberts Female

288、Claremont McKenna,Pitzer,and Scripps Colleges KPurviskecksci.claremont.edu 47 United States of America Dr Jan Alam Female Pacific Northwest National Laboratory mdjane.alampnnl.gov 48 United States of America Dr Cary Bloyd Male Pacific Northwest National Laboratory cary.bloydpnnl.gov 49 United States

289、 of America Mr Ron Cherry Male US Department of Energy ron.cherryhq.doe.gov 50 Viet Nam Assoc Prof Dr Phung Le Female Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology(HCMUT)phunglehcmut.edu.vn 51 Thailand Mr Watcharin Boonyarit Male Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry

290、 of Energy watcharin_bdede.go.th 52 Thailand Ms Munlika Sompranon Female Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy 53 Thailand Dr Yaowateera Achawangkul Male Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy 41 No.APEC Mem

291、ber Economy Title Name Gender Organization E-mail 54 Thailand Mr Khumthorn Nawalertpanya Male Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy 55 Thailand Ms Chalermluk Jitrumpueng Female Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry o

292、f Energy chalermluk_jdede.go.th 56 Thailand Mr Wisaruth Meathasit Male Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy wisaruth_mdede.go.th 57 Thailand Ms Suthanee Wachasit Female Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energ

293、y suthanee_wdede.go.th 58 Thailand Mr Nattapoom Nunto Male Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy nattapoom_ndede.go.th 59 Thailand Mr Warote Chaintarawong Male Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy warote_c

294、dede.go.th 60 Thailand Ms Sukanya Nanta Female Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy sukanya_ndede.go.th 61 Thailand Mr Watcharin Pachittyen Male Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy 62 Thailand Ms Choncha

295、nachai,Suphatchaya Female Energy Policy and Planning Office,Ministry of Energy suphatchayaeppo.go.th 63 Thailand Mr Boonrod,Keetaphan Male Energy Policy and Planning Office,Ministry of Energy keetaphaneppo.go.th 64 Thailand Dr Lawanstiend,Duangtip Female Energy Policy and Planning Office,Ministry of

296、 Energy duangtip.laweppo.go.th 65 Thailand Mr Chairapee Liengboonlertchai Male Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand(EGAT)chairapee.legat.co.th 66 Thailand Mr Thanun Hathaisete Male Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand(EGAT)thanun.hegat.co.th 42 No.APEC Member Economy Title Name Gende

297、r Organization E-mail 67 Thailand Mr Newin Phongkasemwiwat Male Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand(EGAT)newin.pegat.co.th 68 Thailand Mr Sarunyu Phongpitchayapa Male Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand(EGAT)592300egat.co.th 69 Thailand Mr Pattanan Jirasuttinan Male Electricity Gen

298、erating Authority of Thailand(EGAT)592205egat.co.th 70 Thailand Mr Pasit Udomsapsanti Male Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand(EGAT)592238egat.co.th 71 Thailand Ms Yanisa Lertanantrakoon Female Ministry of Energy of Thailand yanisaleenergy.go.th 72 Thailand Ms Kritika Rasisuddhi Female Dema

299、nd-Side Management and Social Affairs Division,Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand(EGAT)kritika.regat.co.th 73 Thailand Dr Chanyaporn Bstieler Female King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi(KMUTT)chanyaporn.chukmutt.ac.th 74 Thailand Dr Nuwong Chollacoop Male National Energy Technol

300、ogy Center(ENTEC),National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA)nuwong.choentec.or.th 75 Thailand Dr Peerawat Saisirirat Male National Energy Technology Center(ENTEC),National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA)peerawat.saientec.or.th 76 Thailand Dr Kampanart Silva Male Natio

301、nal Energy Technology Center(ENTEC),National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA)kampanart.silentec.or.th 77 Thailand Mr Tantiwat Kowitkulkrai Male National Energy Technology Center(ENTEC),National Science and Technology tantiwat.kowentec.or.th 43 No.APEC Member Economy Title Name Gender

302、 Organization E-mail Development Agency(NSTDA)78 Thailand Mr Kampanat Thapmanee Male National Energy Technology Center(ENTEC),National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA)kampanat.thaentec.or.th 79 Thailand Mr Phumanan Niyomna Male National Energy Technology Center(ENTEC),National Scienc

303、e and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA)Phumanan.niyentec.or.th 80 Thailand Mr Pidpong Janta Male National Energy Technology Center(ENTEC),National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA) 81 Thailand Dr Worajit Setthapun Female Asian Development College for Community Economy and Technolog

304、y(adiCET)Chiang Mai Rajabhat University worajitcmru.ac.th 82 Thailand Dr Hathaithip Sintuya Female Asian Development College for Community Economy and Technology(adiCET)Chiang Mai Rajabhat University 44 Figure 5 Breakdown statistics 1.1.1st Workshop Participants As shown in Figure 5 and detailed in

305、Table 5,the 1st workshop was attended a total of 82 participants from 13 APEC member economies and 1 global organization with a female-to-male ratio of 33%(27 women and 55 men).As usual,the virtual-hybrid meeting was highly participative,with Dr Nuwong Chollacoop,project manager from Thailand,taking

306、 on the role of overall facilitator.1.2.1st Workshop Presentation and Discussion The 1st workshop was a hybrid workshop with local participants attending on-site,and foreign participants attending online.It was structured for two days with the first day composed of sharing of best practices of renew

307、able energy(RE)and energy efficiency(EE)co-benefits in power generation and distribution sector,transportation sector and building sector,followed by brainstorming activities to discuss the criteria and framework for joint RE&EE projects with co-benefits,proposed by the project team based on literat

308、ure survey of past projects with RE&EE co-benefits.The second day focused on policy perspective to facilitate projects co-benefitting RE&EE,again followed by a brainstorming session to recap driving mechanisms and enabling policies for joint RE&EE projects.Experience shared by top runners in respect

309、ive sectors confirmed the opportunities in designing projects to serve both APEC energy goals on RE&EE,and successfully implement the projects with policy support from government sector.This aligns with the proposed criteria and framework for joint RE&EE projects,which suggested technical criteria f

310、or bridging the gap between RE and EE,and various policies that serve as a driving force for the projects.Participating APEC Member Economies also provided feedback and comments on the proposed criteria,which enhanced the coverage of the criteria and helped finalize the guideline for projects co-ben

311、efitting RE&EE.Figure 6 shows various presentations and discussion on the first day;whereas Figure 7 shows presentations on policy perspective on the second day with final discussion to wrap up the workshop.Presentation files are shared at:https:/ and records of both days are available at https:/ an

312、d https:/ 45 Figure 6 Presentation and Discussion of the first day of workshop Figure 7 Presentations on Policy Perspective on the second day of workshop 46 The first session on best practices for RE&EE projects started with the presentation by Dr Richard Rocheleu,who is the Director of Hawaii Natur

313、al Energy Institute(HNEI),USA,covering the best practices of RE&EE in power generation based on past experience of Hawaii Natural Energy Institute.With 100%clean energy goal,Hawaii has been used as a test bed for advanced energy technology to inform decision makers on cost effective pathways to the

314、goal.As the prices of solar panels and batteries had significantly fallen recently,Hawaii Electric is considering increasing the share of dispatchable renewable energy,e.g.,photovoltaic(PV)plus energy storage,and standalone storage.Stochastic analysis of resource adequacy shows that PV plus storage

315、can effectively provide capacity reserves which mitigates risk of large coal power plant retirement in 2022.The analysis also shows that standalone storage increases the reliability of the system.Even at significant penetration level,there is a near equivalence between PV plus storage,standalone sto

316、rage,and demand response as a replacement for dispatchable thermal generation.Next was the presentation by Mr Bert Fabian from the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP),which focuses on RE&EE co-benefits in the transportation sector.RE&EE projects in transportation sector provides co-benefits n

317、ot only in enhancing energy security and diversity in energy sources,but also in non-energy-related sectors,e.g.,providing jobs and enabling green growth,improving public health through better air quality,and improving resilience to disasters and climate change vulnerabilities.Co-benefits can be qua

318、ntified by estimating the savings from the aforementioned co-benefits from RE&EE-related transport interventions when compared with the cases without interventions.Several examples of transport interventions that impacts EE&RE were introduced,including policies to promote efficient and light-duty EV

319、s in 65+regions under the Global Fuel Economy Initiative(GFEI),policies,regulations,and pilot projects in East Africa and Southeast Asia to promote electric two-and three-wheelers,and policies,regulations,and pilot projects to integrate e-buses.The last presentation in this session was given by Prof

320、 Wen-Pei Sung from National Chin-Yi University of Technology,Chinese Taipei,using Taichung city to showcase energy-saving strategy for building during urban renewal.Converting abandoned old railway into Green Sky Gallery provides sufficient lighting and comfortable temperature to the walking corrido

321、r by design with no additional energy usage.Old houses were reformed to be shops and department stores,with energy-efficient lighting and air-conditioning.Livable architecture was introduced to Taichung city to raise the green cover rate of the city aiming to mitigate the urban heat island effect.Th

322、is includes building greening(vertical greening)and green belts across the city.The construction of the new park also considered the use of reclaimed water and man-made river to improve air quality and ensure comfort environment.Prior to the discussion on criteria and framework for joint RE&EE proje

323、cts with co-benefits,Dr Kampanart Silva from National Energy Technology Center(ENTEC),Thailand,presented an overview of the literature review conducted by the project team on projects and activities co-benefitting RE&EE in power generation and distribution sector,transportation sector,and building s

324、ector.Key technical criteria that can help design projects with co-benefits were extracted from the review to develop a proposal of criteria for joint projects co-benefitting RE&EE.The project team proposed six categories of technical criteria for co-benefits to RE&EE,including:1)Flattening peak dem

325、and;2)Low carbon;3)Digital;4)Electricity/electrification;47 5)Fuel standards;6)Local context.The project team proposed modifications of eligibility criteria and priority for Energy Efficiency and Low Carbon Measures(EELCM)Sub-Fund,and additional consideration during the scoring of the projects by AP

326、EC Member Economies representatives detailed below.1)Slight modification of eligibility criteria for EELCM Sub-Fund:the project must focus on activities which contribute to both RE&EE APEC goals(Figure 8).2)Modification of priority for EELCM Sub-Fund:In addition to Low-Carbon Model Town(LCMT),projec

327、ts that support both RE&EE APEC goals through at least two of six aforementioned technical criteria should be recommended for funding as Category 1 Projects(Figure 9).3)Scoring by APEC Member Economies representatives:six aforementioned technical criteria should be considered during the scoring of C

328、riteria 1(Relevance),which evaluates whether the project supports the priorities of the APEC Fund to which it is applying(Figure 10).Figure 8 Slight modification of eligibility criteria for EELCM Sub-Fund Figure 9 Modification of priority for EELCM Sub-Fund 48 Figure 10 Scoring by APEC Member Econom

329、ies representatives The discussion focused on how the proposed technical criteria can fit in current APEC quality criteria.Each participating APEC member economy responded to the criteria in different ways.Importantly,it is suggested by Dr Naoko Doi,the Institute of Energy Economics,Japan(IEEJ),to i

330、nvolve cost effectiveness as one of the technical criteria and advised that driving forces such as stakeholder engagement should be included into the framework.It is then suggested that creating prosperity for communities is also crucial in encouraging investment.Dr Yaowateera Achawangkul,Department

331、 of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy,Thailand added that community engagement can be achieved through a push to actualize community energy services and increase proportion of local material purchase,estimated to be up to 60%.The 2nd day of the workshop starts wi

332、th recap of first day workshop with comment by Dr Cary Bloyd,Senior Staff Scientist at Electricity Infrastructure and Buildings Division of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,USA,that to achieve low carbon emissions,it is necessary that decision making at city or state level should be firstly and

333、 fundamentally made.Since energy efficiency by now has reached its goal,increasing share of renewable energy to a higher level should be set as the priority to achieve net zero emissions.Further,it is also suggested that a good combination of renewable energy usage can lead to the APEC ultimate goals where a case study of New York Citys Roadmap can be taken into consideration for the development o