1、The rise of national quantum strategiesPhoto by Briana FlosiKearney,ChicagoSeveral countries,including the United States,United Kingdom,France,Netherlands,and Germany,have already recognized the value of quantum technologies and developed national strategies to drive research and innovation.To fully

2、 capitalize on opportunities in the post-quantum era,countries now need strategies that exploit their strengths and lay out how they can best approach quantum technologies and seize new opportunities.For example,the US focuses on continued leadership in quantum information science,while the Netherla

3、nds strives to become a world-leading center and hub for quantum technology generally.Germany aims to develop a competitive quantum computer within five years.Industry and defense also play a vital role in developing quantum technologies.Companies such as IBM and Microsoft are developing quantum com

4、puters,while defense-focused firms such as Lockheed Martin and BAE Systems are exploring applications such as positioning and sensing.Given their relevance to national security and their in-house research capabilities,defense organizations are involved in the national quantum strategy in most countr

5、ies.Many nations have also entered into bilateral and multilateral agreements and strategic partnerships with the private sector to collaborate on quantum research and development.For example,in 2021 IBM unveiled its first quantum computer outside the United States(in Germany),and in September 2021,

6、France and the Netherlands signed a memorandum of understanding to collaborate and find synergies in quantum R&D.The possibilities of quantum science continue to disrupt the status quo and are transforming every aspect of our world,from human health and the environment to the economy and defense.To

7、realize the potential of the second quantum revolution,nations must move quickly and develop a national strategy to guide research,investment,and commercialization.Quantum science,which explores nature at the level of atoms and subatomic particles,has led to many breakthroughs over the past few deca

8、des in computing,mobile device communications,and positioning.We are now at an inflection point where the next advances may help solve some of the most significant challenges of our time.The quantum technology market is estimated to reach several hundred billion dollars in the next couple of decades

9、,but this understates the impact that these technologies will have on society.Next-generation quantum technologies will unlock applications across all sectors that are not possible today.For example,quantum computers will lead to breakthroughs in drug discovery to improve health and extend human lif

10、e.By identifying genes responsible for important traits,quantum computing will improve agriculture yields by helping plants survive even in the most hostile environments.Quantum computing will also help improve national security by reducing the risk of cyberattacks and disruption of information tech

11、nology infrastructure.Executive summary 1The rise of national quantum strategiesOur team of experts at Kearney has created a proprietary framework to help nations develop their national quantum strategies.This framework starts with setting a vision to anchor the strategy.A single national body leads

12、 this effort,in close collaboration with a consortium consisting of academia,industry,and government.Key pillars of the framework include research,human capital,industry,and market opportunities.As the success of any national strategy depends on a robust regulatory environment,funding opportunities,

13、and international collaboration,these are all at the core of our quantum framework.Nations can use this framework to define their strategy,identify the most impactful quantum technologies for the country,and drive funding for their ecosystem.It will also enable the nation to attract the right talent

14、 from all over the world and establish innovation centers to create and pilot new applications.The second quantum revolution will be rich in opportunities,but nations readiness to exploit them and their global competitiveness will depend on the strategies they develop now.A quantum strategy framewor

15、kTo realize the potential of the quantum,nations must move quickly and develop a national strategy.2The rise of national quantum strategiesHow new quantum technologies can benefit nationsGiven the potential of the second quantum revolution,early adoption of new technologies offers significant benefi

16、ts for nations.For citizens,it can provide skills necessary for lucrative future employment while improving quality of life through next-generation health technology.These new technologies will also lead to breakthrough discoveries across all fields of science,encouraging entrepreneurship and small-

17、to-medium business activity in the R&D sector.This will help nations develop their knowledge economy,offer a competitive advantage to national industries,and transform their GDP potential.Finally,quantum technologies can enhance national security by protecting national infrastructure,sensitive gover

18、nment data,and essential IT systems,as well as a number of defense-centric applications.While quantum technologies are expected to grow into a multi-hundred-billion-dollar industry in the next couple of decades,these projections understate the potential value of new discoveries and applications.Just

19、 as,at the start of the first quantum revolution,the concept and applications,let alone the market value,of a smartphone,watch,or other IT device were impossible to predict,the second revolution will bring applications and industries that dont currently exist.For example,quantum technologies could p

20、roduce billions in savings in manufacturing by optimizing production flows,packaging,and supply chains.In medicine,breakthrough drug discoveries could reduce hospitalizations and healthcare expenses,while improving quality of life.In the physical environment,quantum science could help improve agricu

21、ltural yields,while quantum sensors can measure environmental changes and offer early warnings of dangerous events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.In geology,quantum sensors on Earth and in space will help find new mineral deposits.In addition to these applications,quantum technologies co

22、uld also create new capabilities to compete with other nations in national security contests.For example,quantum technologies could be used to coerce a rival nation by disrupting IT infrastructure,breaching government communications,defeating security protocols,and exploiting financial systems and d

23、atabases.These uses are double-edged:in the wrong hands,they could pose threats.As a result,defense must be at the forefront of quantum technology development to ensure security and mitigate risk.The second quantum revolutionThe first quantum revolution started in the 1920s and 1930s when scientists

24、 began to develop the theories that became known as quantum mechanics.By the 1950s,these had enabled the miniaturization of transistors and silicon manufacturing,which in turn led to continual reductions in the size of electronic devices,including the first computers,and con-sequent advances in comm

25、unications,computing,healthcare,and military systems.Technologies including semiconductors,lasers,digital telephones,and a satellite-based global positioning system(GPS)emerged during this phase.Continuous research has enabled us to better understand the laws of quantum physics,unlocking new opportu

26、nities.While the first quantum revolution gave the world new rules to understand physical reality,the second revolution promises to enable control of its components by applying principles such as those of quantum superposition and quantum entanglement.This has spurred the development of three main t

27、ypes of quantum technologies.Quantum communication applies quantum mechanics to create ultra-safe information systems that can transmit information and protect sensitive data in an unbreachable way.Quantum sensing uses quantum science to precisely measure physical quantities such as gravity and elec

28、tromagnetic fields and gain insights into the smallest features of matter.Finally,quantum computing uses quantum mechanics to perform computations and solve problems that even current supercomputers cannot yet do.3The rise of national quantum strategiesThe role of defenseWhile quantum strategy devel

29、opment is a civilian-led effort,defense is a crucial player,given its role in national security,funding,and research capabilities.In the United States and Israel,the ministry of defense,the armed forces,the defense research agency,and the private sector are all involved in the national quantum strat

30、egy.Within the defense ecosystem,several key stakeholders have distinct roles and responsibilities in driving national quantum strategies.In most nations,the ministry of defense can provide funding for a national quantum strategy and help develop specific quantum technologies.The military conducts r

31、esearch,investigates potential applications,and sets up labs and the infrastructure to carry out R&D in the field.Finally,the defense industry typically has technology-sharing agreements with academia and can help develop quantum applications through independent research,participation in national pr

32、ograms,and joint scientific research.The global landscape of quantum strategiesAs the second quantum revolution unfolds rapidly,nations that move quickly to develop their quantum strategies will have an edge.In the past few years,more than a dozen countries,including the United States,United Kingdom

33、,China,and Israel,have done this,developing and funding national quantum strategies.Each of these countries has designed a bespoke strategy around its strengths and goals in supercharging its economy.For example,Great Britain seeks to create a quantum-enabled economy while the United States strives

34、to ensure continued leadership in quantum information science.Germany aims to build a competitive quantum computer within five years,while growing a network of companies to develop applications.The Netherlands is striving to become a world-leading center for quantum technology with its quantum Delta

35、 NL platform,while Japans Society 5.0 initiative will use technology to address social issues.France is also strengthening its innovation ecosystem by developing human capital and attracting top talent.International private companies are now also heavily involved in the research and development of q

36、uantum technologies.Most prominent players,including IBM,Amazon Web Services,and Microsoft,are working on developing quantum computers.Lockheed Martin,BAE Systems,and Thales are also working on new technologies in quantum sensing.While quantum strategy development is a civilian-led effort,defense is

37、 a crucial player.4The rise of national quantum strategiesDefense organizations can also foster collaboration with industry and across borders.For example,India and Israel held a bilateral workshop on quantum technologies in April 2022 to initiate a quantum technology road map to identify exact mili

38、tary-grade quantum technology-specific domains for future collaborations.In September 2021,the AustraliaUnited KingdomUnited States Partnership(AUKUS)was announced,and the AUKUS Quantum Agreement(AQuA)has all countries agreeing to accelerate their investments in next-gen quantum capabilities with an

39、 R&D focus on“positioning,navigation and timing”technologies in trials over the next three years.Additionally,the NATO DIANADefense Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlanticwill launch in 2023.The network of accelerator sites and innovation hubs across NATO alliance countries innovates in artifi

40、cial intelligence,big data,quantum technologies,biotechnology,hypersonic,and space technologies.Launched in June 2022,the NATO Innovation Fund will invest 1 billion euros in early-stage start-ups and other venture capital funds focusing on quantum-enabled technologies,artificial intelligence,big dat

41、a processing,novel materials,and biotech and human enhancement.Bilateral and multilateral cooperationGiven the highly disruptive nature of quantum technologies,several nations are also entering into bilateral and multilateral agreements to collaborate on R&D efforts.Collaboration has been especially

42、 strong in Europe.In 2019,France signed a declaration of cooperation with other EU countries toward developing a quantum communications infrastructure across Europe.In September 2021,France and Netherlands signed a memorandum of understanding to support collaboration and intensify synergies in the r

43、esearch and development of quantum.The National Research Council of Canada identified Germany as a priority collaboration partner in the research and development of quantum technologies.The National Metrology Institute of Germany is also collaborating intensively with leading international metrology

44、 institutions in quantum metrology and sensing.And in the United Kingdom,the UK STFCs RAL Space1 is working with the Singapore Centre for Quantum Technology on an innovative small satellite mission.Many nations are also entering into strategic partnerships with the private sector and academic instit

45、utions to gain an edge in the quantum race.In 2019,Microsoft opened the Microsoft Quantum Lab on the Delft University of Technology campus in the Netherlands to focus on developing qubits,the building blocks of quantum computers.Google has a quantum computing research center in Tel Aviv,Israel,and I

46、BM unveiled its first quantum computer outside the United States in Germany in June 2021.Thales has also partnered with Pasqual,Paris Region,and GENCI to accelerate the development of quantum technologies and create synergies between industrial groups and start-ups.5The rise of national quantum stra

47、tegiesFigure 1While quantum strategies are still young,they are backed by hefty budgets to grow the infrastructure and capabilities needed for successOverview of national quantum strategies and budgets($billion)11 Compiled budgetsSources:CIFAR,“A quantum revolution:report on global policies”(2021);K

48、earney analysisUnited StatesYear launched:2018CanadaYear launched:2023GermanyYear launched:2021FranceYear launched:2021NetherlandsYear launched:2019United KingdomYear launched:2014ChinaYear launched:2016IndiaYear launched:2020JapanYear launched:2020IsraelYear launched:2018SingaporeYear launched:2018

49、South KoreaYear launched:202110 billionHow countries can embrace the quantum revolutionOpportunities await in the next quantum revolution and are calling nations to act.Countries that lead in quantum technology development,such as the United States,Canada,United Kingdom,France,Australia,South Korea,

50、India,and China,recognize the potential value and have built strategies around common guiding principles and frameworks.They have also backed these strategies with hefty budgets to grow the infrastructure and capabilities needed to succeed(see figure 1).Countries that lead in quantum technology deve

51、lopment have backed their strategies with hefty budgets to grow the infrastructure and capabilities needed to succeed.6The rise of national quantum strategiesSource:Kearney analysisFigure 2The most advanced national quantum strategies are built around a common set of 10 elements,consisting of a clea

52、r vision and strategic intent,foundational pillars,and enablersNational quantum strategy frameworkVision and strategic intentGovernanceFunding opportunitiesRegulatory environmentInternational cooperationPriorityresearchareasHuman capitaland talentR&D ecosystem and infrastructureIndustry andsupply ch

53、ainMarketopportunities and adoptionAdditionally,countries should implement targeted,high-impact policies to develop several primary pillars in their national quantum strategies.One of the primary pillars is priority research areas,such as quantum computing,algorithms,and simulation,that are selected

54、 based on impact and relevance to the nations strengths.Nations need human capital and talent with a curriculum across all stages of education and a plan to attract and retain talent from other countries and fields of expertise.An R&D ecosystem and infrastructure with centers of excellence and resea

55、rch centers are essential to support quantum technology research and development.Collaborative R&D and feasibility projects are also vital to growing the industry and supply chain to advance quantum technology readiness.A framework for quantum strategy developmentKearney has developed a proprietary

56、framework to guide the development of a national quantum strategy(see figure 2).This framework starts with a vision to anchor the strategy and a single national body to lead it in close collaboration with the right governance to ensure collaboration across academia,industry,and government.While gove

57、rnance models may differ across countries,they typically share the premise of a single entity driving quantum strategies at the national level.No nation can fully advance its technologies if they are led by various entities with dispersed efforts.A robust regulatory environment is essential to ensur

58、e legal and ethical frameworks allow for rapid innovation and the creation of a thriving R&D ecosystem.This environment should support businesses with funding opportunities,research initiatives,and engagement with the international community to create partnerships with knowledge and technology trans

59、fer programs.7The rise of national quantum strategiesThere are several steps to implement the elements of the framework.First,the nation must define a national quantum strategy and rollout plan.This includes identifying a national steering body and a consortium consisting of government,industry,and

60、academia.This group can then determine the most impactful quantum technologies and their applications relevant to the nation.Next,the country provides public and private funding for the ecosystem.This calls for engaging with national industry sectors and the international community.At this stage,the

61、 nation should also develop legal and ethical frameworks.Finally,the country creates a national quantum curriculum and a talent attraction program along with an R&D ecosystem with centers of excellence and innovation hubs.From there,the nation reassesses its strategy and priorities,including progres

62、s on technologies and their potential applications.At Kearney we have a dedicated team of experts to support governments and national entities with the end-to-end development of national quantum strategies.Conclusion A quantum strategy can help nations remain globally competitive and realize the pot

63、ential of new quantum technologies that will be discovered in the next decade.While several countries are already leading in innovation and research,we are still in the early stages of the second quantum revolution.These new technologies will soon revolutionize healthcare,education,economy,and secur

64、ity and can improve the quality of life in all nations.To ensure efforts arent dispersed,governments will need to drive quantum strategies on a national level and create the crucial alignment and momentum required to maximize the impact.Raffi BoladianPartner,Dubai Sarah MatarPrincipal,Dubai Chady Da

65、ccachePartner,Dubai Michal SabolConsultant,Dubai Authors8The rise of national quantum strategiesFor more information,permission to reprint or translate this work,and all other correspondence,please email .A.T.Kearney Korea LLC is a separate and independent legal entity operating under the Kearney na

66、me in Korea.A.T.Kearney operates in India as A.T.Kearney Limited(Branch Office),a branch office of A.T.Kearney Limited,a company organized under the laws of England and Wales.2023,A.T.Kearney,Inc.All rights reserved.Kearney is a leading global management consulting firm.For nearly 100 years,we have been the trusted advisor to C-suites,government bodies,and nonprofit organizations.Our people make us who we are.Driven to be the difference between a big idea and making it happen,we help our clients break