1、 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in SWITZERLAND 2021 PVPS Task 1 Strategic PV Analysis and Outreach Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland What is IEA PVPS TCP?The International Energy Agency(IEA),founded in 1974,is an autonomous body within the framewo

2、rk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD).The Technology Collaboration Programme(TCP)was created with a belief that the future of energy security and sustainability starts with global collaboration.The programme is made up of 6.000 experts across government,academia,and i

3、ndustry dedicated to advancing common research and the application of specific energy technologies.The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme(IEA PVPS)is one of the TCPs within the IEA and was established in 1993.The mission of the programme is to enhance the international collaborative efforts wh

4、ich facilitate the role of photovoltaic solar energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy systems.In order to achieve this,the Programmes participants have undertaken a variety of joint research projects in PV power systems applications.The overall programme is headed by an Execu

5、tive Committee,comprised of one delegate from each country or organisation member,which designates distinct Tasks,that may be research projects or activity areas.The IEA PVPS participating countries are Australia,Austria,Canada,Chile,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Mala

6、ysia,Morocco,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,South Africa,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkey,and the United States of America.The European Commission,Solar Power Europe,the Smart Electric Power Alliance,the Solar Energy Industries Association,the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore an

7、d Enercity SA are also members.Visit us at:www.iea-pvps.org What is IEA PVPS Task 1?The objective of Task 1 of the IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme is to promote and facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information on the technical,economic,environmental and social aspects of PV powe

8、r systems.Task 1 activities support the broader PVPS objectives:to contribute to cost reduction of PV power applications,to increase awareness of the potential and value of PV power systems,to foster the removal of both technical and non-technical barriers and to enhance technology co-operation.An i

9、mportant deliverable of Task 1 is the annual Trends in photovoltaic applications report.In parallel,National Survey Reports are produced annually by each Task 1 participant.This document is the country National Survey Report for the year 2021.Information from this document will be used as input to t

10、he annual Trends in photovoltaic applications report.Authors Main Content:Lionel Bloch,Lionel Perret and Ludovic Lagay Data:mainly from SWISSOLAR,SFOE and PRONOVO Analysis:Lionel Bloch,Lionel Perret and Ludovic Lagay DISCLAIMER The IEA PVPS TCP is organised under the auspices of the International En

11、ergy Agency(IEA)but is functionally and legally autonomous.Views,findings and publications of the IEA PVPS TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries COVER PICTURE Lac des Toules Philippe Maly Task 1 National Survey Report of PV P

12、ower Applications in Switzerland 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.4 1 Installation Data.5 Applications for Photovoltaics.5 Total photovoltaic power installed.7 Key enablers of PV development.13 2 Competitiveness of pv electricity.14 Module prices.14 System prices.15 Cost breakdown of PV installa

13、tions.18 Financial Parameters and specific financing programs.20 Specific investments programs.20 Additional Country information.21 3 Policy Framework.22 National targets for PV.23 Direct support policies for PV installations.24 Self-consumption measures.26 Collective self-consumption,community sola

14、r and similar measures.28 Tenders,auctions&similar schemes.31 Other utility-scale measures including floating and agricultural PV.31 Social Policies.31 Retroactive measures applied to PV.31 Indirect policy issues.31 Financing and cost of support measures.34 4 Industry.35 Production of feedstocks,ing

15、ots and wafers(crystalline silicon industry).35 Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CPV).35 Manufacturers and suppliers of other components.36 5 Pv In The Economy.38 Labour places.38 Business value.38 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 3 6

16、 Interest From Electricity Stakeholders.40 Structure of the electricity system.40 Interest from electricity utility businesses.40 Interest from municipalities and local governments.41 7 Highlights and Prospects.42 Highlights.42 Prospects.43 Figure 1:Photovoltaic installed capacity per sector.5 Figur

17、e 2 Number of photovoltaic systems installed per sector.6 Figure 3 Installed PV capacity per year.7 Figure 4 :Grid-connected PV system specific costs(source:Observation des prix du march photovoltaque 2021).17 Figure 5:Breakdown of the costs of added photovoltaic installations,divided into six main

18、categories.18 Figure 6 Annual Energy Mix as planned by the Energy Strategy 2050.23 Figure 7 Annual Energy Mix evolving at the current pace if the rates are stable from 2020 on.23 Figure 8 Revenues from excess electricity across Switzerland.28 Figure 9:https:/pv.energyresearch.ch/index.php?ID=2000.37

19、 Figure 10:Average specific cost and cumulative power for each power category.39 Figure 11:Network level(source:https:/www.swissgrid.ch/en/home/operation/power-grid/grid-levels.html).40 Figure 12:Inland PV vs Alpin PV.42 Figure 13 Map of the share of exploited potential of solar energy on roofs.43 T

20、ask 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper received valuable contributions from several IEA-PVPS Task 14 members and other international experts.Many thanks to:David Stickelberger,Swissolar Bertrand Donniger,Banque Alternative Suisse Andrea Mik

21、sch,Pronovo Daniel Sgesser,Megasol Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 5 1 INSTALLATION DATA The PV power systems market is defined as the market of all nationally installed(terrestrial)PV applications with a PV capacity of 40 W or more.A PV system consists of modul

22、es,inverters,batteries and all installation and control components for modules,inverters and batteries.Other applications such as small mobile devices are not considered in this report.For the purposes of this report,PV installations are included in the 2021 statistics if the PV modules were install

23、ed and connected to the grid between 1 January and 31 December 2021,although commissioning may have taken place at a later date.Applications for Photovoltaics The first photovoltaic installation in Switzerland dates back to 1992,but the country had to wait 2011 to observe a significant growth of the

24、 size of the yearly installed capacities,it has been developing at a rapid pace ever since(section 1.2).The installations are mainly set on industries and residential areas.Nearly 80%of new installations are on residential areas but the industrial area systems make up for 40%of the capacity installe

25、d(Figure 1 and Figure 2).Figure 1:Photovoltaic installed capacity per sector Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 6 Applications of PV in Switzerland are primarily roof-top grid-connected PV systems.Off-grid installations are very slowly appearing,2021 saw for the se

26、cond year in a row a decrease in newly installed off grid systems with 0.2 MW installed 2021 compared to 0.3 MW in 2020.Faade PV projects started in 2020 and continue in 2021 with 4.1 MW installed(0.6%of installed capacity).Ground-mounted projects are slowly announced and planned.Agricultural PV is

27、still at the demonstrator stage but it is gaining traction,keeping in mind that the law underlines that PV installations must not prevent a terrain from being cultivated.Switzerland has very strict heritage protection laws requiring the use of BIPV in numerous cases.It represents 12%of 2021 installe

28、d capacity.This development is still slow,even if we notice technological advancements(colour&shape of modules)and increasing awareness of architects to use PV as a building element(thanks to policies making PV compulsory in new buildings).The country is currently finding new ways to take advantage

29、of its topography to install PV.High altitude PV systems in the Alps,either with floating installations like on the Lac des Toules(see illustration frontpage)or on dams.In 2020,the first dam was equipped with PV on top of it,2021 has seen another breakthrough in the technology as AXPO and IWB starte

30、d the installation of 2.2 MW on the Muttsee dam faces.Figure 2 Number of photovoltaic systems installed per sector Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 7 Total photovoltaic power installed On behalf of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy,Swissolar is mandated to surve

31、y the Swiss solar market and publish the annual installed capacity in the report:Statistiques de lnergie solaire:Anne de reference 2021.The data is based on a survey amongst 336 companies active in the PV and solar thermal market.About 95%of installers,importers/distributers and manufacturers are es

32、timated to be covered in this annual market survey In 2021,685 MWp of PV capacity were installed compared to 475 MWp in 2020.It is the second year in a row where the installed capacity undergoes a close to 50%increase compared to the previous year.Figure 3 Installed PV capacity per year 05001,0001,5

33、002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,000005006007008009001000MWMWp/yearSwiss photovoltaic marketNew PV systems installedCumulated PV powerTask 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 8 Table 1:Annual PV power installed during calendar year 2021 Installed PV capacity

34、in 2021 MW AC or DC Decentralized 681.7 DC Centralized 0 DC Off-grid 0.2 DC Total 681.9 DC Table 2:PV power installed during calendar year 2021 Installed PV capacity MW Installed PV capacity MW AC or DC Grid-connected BAPV Residential 601.6 232.8 DC Commercial 97.2 DC Industrial 271.7 DC BIPV Reside

35、ntial 80.1 31.0 DC Commercial 12.9 DC Industrial 36.2 DC Utility-scale Ground-mounted Floating Agricultural Off-grid Residential 0.2 0 DC Other 0.2 DC Hybrid systems 0 DC Total 681.9 DC Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 9 Table 3:Data collection process If data ar

36、e reported in AC,please mention a conversion coefficient to estimate DC installations.Data are collected in DC Is the collection process done by an official body or a private company/Association?The data collection process is done by Swissolar(Swiss Solar Professional Association)on behalf of the Sw

37、iss government.It is based on a questionnaire sent to all importers,installers and manufacturers.It is estimated,that about 90%of the market is covered with this survey.To validate the data,there is a compulsory registration for systems above 30 kVA since the beginning of 2013(Guarantees of origin a

38、nd electricity labelling).The Swiss Federal Office of Energy has been surveying the solar market in Switzerland for more than 20 years.Due to this long experience the quality of the data has been maintained,thanks as well to all the installers and distributers who are willing to complete the annual

39、questionnaire.The report was published by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy in July 2022 and also serves as a basis for the annual renewable energy statistics.Link to official statistics(if this exists)Solar Energy market survey(DE/FR):https:/www.swissolar.ch/en/about-solar/facts-and-figures/solar-

40、energy-statistics/Electricity Statistics(DE/FR):https:/www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/fr/home/approvisionnement/statistiques-et-geodonnees/statistiques-de-lenergie/statistique-de-l-electricite.html Overall Energy Statistics(DE/FR):https:/www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/fr/home/approvisionnement/statistiques-et-geodonnee

41、s/statistiques-de-lenergie.html The quality and accuracy of the data are expected to be better than+/-10%.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 10 Table 4:The cumulative installed PV power in 4 sub-markets Year Off-grid MW(including large hybrids)Grid-connected distri

42、buted MW(BAPV,BIPV)Grid-connected centralized MW(Ground,floating,agricultural)Total MW 1992 0.72 4.1 4.82 1993 0.88 5.1 5.98 1994 1.04 6.1 7.14 1995 1.2 7.1 8.3 1996 1.4 8.42 9.82 1997 1.6 9.74 11.34 1998 1.8 11.06 12.86 1999 2 12.38 14.38 2000 2.2 13.7 15.9 2001 2.2 16.1 18.3 2002 2.3 17.9 20.2 200

43、3 2.4 19.5 21.9 2004 2.5 21.8 24.3 2005 2.6 25.7 28.3 2006 2.7 27.4 30.1 2007 2.9 34.5 37.4 2008 3 46.4 49.4 2009 3 76.5 79.5 2010 3 122.4 125.4 2011 3 219.9 222.9 2012 3 433.5 436.5 2013 3.2 752.4 755.6 2014 3.7 1056.9 1060.6 2015 3.9 1390.1 1394 2016 4 1660.2 1664.2 2017 4.1 1902.3 1906.4 2018 5.6

44、 2167.6 2173.2 2019 6.1 2492 2498.1 2020 6.35 2967.05 2973.4 2021 6.6 3648.7 3655.3 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 11 Table 5:Other PV market information 2021 Number of PV systems in operation in your country Around 144550 Split per market Segment of PV systems

45、 Market Segment Share(of the number of installations)Residential 78%Industry 10%Agriculture 7%Services 1%Utilities 3%Transport 1%Others 1%Decommissioned PV systems during the year MW 250 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity to grid-connected industri

46、al buildings,warehouses,etc.0.9 to 1.1(lowest 0.7)Small centralized PV 1-20 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems that work as central power station.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for s

47、ale N/A Large centralized PV 20 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems that work as central power station.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for sale.N/A Task 1 National Survey Report of PV

48、Power Applications in Switzerland 16 Table 9:National trends in system prices for different applications Year Residential BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV system 5-10 kW CHF/W Small commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 10-100 kW CHF/W Large commercial BAP

49、V Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 100-250 kW CHF/W Centralized PV Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems 10-50 MW CHF/W 2010 6.6-7.1 5.5-6.6 5-5.5-2011 -2012 4.6-5.0 3.4-4.6 3-3.4-2013-2014-2015 4.8-3.5-2016 4.8-3.5-2017 4.2-3.3-2018 2.6-3.6 1.4-2.6 1.2-1.4-2019 2.5-

50、3.5 1.3-2.5 1.2-1.3-2020 2.4-3.1 1.3-2.4 1.0-1.3-2021 2.4-3.2 1.4-2.5 1.0-1.5 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 17 The dependence of PV system costs on its size is shown in Figure 4.Median 2020 Median 2021 Figure 4 :Grid-connected PV system specific costs(source:O

51、bservation des prix du march photovoltaque 2021)Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 18 Cost breakdown of PV installations The cost breakdown of a typical 5-10 kW roof-mounted,grid-connect,distributed PV system on a residential single-family house at the end of 2021

52、is presented in Table 10.The cost structure presented is from the customers point of view.I.e.,it does not reflect the installer companies overall costs and revenues.The average category in Table 10 represents the average cost for each cost category and is the average of the typical cost structure.T

53、he average cost takes the whole system into account and summarizes the average end price to the customer.The low and high categories are the lowest and highest cost that has been reported within each segment.These costs are individual posts,i.e.summarizing these costs does not give an accurate syste

54、m price.A comprehensive cost survey has been published for 2021.The results are presented in the pie charts below for the BAPV:The chosen installation to calculate those costs all have known and non-zero values for the first 5 categories(excluding“Others”).There were too few data for installations a

55、bove 100 kWp to calculate a reliable cost breakdown.Module Inverter Structure Site Security Administration and plan Others 2-10kWp 10-30kWp 30-100kWp Figure 5:Breakdown of the costs of added photovoltaic installations,divided into six main categories Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applica

56、tions in Switzerland 19 Table 10:Cost breakdown for a grid-connected roof-mounted,distributed residential PV system of 5-10 kW Cost category Average CHF/W Low CHF/W High CHF/W Hardware Module 0.459 Inverter 0.312 Mounting material 0.295 Other electronics(cables,etc.)0.296 Subtotal Hardware 1.362 Sof

57、t costs Planning 0.211 Installation work 0.864 Shipping and travel expenses to customer 0.076 Permits and commissioning(i.e.cost for electrician,etc.)0 Project margin 0.21 Subtotal Soft costs 1.361 Total(excluding VAT)2.723 Average VAT 7.7%Total(including VAT)2.933 Task 1 National Survey Report of P

58、V Power Applications in Switzerland 20 Financial Parameters and specific financing programs Table 11:PV financing information in 2021 Different market segments Loan rate%Average rate of loans residential installations 1.25-1.40(2020)*Average rate of loans commercial installations 2.75 3.5(2021)*2.30

59、-3.20(2020)*Average cost of capital industrial and ground-mounted installations 2.25-3.15(2020)*Depending upon secured/unsecured,the specifics of the project and the duration Specific investments programs Table 12:Summary of existing investment schemes Investment Schemes Introduced in Switzerland Th

60、ird party ownership(no investment)Yes.More and more companies and utilities offer contracting solutions for PV,either with a fixed contractual percentage of self-consumption(risk bared by the user)or without(risk bared by the investor)Renting No Leasing Yes.Various business models are explored,inclu

61、ding leasing options,even for households.Financing through utilities Yes.Utilities are getting more active in the PV business.They finance PV installations either for their own portfolio or as contracting solutions for end-consumers.They are actively integrating PV in their business,including buying

62、 PV installation companies.Most utilities have now their own PV installations department Investment in PV plants against free electricity While this investment scheme has been employed by some utilities(investment per m2 of modules,production corresponding to the investment is deducted from the elec

63、tricity bill),it is not compatible with the regulation.If still employed,it is mainly against PV green certificates.Crowd funding(investment in PV plants)Yes.Similar to above but usually mainly for green certificates,niche market.For investment,mainly cooperative society and crowdlending.Community s

64、olar Yes,it is growing thanks to the new possibilities of collective self-consumption introduced in Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 21 2018.Community solar is increasing significantly for new residential buildings.Another possibility is cooperatives that invest

65、in PV plants and repay the invested capital with a small dividend based on the annual performance.International organization financing Not applicable Additional Country information Table 13:Country information Retail electricity prices for a household CHF/kWh 0.2048 Retail electricity prices for a c

66、ommercial company CHF/kWh 0.1857 Retail electricity prices for an industrial company CHF/kWh 0.1414 Liberalization of the electricity sector Currently,only large consumers(100MWh/year)have access to a liberalized electricity market.However,an amendment of the law(LApEI)is currently under consultatio

67、n to allow all consumers to freely choose their electricity supplier.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 22 3 POLICY FRAMEWORK This chapter describes the support policies aiming directly or indirectly to drive the development of PV.Direct support policies have a dir

68、ect influence on PV development by incentivizing or simplifying or defining adequate policies.Indirect support policies change the regulatory environment in a way that can push PV development.Table 14:Summary of PV support measures Category Residential Commercial+Industrial Centralized Measures in 2

69、021 On-going New On-going New On-going New Feed-in tariffs Yes-Yes-Feed-in premium (above market price)Yes-Yes-Capital subsidies Yes-Yes-Green certificates Yes-Yes-Renewable portfolio standards with/without PV requirements-Income tax credits Yes-Yes-Self-consumption Yes-Yes-Net-metering-Net-billing

70、Yes-Yes-Collective self-consumption and delocalized net-metering Yes-Yes-Activities of electiricity utility businesses yes-yes Sustainable building requirements Yes-Yes-BIPV incentives Yes-Yes-Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 23 National targets for PV The transf

71、ormation of the Swiss energy system aimed with the Energy Strategy 2050 is a long-term project.The Swiss electorate accepted a revised Federal Energy Act in 2017 in a popular referendum.This new legislation entered into force on 1 January 2018.The aims are to reduce energy consumption,increase energ

72、y efficiency and promote the use of renewable energy(www.energystrategy2050.ch).Electricity production from photovoltaics is one of the key pillars in the strategy for the future Swiss electricity supply.A forecast of renewable generation per year is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6 Annual Energy Mix as p

73、lanned by the Energy Strategy 2050 Figure 7 Annual Energy Mix evolving at the current pace if the rates are stable from 2020 on PV Hydro Biomass Nuclear Fossil Wind Import Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 24 The latest study called 2050+aims to generate 34 TWh fr

74、om photovoltaics in 2050.The 2021 record installation rate of 683.5 MWp/year is not sufficient to reach this objective by 2050 and should be raised to approximately 1000 MWp/year without taking into account the replacement of the installed capacity.Considering the replacement,the installation rate s

75、hould reach 1100 MWp/year.The Figure 7 underlines the necessity to increase the installation rate showing how nuclear energy would be replaced by imports if each year a steady 475 MWp(based on 2020 new PV)is installed.Despite having not reached yet the steady-state rate,Switzerland is on the right t

76、rack.The newly installed capacity increases of more than 40%each year.With a forecast of the PV installed in 2022 of 850-900 MWp(Figure 3),the trend should continue.Moreover,the Swiss Federal Office of Energy announced in September 2018 that the PV potential on the Swiss roof was about 50 TWh.The ev

77、aluation is based on the national maps for PV roofs(www.toitsolaire.ch)and selecting the most suitable roofs.The tool is online for all of Switzerland and is translated into English.It is possible to have an evaluation of the approximate PV potential of every single roof in Switzerland.Since April 2

78、019,it also includes the potential of faades.This potential was confirmed by a study executed by ZHAW in 2022(Photovoltaik Potenzial auf Dachflchen in der Schweiz|ZHAW digitalcollection).Another analysis estimates the Swiss roof-top PV potential to be 24 9 TWh.Therefore,the potential of faades and o

79、thers surfaces(parking,floating PV,)will probably need to be exploited.Direct support policies for PV installations With the entry in force of the new Federal Energy Act since the 1st of January 2018,the support scheme for PV systems has changed:the one-time investment subsidy is extended to all siz

80、es of PV systems(from 2 kW to 50 MW)the one-time investment was updated in 2022 from 380*p(kW)+700 CHF to 380*p(kW)+350 for plants 30 kWp to incentive investments in larger PV capacities and avoid waste of potential with half roof usage.3.2.1 One-time remuneration At the national level,the primary s

81、upport measure is a one-time remuneration.This direct subsidy depends on the installed capacity,as detailed in the Table below.It allows reducing the investment cost by 20%-30%.This support measure is financed through a levy on electricity consumption.In 2018,this network surcharge was increased fro

82、m 1.5 cts/kWh to 2.3 cts/kWh Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 25 One-time remuneration as a function of commissioning date:BAPV 01.04.2019-31.03.2020 01.04.2020-01.04.2021 01.04.2021-31.03.2022 Since 01.04.2022 Base contribution(CHF)1400 1000 700 350 Additional c

83、ontribution(CHF/kW)30 kW 100 kW 340 300 300 340 300 300 380 290 290 380 300 270 3.2.2 BIPV development measures The one-time remuneration scheme is approximately 10%higher for BIPV than BAPV for PV installations smaller than 100 kW.This difference is being reduced,especially from 2021 onwards.One-ti

84、me remuneration as a function of commissioning date:BIPV 1.4.2019-31.3.2020 01.04.2020-01.04.2021 01.04.2021-31.03.2022 Since 01.04.2022 Base contribution(CHF)1550 1100 770 385 Additional contribution(CHF/kW)30 kW 100 kW For systems larger than 100 kWp,the one-time remuneration is the same as the on

85、e for BAPV In addition to the federal subsidies for BIPV,some communities also give incentives for PV facades(e.g.bonus of 50%compared to roof-top).Also,several innovative BIPV projects(such as using specifically designed modules for protected buildings or resulting in energy self-sufficient buildin

86、gs)have been supported by a special fund for pilot and demonstrator projects from the government.BIPV projects are also incentivized by constraints set by the building permit process for buildings having a cultural value.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 26 Self-c

87、onsumption measures Table 15:Summary of self-consumption regulations for small private PV systems in 2021 PV self-consumption 1 Right to self-consume Yes,since 2014 2 Revenues from self-consumed PV Savings on electricity bill which is 2-3 times higher than feed-in tariffs.The electricity for an aver

88、age household cost 20.5 cts/kWh in average in 2021 whereas the feed-in tariffs range from 5 to15 cts/kWh.Almost 90%of the bill is directly or indirectly related to energy(kWh),making self-consumption very profitable 3 Charges to finance Transmission,Distribution grids&Renewable Levies No,some DSO ch

89、arge for installing a bi-directional energy meter.It is currently being debated to attribute a larger part of the grid fee to power and not to energy in order to increase the contribution of self-consumers to grid cost.An increase of the CO2 tax to in part fund renewables has been rejected by popula

90、r consultation in 2021.Excess PV electricity 4 Revenues from excess PV electricity injected into the grid Depending on DSO(range of 5-20 cts/kWh),often including the revenue for green certificates.(Figure 8)5 Maximum timeframe for compensation of fluxes Real-time(standard metering timeframe of 15 mi

91、nutes)6 Geographical compensation(virtual self-consumption or metering)Local with the same user of collective self-consumption.Other characteristics 7 Regulatory scheme duration The compensation scheme for excess electricity is adjusted every year(with the exception of the national feed-in tariff,wh

92、ich is fixed over 15 to 25 years)8 Third-party ownership accepted Yes,most utilities are now active to propose PV contracting and self-consumption to their large customers 9 Grid codes and/or additional taxes/fees impacting the revenues of the prosumer Until 2018,some utilities applied a different t

93、ariff structure for prosumers(power metering).From 2018 onward,only one tariff structure is allowed for prosumers with an annual consumption smaller than 50 MWh and with a connection to the grid below 1 kV 10 Regulations on enablers of self-In some cases,heat pumps or resistive heating systems are r

94、emotely controlled by the DSO,but not necessarily Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 27 consumption(storage,DSM)in a way that optimizes self-consumption.DSM is common for industries to avoid power peaks but can be used to optimize self-consumption as well.Thanks to

95、 more solutions available for DSM,more and more single household owners with PV systems are interested in increasing self-consumption.Specific recommendations exist for connection and metering of storage systems 11 PV system size limitations No PV size limitations 12 Electricity system limitations N

96、o 13 Collective self-consumption,solar communities and similar measures Collective self-consumption has been allowed by most DSOs,of which there are more than 500,since 2014.Previously,self-consumption was restricted to consumers in the same building or within the same perimeter of land.In this cont

97、ext,the DSO was also responsible for billing every customer.With the new legislation that came into force in January 2018,collective self-consumption opportunities are improved significantly.End-consumers can form a community as long as their land is contiguous and the public grid is not used i.e.it

98、 is a single grid-connection,acting as a unique connection point towards the DSO.The internal metering is then under the responsibility of the consortium.This also allows the consumers to access the free electricity market,an additional strong incentive as long as the new self-consumption consortium

99、 has an electricity consumption above 100 MWh/year.Collective self-consumption has also been improved to create investment security for third-party ownership in case of a building occupied by tenants.Under specific conditions,the tenant should purchase the collectively produced PV electricity Task 1

100、 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 28 Figure 8 Revenues from excess electricity across Switzerland Collective self-consumption,community solar and similar measures Collective self-consumption has been allowed by most DSOs(Switzerland has around 630 DSOs in 2021)since 201

101、4,but it used to be restricted to consumers of the same building or within the same perimeter of land.In this context,the DSO was also responsible for billing every customer.With the new legislation that came into force in January 2018,collective self-consumption opportunities are improved significa

102、ntly.End-consumers can form a community as long as their land is contiguous and the public grid is not used i.e.it is a single grid-connection,acting as a unique connection point towards the DSO.The internal metering is then under the responsibility of the community.An additional incentive for colle

103、ctive self-consumption communities is the possibility to access the free electricity market if its consumption is above 100 MWh/year.Collective self-consumption becomes an Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 29 enabler of a new step of market liberalization for smal

104、l customers.It has also been improved to create investment security for third-party ownership in case of a building occupied by tenants(under a set of conditions,the tenant has to purchase the collective PV electricity).Two types of collective self-consumption communities are available in Switzerlan

105、d.The RCP(Regroupement de consommation propre)and the CA(Communaut dautoconsommation).The Table below details the difference between these two options:RCP CA Number of consumers(seen by the DSO)One Many Internal pricing for PV self-consumption Strict rules No rule Minimum PV capacity 10%of the grid

106、connection power -Consumers can leave the community whenever they want No Yes Solidarity debtors Owner Consumers Interests for the DSO Data for each consumer Interests for the consumer Better prices Access to the free electricity market(if the RCP reaches a consumption of 100000 kWh/year This new me

107、asure allows for more flexibility for self-consumption and fosters the integration of PV in the local electricity grid.The number of RCP registered a 100%increase from 2019 to 2020 underlining the interest it draws.This measure is also an incentive for batteries,and several new buildings or collecti

108、ons of new buildings are built as a self-consumption community.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 30 The figure above illustrates a collective self-consumption community with 198kWp of PV and a self-consumption above 95%thanks to local battery storage.More general

109、information and examples can be found on the Suisse Energie platform:https:/pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/fr/publication/download/7964 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 31 Tenders,auctions&similar schemes There are no tendering schemes for PV systems in Switzerland.There are

110、,however,several auction platforms for selling/buying green certificates(guarantee of origin).The price for those certificates has constantly dropped over the past years.Other utility-scale measures including floating and agricultural PV There are no specific utility-scale measures in place in Switz

111、erland.Social Policies Public buildings are often considered for PV installations.It is mainly because law or recommendation mentions that public authorities have to put themselves in the spotlight and show the example.There isnt any specific subsidy for low-income electricity consumers.Retroactive

112、measures applied to PV No retroactive measure was applied in 2021 Indirect policy issues 3.9.1 Rural electrification measures No specific rural electrification measures are in place in Switzerland as already 100%of the population has access to electricity.3.9.2 Support for electricity storage and de

113、mand response measures There is no support scheme for electricity storage on a national level,however,some cantons(Thurgau,Appenzell Ausserrhoden,and Vaud)have introduced,for some times,direct subsidies for local storage solutions.Support sheme in Vaud and Appenzell ended in 2020.In Schaffhouse ther

114、e is a subsidy of 1500 CHF per installation,an additional 150CHF per kWh of battery capacity without exceeding 10000 CHF or 25%of the installation price.There are ongoing discussions of some DSO for introducing new tariff designs that would allow for partial recovery of the investment costs if the s

115、torage system owner is willing to let the DSO party manage the storage unit.More and more utilities are also offering solutions for virtual storage.For a fee(fixed or per kWh),the owner of a PV system can use the DSOs grid as virtual storage for his PV production and use it later(basically a net-met

116、ering solution).3.9.3 Minimum renewable energy for new buildings In the framework of the MoPEC modle de prescriptions nergtiques des cantons some cantons have chosen to impose a minimum renewable energy production for new buildings.For instance,in the canton de Vaud,20%of the normalized electricity

117、needs of new buildings should be directly covered by local renewable energy production such as photovoltaics.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 32 3.9.4 Support for electric vehicles(and VIPV)There is no direct national support scheme for electric vehicles in Switz

118、erland.Fully electric vehicles do not pay the automobile duty of 4%,and of course,since they do not run on fossil fuels,there is no petroleum tax to pay(as such,EVs do currently not contribute to road infrastructure).Electric vehicles also often pay reduced vehicle taxes,but there are significant di

119、fferences from one canton to another.On the 11th of September 2018 the Swiss Government launched a tender for the installation of fast-charging stations on 100 service stations along motorways.Grid connection will be pre-financed by the government and repaid by the operator through concession fees.T

120、he first fast charging station was unveiled mid-2020 and since then 21 more charging points have been installed.40 more service stations are to be equipped in 2022,all the 100 installations are programmed to have their charging stations in 2030.Since 2017,Swiss eMobility(Swiss Association for Electr

121、ic Mobility)awards each year a prize(golden plug)to communities and cities with exceptional effort to push electromobility.The Schaffhouse canton is the winner in 2021 thanks to a new regulation making compulsory the presence of a charging point in every new building.There are various ways of foster

122、ing EVs applied by some cantons and cities.Some will subsidize charging stations such as the Geneva canton which funds the installation of charging points for up to 2000 CHF for collective parking places.Others focus on the vehicles as the industrial services city of Delmont in Jura who pays up to 1

123、5%of the price of the electric car when buying a new one.There are more general measures,as in the region of Tessin decided to allocate 3 million CHF for eMobility in 2019 and continued the program in 2021 providing 11 million CHF more.A more exhaustive list of financial aids can be found on the Swi

124、ss eMobility website:https:/www.swiss-emobility.ch/fr/electromobilite/Mesures-d-aide-/#tab_c62f256bf810322d7510f5d6908f7671_1,available in French and German.3.9.5 Curtailment policies For PV installations over 3MWp or production over 5000 MWh per year,the DSO is not bound to buy the injected energy,

125、which restricts the number of such installations.It is often difficult to obtain a permit to install PV systems elsewhere than on buildings because of the territory management laws currently in place,thus limiting the size and number of the installations.Grid reinforcement and curtailment policies a

126、re so far rarely necessary because most development is made to have enough self-consumption.Therefore,some PV installations are not even exploiting the full roof potential of building to have a better LCOE.In a long-term perspective,it is discussed that the incentive(mainly the one-time remuneration

127、)should focus on promoting the reduction of the AC-DC ratio of PV installations to reduce the need for complicated curtailment policies.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 33 3.9.6 Other support measures Minergie,a leading building standard organization supported by

128、 the cantons and the Swiss Federal Office of Energy and the building industry,revised its building standards in 2016.PV has become quasi-mandatory to fulfill the requirements for the nearly zero-energy standards.Since for a Minergy labeled building,only 40%of the grid-injected electricity can be cou

129、nted for the overall energy requirements,there is an additional incentive to optimize self-consumption(DSM,battery).These voluntary building standards helped pave the way for the new building standards defined by the cantons(10 Watt PV per square meter of heated area in new buildings).Since 2015,the

130、 Swiss government has published a recommendation for the energy policies in cantons.These regulations should include a requirement for PV in every new building.In some cantons(e.g.Vaud),a requirement of including about 10 W PV per square meter of heated area for new buildings is already implemented,

131、others are expected to adapt their cantonal energy acts accordingly in the coming years.It is also recommended to include 10%renewable energy when the heating system has to be retrofitted.PV can be an option,among others.A negative measure hindering PV development are the restrictions on installing

132、PV systems in some cities(for example for places listed as UNESCO World Heritage),enforce restrictions on installing PV systems on roofs(color of modules/frames,module layout)and sometimes purely reject ridge,orientation,or even pure rejection),which also hinders PV development.2021 is marked by sev

133、eral measure aimed at lightening the administrative burden process to install PV.Smaller installations are free of some of the previously needed authorization,systems in industrial and agricultural zones do not require a building permit anymore under some conditions.Furthermore,the territory spatial

134、 ordinance has been modified in 2021 for an execution starting on the 1st of January 2022:the heritage protection regulation is loosened and,floating PV even out of the building zones is now authorized.In early 2021 the The Swiss Federal Office of Energy(SFOE)launched Swiss Energy research for the E

135、nergy Transition(SWEET)program to fund innovation in sustainable solutions.For example,in 2021 a call for projects to ensure a better integration of renewables in the energy grid was made,77 projects were presented and 4 awarded.National researches(Extract from the PVPS Annual report 2020)The Swiss

136、Federal Office of Energy(SFOE)runs a photovoltaic RTD program that involves a broad range of stakeholders.The programme is part of the long-standing coordinative activities by the SFOE to support research and development of energy technologies in Switzerland,where funds deployed in a subsidiary mann

137、er aim to fill gaps in Switzerlands funding landscape.Grants are given to private entities,the domain of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology(ETH),universities of applied sciences and universities.The focus of the photovoltaics programme lies on RD&D from basic research,over applied research,p

138、roduct development,pilot and demonstration projects.On average,the volume of the SFOE programme support(including pilot and demonstration)is in the order of 10%of the Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 34 total public support for photovoltaics research in Switzerla

139、nd,which is in the order of 36 MCHF per year(including roughly 30%from European projects)(https:/pv.energyresearch.ch/projects).The SFOE photovoltaics programme supports research and pilot&demonstration in different areas of photovoltaic cell technologies(namely c-Si,CIGS and perovskites),in the fie

140、ld of photovoltaic modules and building integration of photovoltaics,as well as in the topics of system aspects of photovoltaics such as grid integration,quality assurance of modules and inverters or battery storage technology.Other topics are life cycle analysis,solar forecasting and performance mo

141、nitoring.International co-operation on all levels,related to activities in the Horizon 2020 programme of the European Union,the European PV Technology and Innovation Platform,the European SOLAR-ERA.NET Network,the IEA PVPS Technology Collaboration Programme and in technology co-operation projects is

142、 another key element of the programme.Financing and cost of support measures National PV incentives(one-time remuneration and feed-in tariff)are financed by a network surcharge paid on a kWh-basis by all electricity consumers.Under certain conditions,companies for which electricity cost exceeds 10%o

143、f their gross value can be reimbursed.In January 2018,the network surcharge was increased from 1.5 ct/kWh to 2.3 ct/kWh.This corresponds to a burden of 103.5 Swiss francs per year(67.5 in 2017)for an average household consuming 4500 kWh.In 2021,the following amount was paid for the two incentive mea

144、sures:One-time remuneration:231 Millions CHF(to 29120 small installations and 720 large ones 201 more large installations were promised to receive the remuneration later in 2021).This subsidy registered a decrease of 31 millions CHF despite the number of installations skyrocketing because the new in

145、stallations are deemed cheaper,the average installation cost sunk indeed(see Table 19).Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 35 4 INDUSTRY Production of feedstocks,ingots and wafers(crystalline silicon industry)There is no feedstock,ingots,and wafers production in Swi

146、tzerland Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CPV)Module manufacturing is defined as the industry where the process of the production of PV modules(the encapsulation)is done.A company may also be involved in the production of ingots,wafers or the processing of cells,in addit

147、ion to fabricating the modules with frames,junction boxes etc.The manufacturing of modules may only be counted to a country if the encapsulation takes place in that country.Total PV cell and module manufacture together with production capacity information is summarised in Table below.Table 16:PV cel

148、l and module production and production capacity information for 2021 Cell/Module manufacturer(or total national production)Technology(sc-Si,mc-Si,a-Si,CdTe,CIGS)Total Production MW Maximum production capacity MW/yr Cell Module Cell Module Wafer-based PV manufactures Megasol Switzerland*Mono Perc-37

149、MWp-400 MWp 3S Solar Plus*Mono Perc-no data provided-60 MWp(300000 m2)-Thin film manufacturers Flisom Flexible CIGS -No data provided -15 MWp pilot line Totals 0 37 MWp 0 475 MWp *Megasol also has a production facility of 130 MW capacity in Ningbo,China,for standard high-performance modules,they pro

150、duced 120 MW in 2019.In Switzerland,they installed a production line(40 megawatts expanded to 400 megawatts in 2021)in Deitingen SO since 2013,which specializes in glass-glass modules and small series/custom-made products(size,shape,and color).Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications i

151、n Switzerland 36 There is no cell production in Switzerland,except for pilot lines for new technologies such as SmartWire connection Technology SWCT(Meyer Burger)or CIGS(Flisom)*Swiss manufactures are specialized in BIPV products.3S Solar Plus(previously Meyer Burger)produces its Megaslate module(a

152、roofing material consisting of roof tiles,PV tiles,and thermal tiles.)as well as hybrid(PV and solar thermal)collectors.Due to a growing number of complaints related to the glare of PV installations,3S Solar Plus has developed a special glare free module(MegaSlate Satinato).,Manufacturers and suppli

153、ers of other components Switzerland has a strong industry for BOS-components.Among them are the following companies:Inverter Studer Innotec manufactures inverters and chargers for stand-alone and storage solutions,mostly for remote sites without grid access all over the world.Belenos Clean Power Hol

154、ding produces MPP trackers and module integrated mico-inverters Junction Boxes/Connectors:Stubli Electrical Connectors(former Multi Contact AG)is the leading manufacturer of cables and connectors for PV Systems.They claim that over 200 GW of PV is connected using their connectors and to have market

155、share of 50%with module connectors.Cables Huber&Suhner and Heiniger AG have been offering a variety of dedicated PV cables for several decades.Supporting Structures Montavent offers mounting systems for profiled metal and corrugated roofs.ALUSTAND has mounting structures for tilted and flat roofs.dh

156、p technology AG offer flexible solar folding roof Ernst Schweizer produces in-roof mounting systems(Solrif)as well as structures for flat and pitched roofs.They also produce solar thermal collectors for roof-top and faade applications.Storage Batteries Leclanch develops and produces energy storage s

157、ystems with large format lithium-ion cells and has specialized in storage systems based on Lithium titanate technology.Components for customized PV modules Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 37 Solaxess develops a nanotechnology-based film for producing white and c

158、olored solar panels without visible cells or connections.SwissInso produces colored solar glass(KromatixTM)by plasma processes for building integrated PV.Most actors in the PV research&Technology in Switzerland are shown in Figure 97.A list of the actors can be found on page indicated in the caption

159、.Figure 9:https:/pv.energyresearch.ch/index.php?ID=2000 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 38 5 PV IN THE ECONOMY This chapter aims to provide information on the benefits of PV for the economy.Labour places Table 17:Estimated PV-related full-time labour places in 2

160、021 Market category Number of full-time labour places Research and development(not including companies)200 Manufacturing of products throughout the PV value chain from feedstock to systems,including company R&D 9000 Distributors of PV products and installations Other 500 Total 9700 Business value Ta

161、ble 18:Rough estimation of the value of the PV business in 2021(VAT is excluded)Sub-market Capacity installed MW Average price CHF/W Value Sub-market Off-grid 0.2 6 1200000 1200000 Grid-connected distributed 681.7 1.65(Figure 10)1124805000 1124805000 Grid-connected centralized 0 0 0 0 Value of PV bu

162、siness in 2021 1126005000 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 39 Figure 10:Average specific cost and cumulative power for each power category(data compilation from“Statistiques de lnergie solaire:Anne de reference 2021 and“Observation des prix du march photovoltaque

163、 2021”)Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 40 6 INTEREST FROM ELECTRICITY STAKEHOLDERS Structure of the electricity system The electricity system in Switzerland is divided into seven network levels,from the high-voltage transmission network(level 1)down to the low-v

164、oltage distribution to the end-consumer(level 7).Swissgrid is the national transmission grid operator at level 1(380 kV and 220 kV transmission lines)and is responsible for grid stability and frequency control.Switzerlands supply of electricity to end-users is made by around 630 DSO companies.Many o

165、f them are also responsible for supplying water and gas.In some cantons and municipalities,a single vertically integrated company is responsible for these supply tasks,while in other cantons,a variety of companies share this responsibility.Some of the utilities may have only a few hundred customers,

166、while others have more than 100000 customers.In terms of grid-interconnection of PV,there are national regulations and recommendations,but each DSO may have its specific technical interconnection conditions.There is,however,a tendency for harmonization and simplification,both in administrative and t

167、echnical terms.DSOs are required to accept electricity from a PV power plant up to 3000 MWh per year and 50 MW,and there is a minimal tariff that has to be paid,calculated based on the DSOs procurement and generation cost.Interest from electricity utility businesses Please outline key PV business mo

168、dels that have been implemented or are being considered by electricity utility businesses in your country(e.g.PV plant development/ownership,PV power purchase arrangements,customer PV support initiatives and so on,self-consumption polices,storage policies,electric vehicles).An increasing number of e

169、lectricity utilities are entering the PV business.Especially larger utilities that have their own(non-solar)electricity production facilities have been under Figure 11:Network level(source:https:/www.swissgrid.ch/en/home/operation/power-grid/grid-levels.html)Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power

170、 Applications in Switzerland 41 increasing financial pressure due to falling electricity prices on the European market and are therefore expanding their business activities.Due to the private-public status of most of the utilities(they are typically owned by the communities and the cantons),this dev

171、elopment is not always well seen by the traditional PV installing companies The following PV business models are implemented by electricity utilities Investment in their own PV plants for their production portfolio Establishment of subsidiary units for engineering and installation services(sometimes

172、 including the acquisition of PV installations companies)Offering contracting solutions for PV power plants,selling the PV electricity to the end-consumer Providing services for metering and billing within the newly possible(from 2018 onwards)self-consumption communities Virtual battery solutions,ba

173、tteries on district level and EV charging stations To intensify the exchange between the traditional solar sector(represented by Swissolar,the professional association)and the traditional grid stakeholders(represented by VSE/AES,the Swiss utility association),experts from both sectors meet regularly

174、 in working groups to revise recommendations for grid connections,metering requirements,battery exploitation schemes,etc.Interest from municipalities and local governments Municipalities and cities are key stakeholders in pushing the development of PV in their jurisdiction.On the one hand,they are b

175、ecoming increasingly aware of their huge potential(on infrastructure owned by the local government such as schools,public buildings,etc.)and therefore invest themselves in PV power plants.On the other hand,they can create favourable conditions(simplified administrative procedures,for example)and gra

176、nt additional local subsidies for solar,storage,or EV to push the development.Swiss energy also pushes for a better energy management of cities through its program“2000 Watts Society”Municipalities are often pushing also collective self-consumption and promoting it for new urban developments There i

177、s a label called“Energy City”and“Energy Municipality”which is awarded to cities and municipalities that live and implement a sustainable municipal energy policy.Energy cities promote renewable energies,environmentally-friendly mobility,and rely on the efficient use of resources.There are 450 Energy

178、Cities in Schweiz.Most of the cantons have energy policies favourable to photovoltaics.An example is the canton of Geneva that has set the target to produce 100 GWh of PV electricity by 2025.Another one is the Glarus canton which published its energetic goals in 2021 who wants to reach 100%renewable

179、 energy in 2035 and recognizes the photovoltaic as the greatest unused potential to reach that goal.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 42 7 HIGHLIGHTS AND PROSPECTS Highlights A trend for large systems with high self-consumption started in 2021 with 2 installations

180、 one of around 500kWp on a shrimp-farm and one of 300 kWp on a recycling facility both with 80%self-consumption.This trend is bound to continue as batteries develop and the price of energy rises in 2022 and as large systems are explicitly fostered by Switzerlands policies.Another trend meant to cont

181、inue are the regulation in favor of a lighter administrative burden.The search for new surfaces on farmlands,lakes,dams,building facade able to welcome PV is also on the rise.For example,high altitude installations are still efficient in winter and therefore be a solution for a winter source of clea

182、n energy as illustrated Figure 11.Figure 12:Inland PV vs Alpin PV Another example,in 2021,Agroscope and Insolight launched each a pilot project for PV above farmlands that dont impede the crops production.Research also focuses on integrating renewables on a smart grid which manages storage to make u

183、p for the intermittent characteristic of these energy sources.Swiss grid and ewz have launched a pilot project of a“crowd balancing”grid which uses the consumers storage to cover the needs of the distribution grids.The project is meant to be continued and finished in 2022.Task 1 National Survey Repo

184、rt of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 43 Prospects Even though 2021 was marked by a setback because the law on the CO2 was rejected by popular consultation(this law aimed at raising taxations on CO2 to fund renewables),the near future of PV in Switzerland seems bright.Policies will be changing

185、in 2022,to support large PV installations and to tap in the unused potential.For the latter,the one-time investment subsidy will reach 60%of the investment cost(compared to 30%in 2021)for installations with no self-consumption in order to not waste the potential of roofs on top of barns and storage

186、facilities.For installations larger than 150 kW,the subsidy will be decided through auctions.To foster large PV systems,the base grant will be replaced by an increase of the grant per kWh.Furthermore,new building bigger than 300 m2 will have to install a renewable energy production system.The energy

187、 production goal set for 2020 in the Energy Strategy 2050+were fulfilled and even outdone by 300 GWh(4712 GWh instead of the 4400 GWh planned)and the trend is bound to continue as innovation,policies and local governments mostly align in favor of PV.Finally,the solar potential of Switzerland is still mainly untapped as the bulk of the installation are roof-mounted but still doesnt come near to cover all the roof potential as seen Figure 12 Figure 13 Map of the share of exploited potential of solar energy on roofs Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland 1