1、 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Canada 2021 Natural Resources Canada,CanmetENERGY in Varennes Canadian Renewable Energy Association(CanREA)PVPS Task 1 Strategic PV Analysis and Outreach Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY What is IEA PVPS TCP?The Int

2、ernational Energy Agency(IEA),founded in 1974,is an autonomous body within the framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD).The Technology Collaboration Programme(TCP)was created with a belief that the future of energy security and sustainability starts with global co

3、llaboration.The programme is made up of 6 000 experts across government,academia,and industry dedicated to advancing common research and the application of specific energy technologies.The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme(IEA PVPS)is one of the TCPs within the IEA and was established in 1993

4、.The mission of the programme is to“enhance the international collaborative efforts which facilitate the role of photovoltaic(PV)solar energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy systems.”In order to achieve this,the Programmes participants have undertaken a variety of joint rese

5、arch projects in PV power systems applications.The overall programme is headed by an Executive Committee,comprised of one delegate from each country or organisation member,which designates distinct Tasks,that may be research projects or activity areas.The IEA PVPS participating countries are Austral

6、ia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Chile,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Malaysia,Mexico,Morocco,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,South Africa,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkey,and the United States of America.The European Commission,Solar Power Europe,the Smart Electric P

7、ower Alliance(SEPA),the Solar Energy Industries Association and the Copper Alliance are also members.Visit us at:www.iea-pvps.org What is IEA PVPS Task 1?The objective of Task 1 of the IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme is to promote and facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information

8、 on the technical,economic,environmental and social aspects of PV power systems.Task 1 activities support the broader PVPS objectives:to contribute to cost reduction of PV power applications,to increase awareness of the potential and value of PV power systems,to foster the removal of both technical

9、and non-technical barriers and to enhance technology co-operation.An important deliverable of Task 1 is the annual“Trends in photovoltaic applications”report.In parallel,National Survey Reports are produced annually by each Task 1 participant.This document is the country National Survey Report for t

10、he year 2021.Information from this document will be used as input to the annual Trends in photovoltaic applications report.Authors Main Content:C.Baldus-Jeursen(CanmetENERGY Natural Resources Canada),Yves Poissant(CanmetENERGY Natural Resources Canada),N.Gall(Canadian Renewable Energy Association),P

11、.Mckay(Canadian Renewable Energy Association)Data:C.Baldus-Jeursen(CanmetENERGY Natural Resources Canada),Y.Poissant(CanmetENERGY Natural Resources Canada),N.Gall(Canadian Renewable Energy Association),P.Mckay(Canadian Renewable Energy Association),E.Knaggs(HESPV)Analysis:C.Baldus-Jeursen(CanmetENER

12、GY Natural Resources Canada),Y.Poissant(CanmetENERGY Natural Resources Canada)DISCLAIMER The IEA PVPS TCP is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency(IEA)but is functionally and legally autonomous.Views,findings and publications of the IEA PVPS TCP do not necessarily represent

13、 the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries COVER PICTURE Vulcan County,Alberta,465 MWDC Travers PV array consisting of bifacial modules with single-axis tracking.Photo credit:(Greengate)Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 2 TABLE OF

14、 CONTENTS Acknowledgements.4 1 Installation data.5 Applications for photovoltaics.5 Total photovoltaic power installed.6 Key enablers of PV development.10 2 Competitiveness of PV electricity.11 Module prices.11 System prices.11 Cost breakdown of PV installations.13 Financial parameters and specific

15、financing programs.14 Specific investment programs.14 Additional country information.15 3 Policy framework.16 National targets for PV.16 Direct support policies for PV installations.17 Self-consumption measures.18 Collective self-consumption,community solar and similar measures.19 Tenders,auctions&s

16、imilar schemes.19 Social policies.19 Indirect policy issues.20 Financing and cost of support measures.20 4 Industry.20 Production of feedstocks,ingots and wafers(crystalline silicon industry).20 Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CPV).21 Manufacturers and suppliers of othe

17、r components.21 5 PV in the economy.23 Labour places.23 Business value.23 6 Interest from electricity stakeholders.25 Structure of the electricity system.25 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 3 Interest from electricity utility businesses.25 Interest from municipalitie

18、s and local governments.25 7 Highlights and prospects.26 Highlights.26 Prospects.26 8 References.27 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report received valuable contributions from several IEA-PVPS Task 1 members and other international experts.Ma

19、ny thanks to E.Knaggs,N.Gall,and P.Mckay for their collaboration and input.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 5 1 INSTALLATION DATA The PV power systems market is defined as the market of all nationally installed(terrestrial)PV applications with a PV capacity of 40 W o

20、r more.A PV system consists of modules,inverters,batteries and all installation and control components for modules,inverters and batteries.Other applications such as small mobile devices are not considered in this report.For the purposes of this report,PV installations are included in the 2021 stati

21、stics,if,the PV modules were installed and connected to the grid between 1 January and 31 December 2021,although commissioning may have taken place at a later date.Applications for photovoltaics This report considers only grid-connected PV systems.The amount of off-grid capacity is difficult to trac

22、k and considered negligible by comparison.However,off-grid solar PV applications(with or without battery storage),or hybrid systems including a small wind turbine or diesel generator,can be found throughout Canada.These systems are often located in remote northern communities.Installation capacity d

23、ata for floating PV,agrivoltaics,building-integrated PV(BIPV),building-added PV(BAPV),and vehicle-integrated systems(VIPV)are not tracked.This report contains aggregated PV data.However,a distinction between rooftop and ground-mounted PV is possible for Ontario,which reports additional information o

24、n contracted generation facilities besides nameplate capacity 1.The continued decline in the cost of generating solar electricity has resulted in grid-connected PV systems approaching grid-parity throughout Canada,with applications varying by province.Ontario and Alberta represented approximately 71

25、%and 24%of Canadas total cumulative installed capacity in 2021,respectively.Growth was evident during 2021 in Alberta with the completion of Canadas largest PV array to date:a 465 MW facility located in Vulcan County.Other provinces and territories,such as Quebec,British Columbia,Saskatchewan and Pr

26、ince Edward Island continue to show robust PV capacity growth as well.Grid-connected PV generating facilities are linked either to the transmission or distribution systems.Transmission-connected PV generation refers to large capacity projects connected to the high-voltage grid(lines with voltages gr

27、eater than 50 kV).Distribution-connected generation,also called embedded generation,is small-scale generation contributing to local distribution systems and communities.As shown in Figure 1,most of the installed capacity growth over the past several years has been distribution rather than transmissi

28、on-connected.However in 2021,with the addition of new transmission-connected capacity from Alberta and the commissioning of the Travers PV array,most of Canadas PV capacity growth was on the transmission-connected side.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 6 Total photovo

29、ltaic power installed The national cumulative installed PV capacity at the end of 2021 was 4.55 GWDC.This represents a growth of approximately 26%over the previous year.Table 1 shows the increase in installed PV capacity for 2021 which was 944 MWDC.Table 1 summarizes Canadas centralized and decentra

30、lized PV capacity.Centralized PV installations,by definition,have no self-consumption and only inject electricity to the grid.Distributed PV,by contrast,allows self-consumption.Centralized PV capacity was assumed to be almost entirely located in Ontario(2130 MWDC)and Alberta(991 MWDC).For Ontario,ce

31、ntralized capacity was determined as the sum of all Renewable Energy Standard Offer Programme(RESOP),Green Energy Investment Agreement(GEIA),and large-scale Feed-in Tariff(FIT)(0.5 MWAC)systems.Ontarios distributed capacity was the sum of all microFIT,small-scale FIT contracts,and net metering.Table

32、 1:Annual PV power installed in 2021 Installed PV capacity in 2021 MW AC or DC Decentralized 95.6 DC Centralized 848.4 DC Off-grid Not tracked DC Total 944.0 DC Figure 1:Cumulative distribution versus transmission-connected PV capacity 00.511.522.533.544.55200202021Total country-wide capa

33、city(GW DC)Transmission-connectedDistribution-connectedTotalTask 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 7 The data collection process is described in Table 2.Ontario,Alberta,Nova Scotia,and Newfoundland and Labrador report their PV capacities in AC,while the rest report in DC.T

34、he Ontario PV capacity data in this report were limited to systems contracted through the Independent Electricity System Operator(IESO)and the Ontario Energy Board(OEB).Net metering data for Ontario,reported by the OEB,refers to embedded generators that do not participate in the IESO-administered ma

35、rket.Table 2:Data collection process If data are reported in AC,please mention a conversion coefficient to estimate DC installations.PV capacity data in this report are in DC.To convert from AC to DC,a conversion coefficient of 0.85 was assumed.Is the collection process done by an official body or a

36、 private company/Association?Data were collected by an official body,Natural Resources Canada,through the Renewable Energy Integration program.Link to official statistics(if this exists)See works cited Estimated accuracy of data:3%Table 3 summarizes the centralized versus distributed PV power capaci

37、ty increase between 1995 and 2021.Centralized PV systems are typically ground-mounted,provide bulk power,exist on the supply side of electricity meters,and perform the function of a centralized power station.For the purposes of this report,centralized PV systems are defined as having power capacity

38、greater than 0.5 MWAC and may be connected to either the distribution grid or transmission grid.By contrast,distributed PV systems have a power capacity equal to or less than 0.5 MWAC,are connected to the distribution network,and are on the demand side of the electricity meter.Distributed systems ar

39、e often located on residential or commercial buildings and can be further categorized as BIPV or BAPV depending on whether the modules replace conventional building materials.Table 3:Cumulative installed PV power in 4 sub-markets Year Off-grid MW(including large hybrids)Grid-connected distributed MW

40、(BAPV,BIPV)Grid-connected centralized MW(Ground,floating,agricultural)Total MW 1995 1.64 0.21 0.01 1.86 1996 2.31 0.24 0.01 2.56 1997 3.12 0.25 0.01 3.38 1998 4.2 0.26 0.01 4.47 1999 5.53 0.29 0.01 5.83 2000 6.84 0.30 0.01 7.15 2001 8.48 0.34 0.01 8.83 2002 9.63 0.37 0.00 10.00 Task 1 National Surve

41、y Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 8 2003 11.43 0.40 0.00 11.83 2004 13.37 0.47 0.04 13.88 2005 15.62 1.07 0.06 16.75 2006 18.98 1.44 0.06 20.48 2007 22.86 2.85 0.06 25.77 2008 27.48 5.17 0.06 32.72 2009 35.2 12.25 47.12 94.57 2010 60.1 27.74 193.29 281.13 2011 61.05 131.16 366.11 558.29 2

42、012 NA 218.68 547.29 765.97 2013 NA 273.19 937.29 1 210.48 2014 NA 540.85 1 302.23 1 843.08 2015 NA 735.81 1 782.50 2 518.31 2016 NA 792.66 1 871.65 2 664.31 2017 NA 926.34 2 006.29 2 932.64 2018 NA 1 087.65 2 007.23 3 094.88 2019 NA 1 178.61 2 148.12 3 326.73 2020 NA 1 310.97 2 298.31 3 609.28 2021

43、 NA 1 406.93 3 146.71 4 553.64 Figure 2 shows the installed capacity by province and territory for grid-connected PV power and the number of utility interconnected PV systems as of December 31,2021.Data on PV energy storage sites are not tracked.Nunavut did not report its PV capacity figures in 2021

44、.Thus,PV capacity is underestimated for this jurisdiction and the last available year of data is shown in parentheses.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 9 Figure 2:Map showing the PV power capacity(MWDC)and number of installed systems for the provinces and territories.

45、This map is for illustrative purposes only.Distance scale is approximate.Table 4 provides details on the total PV capacity connected to the distribution and transmission grids.Capacity connected to the low-voltage distribution grid was the sum of all grid-connected capacity from all provinces and te

46、rritories.Transmission grid-connected capacity was made up of systems publicly reported by Ontario and Alberta utilities.Table 4:Other PV market information 2021 Total capacity connected to the high-voltage transmission grid MW 1552 Number of PV systems in operation in your country 68 964 Decommissi

47、oned PV systems during the year MW Not tracked Repowered PV systems during the year MW Not tracked Table 5 provides national figures on power generation and electricity demand as well as an estimate of total PV energy production.Total energy generation capacity for 2021 was calculated using Statisti

48、cs Canadas annual electricity generation estimates 2.Total electricity demand was estimated from the Canadian Energy Regulators report on Energy Futures and Statistics Canadas supply and demand figures for primary and secondary energy 3.To estimate PV energy production,the total nameplate power was

49、multiplied by the average yearly Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 10 Canadian PV potential which was assumed to be 1 150 kWh/kWp.The average PV potential was determined using satellite-based insolation data and assuming a conservative performance ratio of 0.75 4.Tabl

50、e 5:PV power and the broader national energy market 2021 2020 Total electrical energy generation TWh 627.65 635.57 Total renewable energy generation(including hydropower)TWh 415.91 421.45 Total electricity demand TWh 554.50 545.73 New power generation capacities installed GW Not tracked Not tracked

51、New renewable power generation capacities(including hydropower)GW Not tracked Not tracked Estimated total PV electricity production(including self-consumed PV electricity)in TWh 5.24 4.15 Total PV electricity production as a%of total electricity consumption 0.83 0.65 Average yield of PV installation

52、s(in kWh/kWp)1 150 1 150 Key enablers of PV development Whether connected to PV or not,enabling technologies such as decentralized storage and electric cars,buses,and trucks can increase a grids hosting capacity and provide storage capacity.There were 66,800 electric vehicles purchased in Canada in

53、2021,consisting of both battery-electric and plug-in hybrids 5.This represented a growth of 42.5%over the previous year.In terms of centralized storage,although PV battery energy storage system(BESS)data are not publicly available,work is underway to track these installations under the research dire

54、ctives of the Canada Smart Grid Action Network(CSGAN).Overall electrical storage capacity is around 500 MW/4.1 GWh of which 80%is battery-based.Additional storage capacities are available as pumped hydro and compressed air.Most projects are utility-scale and behind-the-meter storage,which are connec

55、ted to the transmission or distribution grid 6.In addition to battery systems,hydrogen production is also being explored.For example,a deal was recently signed with Germany-based Thyssenkrupp to build an 88 MW green hydrogen facility in Varennes.Once completed in 2023,it will produce 11,000 metric t

56、onnes per year 7.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 11 2 COMPETITIVENESS OF PV ELECTRICITY Module prices Crystalline silicon module prices vary by manufacturer and module type(monocrystalline and multicrystalline).Among large Chinese PV manufacturers,module spot prices

57、 rose slightly in 2021 due to supply chain disruptions.These price increases were also reflected in the European and Canadian markets.In terms of technology trends,the Canadian market shows a transition from 60-cell to 72-cell modules in residential installation,from traditional mono to mono PERC,an

58、d from full-cell to half-cell layout.Additional projects using bifacial PV,perhaps in conjunction with single-axis tracking systems,are also expected.Table 6 shows whole-sale price estimates applied to high efficiency monocrystalline modules of 290 W and above(such as PERC,HIT,n-type,or back-contact

59、 cell types).Value-added taxes are excluded.Table 6:Typical module prices Year Lowest price of a standard module crystalline silicon$/W Highest price of a standard module crystalline silicon$/W Typical price of a standard module crystalline silicon$/W 2016 0,66 0,90 0,78 2017 0,75 0,81 0,80 2018 0,6

60、1 0,65 0,63 2019 0,50 0,74 0,62 2020 0,40 0,74 0,44 2021 0.41 0.78 0.46 System prices PV system prices,shown in Table 7 and Table 8 take into account hardware costs such as mounting materials and inverters,as well installation and development.Prices do not include recurring charges after installatio

61、n such as battery replacement or operation and maintenance.Table 7:Turnkey PV system prices of different typical PV systems Category/Size Typical applications and brief details Current prices$/W Off-grid 1-5 kW A stand-alone PV system is a system that is installed to generate electricity for a devic

62、e or a household that is not connected to the public grid.Not tracked Residential BAPV 5-10 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity for grid-connected households(typically roof-mounted systems on villas and single-family homes).2.50 2.83 Task 1 National

63、 Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 12 Residential BIPV 5-10 kW Grid-connected,building integrated,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity for grid-connected households(typically,on villas and single-family homes).Not tracked Small commercial BAPV 10-100 kW Grid-connec

64、ted,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity for grid-connected commercial buildings,such as public buildings,multi-family houses,agriculture barns,grocery stores etc.1.89 2.36 Small commercial BIPV 10-100 kW Grid-connected,building integrated,distributed PV systems insta

65、lled to produce electricity for grid-connected commercial buildings,such as public buildings,multi-family houses,agriculture barns,grocery stores etc.Not tracked Large commercial BAPV 100-250 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity for grid-connected la

66、rge commercial buildings,such as public buildings,multi-family houses,agriculture barns,grocery stores etc.1.68 2.10 Large commercial BIPV 100-250 kW Grid-connected,building integrated,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity for grid-connected commercial buildings,such as public buil

67、dings,multi-family houses,agriculture barns,grocery stores etc.Not tracked Industrial BAPV 250 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity for grid-connected industrial buildings,warehouses,etc.1.68 2.10 Small centralized PV 1-20 MW Grid-connected,ground-mo

68、unted,centralized PV systems that work as central power stations.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for sale.1.65 1.90 Large centralized PV 20 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems that wor

69、k as central power stations.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for sale.1.31 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 13 Table 8:National trends in system prices for different applic

70、ations Year Residential BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV system 5-10 kW$/W Small commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 10-100 kW$/W Large commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 100-250 kW$/W Centralized PV Grid-connected,ground-

71、mounted,centralized PV systems 10-50 MW$/W 2016 3.00 3.50 2.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 2017 2.50 3.20 1.80 2.50 1.80 2.50 1.80 2018 2.93 1.80 2.50 1.80 2.50 1.46 2019 2.50 2.75 1.80 2.50 1.80 2.00 1.25 2020 2.40 2.70 1.80 2.25 1.60 2.00 1.25 2021 2.50 2.83 1.89 2.36 1.68 2.10 1.31 Cost breakdown of PV i

72、nstallations The cost breakdown of a typical 5-10 kW roof-mounted,grid-connected,distributed PV system on a residential single-family house is presented in Table 9.The cost structure is from the customers point of view and does not reflect the installer companies overall costs and revenues.The“avera

73、ge”category in Table 9 represents the average cost for each category.It takes the whole system into account and summarizes the average end price to the customer.The“low”and“high”categories are the lowest and highest cost that has been reported within each segment.These costs are individual posts,i.e

74、.summarizing these costs may not give an accurate system price.Table 9:Cost breakdown for a grid-connected roof-mounted,distributed residential PV system of 5-10 kW Cost category Average$/W Low$/W High$/W Hardware Module 0.46 0.41 0.78 Inverter 0.45 0.31 0.61 Mounting material 0.22 0.18 0.47 Task 1

75、National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 14 Other electronics(cables,etc.)0.17-Subtotal Hardware 1.30 Soft costs Planning-Installation work 0.89-Shipping and travel expenses to customer-Permits and commissioning(i.e.cost for electrician,etc.)0.14-Project margin 0.21-Subtotal Soft c

76、osts 1.24 Average VAT Total(including VAT)2.54 Financial parameters and specific financing programs In Canada,financing from institutional lenders is available for projects,or portfolios of projects,that meet certain financial thresholds.There are fewer financing options for residential and small co

77、mmercial projects,but the number of options for low-cost capital is growing.Specific investment programs As outlined in Section 3.2,there are a variety of investment mechanisms across the country.Additional details are provided in Table 10.Table 10:Summary of existing investment schemes Investment S

78、chemes Additional Information Third party ownership(no investment)Several companies offer third party ownership and leasing services.This had been the dominant financing mechanism for residential solar under Ontarios FIT programs,but now the practice is less common for net metering installations in

79、that province.Third-party ownership models for net metering are more common in Alberta and Nova Scotia.Renting A number of companies offered rented systems in Canada in 2021.However,it is more common Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 15 that after a specified term the

80、 system becomes the property of the renter(i.e.leasing).Financing through utilities No utilities offered on-bill financing specifically for PV as of the end of 2021.Community investment in PV plants Several solar energy co-operatives have been incorporated to facilitate investment in,and ownership o

81、f,PV systems.International organization financing The Green Energy Investment Agreement(GEIA),initiated in 2010,mandated investment and cooperation between the Government of Ontario,Samsung,and the Korea Electric Power Corporation.Additional country information Canadas electricity sector is provinci

82、ally regulated and comprised primarily of vertically integrated crown corporations or investor-owned utilities with a deregulated energy-only market system in the province of Alberta and a partially deregulated market in Ontario.Electricity demand in Canada was estimated to be 554 TWh in 2021 with t

83、he largest producers of electricity being the provinces of Quebec,Ontario,British Columbia,and Alberta.Table 11:Country information(electricity prices vary by province and territory and figures quoted in this table represent an average rate across selected cities)8 Retail electricity prices for a ho

84、usehold/kWh 13.93(average)7.39(lowest)17.26(highest)Retail electricity prices for a commercial company/kWh 15.32(average)10.72(lowest)21.14(highest)Retail electricity prices for an industrial company/kWh 10.76(average)5.24(lowest)12.35(highest)Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications i

85、n COUNTRY 16 3 POLICY FRAMEWORK This chapter describes the support policies for PV.Direct support policies may be aimed at incentivizing or simplifying existing programs.Indirect support policies change the regulatory environment in a way that can push PV development.Table 12:Summary of PV support m

86、easures Category Residential Commercial+Industrial Centralized Measures in 2021 On-going New On-going New On-going New Feed-in tariffs yes-yes-yes-Feed-in premium (above market price)-Capital subsidies yes-yes-Green certificates-Renewable portfolio standards with/without PV requirements-Income tax c

87、redits-Self-consumption yes yes yes yes-Net-metering yes yes yes yes-Net-billing yes yes yes yes-Collective self-consumption and delocalized net-metering yes yes-Sustainable building requirements-BIPV incentives-National targets for PV The federal government has committed to 90%of Canadas electricit

88、y coming from non-emitting sources by 2030.However,there is currently no specific target for PV set by the federal,provincial,or territorial governments.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 17 Direct support policies for PV installations 3.2.1 Federal commitments Canadas

89、 current target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions is 40 to 45%below 2005 levels by 2030.The Government of Canadas framework for emissions reduction and renewable energy is outlined in the 2016 Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change.This was supplemented by the 2030 Emissions R

90、eduction Plan 9.These documents outline a variety of approaches such as carbon pricing,emissions reductions,adaptation,and support for low carbon technologies.Country-wide carbon pricing was implemented in 2018.The price began at$20 per CO2 equivalent tonne in 2019 and increased by$10 per year to re

91、ach$50 per tonne in 2022.The program does not apply to provinces that implement their own carbon pricing schemes so long as they define an equivalent price.Additionally,the Smart Renewables and Electrification Pathways Program provides$964 million over four years to support renewable capacity,energy

92、 storage,and grid modernization projects 10.In terms of targeted support for PV,the Canada Greener Homes Grant provides$1000 per installed kilowatt for residential customers with a maximum of up to$5000 per household and up to$40000 in interest-free loans 11.There is also the Accelerated Capital Cos

93、t Allowance(ACCA)and the Canadian Renewable and Conservation Expense(CRCE)tax incentive 12.3.2.2 Solar PV support measures by province and territory Support measures can be divided into:1)solar incentivessuch as tax breaks and rebates,2)utility policies such as electricity time-of-use pricing,net me

94、tering and interconnection fees,and,3)system financing optionsuch as low-interest loans,the Property Assessed Clean Energy(PACE)programs,or on-bill financing.PACE programs allow the system cost to be repaid through property taxes.The average cost per installed watt for each jurisdiction is given in

95、Table 13.However,these prices are merely an approximate guide and are dependent on system size,choice of installer,and other market factors.Table 13:Summary of support measures by province and territory Province or territory Solar incentives($/W)Utility policies($/kWh)System cost($/W)&financing opti

96、ons Alberta Municipal incentives 0.17 Flat,net billing 2.51-2.77 Partial PACE British Columbia Provincial tax exemption(regional)0.13 Tiered,net metering 2.54-2.69 Energy loan Manitoba None 0.10 Flat,net metering 2.63-2.90 On-bill financing New Brunswick 0.25 0.13 Flat,net metering 2.65-3.24 Energy

97、loan Newfoundland and Labrador None 0.14 Flat,net metering 3.53-4.31 None Northwest Territories 50%(only for off-grid and non-hydro)0.38 Tiered,net metering 2.43-2.68 PACE pending Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 18 Nova Scotia 0.6 0.17 Flat,net metering 2.74-3.35 PA

98、CE Nunavut None 0.38 Tiered,net metering 4.00+None Ontario None 0.13 Time-of-use or tiered 2.34-2.59 Partial PACE Prince Edward Island 1.00 0.17 Tiered,net metering 2.73-3.33 Energy loan Quebec None 0.10 Tiered,net metering 2.56-2.83 None Saskatchewan None 0.18 Flat,net metering 2.64-3.22 PACE pendi

99、ng Yukon 0.8(only for off-grid)0.19 Tiered 2.29-2.81 Partial PACE 3.2.3 BIPV development measures There are currently no policies to support BIPV either provincially or federally.Self-consumption measures Table 14:Summary of self-consumption regulations for small private PV systems in 2021 PV self-c

100、onsumption 1 Right to self-consume Throughout Canada 2 Revenues from self-consumed PV Applied as credits or monetarily depending on the jurisdiction 3 Charges to finance Transmission,Distribution grids&Renewable Levies Offset in some instances,paid in others depending on the jurisdiction Excess PV e

101、lectricity 4 Revenues from excess PV electricity injected into the grid Applied as credits or monetarily depending on the jurisdiction 5 Maximum timeframe for compensation of fluxes Most typically one year 6 Geographical compensation(virtual self-consumption or metering)Typically uniform within a ju

102、risdiction Other characteristics 7 Regulatory scheme duration Various,depending on jurisdiction 8 Third party ownership accepted Various,depending on jurisdiction Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 19 9 Grid codes and/or additional taxes/fees impacting the revenues of

103、the prosumer Various,depending on jurisdiction 10 Regulations on enablers of self-consumption(storage,DSM)Various,depending on jurisdiction 11 PV system size limitations Various,depending on jurisdiction 12 Electricity system limitations Various,depending on jurisdiction Collective self-consumption,

104、community solar and similar measures Measures for collective self-consumption(e.g.PV systems for several apartments in the same building),virtual net-metering(allowing consumption and production in different places),and community solar(investment by private or public organizations)are rare.There are

105、 several examples of community-owned PV in British Columbia,whereby members invest on a per-panel basis and may receive a proportional credit on their hydro bill or be paid an annual dividend 13 14.In Ontario,the IESO is developing several virtual net-metering demonstration projects 15.Tenders,aucti

106、ons&similar schemes Measures vary between jurisdictions.For example,in Ontario the IESO used three renewable energy procurement methodologies:standard offer,bilateral negotiations,and competitive bid,with the vast majority of PV contracts in Ontario awarded by standard offer.Solar PV contract period

107、s are generally awarded over 20 years.The ways in which incentives are paid in Canada varies from region to region.Ontarios feed-in tariff is funded by electricity consumers.Other programs are funded through revenues from carbon pricing programs or provincial and municipal taxes.Social policies In t

108、erms of PV policy,support measures are largely left to the provinces and territories to define.However,as stated previously,PV is eligible for several national support programs announced by the Federal Government,including the$500 million Low Carbon Economy Challenge Fund,and the$100 million Smart G

109、rid Program,and various tax incentive programs for industry 12.As discussed in previous reports,2017 was the last year for Ontarios microFIT and FIT programs.Ontarios net-metering regulation now forms the basis for future project development.Other sub-national measures of importance included Alberta

110、s$36 million Residential and Commercial Solar Program(2017 to 2019).Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 20 Indirect policy issues 3.7.1 Rural electrification measures Canada has approximately 300 off-grid communities with a total population of around 200,000 people.Ther

111、e is an ongoing transition in these communities from diesel fuel to renewable energy sources supported by the$220 million Clean Energy for Rural and Remote Communities program.A Federal Government initiative studying PV system performance,cost,and durability north of the 60th parallel,also provides

112、funding for the monitoring of PV arrays in remote communities.3.7.2 Support for electricity storage and demand response measures Ontarios Smart Grid Fund has resulted in several PV projects with electricity storage.The Federal Governments Smart Grid program,announced in 2017,is also expected to supp

113、ort combined solar and storage projects.Other measures were outlined in the 2020 federal policy update 16.Financing and cost of support measures As discussed,the ways in which incentives are paid in Canada varies by region.Over the past few years,governments in several countries have faced both fina

114、ncial and political pressures due to the high cost of feed-in-tariff programs.To control the rising costs of subsidies like FIT,there has been a shift towards“winner take all”methods of competitive bidding and auctions.However,the competitive bidding process tends to favour large suppliers while shu

115、tting out smaller companies,community groups,and cooperatives.Although the cost of PV systems continues to fall,a distinction must be drawn between construction costs and auction prices.Construction costs continue to decline,driven by technological improvements and economies of scale.Nevertheless,th

116、e competitive pressures of auction-based purchasing strategies may drive down auction costs faster than construction costs.This has resulted in shrinking profit margins for investors and declining investor interest,as shown in Ontarios reduced PV capacity growth after 2015.Auction-based competition

117、has,in some countries,resulted in the emergence of dive bidding and what has been termed the“winners curse”whereby a successful bidder underbids in order to win the contract and then cannot deliver power at the agreed-upon price.4 INDUSTRY Production of feedstocks,ingots and wafers(crystalline silic

118、on industry)Canada continues to produce feedstock for the global solar industry through 5N Plus:a producer of high-purity tellurium,cadmium,zinc and related compounds(Table 15).5N Plus is a Canadian company with 14 manufacturing facilities located throughout Canada,US,Malaysia,England,China,Belgium,

119、and Laos.They have 18 sales offices in Asia,Europe,North and South America.First Solar is their primary customer and is the largest thin film PV producer worldwide.There are currently no producers of polysilicon,silicon ingots,or silicon Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUN

120、TRY 21 wafers in Canada.However,pilot production of polysilicon in Sarnia by Ubiquity Solar may be a contributor in the coming years.Table 15:Silicon feedstock,ingot and wafer producers production information for 2021 Manufacturers Process&technology Total Production Product destination Price 5N Plu

121、s CdTe&CIGS high purity compounds 350 tonnes (2010 est.)First Solar and other thin film PV manufacturers Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CPV)Module manufacturing is defined as the industry performing the encapsulation process.A company may also be involved in the produc

122、tion of ingots,wafers or the processing of cells,in addition to fabricating the modules with frames,junction boxes,and more.The manufacturing of modules may only be counted to a country if the encapsulation takes place in that country.Table 16 presents data from four companies in Canada producing PV

123、 modules all of which have their facilities located in Ontario or Quebec,and are involved in contract manufacturing for other multi-national companies.Together,these companies produced an estimated 475 MW/year of crystalline silicon modules.Notably,Stace also manufactures CPV modules.Table 16:PV cel

124、l and module production and production capacity information for 2021 Cell/Module manufacturer Technology Total Production MW Maximum production capacity MW/yr Cell Module Cell Module Wafer-based PV manufactures Canadian Solar sc-Si,mc-Si-475-1 050 Heliene mc-Si-Silfab sc-Si,mc-Si-Stace sc-Si,mc-Si,C

125、PV-Totals -475-1 050 Manufacturers and suppliers of other components The balance of system technology market in Canada is mainly served by foreign companies with operations in Canada or production through contract manufacturing.However,domestic solar racking manufacturers including FastRack,Polar,Te

126、rragen and hb Solar dominate the Canadian market.Other companies that have Canadian development and manufacturing facilities include Eaton,Hammond Power Solutions,and Nexans.Typical balance of system Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 22 components manufactured or supp

127、lied in Canada include inverters(central/string,microinverter,power optimizer),racking and mounting(rooftop,ground-mount,dual/single axis trackers),and wiring(cabling and combiner box).Among these components,the manufacturing of central inverters has experienced the largest growth and is primarily u

128、sed for commercial rooftop and utility-scale systems.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 23 5 PV IN THE ECONOMY Labour places The effect of PV in the economy was determined using the installed PV capacity in each province and territory.These data were input into a newly

129、 developed tool called the Economic Impacts of Electrification Initiatives(EI2)model.This model was developed by the Trottier Energy Institute and Ecole Polytechnique through the NRCan-supported energy modelling initiative 17.The estimate of the total number of jobs is an aggregate of two types:perm

130、anent operation and maintenance from installed capacity in previous years and temporary construction due to new installation in 2021.This partial estimate is highly conservative since it does not include solar PV system design and engineering,sales and marketing,project development and management,or

131、 legal/financial services and administration which collectively constitute a significant share of jobs.Table 17:Estimated PV-related full-time labour places in 2021 Market category Number of full-time labour places Research and development(not including companies)105 Manufacturing of products throug

132、hout the PV value chain from feedstock to systems,including company R&D 14 812 Distributors of PV products and installations Other-Total 14 917 Business value The value of PV business in Canada as it relates to the solar PV capacity installations for 2021 is estimated in Table 18.Similar to Table 17

133、,calculations were performed at the provincial and territorial level using installed PV capacity estimates as input to the EI2 model.The EI2 model incorporates financial multipliers specific to each region.Economic impacts were the sum of operation and maintenance associated with previously installe

134、d capacity and construction impacts due to new PV capacity in 2021.Operation and maintenance encompassed onsite labour,local revenue and supply chain effects.The construction phase quantified module and supply chain,project development and onsite labour output.Table 18:Estimation of the value of the

135、 PV business in 2021(VAT is excluded)Sub-market Capacity installed MW Average price$/W Value Sub-market Off-grid-Grid-connected distributed 1406.55-Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 24 Grid-connected centralized 3146.71-Value of PV business in 2021($amount in billion)

136、2.18 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 25 6 INTEREST FROM ELECTRICITY STAKEHOLDERS Structure of the electricity system Each Canadian province and territory has jurisdiction over its electricity sector.As a result,the market structure and regulations in each jurisdicti

137、on is unique(although several inter-ties do exist).For example,Quebec,British Columbia,Manitoba,and Newfoundland and Labrador are hydropower-dominated provinces characterized by low production costs,a dynamic export orientation,and public ownership.Alberta and New Brunswick moved away from the centr

138、ally managed model through the creation of independent system operators and wholesale markets.Saskatchewan,Nova Scotia,and Prince Edward Island are structured along vertically integrated utilities and highly dependent on fossil fuels leading to higher prices.Interest from electricity utility busines

139、ses Given the diversity in market structures across Canada,the interest from electricity utility businesses is equally variable.In Ontario,several utilities have established unregulated subsidiaries to act as generators and participate in Ontarios Feed-In Tariff program while others simply interconn

140、ect projects and handle the settlement of payments.In other jurisdictions,utilities offer rebates,manage net-metering,and are considering to offer solar financing products such as lease-to-own.Given the rapidly declining costs in solar electricity,some utilities such as Hydro Quebec sought to expand

141、 their PV capacity in 2021.Interest from municipalities and local governments There are over 3500 urban and rural municipalities in Canada,many of which are interested in environmental sustainability,and continued exploring PV opportunities throughout 2021.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power A

142、pplications in COUNTRY 26 7 HIGHLIGHTS AND PROSPECTS Highlights Canadas PV sector has reached 4.55 GWDC installed capacity,a growth of approximately 26%over the previous year.However,without a comprehensive pan-Canadian policy framework with annual capacity targets,PV installation in the coming year

143、s will likely continue to be highly variable across the provinces and territories.Further policy mechanisms are needed to allow PV to reach its full potential.Prospects Canada has joined over 120 countries in committing to net-zero emissions by 2050 and has strengthened its commitment to move toward

144、s a net-zero electricity system by 2035.Achieving Canadas greenhouse gas emissions reductions targets requires deep decarbonisation and electrification,and represents a significant opportunity for Canadian PV industry development.According to the Canada Energy Regulator,Canadas future wind and PV ca

145、pacity are expected to grow by 200%and 600%respectively,by 2050.A combination of falling costs,climate change mitigation policies,and consumer demand,point to increasing PV generation.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 27 8 REFERENCES 1 IESO,Active Generation Contract

146、List,Government of Ontario,Toronto,2021.2 Government of Canada,Electric power generation,monthly generation by type of electricity,Table:25-10-0015-01(formerly CANSIM 127-0002),Statistics Canada,Online.Available:https:/www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=2510001501.Accessed 23 August 2022.

147、3 Government of Canada,Supply and demand of primary and secondary energy in terajoules,annual(Table:25-10-0029-01,formerly CANSIM 128-0016),Statistics Canada,Online.Available:https:/www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/start.Accessed 3 April 2019.4 S.Pelland,D.McKenney,Y.Poissant,R.Morris,K.Lawrence,K.Campbell and

148、 P.Papadopol,The development of photovoltaic resource maps for Canada,in 31st Annual Conference of the Solar Energy Society of Canada(SESCI),Montral,2006.7 K.Immoor,First green hydrogen project becomes reality:thyssenkrupp to install 88 megawatt water electrolysis plant for Hydro-Qubec in Canada,Thy

149、ssenkrupp,18 January 2021.Online.Available:https:/ Hydro-Quebec,Comparison of Electricity Prices in Major North American Cities 2021,Montreal,2021.10 Natural Resources Canada,Smart Renewables and Electrification Pathways Program,Government of Canada,Online.Available:https:/www.nrcan.gc.ca/climate-ch

150、ange/green-infrastructure-programs/smart-renewables-and-electrification-pathways-program/23566.Accessed 20 September 2021.11 Natural Resources Canada,Canada Greener Homes Grant,Government of Canada,13 August 2021.Online.Available:https:/www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/homes/canada-greener-homes-gr

151、ant/23441.12 Natural Resources Canada,Tax Savings for Industry:Class 43.1 and Class 43.2 and Canadian Renewable and Conservation Expenses,Government of Canada,Online.Available:https:/www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-data/funding-partnerships/funding-opportunities/funding-grants-incentives/tax-savings-industr

152、y/5147.Accessed 2 August 2021.13 Nelson Hydro Administration,Solar Generation,Online.Available:https:/www.nelson.ca/223/Solar-Generation.Accessed 23 September 2021.15 Ontario Solar Installers,What is virtual net-metering?,Online.Available:https:/ontario-solar-installers.ca/solar-panel-installers/wha

153、t-is-virtual-net-metering/.Accessed 19 October 2021.16 Environment and Climate Change Canada,A healthy environment and a healthy economy,Government of Canada,Ottawa,2020.17 E.Edom,Energy Modelling Initiative:EI2,Trottier Energy Institute,April 2021.Online.Available:https:/emi-ime.ca/ei2/.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in COUNTRY 1