1、 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 PVPS Task 1 Strategic PV Analysis and Outreach Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 What is IEA PVPS TCP?The International Energy Agency(IEA),founded in 1974,is an autonomous body within the framework of t

2、he Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD).The Technology Collaboration Programme(TCP)was created with a belief that the future of energy security and sustainability starts with global collaboration.The programme is made up of 6.000 experts across government,academia,and industry

3、 dedicated to advancing common research and the application of specific energy technologies.The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme(IEA PVPS)is one of the TCPs within the IEA and was established in 1993.The mission of the programme is to“enhance the international collaborative efforts which fac

4、ilitate the role of photovoltaic solar energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy systems.”In order to achieve this,the Programmes participants have undertaken a variety of joint research projects in PV power systems applications.The overall programme is headed by an Executive C

5、ommittee,comprised of one delegate from each country or organisation member,which designates distinct Tasks,that may be research projects or activity areas.The IEA PVPS participating countries are Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Chile,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Ma

6、laysia,Mexico,Morocco,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,South Africa,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkey,and the United States of America.The European Commission,Solar Power Europe,the Smart Electric Power Alliance(SEPA),the Solar Energy Industries Association and the Cop-per Alliance are also me

7、mbers.Visit us at:www.iea-pvps.org What is IEA PVPS Task 1?The objective of Task 1 of the IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme is to promote and facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information on the technical,economic,environmental and social aspects of PV power systems.Task 1 activiti

8、es support the broader PVPS objectives:to contribute to cost reduction of PV power applications,to increase awareness of the potential and value of PV power systems,to foster the removal of both technical and non-technical barriers and to enhance technology co-operation.An important deliverable of T

9、ask 1 is the annual“Trends in photovoltaic applications”report.In parallel,National Survey Reports are produced annually by each Task 1 participant.This document is the country National Survey Report for the year 2021.Information from this document will be used as input to the annual Trends in photo

10、voltaic applications report.Authors Main Content:Task 1 participants:Francesca Tilli(GSE),Giosu Maugeri(RSE),Franco Roca(ENEA),Alessandro Scipioni(Elettricit Futura).Other contributors:Vincenzo Surace,Alessandro Pellini(GSE)Data:GSE,RSE Analysis:Francesca Tilli(GSE),Giosu Maugeri(RSE),Franco Roca(EN

11、EA),Alessandro Scipioni(Elettricit Futura)DISCLAIMER The IEA PVPS TCP is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency(IEA)but is functionally and legally autonomous.Views,findings and publications of the IEA PVPS TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Se

12、cretariat or its individual member countries COVER PICTURE Source:Catalogue of Photovoltaic Plants Integrated with Innovative Characteristics,Gestore dei Servizi Energetici,GSE Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.4 1 INSTALLATION

13、DATA.5 Applications for Photovoltaics.5 Total photovoltaic power installed.6 Key enablers of PV development.9 2 COMPETITIVENESS OF PV ELECTRICITY.10 Module prices.10 System prices.11 Cost breakdown of PV installations.13 Financial Parameters and specific financing programs.15 Additional Country info

14、rmation.15 3 POLICY FRAMEWORK.16 National targets for PV.16 Direct support policies for PV installations.17 Self-consumption measures.18 Collective self-consumption,solar community and similar measures.19 Tenders,auctions&similar schemes.20 Other utility-scale measures including floating and agricul

15、tural PV.20 Social Policies.20 Retroactive measures applied to PV.20 Indirect policy issues.21 Financing and cost of support measures.21 4 INDUSTRY.22 Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CPV).22 Manufacturers and suppliers of other components.23 5 PV IN THE ECONOMY.24 Labou

16、r places.24 Business value.24 6 INTEREST FROM ELECTRICITY STAKEHOLDERS.25 Structure of the electricity system.25 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 3 Interest from electricity utility businesses.25 Interest from municipalities and local governments.25 7 HIGHLIGHTS A

17、ND PROSPECTS.26 Highlights.26 Prospects.26 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report received valuable contributions from several stakeholders and experts of Italian photovoltaic(hereafter,PV)market:entrepreneurs,manufacturers of PV modules a

18、nd other components,installers,Architecture School University IUAV of Venice,Nomisma Energia,and others.They all provided data and views included in this report.Many thanks to all of them.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 5 1 INSTALLATION DATA The PV power systems

19、market is defined as the market of all nationally installed(terrestrial)PV applications with a PV capacity of 40 W or more.A PV system consists of modules,inverters,batteries and all installation and control components for modules,inverters and batteries.Other applications such as small mobile devic

20、es are not considered in this report.For the purposes of this report,PV installations are included in the 2021 statistics if the PV modules were installed and connected to the grid between 1 January and 31 December 2021,although commissioning may have taken place at a later date.Applications for Pho

21、tovoltaics During 2021 around 80.000 PV plants for a new capacity of 938 MW(see note 5 of table 1 and 2)were installed in Italy(see note 5 of table 1 and table 2),of which almost 50%accessing to the so-called Scambio Sul Posto(SSP)mechanism,a net-billing scheme managed by GSE.The number of plants in

22、stalled in 2021 is higher than the figure of 2020(55.000 additional PV plants with a capacity of 749 MW.The average capacity of new plants installed in 2021 is equal to 11,8 kW and 10%of the installed capacity in 2021 consists of plants larger than 1 MW.At the end of 2021 total installed capacity in

23、 Italy is 22.594 MW with a number of 1.016.083 PV plants.Small plants with a capacity below 20 kW represent 93%of the total installed plants and 23%in terms of power.The cumulative average power of the plants is 22,2 kW.Ground total PV capacity is equal to 8.050 MW,36%of the whole capacity installed

24、.97,6%of PV plants installed in Italy(992.018 out of a total of 1.016.083)are connected to the low voltage distribution grid;23.927 plants are connected to the medium voltage grid,representing the 54,3%of total existing capacity.Only a small number of PV installations are connected to the high volta

25、ge grid,with a capacity of around 1.631 MW,the 7,2%of the total one.Number and capacity are distributed in a rather different way among Italian regions;at the end of 2021,in two regions of the North(Lombardia and Veneto)is concentrated 30,4%of plants installed in Italy,while one region in the South(

26、Puglia)has the national record in term of regional installed capacity with 13%of the cumulative power.PV electricity production reached 25.039 GWh in 2021,a growth of 0,4%compared to the previous year.Out of the above-mentioned production,around 12.917 GWh is generated by the industrial sector,5.516

27、 GWh by the tertiary sector,2.844 GWh by the agricultural sector and 3.762 GWh by the domestic sector.Electricity produced and self-consumed in 2021 amounted to 5.179 GWh,20,6%of total PV systems production and 48,6%of the production of self-consumption plants.Polycrystalline silicon PV modules are

28、installed on 69,8%of the existing capacity,monocrystalline silicon modules on 24,7%and thin film modules or other materials(which Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 6 include a-Si,CIS,CdTe)on 5,5%.Thin-film technology is installed mostly in Sicilia region(south of I

29、taly),representing 11%of the total power installed.Valle dAosta and Bolzano Province in the north of Italy are the two regions with the highest percentage of monocrystalline modules.During 2021 around 35.000 new storage systems were installed,for a cumulative number of almost 77.000.Total photovolta

30、ic power installed Table 1:Annual PV power installed during calendar year 2021(1)(2)Installed PV capacity in 2021 MW AC or DC Decentralized(3)870,22 DC Centralized(4)74,04 DC Off-grid Total 944,26(5)DC 1Source:GSE 2 Blank box stands for not available data 3 Any PV installation which is embedded into

31、 a customers premises(self-consumption)4 Any PV installation which only injects electricity and is not associated with a consumer(no self-consumption)5 The value indicated in the table results from the difference between the value at the end of 2021 less the value of 2020.It is important to point ou

32、t that actual installed capacity in 2021 is equal to 938 MW,due to decommissioning and statistic power update Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 7 Table 2:PV power installed during calendar year 2021(1)(2)1Source:GSE 2 Blank box stands for not available data 3 Build

33、ing Applied Photovoltaic 4 Building Integrated Photovoltaic 5 The value indicated in the table results from the difference between the value at the end of 2021 less the value of 2020.It is important to point out that actual installed capacity in 2021 is equal to 938 MW,due to decommissioning and sta

34、tistic power update Installed PV capacity MW Installed PV capacity MW AC or DC Grid-connected BAPV(3)Residential 890,22 382,28 DC Commercial 220,57 DC Industrial 287,37 DC BIPV(4)Residential Commercial Industrial Utility-scale Ground-mounted 54,03 54,03 DC Floating Agricultural Off-grid Residential

35、Other Hybrid systems Total 944,26(5)DC Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 8 Table 3:Data collection process If data are reported in AC,please mention a conversion coefficient to estimate DC installations Data refer to the sum of PV nominal power Is the collection pr

36、ocess done by an official body or a private company/Association?Public body for statistical data:GSE Link to official statistics www.gse.it www.terna.it www.arera.it Table 4:The cumulative installed PV power in 4 sub-markets(1)(2)Year Off-grid MW(including large hybrids)Grid-connected distributed MW

37、(BAPV,BIPV)Grid-connected centralized MW(Ground,floating,agricultural)Total MW 2019 13.021 7.844 20.865 2020 13.656 7.994 21.650 2021 14.546 8.048 22.594 1Source:GSE,TERNA 2 Blank box stands for not available data Table 5:Other PV market information(1)(2)2021 Number of PV systems in operation in you

38、r country 1.016.083 Residential Commercial Industrial 812.610 111.916 91.557 Decommissioned PV systems during the year MW 4,9 Repowered PV systems during the year MW 1Source:GSE 2 Blank box stands for not available data Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 9 Table 6:P

39、V power and the broader national energy market Data Year Total power generation capacities GW 119.781 2021 Total renewable power generation capacities(including hydropower)GW 57.979 Total electricity demand TWh 319,9 New power generation capacities installed GW 0,67 New renewable power generation ca

40、pacities(including hydropower)GW 1,39 Total PV electricity production(including self-consumed PV electricity)TWh 25,04 Total PV electricity production as a%of total electricity consumption 7,8%Average yield of PV installations kWh/kWp 1.137 Key enablers of PV development Table 7:Information on key e

41、nablers(1)Annual Value Total Value Source Decentralized storage systems(number)35.698 76.886 GSE Residential heat pumps(number)Electric cars(number)69.213 118.034 www.aci.it Electric buses and trucks(number)3.488 9.209 www.aci.it 1 Blank box stands for not available data Task 1 National Survey Repor

42、t of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 10 2 COMPETITIVENESS OF PV ELECTRICITY The trend of falling prices stopped in 2020 and it started to rise in 2021,mainly due to the shortage of raw materials and the increase in the cost of energy at the end of 2021.In early 2021 the costs of PV modules began

43、 to grow,while at the end of the year they were followed by those of inverters,in parallel with a significant increase of the cost of mounting systems,cables,etc.,all contributing to the“Hardware Costs”(see table 11 and 12).Instead,the“Soft Cost”,meaning design,installation,permitting,etc.rose less,

44、even if with high variability,which take into account the likely effect of some speculative bubbles probably related to other support measures.Module prices Table 8:Typical module prices/W(1)(2)Year Lowest price of a standard module crystalline silicon Highest price of a standard module crystalline

45、silicon Typical price of a standard module crystalline silicon 2009 2,30 2,50 2010 1,50 1,70 2011 1,20 1,50 2012 0,70 0,80 2013 0,50 0,60 2014 0,50 0,80 0,55 2015 0,50 0,75 0,55 2016 0,40 0,65 0,48 2017 0,32 0,56 0,40 2018 0,20 0,48 0,35 2019 0,18 0,45 0,29 2020 0,16 0,44 0,30 2021(3)0,20 0,52 0,38

46、1 GSE specific survey 2 Blank box stands for not available data 3 Rising prices during 2021 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 11 System prices Table 9:Turnkey PV system prices of different typical PV systems(1)(2)Category/Size Typical applications and brief details

47、/W Residential BAPV 250 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity to grid-connected industrial buildings,warehouses,etc.0,86 1,08(2021 Q1)0,95 1,15(2021 Q4)Small centralized PV 1-20 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems that work as cent

48、ral power station.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for sale.0,75 0,85(2021 Q1)0,83 0,95(2021 Q4)Large centralized PV 20 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems that work as central power st

49、ation.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for sale.0,53 0,74(2021 Q1)0,60 0,84(2021 Q4)1GSE specific survey 2 Excluding VAT Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 12 Table 10:Nat

50、ional trends in system prices for different applications/W(1)(2)(3)Year Residential BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV system 10 kW Small commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 10-100 kW Large commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems

51、 100-250 kW Centralized PV Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems 10-50 MW 2011 3,60 2,70 2,80 2012 2,60 1,80 1,70 2013 2,20 1,40 1,20 2014 1,67 1,40 1,03 2015 1,60 1,32 0,96 2016 1,55 1,22 0,88 2017 1,44 1,10 0,80 2018 1,41 1,20 1,08 0,69 2019 1,34 1,15 1,00 0,63 2020 1,33 1,15 1,00 0

52、,62 2021(4)1,44 1,36 1,10 0,71 1 GSE specific survey 2 Blank box stands for not available data 3 Excluding VAT 4 Rising prices during 2021 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 13 Cost breakdown of PV installations Table 11:Cost breakdown for a grid-connected roof-moun

53、ted,distributed residential PV system of 10 MW(1)(4)Cost category Average(/kW)Low(/kW)High(/kW)Hardware(4)Module 0,24 0,20 0,29 Inverter 0,08 0,07 0,09 Mounting material 0,14 0,13 0,15 Other electronics(cables,etc.)Subtotal Hardware 0,46 0,40 0,53 Soft costs Planning(2)Installation work 0,04 0,03 0,

54、05 Shipping and travel expenses to customer 0,02 0,01 0,02 Permits and commissioning(3)0,03 0,02 0,04 Project margin 0,16 0,14 0,17 Subtotal Soft costs 0,25 0,20 0,28 Total(excluding VAT)0,71 0,60 0,81 VAT 10%10%10%Total(including VAT)0,78 0,66 0,89 1 GSE specific survey 2 Planning cost are included

55、 in the other soft costs 3 Including financing 4 Rising prices during 2021 Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 15 Financial Parameters and specific financing programs Table 13:PV financing information in 2021(1)Different market segments Loan rate%(2)Average rate of l

56、oans residential installations 3,0 5,3 Average rate of loans commercial installations 2,0 3,0 Average rate of loans industrial and ground-mounted installations 1,5 2,0 1 GSE specific survey 2 Ten years loans Additional Country information Table 14:Country information Retail electricity prices for a

57、household c/kWh 23,10(1)26,16 Retail electricity prices for a commercial company c/kWh(2)22,97-34,23 Retail electricity prices for an industrial company c/kWh 13,46 19,90 Liberalization of the electricity sector After more than two decades from its start,the process of liberalization and reform of t

58、he Italian electricity sector is still unsettled.The energy crisis with rising prices that started in 2021 became more intense in 2022 and has already force the government to postpone to 2024 the full liberalisation of the final consumer marked.More changes are likely to follow that could reverse in

59、 the next future liberalisation with a stronger intervention of the authorities or of the government.1 Consumption up to 5.000 kWh per year 2 Nomisma Energia estimate Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 16 3 POLICY FRAMEWORK Table 15:Summary of PV support measures Ca

60、tegory Residential Commercial+Industrial Centralized Measures in 2021 On-going New On-going New On-going New Feed-in tariffs-Yes-Yes-Feed-in premium (above market price)-Capital subsidies(1)Yes-Yes-Green certificates-Renewable portfolio standards with/without PV requirements(2)-Income tax credits Ye

61、s-Yes(6)-Self-consumption(3)Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes-Net-metering-Net-billing(4)Yes-Yes-Yes-Collective self-consumption and virtual net-metering(5)Yes-Yes-Sustainable building requirements Yes-Yes-BIPV incentives-1At a regional level;most of tenders are for PV on public administration buildings and for s

62、mall/medium-sized enterprises(SME)2 No obligations for utilities to obtain a minimum percentage of their power from renewable energy sources 3 On-going measure,real time self-consumption.New measure,collective self-consumption and energy community 4 Up to 500 kW 5 Virtual net metering under some con

63、dition(paragraph 3.4)6 Specific national tax relief National targets for PV The Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan foresees a strong increase of RES electricity share in consumption,rising from 34%in 2017 to about 55%by 2030.In 2021 the share is around 36%.The main contribution is expected

64、from PV production,with a target of cumulative Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 17 PV capacity of about 52 GW by 2030 and a corresponding electricity production of 73 TWh/year.With the approval of the European Fit for 55 package by the European Parliament and the

65、Member States,it is expected that these targets will be exceeded,leading by 2030 to a cumulative PV capacity installed exceeding 70 GW.Direct support policies for PV installations The 2019 decree(MD of July 4th,2019)aims at supporting,in the period 2019-2021,energy from new,refurbished and upgraded

66、plants from“mature”RES:PV over 20 kW,onshore wind,hydro and sewage gas for a total capacity of about 8 GW(of which 7,4 GW new).Competitive auctions(for capacities over 1 MW)for groups of technologies and registries for smaller plants(with a capacity up to 1 MW),with some competitive elements are for

67、eseen.The support for the plants with a capacity up to 250 kW is a Feed-In Tariff,and over 250 kW a sliding Feed-in Premium,so-called“two-ways mechanism”:the producer receives an incentive equal to the difference between a reference tariff and the hourly zonal price of energy.There are also addition

68、al remunerations:for plants installed on buildings(P100 kW),on self-consumed energy(if self-consumption exceeds 40%of yearly net production),and for PV plants replacing asbestos.At the end of 2021,most plants are still enrolled in the registers foreseen by the decree;it can be estimated that this ca

69、pacity will be installed and commissioned in the years 2022-2024.Tax credit measures(available for small size plants up to 20 kW and for storage devices),together with a net-billing scheme(Scambio Sul Posto,SSP),and a specific national tax relief for medium commercial/industrial installations,are fu

70、rther measures to support PV market.Concerning SSP,Italy switched from a net-metering mechanism to a net-billing scheme for systems below 500 kW in 2009,in which electricity fed into the grid is remunerated through an“energy quota”based on electricity market prices and a“service quota”depending on g

71、rid services costs(transport,distribution,metering and other extra charges).Market prices are applied for the electricity injected into the grid as an alternative to SSP.Real time self-consumption is allowed for all PV system sizes.A tax credit measure has been introduced in 2020(so-called Superbonu

72、s 110%)for interventions in the field of building energy efficiency,installation of PV systems and infrastructures for charging electric vehicles.PV has to be coupled with building energy efficiency intervention in order to access the support.An important contribution came from regional policies,suc

73、h as,i.e.,tenders for capital subsidies for PV plants,sometimes together with other RES or building energy efficiency interventions or storage systems.3.2.1 BIPV development measures None Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 18 Self-consumption measures Table 16:Summa

74、ry of self-consumption regulations in 2021 PV self-consumption 1 Right to self-consume(real time)Yes 2 Revenues from self-consumed PV Savings on the electricity bill 3 Charges to finance Transmission,Distribution grids&Renewable Levies No Excess PV electricity 4 Revenues from excess PV electricity i

75、njected into the grid Net-billing,based on energy and services;indirect sale through a dedicated withdrawal and,in case of collective self-consumption and solar community,an incentive is granted on the shared energy(1)5 Maximum timeframe for compensation of fluxes Net billing scheme,energy fluxes ar

76、e calculated on a yearly basis.Collective self-consumption and energy communities,energy fluxes are calculated on an hourly basis(see paragraph 3.4)6 Geographical compensation(virtual self-consumption or metering)On site.Meter aggregation and virtual net-billing are allowed for some specific cases,i

77、.e.,Municipalities of up to 20.000 inhabitants and the Ministry of Defence.In 2019/2020 a new measure,concerning energy communities,has been introduced for renewable plants with capacity 200 kW Other characteristics 7 Regulatory scheme duration Real time self-consumption,unlimited.Net-billing is yea

78、rly renewed,even if a gradual phase out is foreseen starting from 2023 8 Third party ownership accepted Yes,with condition 9 Grid codes and/or additional taxes/fees impacting the revenues of the prosumer None 10 Regulations on enablers of self-consumption(storage,DSM)Yes(tax credit for storage,coupl

79、ed with PV)11 PV system size limitations Self-consumption,none.Net-billing,up to 500 kW 12 Electricity system limitations None 13 Additional features None 1 Managed by GSE.Concerning sale,the producer may choose between GSE dedicated withdrawal and market sale Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Pow

80、er Applications in Italy 2021 19 Collective self-consumption,solar community and similar measures Meter aggregation and virtual net-billing are allowed for some specific cases,i.e.,Municipalities of up to 20.000 inhabitants and the Ministry of Defence.The Italian Parliament approved in 2019/2020 a m

81、easure about self-consumption,allowing final consumers/RES producers to group together in order to share electricity locally produced by new RES plants with a capacity 200 kW.The Decree of 16 September 2020 completed the regulatory framework on energy communities and self-consumers;on December 2020,

82、GSE made available the website to send the preliminary request to access to incentives(alternative to net-billing scheme)foreseen for two categories of prosumers:RES consumers acting collectively in a group located in the same building RES energy communities A group of RES self-consumers acting coll

83、ectively consists of at least two RES self-consumers.The PV plant may be owned and/or managed by a third party.In the energy community,members may be private persons,small and medium-sized enterprises,local or regional public administration authorities.The main features of the RES energy communities

84、 are listed below:the withdrawal points of consumers participating in the community,as well as the entry points of the related plants,must be located on the LV electricity grids underlying the same MV/LV transformer substation;the consumption users included in the community remain connected to the e

85、xisting public distribution network and they are not physically connected but virtually;relations between consumers are regulated through a private contract by identifying a delegated person responsible for the allocation of shared energy and any other tasks;it is possible to exit the configuration

86、at any time,possibly by paying contractual fees.Two different contributions are granted for 20 years:a premium tariff for the shared electricity(100/MWh for the group of prosumers,110/MWh for energy communities).The shared electricity is the lowest value,calculated on an hourly basis,between the ele

87、ctricity fed into the grid and the electricity withdrawn from the points of connection;a contribution which is the sum of transmission fee and the highest value of the variable distribution component for consumers/loads in low voltage.Moreover,for a group of self-consumers acting collectively,an add

88、itional contribution,due for avoided network losses is granted.It is also possible to request the withdrawal for the electricity injected to the grid managed by GSE.Moreover,the access to 50%of tax deduction is allowed.For PV plants under 20 kW,in addition,the access to the 110%tax deduction scheme

89、is possible under the condition of not accessing to the premium tariff and of delivering the electricity injected to the grid to GSE.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 20 At the end of 2022,GSE registered 24 RES consumers acting collectively in a group located in th

90、e same building and 12 energy communities,for a total capacity of around 800 kW.Tenders,auctions&similar schemes In Italy RES producers can stipulate private PPA but there are not specific regulation/or measures that could boost this development.Regional tenders support RES,(building)energy efficien

91、cy,storage systems,energy communities and electric vehicles.For FiT tenders,see paragraph 3.2.Other utility-scale measures including floating and agricultural PV The Law Decree 76/2020 allowed the access to support mechanisms for PV systems built on abandoned/degraded areas even if classified as agr

92、icultural.All other types of PV plants in rural areas cannot access to public incentives.Social Policies The municipality of Porto Torres(Sardinia region),in cooperation with GSE,introduced in 2017 the so called reddito energetico,energy income project:the municipality allocated public resources to

93、purchase PV systems,sold on loan to families in energy poverty conditions,to benefit them from PV self-consumption,reducing their energy bills.The revenues of the net-billing(Scambio,Sul Posto,SSP)feed a public fund,in order to support the purchase of PV plants for other families.After this pilot pr

94、oject,many other municipalities and regions are carrying out similar support mechanism.Retroactive measures applied to PV Law 116/2014,implementing Law June 2014,n.91,defined new procedures related to incentives granted to electricity produced by PV plants under all Feed-in schemes(I,II,III,IV and V

95、 Conto Energia),among which the so-called spalma incentivi.From January 1,2015,tariffs(bonuses included,if any)for plants with a capacity over 200 kW were adjusted according to one of the following options:incentives granted for 24 years,instead of 20 years,with a tariff reduction on the remaining p

96、eriod;incentives granted for 20 years with a tariff adjustment,a reduction for the first period and an increase for the second one;incentives granted for 20 years with a tariff reduction.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 21 Indirect policy issues In 2021 administra

97、tive simplifications have been introduced for RES plants authorizations(Legislative Decree 77/2021,Legislative Decree 199/2021),as it follows:simplified procedures for large plants in the suitable areas are foreseen in compliance with regions,together with the extension to different categories of la

98、rge plants(up to 20 MW for PV systems built in particular sites,up to 10 MW in suitable areas and for agricultural plants and floating),and with modification of the environmental integrated authorization criteria(capacity increased to 10 MW);simplified procedure for small BIPV plants increased up to

99、 50 kW.3.9.1 Rural electrification measures The decree of February 14,2017 grants subsidies to electric RES and thermal plants in small Italian geographical islands not connected to the mainland electricity grid,with an area greater than 1 km2,located more than 1 km from the continent and with a res

100、ident population of at least 50 people.The mechanism foresees a 20 years feed-in tariff for the electricity fed into the grid(GSE is also in charge for withdrawal and for the sale the electricity on the market).For self-consumed electricity(real-time consumption)a feed-in premium is applied.Moreover

101、,a bonus for PV replacing asbestos is foreseen.This support is alternative to the net-billing scheme,or dedicated withdrawal,or other public incentives.3.9.2 Support for electricity storage and demand response measures At the end of 2021,almost 77.000 storage systems were installed in Italy for a to

102、tal nominal capacity of 409 MW.The capacity of PV plants with storage is equal to 464 MW.Storage systems are mainly concentrated in regions with a high number of installations(north of Italy).Tax deduction for storage(mainly)coupled with PV plants is foreseen,together with regional tenders.Financing

103、 and cost of support measures The Feed-in Tariff scheme of 2005-2013 set the financial cap of 6,7 BEUR in terms of yearly payments.The cost of the incentives for the Feed-in Tariff/Feed-in Premium is covered by a component of the electricity tariff paid by all final electricity consumers.The economi

104、c resources for the RES decree(2019-2021)are covered in the same way.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 22 4 INDUSTRY Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CPV)Total PV cell and module manufacture together with production capacity information

105、 is summarised in Table below.Table 17:PV cell and module production,production capacity information for 2021(1)(2)Cell/Module manufacturer Technology Total Production MW Maximum production capacity MW/yr Cell Module Cell Module Wafer-based PV manufactures Eclipse Italia sc-Si,mc-Si 80,00 0 150,00 E

106、XE s.r.l.mc-Si 70,00 Enel Green Power SpA 3SUN Si-HJT 200,00 200,00 FuturaSun sc-Si,mc-Si Gruppo STG sc-Si,mc-Si 3,36 0 23,00 PEIMAR sc-Si,mc-Si 500,00 Solbian sc-Si PERC c-Si HJT mc-Si 2,4 SPS ISTEM mc-Si 75,00 Sunerg Solar sc-Si,mc-Si 100,00 Trienergia srl sc-Si,mc-Si 4,65 0 24,00 Verditek Solar I

107、taly sc-Si,mc-Si Total 88,00 200,00 1.144,4 1 RSE specific survey 2 Blank box stands for not available data In 2021 the total annual production reached by the surveyed companies is 88 MW,for a total production capacity of 1.144,4 MW/year.The Italian photovoltaic industry is continuously growing,in f

108、act,in addition to maintaining realities with expertise in specific markets,think for example of integrated photovoltaics(i-PV)Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 23 in buildings(BIPV or BAPV)or in electric mobility(VIPV),it aims at the development of innovative tech

109、nologies of high-efficiency modules.Among the companies specializing in products for i-PV,SOLBIAN focuses on the production of flexible photovoltaic modules that are particularly suitable for sailboats or electric mobility applications;photovoltaic modules can be customized in terms of size,power,an

110、d color.The STG Group offers Building-Applied Photovoltaics(BAPV)and Building-Integrated Photovoltaics(BIPV)solutions;the Energy Glass-STG Group brand designs and manufactures BIPV products with transparent or opaque glass that is used as a building block.The products can be customized in terms of s

111、ize,power,transparency and colors.Trienergia,based in Mantua,offers photovoltaic modules in triangular(21 cells)and rectangular(42 or 60 cells)shapes,designed to make the most of triangular roofs.Their PV modules use MWT(Metal Wrap Through)back-contact cells that are bonded using a conductive glue o

112、n a conductive backsheet with Ebfoil.Enel Green Power(EGP),based in Catania,focuses its market on large-scale photovoltaic systems and exports its product worldwide.The photovoltaic technology developed is bifacial heterojunction,and major achievements were made in 2020:the previous record of 24.63%

113、was improved with a new efficiency of 25%for a heterojunction solar cell with an active area of 213 cm2,based on the M2 silicon wafer format.EGP is currently investing to create a 3GW line of cells and modules by 2023.FuturaSun,which is headquartered in Padua and has its main production facilities i

114、n Asia,recently announced that it will start a PV module production line with an annual capacity of 1 GW by 2023.In the field of CPV(concentrated solar power)Solergy and Sungen have been experimenting with both mirror and lens systems,passively or actively cooled.Specifically,Solergy has developed C

115、PV systems on trackers with lens concentrators;Sungen has developed HCPVT(high-concentration PV thermal)prototypes.Manufacturers and suppliers of other components Relevant national PV inverter manufacturers both for small-scale and utility-scale applications,are Elettronica Santerno S.p.A,Elpower s.

116、r.l,Borri S.p.A,Fimer S.p.A,Friem S.p.A.,Reverberi Enetec s.r.l,Nidec ASI S.p.A.,Riello Solar Tech-RPS S.p.A.,and Siel S.p.A.In the framework of energy storage systems,also for residential applications,relevant national companies are Aton,Fiamm,Reverberi Enetec,SIEL.Other Italian companies such as B

117、itron Electronic,Loccioni Group,offer technology solutions that,combined with photovoltaic systems,are able to maximize the energy self-consumption and interact with local energy management systems.In Italy the UVAM experimental project offers the possibility for owners of a PV plant and a storage s

118、ystem to share them providing services to the electricity grid,thus forming an aggregate of systems within circumscribed geographical areas.In this framework,Evolvere,a company of Eni Plenitude group,has developed in recent years devices for Smart Home and Smart Energy,which enable the prosumers-an

119、electricity Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 24 consumer producing PV electricity to support his/her own consumption(and possibly for injection into the grid)-to monitor energy flows and to reach maximum efficiency and flexibility in home management.In the field o

120、f supporting structures for PV modules,relevant Italian companies specialized in the development of single-axis trackers for PV utility-scale applications are Convert Italia SpA,Comal,REM Tec,Soltigua e SUNRACKER.Among these,Convert Italia SpA,Comal,REM Tec also offer tracker systems for agrivoltaic

121、 applications.5 PV IN THE ECONOMY Labour places Table 18:Estimated PV-related full-time labour places in 2021(1)Market category Number of full-time labour places Research and development(not including companies)Manufacturing of products throughout the PV value chain from feedstock to systems,includi

122、ng company R&D Distributors of PV products and installations Other Total 6.169(2)1 Blank box stands for not available data 2 GSE data concerning permanent jobs,in terms of FTE(Full Time Equivalent),directly and indirectly related to O&M activities on existing PV plants Business value Table 19:Rough

123、estimation of the value of the PV business in 2021(VAT is excluded)(1)Sub-market Capacity installed MW Average price/W Value of PV business in 2021 Off-grid Grid-connected 938(2)1,122 1.052.436.000 1 Blank box stands for not available data 2 938 MW is the actual installed capacity in 2021(see note 5

124、 of Table 1 and Table 2)Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 25 6 INTEREST FROM ELECTRICITY STAKEHOLDERS Structure of the electricity system Italian electricity sector went through a deep reform over the last 20 years that changed it from a vertically integrated monop

125、olistic structure to a liberalized market.The process started in 1999 but the complete liberalization was decided only in August 2017 and it is expected to be fully completed after 2024,when the tariff system will be eliminated also in the domestic sector.After the energy crisis of 2021/2022 some im

126、portant changes are likely and the possibility to postpone again after 2024 the full liberalization of the domestic sector due to the sharp rise of electricity tariffs.The former monopolist Enel still holds relevant market shares in all segments,especially in the domestic sector and in distribution.

127、Enel is a private stock company where the state holds a 24%stake.Generation,transmission and distribution are separated.Generation is a free activity where the first six groups industrial companies(Enel,Eni,Edison,A2A,EP Produzione and Iren)hold 49.3%in 2021 of the national gross production while th

128、e rest is scattered among several players.Transmission is a regulated activity held by the transmission system operator(TSO)Terna,a stock company with the state holding a 30%stake;distribution is a regulated activity where e-distribuzione(Enel group)is the first operator with around 85%market share,

129、followed by the other three major operators(Unareti,Areti,Ireti)that hold another 9%.Retail activity is free,but with regulated tariffs for the domestic sector(for customers who decided not to switch to the liberalized market)until 2023.The 10 major retail operators hold 71%of the market,with Enel h

130、olding an overall 34,5%.Some companies with activities in production,distribution and retail are former municipalities owned by local authorities.The Energy Authority(Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy,Networks and Environment-ARERA)was created in 1995 and regulates the electricity sector follo

131、wing directives from the Italian Government and the Parliament.Interest from electricity utility businesses Italian electricity utilities are strongly involved in the PV sector and in innovative projects.Interest from municipalities and local governments Public Administration owns,at the end of 2021

132、,19.583 PV plants,for a capacity of 805 MW(3,6%of the total capacity installed in Italy).At the end of 2021,74%of Italian municipalities owns at least one PV plant installed.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 26 7 HIGHLIGHTS AND PROSPECTS Highlights At the end of 20

133、21 small plants with a capacity below 20 kW are mainly defining the Italian PV market(93%of the total number and 23%in terms of power),accessing to the net-billing scheme and tax deduction measures.Since 2017 Italy is experiencing also private PPA agreement for RES plants,although there is not a spe

134、cific regulation/or measure increasing their success.It is worth to mention a secondary market of managing and acquisition of large(incentivized)plants.PV social acceptance issue has to be faced,since after the booming market of the past years which allowed the installations of around 18 GW of capac

135、ity,an increasing opposition from population and local authorities is reported,mostly for ground plants.On the other side,concerning small plants,in the last years a new“PV on the roof”attitude increased,related to a sustainability culture(started during past FiT Law)in which self-consumption has a

136、central role,with an important connection to social programmes like,i.e.,energy community or energy income(see paragraph 3.4 and 3.7).Even BIPV plants installations are growing again from 2017 after the booming effect of the 2,5 GW of the past FiT era.Prospects In the ambitious target of 55%of elect

137、ricity from RES set in the Integrated National Energy Climate Plan presented to the European Commission,PV expected to contribute the most with capacity of around 50 GW by 2030.This target could be also increased taking into account the REPowerEU package which is under discussion at EU level.The Ita

138、lian PV market continues to grow year after year,even if with different numbers from 2005 2013 Feed-in Tariff era.The results of the provisions of Ministerial Decree of July 4th,2019 will became evident from 2022 on,and it can be reasonably said that PV technology will be most of the capacity access

139、ing incentives.New regulation on permitting will help,during time,to overcome this very deep-rooted problem in Italy.Major development of energy communities is expected,with a growing awareness on PV,RES and building energy efficiency topics.Italy is the country with the highest concentration of her

140、itage buildings and medieval towns that make difficult,sometimes,the refurbishment and PV installation.PV is generally considered still today only and simply as a technological plant and,in order to overcome this attitude,it is necessary to boost the topic of“PV and the building”,meaning BAPV but mo

141、stly BIPV,that with particular solutions could become,finally,a building element.A massive information campaign(like that during past FiT era)about the need/importance to install PV to reach 2030 goals and to achieve energy independency could help PV deployment and social acceptance,through also new business models based on existing measures.Task 1 National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Italy 2021 1