1、In collaboration with Frontiers MediaF L A G S H I P R E P O R TJ U N E 2 0 2 3Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023ContentsImages:Midjourney,Studio Miko.All images in this report have been generated using artificial intelligence.2023 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publicati

2、on may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpreta

3、tions and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.PrefaceIntroductionM

4、ethodology1 Flexible batteries2 Generative artificial intelligence3 Sustainable aviation fuel4 Designer phages5 Metaverse for mental health6 Wearable plant sensors7 Spatial omics8 Flexible neural electronics9 Sustainable computing10 AI-facilitated healthcareContributorsEndnotes34580222426

5、2831Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 20232PrefaceFor more than a decade,the Forum has been surveying academics,industry leaders and futurists on the emerging technologies set to transform economies and societies.In doing so,the Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023 report seeks to help professionals a

6、cross sectors and industries anticipate exponential technologies,interpret their implications and champion industry-shaping and society-serving applications.Since the first edition in 2011,the annual report has identified little-known technologies that have gone on to have global impact.For example,

7、the precise genetic-engineering tool,CRISPR-Cas9,featured in 2015,went on to become Nobel Prize-winning science five years later and is now being used to create insect and drought-resistant crops in harsh growing conditions around the world.Messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA)vaccines,which earned their

8、 place in the 2017 report,became the technology underpinning the majority of COVID-19 vaccines protecting lives worldwide.In the few years since AI-led molecular design made it onto the 2018 list,Deepminds AlphaFold has predicted the structure of 200 million proteins,and the first AI-discovered drug

9、s have entered clinical trials.Now in its 11th year,the Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023 report outlines the technologies poised to positively impact society in the next three to five years.The report broadens its scope beyond describing the top 10 technologies and associated risks and opportuni

10、ties to include a qualitative assessment of how each technology is set to impact people,the planet,prosperity,industry and equity.Unique for each technology,these“impact fingerprints”are meant to stimulate further analysis and debate about how emerging technologies some of which you might never have

11、 heard of can and will shape our collective futurein the years ahead.Also new for the 2023 edition is a collection of transformation maps from the Forums Strategic Intelligence Platform,which providedeeper insights and context on each technology by showcasing how they connect to other topics on the

12、global agenda and surfacing the latest trusted publications for further reading.This years report brings together the perspectives of over 90 experts in 20 countries from all world regions.This report would not be possible without their openness to contributing their insights,and we sincerely thank

13、them all.We greatly appreciate,too,the leadership of our Top 10 Emerging Technologies Steering Group Co-Chairs,Mariette DiChristina and Bernard Meyerson,who,along with many members,have been loyal collaborators since the inception of the Top 10 Emerging Technologies report series.We would additional

14、ly like to thank our knowledge partner for this years edition,Frontiers,for the deep expertise and scientific rigour of their journal editors across the articles,impact fingerprints and transformation maps.Our thanks also to the project team:Greta Keenan,Saemoon Yoon,Minji Sung and Sebastian Buckup,

15、as well as the wider team at the Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution for their input.New technologies have the power to disrupt industries,grow economies,improve lives and safeguard the planet if designed,scaled and deployed responsibly.We hope that this years report serves as a powerful too

16、l for business leaders and policy-makers to unlock the transformative potential of emerging technologies and shape their inclusive adoption.Jeremy Jurgens Managing Director,World Economic ForumTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023June 2023Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 20233IntroductionIn the introd

17、uction of his 2016 book,The Fourth Industrial Revolution,Klaus Schwab advised that humanity should“take dramatic technological change as an invitation to reflect about who we are and how we see the world”.The Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023 report is an ongoing response to that invitation to im

18、prove the state of the world and the humans inhabiting it.The driving forces behind the innovations featured in this special report are the acceleration of global connectivity,the rise of AI,along with the convergence of the physical,digital and biological worlds.Consistent with the Fourth Industria

19、l Revolution,several of the technologies cited use data and computing to enhance public health.The list explores how AI is enabling improvements in healthcare delivery,especially to those who live in less well-resourced areas;how flexible batteries are powering wearable technologies and bendable dis

20、plays that enable wearable medical devices and biomedical sensors;and next-generation neural electronics that can interact with millions of cells at once more safely.With mental health issues more pressing in the post-pandemic world,virtual shared spaces in the metaverse are facilitating global outr

21、each to serve those in need.In this report,youll learn about how spatial omics is creating a new generation of molecular-level“cell atlases”to help unlock lifes mysteries.In a new approach to treatment,researchers are engineering viruses,called phages,to augment human,animal and plant health.Beyond

22、the understanding and treatment of disease,the rapid public emergence of artificial intelligence(AI)shows a potential to vastly enhance access to and implementation of human knowledge.Generative AI,embodied in ChatGPT and Bard,has demonstrated the creation of original social and technical content in

23、 seconds.Those abilities developed from models trained on vast information content ingested from the web.It is,however,important to be cognizant of the societal issues created by these“super-human”capabilities.Human well-being also ultimately requires a healthy planet.Addressing this need,the“top 10

24、”includes wearable plant sensors,which enable increased food production by improving plant health.With the impact of climate change ever-more dire,two cited innovations offer progress:sustainable aviation fuel,made from biological or non-biological sources,and sustainable computing,which is paving t

25、he way towards net-zero carbon data centres.However,far more innovationis required to mitigate this existential threat to humanity.A message from the Co-Chairs of the Top 10 Emerging Technologies report steering committee.Mariette DiChristina Dean and Professor of the Practice in Journalism,Boston U

26、niversity College of CommunicationBernard Meyerson Chief Innovation Officer Emeritus,IBM Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 20234MethodologyChoosing the top 10 list for 2023Technologies for consideration for the 2023 listwere collected via a survey distributed to the steering group and wider expert net

27、work,as well as theWorld Economic Forums Innovator Communitiesfrom December 2022 to January 2023.Survey respondents were asked to complete the following fields:Technology name Description of the technology Fields impacted by the technology Description of the impact of the technology on these fields,

28、including benefits and risks to society Justification for why the technology should be on the 2023 list.The 95 valid technology nominations were reviewed,debated and ranked by the steering group over the course of three meetings between January and February 2023,eventually whittling the list down to

29、 the final 10 based on the judging criteria:Novelty:the technology is emerging and at an early stage of incipient development,not already widely used.Applicability:has the potential to be of significant use and benefit to societies and economies in the future;is not of only marginal concern.Depth:is

30、 being developed by more than one company and is the focus of increasing investment interest and excitement within the expert community;likely to have a significant impact in the next 3-5 years.Power:is potentially powerful and disruptive in altering established ways and industries.Members of the st

31、eering group volunteered to author the articles in the report,consulting specialists in their networks for added input.All articles were fact-checked and edited by Frontiers.“Impact fingerprint”The content of the Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2023 report is built upon the contributions of experts

32、from academia and industry.The methodology of this edition is based on the previous 10 editions but incorporates“impact fingerprint”survey data for the first time.To achieve this,expert groups of academics and industry leaders were curated for each of the 10 technologies listed in the 2023 report.Th

33、ey were then asked to predict the future impact of their respective technology,rating the projected influence on a scale from 1 to 10,should these technologies achieve widespread adoption in the next 3-5 years.The survey aimed to assess the potential effect of these technologies across five distinct

34、 metrics:A.People Participants rated their expectations regarding each technologys potential to enhance security and dignityspanning areas such as food security,access to clean water,and improvements in healthcare outcomesover the next decade.B.Planet Participants gauged the extent to which they env

35、isage the technologies could help protect and restore our planet.This included considerations such as restoring biodiversity,minimizing waste,and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.C.Prosperity Survey respondents were asked to evaluate the potential of each technology to improve the quality of life f

36、or individuals worldwide.Factors considered included job creation,enhanced connectivity,and increased leisure time.D.Industry Participants assessed the potential of these technologies to disrupt existing industries and generate new markets over the next decade.E.Equity Finally,the survey asked parti

37、cipants to rate the potential for these technologies to promote global societal equity.This involved estimating their capacity to democratize access to essential resources and services like healthcare,energy,materials,and the internet.Academics were mainly selected from Frontiers network of scientif

38、ic journal editors,while industry leaders were selected from the Forums Innovator Communities.Of the 100+experts invited to contribute to one of the 10 technology surveys,69 respondents from 18 countries contributed their assessment.Scores were averaged for each dimension of the impact fingerprint f

39、or each technology,with optional comments collated for additional context to scores.The results have been visualized using radar charts(see Figure 1)and are present in each section.Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 20235Methodological limitationsThis methodology was designed to be rigorous within a ra

40、nge of constraints.First,given that some of the technologies on the list are truly emerging,there were limitations to how many academics and industry leaders in the Forum and Frontiers extended networks could be considered experts on these topics for participation in the impact fingerprint survey.Se

41、cond,response rates varied across the technologies,with different ratios of respondents from industry and academia.Third,qualitative scores varied within technologies,partly due to different interpretations of the impact dimensions and partly due to different vantage points.On balance,the impact fin

42、gerprint data visualizations provide a complementary qualitative dimension to the articles for each technology in this years report and prompt further analysis and debate about how emerging technologies are likely to shape the collective future in the years ahead.“Impact fingerprint”radar chartFIGUR

43、E 1D.Industry Disrupt existing industries Create new markets E.Equity Democratize access to healthcare,energy,materials,internet etc.A.People Security and dignity such as food security Access to clean water Improved healthcare outcomes C.Prosperity Quality of peoples lives,such as creating new jobs

44、Providing greater connectivity between people Increasing leisure time B.Planet Protect and restore the planet,such as restoring biodiversity Limiting waste Reducing greenhouse gasesTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 20236Strategic Intelligence transformation mapsAnother ambition for the 11th

45、 edition of the report was to facilitate deeper reader engagement with each of the technologies beyond the short articles included.To achieve this,Frontiers co-curated transformation maps for each technology,housed on the Forums Strategic Intelligence Platform,where readers can learn more about the

46、key issues of each technology and how it connects to other topics on the global agenda as well as find the latest articles on the topic from trusted sources.The descriptions were predominantly based on the articles in this report.Key issues were determined based on guidance from the steering group a

47、uthors and the input of Frontiers editors.Key issue descriptions were researched and written by Frontiers editors.FIGURE 2Licensed for professional use.2023 World Economic Forum.Example Strategic Intelligence transformation mapTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 20237Flexible batteriesPowering wearable

48、technologies for healthcare and e-textiles.01From rollable computer screens to“smart”clothing,the future of electronics looks to be increasingly flexible.The rapidly escalating development of wearable devices,flexible electronics and bendable displays demands power sources that match the agility of

49、these systems.Standard,rigid batteries may soon be a thing of the past as thin,flexible batteries made of lightweight materials that can be easily twisted,bent or stretched reach the market.Several types of flexible batteries are currently available.These batteries are rechargeable and include lithi

50、um-ion or zinc-carbon systems placed on conductive polymer current collectors.In some cases,additives enhance conductivity and flexibility.1 The electrodes of flexible batteries can be coated with or even printed onto flexible substrates,including carbon-based materials like graphene,carbon fibres o

51、r cloth.Flexible batteries have applications in a growing number of fields,including wearable medical devices and biomedical sensors,flexible displays and smartwatches.Health-related applications powered by these batteries could transmit data wirelessly to healthcare providers,facilitating remote pa

52、tient monitoring.Further,flexible batteries that can be integrated into the fabric of jackets,shirts or other apparel will be required to power emerging textile-based electronics with capabilities ranging from built-in heating systems to health monitoring.The flexible battery market is expected to e

53、xpand rapidly in the coming years.One study forecasts that the global flexible battery market will grow by$240.47 million from 2022-2027,accelerating at a compound annual growth rate of 22.79%during this period.2 The primary drivers of growth are expected to be the increasing demand for wearable dev

54、ices and the growing trend towards miniaturization and flexibility of electronics.Several companies are actively developing and commercializing flexible battery technology,including LG Chem,Samsung SDI,Apple,Nokia,Front Edge Technology,STMicroelectronics,Blue Spark Technologies and Fullriver Battery

55、 New Technology.3 However,there is still room for innovation in this space,and new players are likely to enter the market as the technology evolves.The ability of flexible batteries to be bent,twisted and stretched makes them ideal for use in wearable devices.As the market demand for wearable techno

56、logies continues to grow,the future of flexible batteries is promising,and further advances are likely.As with all batteries,one hurdle to overcome is their safe disposal and recycling,which should come as the technology and associated applications become circular.Revolutionary advances in flexible-

57、battery technologies and their accompanying industries are expected to continue for many years to come.Image:A new generation of flexible batteries may allow for the seamless integration of technology into fabrics and clothes.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“Technology fabric w

58、ith interwoven digital elements”.Read more:Discover expert analysis related to flexible batteries on the Strategic Intelligence Platform.$240 millionForecasted growth of the global flexible battery market between .79%Compound annual growth rate between 2022-2027PeopleProsperityIndustryEqu

59、ityPlanetImpact fingerprintJavier Garca Martnez Professor of Chemistry and Director,Molecular Nanotechnology Lab,University of AlicanteJoseph Costantine Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering,American University of BeirutTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 20239Generative artificial

60、intelligenceExpanding the boundaries of human endeavour.02Olga Fink Professor of Intelligent Maintenance and Operations Systems,EPFL Julien Weissenberg Founder,Deep Tech ExpertsGenerative artificial intelligence(AI)is a powerful type of AI that can create new and original content by learning pattern

61、s in data,using complex algorithms and methods of learning inspired by the human brain.While generative AI is still currently focused on producing text,computer programming,images and sound,4 this technology could be applied to a range of purposes,including drug design,architecture and engineering.F

62、or example,at the time of this writing,initial work has been published on generating candidate drug molecules targeting particular conditions5 and on creating pictures of imaginary buildings or on generating interior design.NASA engineers are currently working towards AI systems that can construct l

63、ightweight spaceflight instruments,achieving a 10-fold reduction in development time while simultaneously improving structural performance.6 Generative AI technologies may even impact the food industry and the design of everyday objects,from furniture to appliances.In scientific research,generative

64、models could facilitate breakthroughs by improving experimental design,identifying relationships between data elements and creating new theories.For example,recently developed AI algorithms can translate a mathematical formula into plain English or analyse brain activity data to generate drawings of

65、 the objects that human participants are holding in mind.7,8High school and university students are using generative AI more frequently,with some institutions forbidding their use while others are integrating generative models into teaching practices9 or even training students to master these tools.

66、Used properly,generative AI can create personalized curricula that adjust to student skills and learning progress while encouraging critical thinking,igniting creativity and harnessing novel ideas.In the workplace,the use of AI-based language models like the recently popular ChatGPT or its successor

67、s can increase productivity and improve output quality,restructuring human tasks towards idea generation and editing as opposed to rough drafting.10 Generative AI technologies specifically benefit low-ability workers and can increase job satisfaction and self-efficacy.Given the potential for product

68、ivity gains resulting from adopting these new technologies,its crucial to acknowledge the likelihood of job displacement.As such,policies and programmes that support workers in their efforts to upskill and reskill are essential in ensuring that the benefits of technological innovation are widely sha

69、red and that workers are equipped with the skills needed to thrive in the changing job market.The newest developments involve autonomous AI systems that can make important decisions or take significant actions.For instance,AutoGPT is an autonomous AI application using the GPT-4 language model.AutoGP

70、T can automatically accomplish a user-identified goal by dividing the goal into smaller tasks and employing tools like internet searches or text-to-speech technology.The growing integration of generative AI technologies,particularlyautonomous AI,into multiple aspects of peoples daily lives,is genera

71、ting both public excitement and concern.To build public trust in generative AI,applications should meet agreed-upon professional and ethical standards.Generative AI systems represent the data they were trained on and the conventions governing society at that time.Care should be taken to mitigate AI

72、bias based on training data,with a focus on including“outlier”data and novel societal conventions.Further,the decision-making processes of an application should be easy to understand,an applications goals should be clearly disclosed to operators and end users,and individual privacy should be respect

73、ed.Ethical guidelines and governance structures must be developed to mitigate potential harm and ensure that technical progress is balanced with responsible use.Finally,copyright attribution must be addressed so that proper credit is given to AI designers,creators of training data and authors of ins

74、tructions for using the applications.With the correct controls in place,generative AI can provide more time for creativity,demonstrate the boundaries of knowledge,and act as a sparring partner to challenge conventional thinking.Image:Generative AI can synthesize what it has learnt from gigantic data

75、 sets to create and intuit new information in novel ways.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“Glitched image overlaying various styles of painting,photography and 3D renderings”.Read more:Discover expert analysis related to generative artificial intelligence on the Strategic Intell

76、igence Platform.PeopleProsperityPlanetIndustryEquityImpact fingerprintTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 202311Sustainable aviation fuelMoving the aviation industry towards net-zero carbon emissions.03Mariette DiChristina Dean and Professor of the Practice in Journalism,Boston University College of Com

77、municationLee Sang-Yup Senior Vice-President for Research,Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyLauren Uppink Calderwood Head,Climate Strategy,Centre for Nature and Climate,World Economic ForumAviation accounts for 2-3%of global CO2 emissions annually,with concerning“business-as-usual”pr

78、ojected emissions of 39 gigatonnes between 2022-2050.11,12 While the use of electric vehicles for ground transport is rapidly increasing,the aviation sector has struggled with decarbonization because energy-dense fuels are required for long-distance flights.Additionally,the high price of replacing a

79、ircraft means that the current fleet will remain in operation for decades,and electric or hydrogen-fuelled planes may not be viable for long-distance flight in any case.Enter a solution that does not require large-scale changes to current aviation infrastructure and equipment:sustainable aviation fu

80、el(SAF),produced from biological(e.g.biomass)and non-biological(e.g.CO2)resources.Combined with other decarbonization strategies,including system-wide operational efficiencies,new technologies and carbon offsets,SAF should move the airline industry towards reaching net-zero carbon emissions in the c

81、oming decades.Today,SAF makes up less than 1%of global jet fuel demand,but this must increase to 13-15%by 2040 to put the aviation industry on the path to net zero by 2050.13 Such an increase will require the creation of 300-400 new SAF plants;and airlines,manufacturers and fuel companies are workin

82、g around the clock to enable this level of scale.Fortunately,the production of SAF from biogenic raw materials using renewable energy is steadily increasing.According to the International Air Transport Association,SAF production reached at least 300 million(optimistically 450 million)litres in 2022,

83、nearly triple that produced in 2021.14 An increasing number of airlines have committed to using SAF,a trend that will be accelerated through global efforts such as the World Economic Forums Clean Skies for Tomorrow initiative15 and First Movers Coalition.The American Society of Testing and Materials

84、(ASTM)has approved nine SAFs for blending at a ratio of up to 50%with conventional petroleum-based jet fuel.16 The first SAF,approved by ASTM in 2009,is produced by converting syngas(a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen)into hydrocarbons through a series of chemical reactions.Syngas can be prep

85、ared from biomass or wastes or,better yet,from captured CO2 and green hydrogen using renewable energy.The second SAF,approved in 2011,is produced from plant oil and animal fat.The availability and collection of raw materials,along with the need for sustainably produced green hydrogen,remain major ch

86、allenges for this option.Metabolically engineered microorganisms that can break down abundant,non-edible biomass could potentially reduce dependence on plant oils and animal fats.17Over the past several years,seven more SAFs have been approved,with other exciting candidates still in active developme

87、nt.One example uses engineered bacteria to improve the SAFs energy profile.18 In 2023,a consortium of actors in the United Kingdom is poised to deliver the first net-zero transatlantic flight using solely sustainable aviation fuel,demonstrating the potential of this rapidly evolving technology and m

88、oving the world closer to net-zero aviation.Image:Sustainable aviation fuel,created from biomass and combined with other decarbonization strategies,plot a reliable course to net-zero aviation.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“Drops of fuel splashing in the shape of leaves”.Read

89、more:Discover expert analysis related to sustainable aviation fuel on the Strategic Intelligence Platform.PeopleProsperityPlanetIndustryEquityImpact fingerprint2-3%of annual global CO2 emissions are from aviationTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 202313Designer phagesEngineering viruses to augment huma

90、n,animal and plant health.04Mine Orlu Professor of Pharmaceutics,University College London(UCL)School of Pharmacy,Faculty of Life Sciences,UCL Wilfried Weber Scientific Director,Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsThe number of microbes living on and within the human body matches,and may even exceed,

91、the number of human cells.19 The community of microbes an organism harbours is called its microbiome,and the microbiomes of humans,animals and plants play important roles in the health of these organisms.20,21Recent advances allow engineering of the microbiome to benefit human well-being and agricul

92、tural productivity.Key to this engineering are phages viruses that selectively infect specific types of bacteria.Upon infection,a phage injects its genetic information into the bacterium.Using synthetic biology tools,the genetic information of phages can be reprogrammed so that infected bacteria exe

93、cute a bioengineered set of genetic instructions.With bioengineered phages,scientists can change a bacteriums functions,causing it to produce a therapeutic molecule or to become sensitive to a certain drug,for example.As phages generally only infect one type of bacteria,individual bacterial species

94、within the complex microbiome can be targeted.Designer phages are showing potential for treating microbiome-associated diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome(HUS)a rare but serious condition that affects the kidneys and blood-clotting functions,caused by a certain species of E.coli.Scientists en

95、gineered the genetic material of an E.coli-infecting phage to encode genetic“scissors”that can chop up the E.coli genes that lead to HUS.Animal studies demonstrated that administration of these designer phages significantly reduced the presence of the HUS-causing strain of E.coli in the microbiome a

96、nd alleviated HUS symptoms.22 This approach was recently granted an orphan drug designation by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration,poising it for clinical trials.23 Phages are also being designed as feed supplements to enhance the growth of livestock,treat certain plant diseases and eliminate dange

97、rous bacteria in food supply chains,in alignment with the World Health Organizations“One Health”approach.Promising early results of designer phage therapies are attracting significant venture capital that willhelp to facilitate clinical testing of engineered phages.Potential applications of designer

98、 phages are numerous and diverse.Locus Biosciences is using engineered phages to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria,whereas Eligo Biosciences is pursuingsimilar approaches to make certain bacteria less pathogenic.Of the 44 phage-related clinical trials with therapeutic intent,29 have been posted s

99、ince the beginning of 2020.24 Phage-based therapies involving both natural and designer phages will continue to emerge as a powerful method to engineer microbiomes,enhancing the health of humans,animals and plants.Image:Engineered viruses could allow for hyper-targeted therapies that canselectively

100、affect specific bacteria.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“A microscopic image of a virus attacking a cell”.Read more:Discover expert analysis related to designer phages on the Strategic Intelligence Platform.Phages are showing potential for treating microbiome-associated diseas

101、es and revolutionizing the engineering of microbiomes for human,animal and plant health.PeopleProsperityPlanetIndustryEquityImpact fingerprintTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 202315Metaverse for mental healthShared virtual spaces to improve mental health.05Corinna Lathan Co-Founder and former Chief E

102、xecutive Officer,AnthroTronix Geoffrey Ling Professor of Neurology,Johns Hopkins HospitalThe Surgeon General of the United States recently declared war on what he calls“one of the countrys most pressing public health issues of our time”.Excess screen time and social media can decrease psychological

103、well-being,25 but they can also enhance well-being when used responsibly.26 Screen time spent building connections in shared virtual spaces might help combat the growing mental health crisis as opposed to contributing to it.Virtual shared spaces are digital environments where people can interact pro

104、fessionally and socially.The future of these spaces is commonly referred to as the metaverse,which may include virtual shared spaces enhanced with augmented or virtual reality(AR/VR).Just as multiple shared virtual platforms currently exist,there will likely be multiple metaverses,differing in purpo

105、se and level of immersiveness.The mental health crisis that existed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic has since increased to unprecedented levels,27 making conditions ripe for metaverse-enabled mental health treatment.The number of mental health providers is insufficient to meet the escalating crisis,2

106、8 and,in the United States,a federal reimbursement opportunity for tele-mental health services is in the works to combat this shortage.29 Ideally,a mental health-centred technology-based infrastructure will support all aspects of mental health:prevention,diagnostics,therapy,education and research.Ga

107、ming platforms are already being leveraged for mental health treatment.Such platforms not only increase patient engagement but also help destigmatize mental health issues.For example,DeepWell Therapeutics has created video games to treat depression and anxiety;UK-based Xbox studio Ninja Theory has i

108、ncorporated mental health awareness into mass-market games and plans to expand into treatment with their Insight Project;and TRIPP has created Mindful Metaverse,which enhances well-being through VR-enabled guided mindfulness and meditation.30Maturing interface technologies could further augment soci

109、al and emotional connections between distant participants.For example,Emerge Wave 1 is a tabletop device that uses ultrasonic waves to simulate touch,enhancing users social experience.Noninvasive neurotechnologies can even provide feedback attuned to a users emotional state.For example,Neurable head

110、sets use electrodes to measure emotion and can adjust music accordingly.Eventually,the metaverse will also connect to therapeutic neurotechnologies,such as direct brain stimulation to treat intractable depression.31Leveraging the metaverse for the continuum of mental healthcare needs could be a win-

111、win.Not only would patients benefit,but grounding the metaverse in a practical,necessary application could drive the emergence of this advancing virtual space.Image:The metaverse may be used to provide a shared virtual space for people to connect and access therapy.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.

112、Prompt(abbreviated):“People boating on lake in a glass cube”.Read more:Discover expert analysis related to metaverse for mental health on the Strategic Intelligence Platform.PeopleIndustryEquityProsperityPlanetImpact fingerprintTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 202317Wearable plant sensorsRevolutioniz

113、ing agricultural data collection to feed the world.06Rona Chandrawati Associate Professor,University of New South Wales Carlo Ratti Director,Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)Senseable City LabThe United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization states that world food production will need to

114、 increase by 70%to feed the worlds population in 2050.32 Technological innovations in agriculture will be a key step towards meeting this dramatic escalation and improving the worlds food security.Traditionally,crops have been monitoredviasoil testing and visual inspections,both of whichare expensiv

115、e and time-consuming.Recent technological advances have improved the ease of crop monitoring,enabling farmers to monitor crop conditions at a larger scale.For several years,the health of farmland has been monitored using low-resolution satellite data.33 Now,sensor-equipped drones and tractors are pr

116、oviding higher-resolution information about crop conditions.34,35 Resultant information from all forms of monitoring can be processed using AI.The next frontier in crop monitoring is even higher resolution:the monitoring of individual plants.Wearable plant sensors promise to improve plant health and

117、 increase agricultural productivity.These sensors are small,non-invasive devices that can be attached to crop plants for continuous monitoring of temperature,humidity,moisture and nutrient levels.Data from plant sensors can optimize yields,reduce water,fertilizer and pesticide use,and detect early s

118、igns of disease.Two companies,Growvera and Phytech,have independently developed micro-sized needle sensors that insert into a plants leaves or stems to measure changes in electrical resistance.Data are transmitted wirelessly to a computer or mobile device,where they are analysed to generate insights

119、 about plant health.Farmers can thus monitor crops in real time and perform precise interventions based on the specific demands of plants,such as adjusting irrigation or fertilizer application in response to moisture levels or nutrient data.Much work remains.Wearable sensors can be expensive to inst

120、all and maintain,and interpretation of sensor data may require specialized expertise.Improved data analytics tools are needed to help farmers make informed decisions about crop management from sensor data.The long-term effects of wearable sensors on plant growth and development also warrant investig

121、ation.Despite these challenges,wearable plant sensors are poised to revolutionize crop production and management.By providing real-time data about plant health and environmental conditions,these devices can help farmers optimize agricultural productivity,reduce waste and minimize agricultures enviro

122、nmental impact all while helping to feed the worlds growing population.Image:Individual plant monitoring would allow for the harvesting of extremely high-resolution data on a farmers crop.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“Microchip attached to a leaf”.Read more:Discover expert a

123、nalysis related to wearable plant sensors on the Strategic Intelligence Platform.PeopleIndustryEquityProsperityPlanetImpact fingerprint70%increase in world food production will be required to feed the global population by 2050.Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 202319Spatial omicsMolecular-level mappin

124、g of biological processes to unlock lifes mysteries.07Elizabeth ODay Chief Executive Officer and Founder,OlarisAngela Ruohao Wu Associate Professor,Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Xu Xun Director,BGI Research Image:New imaging techniques may allow for unprecedented access to the previ

125、ously unobservable.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“Organic cell structure at the molecular level taken through microscopic imaging in a heatmap style”.Read more:Discover expert analysis related to spatial omics on the Strategic Intelligence Platform.The human body is composed

126、of approximately 37.2 trillion cells.How do they all work together to keep us alive and healthy?Spatial omics may provide researchers with an answer.By combining advanced imaging techniques with the specificity and resolution of DNA sequencing,this emerging method enables the mapping of the what,whe

127、re and when of biological processes at the molecular level.Starting with an organ of interest(such as a mouse brain),scientists slice tissue into sections only one cell thick.Innovative techniques are then used to visualize the locations of specific biomolecules in each slice.36,37,38 Spatial omics

128、allows previously unobservable cell architecture and biological events to be viewed in unprecedented detail.A new generation of molecular-level“cell atlases”are under development thanks to spatial omics,detailing the myriad biological processes occurring in humans and other species.39,40 For example

129、,using spatial omics,scientists constructed a three-dimensional cell atlas of fruit fly larvae and unlocked the black box of organ development in mouse embryos.41,42,43 Another study revealed that the injured amphibian axolotl brain heals itself using mechanisms mirroring those activated during brai

130、n development.44 Spatial omics also shows promise in therapeutic discovery.Using this technique,scientists identified a population of neurons in the spinal cord that appears to be responsible for recovery after spinal cord injury.Stimulating these neurons in paralysed mice sped up their recovery to

131、walking .45 Additional health-related applications include characterizing the various cell types in a tumour to customize treatment and unravelling the mechanisms of complex diseases like Alzheimers disease and rheumatoid arthritis.46 Infectious diseases can also be investigated using spatial omics.

132、For example,a spatial omics study of samples from people who died from COVID-19 revealed that SARS-CoV-2 causes widespread disruption of cellular pathways across all tissues.47The need to democratize and scale up spatial omics technologies is pressing.With a total market value of$232.6 million in 20

133、21 and an estimated revenue of$587.2 million in 2030,a growing list of public and private companies are seeking to provide spatial omics solutions .48 While academic and translational research centres made up 89%of the market in 2020,49 the market is dramatically expanding to include pharmaceutical

134、and biotech industries.To realize the full promise of spatial omics,technical challenges around data acquisition,processing,storage and standardized reporting must be addressed.Further,applications should be expanded to map other biomolecules,such as metabolites,and other organisms,including plants

135、and invertebrates,to further illuminate the underlying biology.In the brief time since Nature Methods selected spatial omics as the method of the year in 2021,50 it has evolved from a niche technique to one that is poised to become standardized and widely employed,revolutionizing the understanding o

136、f life.$587 millionEstimated revenue in 2030PeopleIndustryEquityProsperityPlanetImpact fingerprint$232 millionSpatial omics technologies total market value in 2021Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 202321Flexible neural electronicsBetter engineered circuits to interface with the nervous system.08Wendy

137、Ju Associate Professor,Cornell TechGeoffrey Ling Professor of Neurology,Johns Hopkins Hospital Ruth Morgan Vice-Dean(Interdisciplinary Entrepreneurship),Faculty of Engineering Sciences,UCLAngela Ruohao Wu Associate Professor,Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyIn recent years,brain-machine

138、 interfaces(BMIs)have gained visibility,igniting collective imaginations regarding the power and potential of one day controlling machines with thoughts.BMIs allow electrical signals the brain produces to be captured by sensor hardware.Algorithms then decode these electrical signals into instruction

139、s that a computer can understand and execute.BMI-like systems are already used to treat patients with epilepsy,and in neuroprosthetics prosthetic limbs use electrodes to interface with the nervous system.51,52Despite initial successes,there are challenges to these technologies.Current implants used

140、by doctors are made of hard materials,like the chips inside a laptop or phone,and they can trigger long-term scarring and cause substantial discomfort.They cannot bend or adapt to brain movements so,over time,they“drift”in position,decreasing the accuracy of the captured signals.Non-invasive methods

141、,like electrodes placed on the outside of the skull,do not require surgical implantation but provide only muffled,difficult-to-decode signals like listening to a person talk through a thick face mask.Researchers have recently developed brain interfacing circuits on biocompatible materials that are s

142、oft and flexible.Flexible circuits can conform to the brain,reducing scarring and sensor drift,and they can be packed with enough sensors to stimulate millions of brain cells at once,vastly outperforming the scale and timeframe of hard probes.53When used in neuroscience research,flexible BMIs could

143、deepen understanding of neurological conditions such as dementia and autism.In the clinic,flexible BMIs could provide greater control of neuroprosthetics without requiring frequent recalibration.54 Applications of flexible BMIs55,56 are already undergoing US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approve

144、d clinical trials,rapidly making this technology a reality.In the future,other implantable devices,such as cardiac pacemakers,could adopt similar types of materials.Looking forward,advances in materials manufacturing and soft-circuit printing could further improve flexible BMI technologies,eventuall

145、y leading to true human-AI interfacing.As with many emerging technologies,broad ethical issues must be considered prior to the wide implementation of these interfaces.Potential health outcomes must be balanced with public acceptance and trust.Further,given the sensitive nature of brain-derived data,

146、privacy and ethical use guidelines must establish how these data can be used in the short,medium and long term.Image:Breakthroughs in flexible electronics may pave the way for neurological treatments.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“bright-white,flexible electronics”.Read more:

147、Discover expert analysis related to flexible neural electronics on the Strategic Intelligence Platform.PeopleIndustryEquityProsperityPlanetImpact fingerprintTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 202323Sustainable computingDesigning and implementing net-zero-energy data centres.09Olga Fink Professor of Int

148、elligent Maintenance and Operations Systems,EPFL Andrew Maynard Professor of Advanced Technology Transitions,Arizona State UniversityWhile the Earth is indisputably facing a worsening environmental crisis,increasing reliance on data may not seem to play much of a role.Yet data centres,which facilita

149、te Google searches,email,the metaverse,AI and myriad other aspects of an increasingly data-based society,consume an estimated 1%of the electricity produced globally,57 and this amount will only increase with growing demand for data services.While there is no single“green data”magic bullet,it is expe

150、cted that the coming decade will boast substantial strides toward net-zero-energy data centres as emerging technologies are combined and integrated in innovative ways rapidly making the dream of net-zero-energy data centres an achievable reality.First,to address heat-management issues,liquid cooling

151、 systems are being developed that use water or dielectric coolant to dissipate heat,and excess heat is being repurposed for applications including space heating,water heating and industrial processes.For instance,the city of Stockholm is implementing projects to harness waste heat from data centres

152、to heat homes.58Second,AI is being used to analyse and optimize energy use in real-time,maximizing efficiency without compromising performance.DeepMind has successfully demonstrated the potential of AI-powered energy management,achieving up to a 40%reduction in energy consumption at Googles data cen

153、tres.59Third,the technological infrastructure supporting net-zero-energy data centres is becoming more modular and demand-based.For instance,cloud and edge computing systems allow data processing and storage to be spread across multiple devices,systems and even locations.60,61 As an example,Crusoe E

154、nergy installs its modular data centres at sites where methane flaring occurs to enable cloud computing infrastructure to be powered by methane gas that would otherwise have been released directly into the atmosphere.These and other prefabricated units can be easily deployed,expanded or relocated,al

155、lowing data centre operators to optimize energy use and adapt to their companies changing needs.Additional innovations in software and hardware include novel computing architectures like systems on a chip;62 and optimizations such as energy-proportional computing,in which computers use energy propor

156、tional to the amount of work being performed.63Achieving net-zero-energy data centres willinvolve innovative approaches to integrating the above mentioned approaches with new electricity generation,storage and management technologies.Given the wave of innovation and investment in this area,there is

157、reason to be optimistic about the years ahead.Image:Innovations in heat management and energy optimization can help data centres switch to a more environmentally friendly future.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“Futuristic data centre with nature inside and surrounding”.Read mor

158、e:Discover expert analysis related to sustainable computing on the Strategic Intelligence Platform.Data centres,which facilitate Google searches,email,the metaverse,AI and myriad other aspects of an increasingly data-based society,consume an estimated 1%of the electricity produced globally,making th

159、e dream of net-zero-energy data centres an achievable reality.PeopleIndustryEquityProsperityPlanetImpact fingerprintTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 202325AI-facilitated healthcareNew technologies to improve the efficiency of healthcare systems.10Daniel E.Hurtado Associate Professor,Pontifical Cathol

160、ic University of Chile Andrew Maynard Professor of Advanced Technology Transitions,Arizona State UniversityBernard S.Meyerson Chief Innovation Officer Emeritus,IBMMine Orlu Professor of Pharmaceutics,UCL School of Pharmacy,Faculty of Life Sciences,UCL Landry Signe Senior Fellow,Brookings Institution

161、The shortcomings of healthcare systems all over the world became abundantly and horrifyingly clear during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic when the sustainable workloads of many hospitals were rapidly exceeded.In response,government-based and academic teams have been created to integrate AI a

162、nd machine learning(ML)into healthcare both to anticipate impending pandemics and to aid in effectively addressing them(AI4PEP).64,65 These emergent efforts to enhance the efficacy of national and global healthcare systems in the face of major health crises,and to democratize access to care,are in t

163、heir initial stages but will rapidly scale up by integrating quality data into the AI and ML models.66AI-based technologies could also help to tackle a related challenge the long delays many patients experience when attempting to obtain medical care through the healthcare system.67 Surprisingly,dela

164、ys often arise not from a lack of capacity but due to uneven access to and resultant underutilization of existing facilities.When applied to a curated data set of existing medical facilities,AI,ML and data analytics,techniques dramatically improved patient access to treatments.Medical Confidence,a s

165、ubsidiary of CloudMD,used such technology to optimally align patient treatment needs with facility availability,enabling dramatic reductions in treatment wait times in some cases,from many months down to only weeks.68 An AI-based approach to optimizing access to care is becoming broadly adopted in C

166、anada and will likely be replicated elsewhere.The impact of AI-based healthcare could be even more profound in developing nations,which often lack the infrastructure and personnel to deliver health services to much of their populations.Intelligent tools to assist in the identification,monitoring and

167、 treatment of new or ongoing medical conditions such as an AI-based system to facilitate the reading of radiological data69 are a first step in leveraging AI and ML to enhance healthcare capabilities in locations where care is currently inadequate.India,for example,has a widely dispersed population

168、of over 1.4 billion and has embraced an AI-based approach to enhance medical outreach.The Indian government has enabled physicians to engage remote communities through assistive technologies,with requisite privacy safeguards in place.In addition to protecting data privacy and gathering quality data

169、needed to generate these insights,other challenges to implementing AI-facilitated healthcare approaches include bolstering public acceptance and universal adoption of such technologies,assuring patient compliance and addressing possible national security concerns.While these remaining hurdles may be

170、 challenging to overcome,the risks of inaction are clear.Moreover,any system that curates personal data on the health and welfare of a vast population must function within the bounds of a carefully crafted legal and ethical framework.Such considerations are already the topic of extensive discussion,

171、70 and legal frameworks are beginning to emerge in anticipation of the global application of AI and ML to healthcare.AI-based healthcare solutions will become ever-more pervasive in the next three to five years,to the great benefit of human health particularly for those in underserved populations.Im

172、age:One of the most effective ways emerging AI systems may impact healthcare is through the treatment of data and analytics.Credit:Midjourney and Studio Miko.Prompt(abbreviated):“Abstract population data”.Read more:Discover expert analysis related to AI-facilitated healthcare on the Strategic Intell

173、igence Platform.PeopleIndustryEquityProsperityPlanetImpact fingerprintTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 202327ContributorsAcknowledgementsCentre for the Fourth Industrial RevolutionSebastian BuckupHead,Network and Partnerships Greta KeenanStrategic Impact and Communications LeadSaemoon YoonLead,Innova

174、tor CommunitiesStrategic Intelligence PlatformJames LandaleHead,Content and Partnerships John LetzingDigital Editor Stephan MergenthalerHead Minji SungSpecialist,Content and PartnershipsCentre for Nature and ClimateLauren Uppink Calderwood Head,Climate StrategyFrontiersSusan Debad ConsultantFrederic

175、k Fenter Chief Executive EditorGeorge Thomas Public Affairs ManagerParticipating journals:Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence Frontiers in Batteries and Electrochemistry Frontiers in Cell Signaling Frontiers in Chemical Biology Frontiers in Computer Science Frontiers in Energy Efficiency Frontiers

176、in Fuels Frontiers in Lab on a Chip Technologies Frontiers in Medical Technology Frontiers in Medical Engineering Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology Frontiers in Microbiology Frontiers in Plant Science Frontiers in Systems Biology Frontiers in Virtual RealityProductionLaurence DenmarkCreat

177、ive Director,Studio Miko Sophie EbbageDesigner,Studio MikoMartha HowlettEditor,Studio MikoGeorge MesserDesigner,Studio MikoThe Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution would like to thank the members of the steering group who adjudicated the top 10 technologies and authored the articles in the re

178、port.Additional thanks to the other contributing academics many from Frontiers network of scientific editors and business leaders,from the Forums Innovator Communities,for their impact assessment of the top 10 technologies via the“impact fingerprint”surveys.World Economic Forum Top 10 Emerging Techn

179、ologies of 202328Steering group Co-ChairsMariette DiChristina Dean and Professor of the Practice in Journalism,Boston University College of CommunicationBernard S.Meyerson Chief Innovation Officer Emeritus,IBMMembersEnass Abo-Hamed Chief Executive Officer,H2GO Power Jeff Carbeck Vice-President,Corpo

180、rate Innovation,EastmanRona Chandrawati Associate Professor,University of New South Wales Liming Chen Chair of Greater China,World Economic ForumJoseph Costantine Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering,American University of BeirutP.Murali Doraiswamy Professor of Psychiatry and M

181、edicine,Duke University School of Medicine Sarah E.Fawcett Senior Lecturer,University of Cape Town Olga Fink Professor of Intelligent Maintenance and Operations Systems,EPFLJavier Garca Martnez Professor of Chemistry and Director,Molecular Nanotechnology Lab,University of AlicanteDaniel E.Hurtado As

182、sociate Professor,Pontifical Catholic University of ChileWendy Ju Associate Professor,Cornell Tech Jeremy Jurgens Managing Director,World Economic ForumCorinna Lathan Co-Founder and former Chief Executive Officer,AnthroTronix Lee Sang-Yup Senior Vice-President for Research,Korea Advanced Institute o

183、f Science and TechnologyGeoffrey Ling Professor of Neurology,Johns Hopkins Hospital Andrew Maynard Professor of Advanced Technology Transitions,Arizona State UniversityRuth Morgan Vice-Dean(Interdisciplinary Entrepreneurship),Faculty of Engineering Sciences,University College London(UCL)Elizabeth OD

184、ay Chief Executive Officer and Founder,OlarisMine Orlu Professor of Pharmaceutics,UCL School of Pharmacy,Faculty of Life Sciences,UCLCarlo Ratti Director,Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)Senseable City LabBarry Shoop Dean of Engineering,Albert Nerken School of Engineering,The Cooper Union f

185、or the Advancement of Science and EngineeringLandry Signe Senior Fellow,Brookings InstitutionWilfried Weber Scientific Director,Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsAngela Ruohao Wu Associate Professor,Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Xu Xun Director,BGI ResearchAcademics Mark Billinghur

186、st Professor,University of South AustraliaCristina Botella Full Professor,Universitat Jaume IYohann Boutt Research Director,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)Kim Bullock Clinical Professor,Stanford Mouloud Denai Senior Lecturer,University of HertfordshireAnirban Dutta Associate Profe

187、ssor in Biomedical Engineering,University of LincolnIssam El Naqa Chair and Senior Member,Moffitt Cancer CenterTop 10 Emerging Technologies of 202329Sanket Goel Professor,BITS Pilani,Hyderabad CampusChenghong Gu Reader,University of BathThomas Hartung Professor,Johns Hopkins UniversityPaul Hyman Pro

188、fessor of Biology,Ashland UniversityXiuliang Jin Professor,Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKumaran Kannaiyan Associate Professor,Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of TechnologyFarah Kidwai-Khan Senior Data Scientist,YaleGeorge Kouvas Chief Technology Officer,Wyss

189、 Center for Bio and NeuroengineeringOliver Krcher Head of the Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory,Paul Scherrer InstitutEungje Lee Staff Scientist,Argonne National LaboratoryYongliang Qiao Research Fellow,The University of AdelaideDeborah Richards Professor,Macquarie UniversityStefano Rinaldi Associa

190、te Professor,Universit degli Studi di BresciaDwayne Roach Assistant Professor,San Diego State UniversityPhilippe Roux Professor,Universit de MontralYasir Saleem Lecturer in Computer Science,Aberystwyth UniversityMichael Short Professor,Teesside UniversityLei Shu Professor,Nanjing Agricultural Univer

191、sityMel Slater Distinguished Investigator,University of BarcelonaLena Smirnova Assistant Professor,Johns Hopkins UniversityDaobilige Su Associate Professor,China Agricultural UniversityVincent Quoc-Huy Trinh Clinical Assistant Professor,Universit de MontralJulien Weissenberg Founder,Deep Tech Expert

192、s Alicja Wegrzyn Professor,University of GdanskYaolin Xu Researcher,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fr Materialien und Energie(HZB)Guo Zhao Associate Professor,Nanjing Agricultural UniversityInnovator Community membersMarissa Ruby Brock Senior Director,Policy and Government Affairs,Sourcemap Jamie BurrowsF

193、ounder and Chief Executive Officer,Vertical Future Isaac CastroCo-Founder and Co-Chief Executive Officer,Emerge Jim FlattCo-Founder and Chief Executive Officer,Brightseed Bio Adam HildrethFounder,Crisp Igor JablokovChief Executive Officer,Pryon Bu Gi KimChief Executive Officer,Standard Energy Sky Ku

194、rtzFounder and Chief Executive Officer,Pure Harvest Smart Farms Ben LammChief Executive Officer,Colossal Biosciences Kevin LangChief Executive Officer,Agerpoint Maarten MichielssensFounder and Chief Executive Officer,EnergyVisionTsuyoshi Stuart OdaFounder and Chief Executive Officer,Alesca Life Tech

195、nologies Joe PaluskaChief Marketing Officer,One Concern Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 202330Joris PoortFounder and Chief Executive Officer,RescaleFelix Reinshagen Chief Executive Officer,NavVis Umesh SachdevChief Executive Officer,Uniphore Jimmy SamartzisChief Executive Officer,LanzaJetRitwik Sinh

196、aStrategy Analyst,Our Next Energy(ONE)Didier Toubia Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer,Aleph Farms Raj VermaChief Executive Officer,SingleStoreEllie WoodChief of Staff to the Chief Executive Officer,LanzaTech Josef ZankowiczVice-President Corporate Development,Canvass AITop 10 Emerging Technolog

197、ies of 202331Endnotes1.Kong,Long,Cheng Tang,Hong-Jie Peng,Jia-Qu Huang and Qiang Zhang,“Advanced Energy Materials for Flexible Batteries in Energy Storage:A Review”,SmartMat,vol.1,issue 1,2020,https:/ Research,Global Flexible Battery Market 2023,2023,https:/ View Research,Flexible Battery Market Siz

198、e,Share&Trends Analysis Report By Application,Regional Outlook,Competitive Strategies,And Segment Forecasts,2019 To 2025,n.d.,https:/ and Eduardo Garrido-Merchan,“ChatGPT Is Not All You Need.A State Of The Art Review of Large Generative AI Models”,Cornell University arXiv,2023,https:/arxiv.org/abs/2

199、301.04655.5.Anstine,Dylan M.and Olexander Isayev,“Generative Models as an Emerging Paradigm in the Chemical Sciences”,Journal of the American Chemical Society,vol.145,issue 16,2023,pp.8736-8750,https:/pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.2c13467.6.McClelland,Ryan,Generative Design and Digital Manufacturing

200、:Using AI and Robots to Build Lightweight Instruments,Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering,2022,https:/ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220012523/downloads/McClelland-Generative%20Design%20SPIE%202022.pdf.7.Taylor,Ross,Marcin Kardas,Guillem Cucurull,Thomas Scialom et al.,Galactic

201、a:A Large Language Model for Science,arXiv(preprint),2022,https:/arxiv.org/abs/2211.09085.8.Takagi,Yu and Shinji Nishimoto,High-Resolution Image Reconstruction with Latent Diffusion Models from Human Brain Activity,Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,2023,https:/ and Leticia Owusu

202、Ansah“Education in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence(AI):Understanding the Potential Benefits of ChatGPT in Promoting Teaching and Learning”,Social Science Research Network,2023,https:/ and Whitney Zhang,Experimental Evidence on the Productivity Effects of Generative Artificial Intellige

203、nce,Social Science Research Network,2023,https:/ et al.,“The Contribution of Global Aviation to Anthropogenic Climate Forcing for 2000 to 2018”,Atmospheric Environment,vol.244,no.117834,2021,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834.12.Mission Possible Partnership(MPP),Making Net-Zero Aviation P

204、ossible:An Industry-Backed,1.5C-Aligned Transition Strategy,2022,https:/missionpossiblepartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Making-Net-Zero-Aviation-possible.pdf.13.Ibid.14.International Air Transport Association,2022 SAF Production Increases 200%-More Incentives Needed to Reach Net Zero,Press

205、 release,7 December 2022,https:/www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2022-releases/2022-12-07-01/.15.World Economic Forum,Clean Skies for Tomorrow:Sustainable Aviation Fuels as a Pathway toNet-ZeroAviation,2020,https:/www.weforum.org/reports/clean-skies-for-tomorrow-sustainable-aviation-fuels-as-a-pathway-to-n

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