1、FAOSTRATEGYONCLIMATE CHANGE20222031Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome,2022FAO STRATEGYON CLIMATE CHANGE20222031FAO.2022.FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031.Rome.The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expre

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9、ational Trade Law(UNCITRAL).Third-party materials.Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party,such as tables,figures or images,are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder.The

10、 risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.Sales,rights and licensing.FAO information products are available on the FAO website(www.fao.org/publications)and can be purchased through publications-salesfao.org.Requests for comm

11、ercial use should be submitted via:www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request.Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to:copyrightfao.org.iiiCONTENTS FOREWORD v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix I.INTRODUCTION 1II.CLIMATE CHANGE:A GLOBAL THREAT TO FOOD SECURITY AND N

12、UTRITION 5 A.The latest scientific evidence 5 B.Agrifood systems and climate change 7 C.Harnessing good practices and innovative solutions 9III.SCOPE OF THE FAO STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE 11 A.Climate change in the FAO Strategic Framework 11 B.Vision and guiding principles 12 C.Theory of Change of t

13、he Strategy on Climate Change 15IV.THREE PILLARS FOR ENHANCED ACTION 19 A.Global and regional levels:strengthening global and regional climate policy and governance 19 B.Country level:developing countries capacities for climate action 22 C.Local level:scaling up climate action on the ground 24V.IMPL

14、EMENTING THE STRATEGY AND MEASURING ITS SUCCESS 27 REFERENCES 29 GLOSSARY 33iv FAO/Luis TatovFOREWORDAt a time when the number of hungry people is on the rise,the world is still reeling from COVID-19,our ecosystems are degrading and inequalities widening,the presentation of the new FAO Strategy on C

15、limate Change 2022-2031 is timely.Setting our agenda and guiding our work for the next ten years,the Strategy rests on our vision of climate-resilient agriculture to transform agrifood systems to be more efficient,more inclusive,more resilient and more sustainable,accelerating the achievement of the

16、 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This new fit-for-purpose FAO Strategy on Climate Change responds to the worldwide challenge of tackling the impacts of the climate crisis,while aiming to address a broad range of interlinked challenges,including biodiversity loss,desertification,land and envi

17、ronmental degradation,the need for accessible,affordable renewable energy,and food and water security.Building on the momentum from recent achievements,pledges and initiatives reached at UN Climate Conferences and in other global events and fora,the Strategy reflects FAOs strengthened support to Mem

18、bers in their ambitions to implement the Paris Agreement and other relevant frameworks.Sustainable and resilient agrifood systems provide a variety of solutions that respond to the climate crisis challenges and contribute to restoring degraded natural and managed ecosystems.I believe that holistic,i

19、ntegrated actions,springing from coordinated and collective efforts,will make our agrifood systems a central part of the global climate solution,and our planet a better place to live,ensuring food security and a more equitable future for all.The new Strategy on Climate Change looks beyond only food

20、production by considering crops and livestock,forests,fisheries and aquaculture and related value chains,livelihoods,biodiversity and ecosystems in a holistic manner,as well as embracing the indispensable role of women,youth and Indigenous Peoples,as essential agents of change.Endorsed by the 170th

21、Session of the FAO Council,this Strategy is also key to delivering the FAO Strategic Framework 2022-2031 and accelerating agrifood system-related climate actions at global,regional,country and local levels and across sectors.It aims to help countries implement their country-driven commitments and pl

22、ans,including Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)and National Adaptation Plans(NAPs),ensuring that all actors,especially small-scale producers,are fully enabled,empowered and involved in decision-making processes.FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031viI wish to thank all FAO Members,Chairs a

23、nd Vice-Chairs of the Regional Groups,the Chairs of the Council Committees and the Independent Chair of the Council,for their support in the professional,transparent and inclusive consultative process to develop the Strategy.Together we can deliver the new Strategy on Climate Change through game-cha

24、nging,innovative and science-based solutions,through effective collaboration and strong partnerships working collectively towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Let us join forces to turn the ambitions set out in the Strategy for Climate Change into tangible actions and r

25、eal change to achieve our collective goal of the 4 Betters:better production,better nutrition,a better environment and a better life for all,leaving no one behind.Qu DongyuFAO Director-GeneralviiABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSAFAdaptation FundCBDConvention on Biological DiversityCCclimate changeCFSCommit

26、tee on World Food SecurityCOPConference of the PartiesCOP2626th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCCGCFGreen Climate FundGEFGlobal Environment FacilityGISgeographic information systemHLPEhigh level panel of expertsIFADInternational Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIPCCIntergovernme

27、ntal Panel on Climate ChangeLULUCFland use,land-use change and forestryNAPsnational adaptation plansNDCsnationally determined contributionsPPAsprogramme priority areasRBAsRome-based agenciesREDD+Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest DegradationSDGsSustainable Development GoalsUNUnited Nat

28、ionsUNCCDUnited Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNEPUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNGAUnited Nations General AssemblyFAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031viiiUNICEFUnited Nations Ch

29、ildrens FundUNINUN Innovation NetworkUNISDRUnited Nations International Strategy for Disaster ReductionUNSDGUnited Nations Sustainable Development GroupWFPWorld Food ProgrammeWHOWorld Health OrganizationCH4methaneCO2carbon dioxideN2Onitrous oxideChemical symbolsixClimate change is a global challenge

30、 that requires comprehensive and cross-sectoral action,including across agrifood systems.Such action needs to be taken in full consideration of international goals and agreements,such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its universally agreed Sustainable Development Goals,the Rio Decl

31、aration on Environment and Development and the Paris Agreement.It also needs to be rooted in the economic,social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.To accelerate its contribution towards the 2030 Agenda,FAO has,within its mandate and comparative advantages,developed a new Strate

32、gy on Climate Change for the next ten years.The Strategy on Climate Change echoes the recognition of the Paris Agreement of the fundamental priority of safeguarding food security and ending hunger.It presents the role of agrifood systems as part of the solution to climate change and seeks complement

33、arities with the missions of other organizations and related agreements.The urgency to act on climate change impacts on agrifood systems has never been clearer,as indicated by the latest reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Agrifood systems must become more resilient to the curre

34、nt and future impacts of climate change,learning from good practices to promote transformative adaptation policies,plans and actions.The Paris Agreement calls for holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the te

35、mperature increase to 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels.This necessitates rapid,deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions,including from agrifood systems.Climate action in a coherent manner,as appropriate,in accordance with and dependent on national contexts and capacities thr

36、ough agrifood systems offers considerable potential to maximise co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation,while achieving other Sustainable Development Goals.FAO seeks to enhance its support to Members in their efforts with respect to climate change adaptation and mitigation,working towards climate-r

37、esilient and low-emission agrifood systems while striving to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals,in particular eradicating hunger and malnutrition.Climate action at global,regional,national and local levels across agrifood systems is fundamental to their transformation in a coherent manner acc

38、ording to,and dependent on,national contexts and capacities,including for the pursuit of other environmental,social and economic objectives.Based on the FAO Members request at the 166th Session of the Council for“inclusive consultations ahead of the 168th Session of the Council to start the developm

39、ent of EXECUTIVE SUMMARYxFAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031the new FAO Strategy on Climate Change”and the support expressed by Members at the 168th Session of the Council for the outline and roadmap of the Strategy,FAO has developed the new Strategy on Climate Change through an inclusive and co

40、nsultative process engaging FAO Members,FAO experts at headquarters and regional,subregional and country offices,and external partners.The Strategy on Climate Change builds on the FAO Strategy on Climate Change published in 2017,is aligned with and contributes to the implementation of the FAO Strate

41、gic Framework 202231,reflecting FAOs vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition where food and agriculture contribute to improving the living standards of all,especially the poorest,in an economically,socially and environmentally sustainable manner.The principles guiding the Strategy on Cli

42、mate Change and FAOs climate action emphasize inclusiveness,innovation,partnerships,science and evidence as well as the“no-one-size-fits-all”and system-oriented approaches,with farmers,livestock keepers,fishers,aquaculturists,forest-dependent people,food value chain workers,Indigenous Peoples,youth,

43、women and their groups,and people in vulnerable situations placed at the centre.FAOs vision for the Strategy on Climate Change Agrifood systems are sustainable,inclusive,resilient and adaptive to climate change and its impacts and contribute to low-emission economies while providing sufficient,safe

44、and nutritious foods for healthy diets,as well as other agricultural products and services,1 for present and future generations,leaving no one behind.1 Agricultural products and services are from crop-based farming system and livestock systems,forestry,fisheries and aquaculture,including related eco

45、systems.FAO/Vyacheslav OseledkoxiThe Strategy on Climate Change action is organized under three Pillars focusing on action at:GLOBAL AND REGIONAL LEVELS:Strengthening global and regional climate policy and governance;COUNTRY LEVEL:Developing countries capacities for climate action;and LOCAL LEVEL:Sc

46、aling up climate action on the ground.The Strategy on Climate Change is operationalized through a regularly reviewed Action Plan with targets,indicators,timelines,responsibilities and a tracking process,including plans for capacity development,resource mobilization and communication.The implementati

47、on of the Strategy on Climate Change will seek multi-stakeholder partnerships,including with Rome-based Agencies and other United Nations agencies,financial institutions and the private sector,as well as by means of instruments such as South-South and Triangular Cooperation.Executive summaryFAO/Luis

48、 TatoxiiFAO/Paulina Prasua11.With the estimated number of people facing hunger rising to 720-811 million in 20202 and the already tangible impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on food security,nutrition and poverty,the urgency to address climate change has significantly increased.The

49、 food security and nutrition challenges have further grown due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures.3 Current analyses indicate that hunger and all forms of malnutrition4 will not be eradicated by 2030 unless bold actions are taken to accelerate progress,especially to sustainabl

50、y increase agricultural productivity and incomes and address inequality in access to safe and nutritious food for healthy diets while accelerating climate action5.2.The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development6 set universally agreed Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).The Decade of Action to deliver

51、 the SDGs called for accelerated solutions to the worlds biggest and often intertwined challenges,which include poverty and hunger,inequality,climate change,loss of biodiversity,ecosystem degradation and desertification.The United Nations Secretary-Generals report“Our Common Agenda”7 outlined the tr

52、ansformation of agrifood systems8 as a key action area recalling that transforming agrifood systems should be made in a coherent manner,as appropriate,in accordance with and dependent on national contexts and capacities.2 FAO,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Childrens F

53、und,World Food Programme and World Health Organization.2021.The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021:Transforming Food Systems for Food Security,Improved Nutrition and Affordable Healthy Diets for All.Rome,FAO.www.fao.org/3/cb4474en/cb4474en.pdf3 As footnote 2 above.4 FAO.2021.Visi

54、on and strategy for FAOs Work in Nutrition(in press).Adopted by the 166th Session of the Council as per paragraph 24(b).5 Climate action means stepped-up efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-induced impacts.https:/sdghelpdesk.unescap.o

55、rg/learn-more-about-climate-action6 United Nations.2015.Transforming Our World:The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Adopted:United Nations General Assembly,25 September 2015.UNGA A/RES/70/1.7 United Nations.2021.Our Common Agenda:Report of the Secretary-General.New York,United Nations.www.un.

56、org/en/content/common-agenda-report/assets/pdf/Common_Agenda_Report_English.pdf8 The agrifood system covers the journey of food from farm to table including when it is grown,fished,harvested,processed,packaged,transported,distributed,traded,bought,prepared,eaten and disposed of.It also encompasses n

57、on-food products that also constitute livelihoods and all of the people as well as the activities,investments and choices that play a part in getting us these food and agricultural products.In the FAO Constitution,the term“agriculture”and its derivatives include fisheries,marine products,forestry an

58、d primary forestry products.www.fao.org/3/nf693en/nf693en.pdfINTRODUCTIONI2FAO Strategy on Climate Change 202220313.The multiple and complex causes of the food crises that occur in different regions of the world,affecting developing countries,especially net food importers,and their consequences for

59、food security and nutrition require a comprehensive and coordinated response in the short,medium and long term by national Governments,civil society,the private sector and the international community,reiterating that the root causes of food insecurity and malnutrition are poverty,growing inequality,

60、inequity and lack of access to resources and income-earning opportunities,the effects of climate change and disasters,and conflicts,and remaining concerned that excessively volatile food prices can pose a serious challenge to the fight against poverty and hunger and to the efforts of developing coun

61、tries to attain food security and improved nutrition and to achieve internationally agreed development goals,including the Sustainable Development Goals,particularly those related to ending hunger and malnutrition.4.Noted the 2021 Food Systems Summit,convened by the Secretary-General on 23 and 24 Se

62、ptember 2021,as well as its pre-Summit,held from 26 to 28 July 2021 in Rome,recalling that the Chairs Summary and Statement of Action on the United Nations Food Systems Summit,issued by the Secretary-General,does not constitute a negotiated document.5.Following its mandate9,FAO is working for the wo

63、rld to get back on track to achieve the goal of eradicating hunger and all forms of malnutrition(SDG 2),ending poverty(SDG 1)and reducing inequalities(SDG 10)by 2030,while ensuring clean water(SDG 6),sustainable production and consumption(SDG 12),sustainable management of natural resources(SDGs 14 a

64、nd 15)and leveraging partnerships(SDG 17).In view of the high reliance of agrifood systems on climate and environmental conditions,climate action(SDG 13)is essential to achieving these goals and the long-term sustainability of agrifood systems.As part of its efforts towards the 2030 Agenda,FAO has d

65、eveloped a new Strategy on Climate Change(Strategy on Climate Change)for the next ten years.6.The Strategy on Climate Change aligns with the SDGs based on the three dimensions of sustainable development and shared goals and cooperation towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,the Addis Ab

66、aba Action Agenda,and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,including their principles,as relevant10,the Paris Agreement on Climate Change,including Article 2.1 and 2.211,and the relevant paragraphs of the Glasgow Climate Pact and notes in this regard 1/CP.26 paragraphs 5 and 6 and 1/CM

67、A.3 paragraphs 6 and 7 of the Glasgow Climate Pact decisions,and 1/CP.26 paragraphs 17 and 18 and 1/CMA.3 paragraphs 22 and 23 from the Glasgow Climate Pact CMA decisions.9 The preamble of the FAO constitution defines FAOs purpose as follows:raising levels of nutrition and standards of living of the

68、 peoples under their respective jurisdictions;securing improvements in the efficiency of the production and distribution of all food and agricultural products;bettering the condition of rural populations;and thus contributing towards an expanding world economy and ensuring humanitys freedom from hun

69、ger.10 In particular,those principles related to the paragraph on Adaptation.11 Article 2 of the Paris Agreement:2.1 This Agreement,in enhancing the implementation of the Convention including its objective,aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change,in the context of susta

70、inable development and efforts to eradicate poverty,including by:(a)Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels,recognizing that this would significantly

71、 reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;(b)Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development,in a manner that does not threaten food production;and(c)Making finance flows consistent with a pathw

72、ay towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.2.2 This Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities,in the light of different national circumstances.37.Through the Strategy on C

73、limate Change,FAO aims to support the implementation of the Paris Agreement,as referred to in paragraph 6 in a coherent manner taking into account national contexts and capacities.The Strategy on Climate Change responds to the need to support all Members,particularly developing countries in formulat

74、ing and implementing their climate commitments,as appropriate,in coordination with other existing initiatives and mechanisms,focusing on FAOs added value on land-related mitigation and adaptation options,including through the voluntary sharing of knowledge and practices,research and technology trans

75、fer on mutually agreed terms and improve equitable access to research results and technologies on mutually agreed terms at the national,regional and international levels,such as through South-South and Triangular Cooperation and improve access to investments and financial resources.8.To respond to t

76、he growing short-and long-term climate,food security,nutrition and poverty challenges while considering major environmental concerns,the Strategy on Climate Change aims at scaling up FAOs climate action to support Member nations if so required at global,regional,country and local levels.Owing to the

77、 many interconnections of its impacts,climate change needs to be dealt with in a holistic and integrative way to maximize co-benefits and address trade-offs of climate action with other key environmental areas and sustainable socioeconomic development.9.Building on the 2017 FAO Strategy on Climate C

78、hange12 and the recommendations of the Evaluation of FAOs Support to Climate Action(SDG 13)and the Implementation of the FAO Strategy on Climate Change,13 the Strategy on Climate Change emphasizes the relevance of efficient,inclusive,resilient and sustainable agrifood systems as part of the solution

79、s to climate change.The Strategy on Climate Change enhances FAOs efforts towards achieving SDG 13 and other related goals,and better aligns with the 2030 Agenda.It aims to address a broad range of interlinked challenges,including the loss of biodiversity,desertification,environmental degradation,the

80、 need for accessible,renewable energy,and food and water security.The Strategy on Climate Change looks at agrifood systems,taking into consideration all agricultural sectors,related value chains and ecosystems in a holistic way and recognizing the importance of a balance between the economic,social

81、and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.It is rooted in the principles of best available science and innovation and 12 FAO.2017.FAO Strategy on Climate Change.Rome,FAO.www.fao.org/3/i7175e/i7175e.pdf13 FAO.2021.Evaluation of FAOs Support to Climate Action(SDG 13)and the Implementatio

82、n of the FAO Strategy on Climate Change(2017).Thematic Evaluation Series 03/2021.Rome,FAO.www.fao.org/3/cb3738en/cb3738en.pdfFAO/Rodrigo RodrichI4FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031recognizes the importance of scaling up finance and responsible investment14 for the transformation of agrifood sys

83、tems in a coherent manner according to,and dependent on,national contexts and capacities.Furthermore,the Strategy on Climate Change aims to empower and engage women,youth,Indigenous Peoples and people in vulnerable situations in climate action.10.The Strategy on Climate Change emphasizes tailoring F

84、AOs climate action to different contexts and realities,including rural,peri-urban and urban areas,and supporting countries,as appropriate,in designing,revising and implementing agrifood systems related parts of their country-driven commitments and plans,including nationally determined contributions(

85、NDCs),national adaptation plans(NAPs),nationally appropriate mitigation actions,long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies,disaster risk reduction plans and other related targets and commitments.Moreover,it considers different dimensions of risk,including the risk of non-acting,sys

86、temic risks,climate and environmental risk reduction,the specific needs and capacities of people and communities in vulnerable situations and integrating climate risk management15 in FAOs areas of work.11.The Strategy on Climate Change also considers countries new and updated NDCs,16 noting that 95

87、percent of the adaptation elements include adaptation in the agricultural sectors and most of them reference ecosystems and natural resources,including land and water,as well as livelihoods as priority areas for adaptation.In addition,95 percent of updated NDCs include mitigation in the agricultural

88、 and/or land use,land-use change and forestry(LULUCF)sectors and 70 percent include disaster risk reduction and management.The Strategy on Climate Change takes into account the diversity of national circumstances,needs and priorities,giving a solid ground for FAOs consideration of regional,national

89、and local specificities.14 Committee on World Food Security.2014.Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems.Rome,Committee on World Food Security.www.fao.org/3/au866e/au866e.pdf15 FAOs work on climate risk management focuses on mainstreaming climate risk considerations int

90、o its programming and on supporting evidence-based interventions and decision-making.16 Crumpler,K.,Abi Khalil,R.,Tanganelli,E.,Rai,N.,Roffredi,L.,Meybeck,A.,Umulisa,V.,Wolf,J.and Bernoux,M.2021.2021(Interim)Global update report Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries in the Nationally Determined Contrib

91、utions.Environment and Natural Resources Management Working Paper No.91.Rome,FAO.https:/doi.org/10.4060/cb7442en5CLIMATE CHANGE:A GLOBAL THREAT TO FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONA.The latest scientific evidence17 IPCC.2021.Climate Change 2021:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to

92、 the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.V.Masson-Delmotte,P.Zhai,A.Pirani,S.L.Connors,C.Pan,S.Berger,N.Caud,Y.Chen,L.Goldfarb,M.I.Gomis,M.Huang,K.Leitzell,E.Lonnoy,J.B.R.Matthews,T.K.Maycock,T.Waterfield,O.Yeleki,R.Yu and B.Zhou,(eds.).Cambridge,Cambridge Univer

93、sity Press.www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf 18 See footnote 17 above.19 IPCC.2019.Summary for Policymakers.In:IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate.H.-O.Prtner,D.C.Roberts,V.Masson-Delmotte,P.Zhai,M.Tignor,E.Poloczanska,K.Minten

94、beck,A.Alegra,M.Nicolai,A.Okem,J.Petzold,B.Rama,N.M.Weyer(eds.).www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/03_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf20 IPCC.2022.Summary for Policymakers.In:Climate Change 2022:Impacts,Adaptation,and Vulnerability.Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of t

95、he Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.H.-O.Prtner,D.C.Roberts,M.Tignor,E.S.Poloczanska,K.Mintenbeck,A.Alegra,M.Craig,S.Langsdorf,S.Lschke,V.Mller,A.Okem,B.Rama(eds.).Cambridge,Cambridge University Press.https:/report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf12.The contributi

96、on of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),Climate Change 2021:The Physical Science Basis17 confirms the unequivocal and unprecedented climate risks the planet is facing now and in coming decades from the intensifying heatwaves,heavy p

97、recipitation and droughts,fires and tropical cyclones that are expected to affect all regions of the world.13.Furthermore,longer-term slow onset changes in climate will affect agrifood systems,food production and peoples livelihoods in many ways and require accelerated adaptation action.IPCC reports

98、18 19 mention longer-term changes in climate,such as an increasing mean temperature,altered seasonality,combined heat and drought stress,heavy rain events,water stress,changes in the occurrence of pests and diseases,sea level rise and ocean acidification.Moreover,the global water cycle will continue

99、 to intensify as global temperatures rise,with precipitation and surface water flows projected to become more variable over most land regions within seasons and from year to year.These will all have impacts on the agricultural sectors and related value chains,livelihoods and ecosystems.14.The IPCC r

100、eport on climate change 202220 states that increasing weather and climate extreme events have already exposed millions of people to acute food II6FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031insecurity and reduced water security.Economic damages from climate change have been detected in climate-exposed se

101、ctors,with regional effects to agriculture,forestry and fisheries.Global hotspots of high human vulnerability are found particularly in West,Central and East Africa,South Asia,Central and South America,Small Island Developing States and the Arctic.Vulnerability is more critical in locations with pov

102、erty,governance challenges and limited access to basic services and resources,violent conflicts and high levels of climate-sensitive livelihoods,including agriculture,forestry and fisheries.There are feasible and effective adaptation options that can reduce risks to people and nature.Comprehensive,e

103、ffective and innovative responses can use synergies and reduce trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation to advance sustainable development.Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystems is fundamental to climate resilient development,given the threats posed by climate change to them and their role in

104、adaptation and mitigation.15.According to the IPCC special report on climate change and land,21 forests play an important role in relation to climate resilience,adaptation and mitigation,including serving as carbon sinks and storage and housing biodiversity,as well as buffering risks caused by clima

105、te change impacts.Changes in forest cover from afforestation,reforestation and deforestation directly affect regional surface temperature through exchanges of water and energy.Moreover,forests protect coastal areas,and wood products are sources of renewable materials and energy that can substitute n

106、on-renewable and polluting ones.16.The IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land also reveals that 21-37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions could be attributed to the global food system.These arise from production,land-use change,processing,packaging,distribution,preparation and consumpt

107、ion of food,including food loss and waste.Given the diversity of agrifood systems,there are large local,national and regional differences in how the different steps contribute to total emissions.Carbon sinks need to be enhanced and greenhouse gas emissions and emissions intensity reduced across agri

108、food systems,in addition to a drastic reduction in emissions from all other sources,to reach the goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels in

109、 accordance with the Paris Agreement.17.As indicated in the IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere,22 the ocean has warmed since 1970 and has taken up more than 90 percent of the excess heat in the climate system.Human communities in close connection with coastal environments,small islands(

110、including Small Island Developing States),polar areas and high mountains are particularly exposed to ocean and cryosphere change and related impacts,such as ocean acidification,sea level rise,extreme sea level events,21 IPCC.2019.Climate Change and Land.An IPCC special report on climate change,deser

111、tification,land degradation,sustainable land management,food security,and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.P.R.Shukla,J.Skea,E.Calvo Buendia,V.Masson-Delmotte,H.-O.Prtner,D.C.Roberts,P.Zhai,R.Slade,S.Connors,R.van Diemen,M.Ferrat,E.Haughey,S.Luz,S.Neogi,M.Pathak,J.Petzold,J.Portugal P

112、ereira,P.Vyas,E.Huntley,K.Kissick,M.Belkacemi and J.Malley(eds.).22 As footnote 19 above.7marine heatwaves,shrinking cryosphere and permafrost thaw.Many marine species have already undergone shifts in geographical range and seasonal variations in their biological cycle in response to ocean warming,s

113、ea ice change and biogeochemical changes to their habitats.This has resulted in shifts in species composition,abundance and biomass production of marine ecosystems from the equator to the poles.In many tropical regions,declines in fish and shellfish stocks due to direct and indirect effects of globa

114、l warming and biogeochemical changes have already contributed to reduced fisheries catches.23 The Strategy on Climate Change recognizes the objectives of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture:“the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for

115、food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use,in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity,for sustainable agriculture and food security.”24 FAO.2015.Climate change and food security:risks and responses.Rome,FAO.www.fao.org/3/a-i5188e.pdfB

116、.Agrifood systems and climate change18.Agrifood systems already face the challenge of sustainably providing sufficient,accessible,affordable,safe and nutritious foods that contribute to healthy diets,as well as other raw materials,bioenergy,processed products and services,to a growing and urbanizing

117、 global population.Climate change,along with other drivers,is already undermining the recent progress made in promoting sustainable rural livelihoods and fighting against hunger and all forms of malnutrition.At the same time,agrifood systems and related livelihoods are affected in the short and long

118、er term by the intertwined impact of biodiversity loss(including degradation of ecosystems,loss of species and genetic resources erosion23)and competition over access to natural resources,which requires an ambitious and coordinated response.19.Climate variability and the increasing frequency and int

119、ensity of weather extremes due to climate change pose multiple challenges:they aggravate risk and impacts,affect all dimensions of food security and nutrition(availability,access,utilization and stability),disproportionally impact the social groups in the most vulnerable situations and add pressure

120、on land and water resources and fragile agrifood systems and ecosystems.24 Urgent actions are needed to reduce climate risk through developing capacities in the areas of prevention,anticipation,absorption,adaptation and FAO/Patrick MeinhardtII8FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031transformation25

121、for driving all decision-making,policies and climate actions such as climate risk,impact and vulnerability assessments;multi-hazard early warning systems;and climate-proofing infrastructure and risk transfer systems,including insurance and social protection,anticipatory action,and emergency prepared

122、ness and response for climate change adaptation and resilience across agrifood systems.20.Allowing agrifood systems actors to continue producing,processing,marketing and consuming safe and nutritious foods and other products and services thus requires a range of efficient climate resilience and adap

123、tation actions built on healthy ecosystems,and the sustainable use and conservation of natural resources.At the same time,agrifood systems are called to address concerns related to greenhouse gas emissions,particularly carbon dioxide(CO2),methane(CH4)and nitrous oxide(N2O),including through reduced

124、ecosystem conversion,on-farm energy use and food loss and waste.21.The shift and disruptions in production potential induced by climate change may lead to changes in the trade of agricultural commodities.In the short term,by moving food from surplus to deficit areas,trade can play an important role

125、in addressing production shortfalls due to increased weather variability and extreme events.Conducive trade policies in accordance with World Trade Organization rules can be part of climate change adaptation strategies,as the volume and flow of trade can stabilize regional changes in productivity an

126、d food price volatility caused by the changing climate.26 22.Some actions across agrifood systems already contribute to climate change adaptation,mitigation and sustainable development.These actions include but are not limited to sustainable production of food and bioenergy,sustainable forest manage

127、ment,landscape restoration,reduced deforestation and forest degradation,agroforestry,sustainable management and restoration of high-carbon ecosystems,such as peatlands,wetlands,rangelands,mangroves and forests,reclamation of degraded soils and reduced food loss and waste.25 United Nations Sustainabl

128、e Development Group.2021.UN Common Guidance on Helping Build Resilient Societies.Executive Summary.https:/unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/UN-Resilience-Guidance-Exec-Summ-Sept.pdf 26 FAO.2018.The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2018:Agricultural Trade,Climate Change and Food Securit

129、y.Rome,FAO.www.fao.org/3/I9542EN/i9542en.pdf9C.Harnessing good practices and innovative solutions27 FAO,United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Environment Programme.2021.A Multi-Billion-Dollar Opportunity.Repurposing Agricultural Support to Transform Food Systems.Rome,FAO.23.To resp

130、ond to climate challenges,good practices and innovative solutions should be harnessed,tailored and piloted in the diverse range of regional,country and community contexts within which FAO works,ensuring protection of intellectual property rights.Moreover,developing partnerships and capacities for co

131、untry-and local level agrifood innovation systems and their actors is key to co-creating,adapting,disseminating,accessing and adopting innovations.24.Science-and evidence-based innovations focusing on climate action technological,financial,policy,legislative,social and institutional are needed acros

132、s agrifood systems.These solutions often come as packages;for example,scaling up a new technology may require conducive policy and legal frameworks,targeted financing,closing of the digital divide,social acceptance,and sound governance and institutions.Exploring and learning from Indigenous Peoples

133、food systems and integrating local and indigenous knowledge and practices with science-based solutions and innovations is also vital.25.To transform agrifood systems,policies supported by good governance and appropriate legal and institutional frameworks should stimulate and lower barriers to public

134、 and private investments and the adoption of good practices,technologies and innovations and within its mandate,contribute to the multilateral trading system in line with the rules of the World Trade Organization.A critical look at current policies and legislation may be needed,including at how ince

135、ntives might undermine climate and other environmental concerns27 or unintentionally exacerbate vulnerability to climate change.26.Accelerating agrifood systems transformation in a coherent manner according to,and dependent on,national contexts and capacities also calls for innovative and inclusive

136、financing mechanisms and seizing evolving financing options.This requires,for example,assessing investment-related risks and applying appropriate risk II FAO/Luis Tato10FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031-mitigation mechanisms.28 Innovative ways of financing climate action are emerging,including

137、 approaches for carbon markets,publicprivate efforts and new modalities for paying for ecosystems services.These will also require measurement,reporting and verification systems,baseline setting and capacity development on the ground,on which FAO can already offer significant expertise at the reques

138、t of Members.Furthermore,opportunities for blending different types of financing,including grants and credits from public and private origins,insurance and microfinancing,are increasingly arising.In this context,it is important to encourage all parties to fully implement the Paris Agreement,includin

139、g their financial commitments.27.Recently,building on the analyses of policy and project results and social studies,more emphasis has been put on behavioural sciences that provide new insights on lowering the barriers to take necessary climate action.29 Engaging diverse agrifood systems actors,inclu

140、ding youth and women,from the outset in the planning and implementation of climate change interventions is needed to better understand the values,motivations,limitations and competing pressures of each.28.The FAO Strategic Framework 20223130 identifies science,technology and innovation as having sub

141、stantial transformative potential,while recognizing the potential risks;for example,as technologies reshape,the risks of unequal access and exclusion may emerge.Therefore,as well as policies and regulations minimizing such risks,investments in human capital and capacity development for innovation sy

142、stems are required,as highlighted in the new FAO Science and innovation strategy.31 28 Limketkai,B.,Guarnaschelli,S.and Millan,A.2020.Financing the Transformation of Food Systems Under a Changing Climate.Research Program on Climate Change,Agriculture and Food Security and KOIS Caring Finance.https:/

143、cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/101132/CCAFS%20KOIS%20Financing%20the%20 Transformation%20of%20Food%20Systems%20Under%20a%20Changing%20Climate.pdf29 Barrett,C.B.,Benton,T.,Fanzo,J.,Herrero,M.,Nelson,R.J.,Bageant,E.,Buckler,E.,Cooper,K.,Culotta,I.,Fan,S.,Gandhi,R.,James,S.,Kahn,M.,Lawson-Lar

144、tego,L.,Liu,J.,Marshall,Q.,Mason-DCroz,D.,Mathys,A.,Mathys,C.,Mazariegos-Anastassiou,V.,Miller,A.,Misra,K.,Mude,A.G.,Shen,J.,Majele Sibanda,L.,Song,C.,Steiner,R.,Thornton,P.and Wood,S.2020.Socio-Technical Innovation Bundles for Agri-food Systems Transformation.Report of the International Expert Pane

145、l on Innovations to Build Sustainable,Equitable,Inclusive Food Value Chains.Ithaca,New York,and London,Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability and Springer N FAO.2021.Strategic Framework 202231.Rome,FAO.www.fao.org/3/cb7099en/cb7099en.pdf31 FAO.2021.The outline and roadmap of the“FAO Science and

146、Innovation strategy”.The 168th Session of the Council.Rome,FAO.11SCOPE OF THE FAO STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGEIIIA.Climate change in the FAO Strategic Framework32 BP1:Innovation for sustainable agriculture production;BP2:Blue Transformation;BP4:Small-scale producers equitable access to resources;BN2:N

147、utrition for the most vulnerable;BN3:Safe food for everyone;BE2:Bioeconomy for sustainable food and agriculture;BL1:Gender equality and rural womens empowerment;BL2:Inclusive rural transformation;BL3:Agriculture and food emergencies;BL4:Resilient agrifood systems;and BL5:Hand-in-Hand initiative.29.T

148、he Strategy on Climate Change will be implemented in the context of the FAO Strategic Framework 202231,which aims to“support the 2030 Agenda through the transformation to MORE efficient,inclusive,resilient and sustainable agrifood systems for better production,better nutrition,a better environment a

149、nd a better life,leaving no one behind.”Due to the cross-cutting nature of FAOs climate change work,the Strategy on Climate Change is closely linked to these“four betters”and thus contributes to their achievement.Four triggers for transforming agrifood systems are recognized as priorities:institutio

150、ns and governance;consumer awareness;income and wealth distribution;and innovative technologies and approaches.30.The four betters reflect the interconnected economic,social and environmental dimensions of agrifood systems and as such,encourage a strategic and system-oriented approach within all FAO

151、 interventions,which are articulated in 20 Programme Priority Areas(PPAs),one of which focuses on climate change:“Climate change mitigating and adapted agrifood systems”.Furthermore,climate change is directly reflected in 11 other PPAs32 and indirectly embedded in all PPAs.31.The effectiveness and c

152、oherence of FAOs climate change interventions are highly dependent on building on the four cross-cutting/cross-sectional“accelerators”:technology,innovation,data and complements(governance,human capital and institutions);and the cross-cutting themes of gender,youth and inclusion of the FAO Strategic

153、 Framework 202231.12FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022203132.The seven FAO core functions33 also shape the delivery of climate action,which will be further elaborated in the Action Plan of the Strategy on Climate Change.FAO has recently developed mutually reinforcing strategies on themes including

154、nutrition,private sector engagement,gender equality,mainstreaming biodiversity across agricultural sectors,corporate environmental responsibility,and science and innovation.The Strategy on Climate Change and its Action Plan seek connections,synergies and complementarities with all of these.33 FAO co

155、re functions:1.Assemble,analyse,monitor and improve access to data and information;2.Facilitate and support countries and other partners in the development and implementation of normative and standard setting instruments;3.Facilitate,promote and support agrifood systems policy dialogue at global,reg

156、ional and country levels;4.Support institutions at all levels,including through capacity development,to prepare,implement,monitor and evaluate evidence-based policies and programmes,and leverage investments;5.Facilitate partnerships and coalitions for more efficient,inclusive,resilient and sustainab

157、le agrifood systems;6.Advise and support activities that assemble,disseminate and improve the uptake of knowledge,technologies and good practices;and 7.Advocate and communicate at national,regional and global levels.34 Food environments comprise foods available and accessible to people in their surr

158、oundings and the nutritional quality,safety,price,convenience,labelling and promotion of these foods.These environments should ensure that people have equal and equitable access to sufficient,affordable,safe and nutritious foods that meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy

159、life,considering the various physical,social,economic,cultural,and political factors that influence that access.CFS 2021/49/INF/14-The CFS Voluntary Guidelines on Food Systems and Nutrition(VGFSyN)(fao.org)B.Vision and guiding principles33.The vision and guiding principles of the Strategy on Climate

160、 Change provide a lens through which FAOs climate actions will be implemented at global,regional,country and local levels.34.VISION.FAO envisions the future state brought about by its climate action:Agrifood systems are sustainable,inclusive,resilient and adaptive to climate change and its impacts a

161、nd contribute to low-emission economies while providing sufficient,safe and nutritious foods for healthy diets,as well as other agricultural products and services,for present and future generations,leaving no one behind.35.GUIDING PRINCIPLES.The Strategy on Climate Change aims to facilitate and scal

162、e up FAOs contribution to transforming agrifood systems and dependent livelihoods to become more climate resilient,adaptive and low emission.The Strategy on Climate Change is founded on the following principles,which are directly linked to the FAO Strategic Framework 202231:i.Take an agrifood system

163、s approach.Complex problems call for climate action in synergy with action on biodiversity and other environmental and development goals that relate to agrifood systems.A system-oriented approach includes value chains and their actors from the natural resources base to production,processing and mark

164、eting,food environment34 and consumption,consumer behaviour,food quality and safety,food loss and waste,renewable energy generation,energy efficiency and use,and the complex interactions between all these.To achieve SDGs 1 and 2,a system-oriented approach is required in addressing food security and

165、nutrition concerns that are further exacerbated by 13IIIclimate change.Addressing the food-water-energy nexus and One Health35 are examples of such approaches.ii.Put farmers,livestock keepers,fishers,aquaculturists and forest-dependent people at the centre,in particular small-scale producers,Indigen

166、ous Peoples,women,youth,local and marginalized communities,and people in vulnerable situations.Empowering people and supporting local-level climate action,targeting and engaging the rural and urban populations who are most at risk of the climate change impacts,such as Small Island Developing States

167、and coastal communities and who manage much of the worlds ecosystem resources needs to be at the frontline of FAOs climate work.iii.Embrace good practices and innovations.Core actions of the Strategy on Climate Change include supporting the stocktaking of existing good practices and local,traditiona

168、l and indigenous knowledge and the emergence,exploration and promotion of innovative,proactive,sustainable and context-specific climate resilience,adaptation and mitigation solutions,and strengthening countries agrifood innovation capacity and systems.iv.Build on science-based evidence,including ope

169、n science and data.Solving climate change challenges requires the generation,sharing and efficient utilization,in a multidisciplinary manner,of the most reliable gender and age disaggregated data on global,regional and local scales,including on climate,natural resources,environment and socio-economy

170、,and information on prevalent agrifood systems in different regions.FAO is one of the leading custodian agencies for the SDG indicators(under SDGs 2,5,6,12,14 and 15)and the most comprehensive source of agriculture,forestry,fisheries,aquaculture,food,soils,water and socioeconomic statistics.Therefor

171、e,FAO is uniquely placed to support science-and evidence-based decision-making and the use of local and indigenous knowledge,while complying with FAO policies on data,including the forthcoming data protection policy,paying close attention to the protection of privacy rights and intellectual property

172、 rights.v.Promote country-driven climate action for sustainable results.The strategy aligns with the principles of effectiveness anchored in country ownership,leadership,commitment and mutual accountability for results,with countries in the driving seat supported by FAO on their demand through a sys

173、tem-wide capacity development approach36 to effectively strengthen countries institutional and technical capacities for climate resilience,adaptation and mitigation.The Strategy on Climate Change should be implemented through priorities set by the Governing Bodies of FAO.vi.Deliver through strategic

174、 partnerships.Through wide engagement with partners,FAO and its Members can increase the extent and impact of climate action.This involves actors interested and engaged across agrifood systems,including government institutions,international,regional and national climate and other financing instituti

175、ons,Rome-based Agencies(RBAs)and other United Nations organizations,regional and subregional organizations and economic communities,private companies,research and academia,media,foundations,farmers and 35 One Health is an integrated,unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the

176、 health of people,animals and ecosystems.It recognizes that the health of humans,domestic and wild animals,plants and the wider environment(including ecosystems)are closely linked and interdependent.www.who.int/news/item/01-12-2021-tripartite-and-unep-support-ohhlep-s-definition-of-one-health36 FAO.

177、2019.Sustainable Food and Agriculture:An Integrated Approach.Rome,FAO and E Strategy on Climate Change 20222031other civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations.In addition to fostering existing partnerships,such as the Global Soil Partnership and the Collaborative Partnership on

178、Forests,FAO seeks engagement with new partners,including private sector actors of different types and sizes for collaboration in capacity development,technical cooperation,knowledge and research,financing and investment,sustainable innovation and data sharing and dissemination,37 as well as the Sout

179、hSouth and Triangular Cooperation partners to catalyse resources,solutions,techniques and knowledge from the global South.38 vii.Mainstream gender equality,youth engagement,Indigenous Peoples participation and social inclusiveness.The Strategy on Climate Change promotes planning and implementation o

180、f gender-transformative,39 40 youth-engaging,participatory and socially inclusive climate action,including strengthening of knowledge,technologies,practices and efforts of local communities and Indigenous Peoples in responding to climate change.Moreover,FAO emphasizes ensuring equal opportunities an

181、d sharing of benefits of climate action,engagement of women,youth and Indigenous Peoples in climate debates and providing support to countries to reduce social exclusion,including through legal,regulatory and institutional frameworks.viii.Support inclusive multi-stakeholder approaches.In line with g

182、ood practices on multi-stakeholder approaches41 the engagement of all stakeholders of the agrifood system,national and international entities,the public and private sectors and civil society in a complementary manner in planning and decision-making processes across national and subnational levels he

183、lps to ensure that no one is left behind in FAOs climate action.Such an approach comprises improved coordination,joint problem analyses,co-creation of solutions,co-development of methods and metrics,planning and action and innovative multi-stakeholder governance mechanisms.ix.Scale up support.There

184、is an urgent need to scale up action to strengthen resilience,improve adaptive capacity and reduce risk and vulnerability to climate change across agrifood systems.Climate action through agrifood systems offers some of the most cost-effective options to maximise co-benefits of adaptation and mitigat

185、ion on the ground.FAO will build on lessons learned to scale up good practices and accelerate climate action to support its Members,as appropriate,in relation to climate resilience,adaptation,mitigation and finance across agrifood systems and in addressing gaps in the implementation of the goals of

186、the Paris Agreement.x.Adopt a“no-one-size-fits-all”approach.FAOs climate action considers national circumstances,diversity of contexts,specificities,priorities,synergies and capabilities across regions and countries and at the local level in terms of environmental,economic and social development and

187、 with regard to peace and stability.This means a context-specific approach,refraining from providing uniform types of assistance to problems that have different origins and causes and may require different means to achieve the common goals.37 FAO.2021.FAO Strategy for Private Sector Engagement 20212

188、025.Rome,FAO.38 FAO.2021.South-South and Triangular Cooperation Guidelines for Action(20222025).Rome,FAO.39 FAO.2020.FAO Policy on Gender Equality 20202030.Rome,FAO.40 UNFCCC decision 3/CP.25(Enhanced Lima work programme on gender and its gender action plan).41 High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Se

189、curity and Nutrition.2018.Multi-stakeholder Partnerships to Finance and Improve Food Security and Nutrition in the Framework of the 2030 Agenda.A report by the High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition.Rome,Committee on World Food Security.15IIIC.Theory of Change of the Strategy on

190、Climate Change36.The logic underlying the Strategy on Climate Change is underpinned by an analysis of the interaction between a set of Challenges,the Impact and the three Pillars of action and their expected Outcomes,as well as a set of assumptions and prerequisites for FAOs climate action.37.The CH

191、ALLENGES that are described as underlying causes and consequences illustrate the problems that FAO addresses in the Strategy on Climate Change:Climate change is severely affecting agrifood systems and related ecosystems and livelihoods with negative impacts on poverty,food security and nutrition,whi

192、le agrifood systems also contribute to climate change.FAO Members still require support in their efforts to adopt good practices and innovative solutions to address climate resilience,adaptation and mitigation for sustainable agrifood systems that are key for meeting the growing demand for nutritiou

193、s and safe food and other agricultural products and services.Without urgent action to transform agrifood systems,climate change will keep disrupting food production,food security and nutrition and accelerating the loss of biodiversity,ecosystem degradation,poverty and inequality as well as potential

194、ly exacerbate conflicts and displacement,particularly in countries and regions that are already highly food insecure,and unsustainable practices across agrifood systems will continue contributing to climate change.FIGURE 1-Theory of Change16FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022203138.FAO support as il

195、lustrated in Figure 1 consists of elements aligned with the core functions of the FAO Strategic Framework 202231,including capacity development,strategic partnerships,inclusive approaches,new policies,practices and technologies and improved access to financing.These are further elaborated under each

196、 of the Pillars in Section IV below.39.The PILLARS,which constitute three mutually reinforcing lines of action at global,regional,country and local levels,are based on the understanding that moving towards the expected Outcomes,Impact and Vision requires simultaneous work at all three levels.The thr

197、ee Pillars contain elements of intertwined climate-resilient and low-emission development pathways:Global and regional levels:Strengthening global and regional climate policy and governance;Country level:Developing countries capacities for climate action;and Local level:Scaling up climate action on

198、the ground.40.Six OUTCOMES at global and regional,country and local levels materialize through a combined effort of climate action by FAO and other stakeholders,including climate risk anticipatory and preventive measures,adaptation and mitigation(see the Figure).The Outcomes together can induce and

199、accelerate the anticipated transformation across agrifood systems in a coherent manner according to,and dependent on,national contexts and capacities and along countries own development pathways.FAO strives to ensure that all parts of agrifood systems,related livelihoods and ecosystems are mutually

200、reinforcing,and climate vulnerability and risk analyses are conducted for the natural resources base,production,processing,marketing and consumption as well as for other sectors whose vulnerability can be reduced through actions towards sustainable agrifood systems.41.The IMPACT refers to a mileston

201、e in a transformational process across agrifood systems that FAO can influence with its knowledge and other forms of support,but that is beyond FAOs exclusive control.The Strategy on Climate Change aims to achieve the following impact:FAO Members and agrifood system stakeholders accelerate their cli

202、mate action for agrifood systems to become MORE efficient,inclusive,resilient,low-emission and sustainable,leading to improved food security and nutrition.42.The MAIN ASSUMPTIONS underlying the Strategy on Climate Change and its implementation are as follows:Climate change remains a global priority

203、despite uncertainties and delays in action and is to be tackled hand-in-hand with the COVID-19 pandemic and socioeconomic challenges.Agrifood systems become widely recognized and adopted as an integral part of the solution to climate change.Political will to prioritize and scale up climate action in

204、 general and across agrifood systems in particular is strong.Climate financing,including for agrifood systems,is increased through vertical funds and other public and private sources in recognition of the scale and urgency of the action needed.17III43.PREREQUISITES FOR SUCCESSFUL CLIMATE ACTION incl

205、ude the following:i.FAO delivers efficiently.FAO needs adequate human and financial resources in its headquarters and decentralized offices and to expand its in-house coordination,external collaboration and partnerships in order to efficiently respond to the increasing needs at global,regional,count

206、ry and local levels.This will include,for example,investment in in-house capacity and human resources development,enhanced collaboration,coordination and communication of climate work and knowledge management,new initiatives as well as innovative public and private partnerships,strengthened climate

207、finance mobilization and mainstreaming climate change in FAO areas of work.Coherence and collaboration need to be ensured between the Strategy on Climate Change and the FAO Strategic Framework 202231 and its PPAs,and other FAO recent strategies42 and the country programming frameworks.The Office of

208、Climate Change,Biodiversity and Environment is responsible for the internal coordination of FAOs climate-related work and will facilitate interactions and links with other FAO units,decentralized offices and programmes to promote efficiency and avoid duplication.The Strategy on Climate Change implem

209、entation will be aligned with the FAO data protection policy currently under development.Finally,the implementation of the FAO Corporate Environmental Responsibility Strategy 20202030 will contribute to the reduction of FAOs own carbon footprint.ii.Access to climate finance is scaled up.It is key to

210、 integrate climate change considerations into domestic and international financing for agrifood systems development,including crops and livestock,forests and land use,fisheries and aquaculture.FAO will promote the provision of international and domestic climate finance and investments to agrifood sy

211、stems.Vertical funds,in particular from the Green Climate Fund(GCF),Global Environment Facility(GEF),Adaptation Fund(AF)and multilateral development banks,together with other multilateral and bilateral funds,will continue to play an important role in strengthening FAOs impact on the ground.Innovativ

212、e climate finance opportunities will be explored,particularly in the context of the mechanisms being developed under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.Aligning with the FAO Strategy for Private Sector Engagement 2021-2025,collaboration with the private sector will also be promoted through innovative

213、partnerships and investments.FAO will support the preparation,implementation and monitoring of the projects of Members who request such support in order to increase the scale,scope and pace of their climate action.FAO will continue to use its unique comparative advantage to marshal climate finance f

214、or countries in a way that links global,regional,national and local priorities and helps to drive the climate agenda forward.42 Such as,the FAO Strategy for Private Sector Engagement 20212025,the FAO Strategy on Mainstreaming Biodiversity across Agricultural Sectors,the Vision and Strategy for FAO W

215、ork in Nutrition,the FAO Science and Innovation strategy.18FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031 FAO/Vyacheslav Oseledko19THREE PILLARS FOR ENHANCED ACTIONIV44.The Strategy on Climate Change focuses on the three mutually reinforcing strategic Pillars set out below.The“accelerators”of the FAO Strat

216、egic Framework 202231,namely technology,innovation,data and complements(governance,human capital and institutions)as well as cross-cutting themes of gender,youth and inclusion,are all reflected in these Pillars.As part of the Action Plan,a dedicated communication plan for the general public and spec

217、ialized audiences will support the implementation of the Pillars.A.GLOBAL AND REGIONAL LEVELS:Strengthening global and regional climate policy and governance45.This Pillar focuses on FAOs global and regional advocacy to make inclusive agrifood systems part of the solution to climate change,with the

218、following expected outcomes:Considerations of food security,nutrition,agrifood systems,natural resources and livelihoods are fully addressed in the international climate,environment,disaster risk,humanitarian and development agendas as part of the solution to address climate change,and climate finan

219、ce for agrifood systems is supportive.The global community,countries and partners have access to and utilize data,science,evidence,tools,protocols,guidelines and standards related to climate change and agrifood systems that are collected and developed by FAO and partners,including for monitoring and

220、 reporting at Members request climate vulnerability and risk analyses,barriers to adaptation and adaptation cost analysis,assessment models and good practices and policies on climate resilience,adaptation and mitigation.46.There is an urgent need to step up the debate on climate action in the areas

221、of crops and livestock production,forestry,fisheries,aquaculture,related value chains and the livelihoods dependent on these sectors,food security and nutrition,water management 20FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031and the sustainable management and restoration of terrestrial and marine ecosyste

222、ms.This can be facilitated by FAOs strengthened advocacy at regional and global levels.With these actions,FAO aims to contribute to higher profiling of agrifood systems as part of essential climate solutions,including leveraging necessary climate financing.43 At the 26th session of the Conference of

223、 the Parties to the UNFCCC(COP26),countries agreed to continue working on the areas of policy discussion of the Koronivia joint work on agriculture44 and strengthen ocean-based action45 where aquatic food production has a critical role to play.47.FAO is recognized for its trusted advisory role at in

224、ternational level regarding developmental and environmental processes,including the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement,the 2030 Agenda,the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,CBD,UNCCD,the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries,the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the Sendai Framework for

225、 Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.FAOs advocacy and support has been crucial in successfully advancing some UNFCCC actions,including through the Koronivia joint work on agriculture,supporting the integration of agriculture in NDCs and NAPs,REDD+46 activities and the Marrakech Partnership for Global

226、 Climate Action.Upon request,FAO will continue supporting UNFCCC work and negotiation streams,subsidiary and constituted bodies(Adaptation Committee,Least Developed Countries Expert Group),and the enhanced transparency framework and the global stocktake under the Paris Agreement,in aspects relevant

227、to agrifood systems.48.Furthermore,it is important to recognize that climate change and biodiversity loss are interconnected challenges that should be addressed jointly.FAO can raise awareness and provide technical expertise at global,regional and national levels to enable coherence of climate and b

228、iodiversity planning,including through support to the development and implementation of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.49.FAO WILL SUPPORT THE INTEGRATION OF AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS IN CLIMATE ACTION BY:continuing to engage in global and regional climate change and other fora to advocate for a

229、nd promote efficient,inclusive,resilient,low-emission and sustainable agrifood systems as part of the solution to address climate change,biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation and part of a broader sustainability agenda;supporting Members and partners in the identification,formulation,implement

230、ation and monitoring of relevant global and regional initiatives and pledges,including those launched at COP26(Global Methane Pledge,Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use and the African Union Green Recovery Action Plan),and in the preparations for the forthcoming sessions of the UNFCC

231、C COP;43 Buto,O.,Galbiati,G.M.,Alekseeva,N.and Bernoux,M.2021.Climate Finance in the Agriculture and Land Use Sector Global and Regional Trends between 2000 and 2018.Rome,FAO.44 See UNFCCC documents FCCC/SBI/2021/16,paragraphs 4253,and FCCC/SBSTA/2021/3,paragraphs 4354.45 UNFCCC decision 1/CP.26,par

232、agraphs 6061.46 Reducing emissions from deforestation;reducing emissions from forest degradation;conservation of forest carbon stocks;sustainable management of forests;and enhancement of forest carbon stocks(UNFCCC decision 1/CP.16,paragraph 70).21IV continuing to facilitate better integration of ag

233、rifood systems considerations,including crops,livestock,forests,fisheries,aquaculture and related value chains,ecosystems and livelihoods in the key workstreams under UNFCCC;advocating for building the food-water-energy-forest nexus to improve access to sustainable energy and energy efficiency and t

234、o enhance sustainable water management for adaptation across all agrifood systems;continuing to advocate for blue food systems/aquatic food systems,which better integrate the sustainable use of marine living resources with other uses of the ocean;and advocating to ensure that the climate and environ

235、ment financing agenda recognize and support the contribution of sustainable agrifood systems to climate action.50.FAO WILL PROMOTE INNOVATION AND COLLABORATION BY:scaling up and expanding agricultural innovation,including through engagement in global and regional partnerships and initiatives such as

236、 but not limited to the Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate and the Global Action Agenda for Innovation in Agriculture,and aligning with the FAO Science and Innovation Strategy;and fostering dialogue,interaction and exchange of stakeholders across agrifood systems and other sectors affected b

237、y climate change,and biodiversity,environment and humanitarian development agendas.51.FAO WILL ENABLE AND ENHANCE THE USE OF DATA,INFORMATION,DIGITALIZATION AND SCIENCE TO TRIGGER ACTION BY:generating,collecting,analysing,validating,harmonizing and making accessible open data as well as best availab

238、le science,information,knowledge,good practices,innovations,tools and technologies(utilizing and building on existing FAO tools,including Ex-Act,GLEAM and FAOSTAT data)on climate change,adaptation and mitigation across agrifood systems to the global community,partners and decision-makers at differen

239、t levels;updating the knowledge base on the impacts of climate change on agrifood systems,identifying and closing global knowledge gaps and balancing potential trade-offs between climate and other SDGs;contributing to science and evidence generation for carbon sequestration in croplands,pastures,ran

240、gelands,forests,peatlands and other wetlands,oceans and other aquatic environments,reducing CO2,CH4 and N2O emissions from agrifood systems,as appropriate,and if applicable,supporting the design of carbon market mechanisms for agrifood systems that are inclusive and accessible to agrifood producers;

241、and mainstreaming consideration of climate risks into FAO corporate systems and programming through the identification of climate risks as a separate standard in FAOs upgraded environmental and social safeguards system and their integration into FAOs project cycle.22FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20

242、222031B.COUNTRY-LEVEL:Developing countries capacities for climate action52.FAO works as a catalyst for its Members to identify,prioritize and achieve their climate objectives for agrifood systems.This Pillar focuses on context-specific,transformative and country-driven climate action often backed up

243、 by partnering and collaboration,leveraging financing and strengthening sustainable agrifood systems as part of the solution to address climate change,with the following expected outcomes:FAO Members implement,monitor and report their climate commitments as outlined in their agrifood system strategi

244、es and/or climate change strategies,link them with the other commitments and tracking for sustainable development,including through their regular reporting to UNFCCC under the enhanced transparency framework and other international reporting frameworks.FAO Members mainstream climate resilience,adapt

245、ation and mitigation in their policies and legislation,plans,programmes,practices and domestic and international investments across agrifood systems,including through FAO country programming frameworks and the United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Frameworks.53.While addressing climate

246、change challenges at the country level,effective synergies and links are explored between climate change and agrifood relevant areas such as disaster risk reduction,conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity,including protection of pollinators,ecosystem restoration,soil health and erosion cont

247、rol,plant and animal health,integrated land and water resources management,energy efficiency,land tenure and collective territorial rights,ocean acidification,combating desertification,halting deforestation and land degradation,and improved food security,safety and nutrition.54.FAO WILL ENHANCE ITS

248、ASSISTANCE TO:support countries in developing their capacities in climate change negotiations under the UNFCCC umbrella,at their request,including for designing,implementing and updating national commitments related to transforming agrifood systems and reversing biodiversity loss,including in NDCs,N

249、APs,REDD+strategies and long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies;support countries in strengthening their research,extension,training institutions and innovation systems in line with the FAO Science and Innovation Strategy in order to better respond to climate change challenges,i

250、ncluding identifying,developing and disseminating country-specific and locally adapted solutions as well as preparedness to handle and recover from climate disasters;support countries in scaling up anticipatory action,early warning systems,analysis and planning to contribute to building resilience a

251、nd to the humanitarian-development-peace nexus;enhance countries capacities to generate,collect,monitor,analyse and report,and utilize the data and information needed for climate action and advance digitalization,including geographic information system(GIS)technologies;and 23 FAO/Giuseppe BizzarriIV

252、 support countries at their request in setting baselines,monitoring and reporting on progress in their climate commitments,including through supporting the development of monitoring and evaluation,and emissions and carbon sequestration measuring,reporting and verification systems,including CO2 and o

253、ther greenhouse gas metrics under the enhanced transparency framework and other international reporting frameworks.55.FAO WILL ENHANCE PARTNERSHIPS AND ACCESS TO CLIMATE FINANCING BY:providing support to countries to access financial resources to carry out adaptation and mitigation measures at scale

254、 through leveraging evolving financing sources and mechanisms;providing support to countries to prioritize and allocate international and domestic finance to climate action across agrifood systems;and providing support to countries to identify and establish strategic public and private partnerships

255、with regional,national and local organizations,including farmers organizations,civil society,RBAs and other United Nations agencies,research organizations and financial institutions and through SouthSouth and Triangular Cooperation for accelerating climate action.56.FAO WILL PROMOTE ADOPTION OF GOOD

256、 PRACTICES AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS BY:providing support for identifying and scaling up existing good practices and innovative technological,social,policy,legislative,financial and institutional solutions in support of climate action;and supporting countries in building synergies and addressing trad

257、e-offs between short-and longer-term climate action measures and outcomes,as well as climate action and action under relevant SDGs,including through agroecological and other innovative approaches47,integrated landscape and ecosystem approaches,noting that there are many approaches to sustainable agr

258、iculture production and value-chain development.47 Innovative approaches including among others,sustainable intensification,no-till farming,organic agriculture,and all other innovations and technologies to promote sustainable agrifood systems.24FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022203157.FAO WILL MAIN

259、STREAM EQUALITY AND INCLUSIVENESS WITH A VIEW TO ENSURING THAT NO ONE IS LEFT BEHIND:through promoting livelihood opportunities,inclusiveness,effective integration and engagement of women,youth and legitimate tenure rights holders,including Indigenous Peoples,marginalized and minority groups and per

260、sons with disabilities,in country-level climate planning,decision-making and action;and through providing technical,legal and policy support for inclusive and gender-transformative climate policies,legislation and action;and through supporting countries particularly at risk and affected by the chang

261、ing climate,especially Small Island Developing States,the least developed countries and landlocked developing countries,in developing specific resilience and adaptation actions.58.FAO WILL PROVIDE POLICY AND LEGAL SUPPORT BY:promoting the mainstreaming of climate change considerations into national

262、and subnational policies,legal and institutional frameworks,strategies and development and financing plans and budgeting across agrifood systems,national social protection systems and other key sectors,as appropriate;supporting countries at their request in incorporating agrifood systems considerati

263、ons into their national strategies and plans,including NAPs,NDCs,long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies,disaster risk reduction plans and humanitarian response plans;supporting countries at their request in integrating overlapping climate and biodiversity considerations into re

264、levant national plans(NDCs,NAPs,National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans,long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies,land-degradation neutrality targets)and coherently integrate biodiversity in NDCs and climate objectives in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans

265、;and,promoting policy and legal reforms that support and enable climate resilience,adaptation and mitigation.C.LOCAL LEVEL:Scaling up climate action on the ground59.This Pillar aims to accelerate FAO support in collaboration with and complementing the efforts of other agencies,including the RBAs,acr

266、oss agrifood systems for sustainable local development and empowerment,particularly for those women and men who are most at risk of the changing climate across agrifood systems,including rural,peri-urban and urban smallholder farmers,livestock keepers,pastoralists,foresters,forest-dependent people,f

267、ishers,aquaculturists,workers at different parts of food value chains,womens groups,youth,children,Indigenous Peoples,persons with disabilities,and marginalized and minority groups to gradually reduce vulnerability with the following expected outcomes:25IV Actors strengthen resilience and adaptive c

268、apacity through climate risk management and adaptation,especially in areas most vulnerable to climate change,reducing risks and enhancing sustainability of agrifood systems,ecosystems and related livelihoods.Actors contribute to low-emission development pathways through more resilient and adapted ag

269、rifood systems with mitigation co-benefits.60.FAO aims at inclusive and gender-transformative engagement of actors across agrifood systems and their communities,groups and value chains to improve access to knowledge,good practices,innovation and financing to promote sustainable local development whi

270、le tackling food security and nutrition,climate resilience,adaptation and mitigation challenges,and taking other environmental and socioeconomic concerns into consideration.The solutions for small-and larger-scale farmers and other actors vary across locations and priorities,capacities and assets fo

271、r adaptation and mitigation towards sustainable development.FAO will thus enable local stakeholders to directly benefit from the adoption of inclusive,climate-resilient and low-emission agrifood practices and approaches in farms,watersheds,landscapes and seascapes along the food value chains.61.FAO

272、WILL SUPPORT LOCAL ACTORS BY:empowering farmers,fishers and aquaculturists,forest managers,forest-dependent people,land managers,local groups and communities,and other local actors with knowledge and innovative solutions related to agrifood systems and climate change,by promoting peer-to-peer learni

273、ng(e.g.Farmer and Pastoralist Field Schools),other types of education,extension and training,the use of digital technologies to scale up knowledge exchange,lowering the barriers to adoption of good practices and enhancing access to and sustainable use of natural and financial resources;and enhancing

274、 existing and developing new partnerships and initiatives,including through SouthSouth and Triangular Cooperation to support farmers and other local actors in identifying and engaging with relevant partners and,as appropriate,organizing themselves in groups,associations and cooperatives to be better

275、 positioned to take climate action.GIAHS Saffron Heritage of Kashmir.26FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022203162.FAO WILL PROMOTE GOOD PRACTICES AND INNOVATIONS BY:providing support to climate risk management through providing more accurate information on anticipated climate impacts at local level a

276、nd making available low-cost,inclusive and easily accessible climate risk management measures,including early warning mechanisms;exploring and promoting good adaptation practices and innovative approaches and related co-benefits tailored to local conditions,landscapes and seascapes as well as to the

277、 needs of different groups,including women,men and youth,and integrating local and indigenous knowledge;exploring and promoting low emission results,including for CO2,CH4 and N2O emission reduction and carbon sequestration,as appropriate,while considering potential trade-offs,risks of maladaptation

278、and transition risks associated with moving towards low-greenhouse gas development pathways;sharing of good practices from sustainable and inclusive business models across agrifood systems;and raising awareness and developing capacities among local actors,groups and communities,including those of In

279、digenous Peoples,to better understand and benefit from climate financing,such as evolving carbon market opportunities for the agricultural sectors,including carbon sequestration and offsetting schemes and other schemes of payment for environmental services,and related monitoring systems when made av

280、ailable.27IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY AND MEASURING ITS SUCCESSV63.FAO will implement the Strategy on Climate Change based on its mandate and comparative advantage as the worlds leading agrifood systems knowledge agency for normative work,technical cooperation,capacity development,policy and dialogue,

281、and supporting action from global to local levels.FAO plays a key role in providing:i)international technical expertise across agrifood systems and natural resources management associated with an active presence in countries;ii)advocacy and normative roles influencing the international debate and gl

282、obal and regional agreements,as well as the development of guidelines,tools,approaches and standards in a neutral forum;iii)data collection and analysis to support informed policies and decision-making,and the development of indicators to monitor progress;iv)support to institutional development,gove

283、rnance and planning;and v)support to Members in mobilizing public and private resources,investment support and promotion of South-South cooperation.Furthermore,FAO offers an invaluable and neutral platform for the science-policy-practice interface,supporting the implementation of various internation

284、al initiatives,agreements and treaties,and helping to put science into practice.FAOs normative role combined with its broad technical and policy expertise in natural resources management and all aspects of the agricultural sectors places FAO at the forefront of facilitating dialogue and exchange of

285、experience and knowledge and supporting Members and partners in climate action across agrifood systems.64.An Action Plan will be developed to guide the implementation of the FAO Strategy on Climate Change 20222031.To enable monitoring and reporting at Member countries request on the progress and imp

286、act of the Strategy on Climate Change implementation,the Action Plan will comprise outcomes,outputs,indicators,targets,timelines and responsibilities.This will entail setting specific indicators and targets for FAOs climate action that are adequately disaggregated to capture the effects and impacts

287、of interventions on different population segments,including on men,women,youth,Indigenous Peoples and marginalized groups.These indicators and targets will to the extent possible be harmonized with those of the FAO Strategic Framework 202231 and its PPAs as well as the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs.They

288、will also be aligned with the Paris Agreement milestones and the Sendai Framework monitoring system and with the ongoing work on the development of international adaptation metrics.28FAO Strategy on Climate Change 202220312865.Furthermore,the Action Plan will set out the ways in which FAO will enhan

289、ce its own operational modalities to deliver climate action under the three pillars of the strategy in an efficient and coherent manner.In particular,the Action Plan will address the capacity development,resource mobilization,partnerships and communication needed for the Strategy on Climate Change i

290、mplementation.Based on a capacity needs assessment,the learning,knowledge and capacities of the FAO headquarters and decentralized offices will be addressed.A resources mobilization plan,including a core budget and external climate financing through diversified partnership and financing agreements,w

291、ill be developed as part of the Action Plan.A targeted communication plan will be created to raise awareness of the links between climate change,poverty,inequality,food security and nutrition and reinforce FAOs leading role in addressing climate change across agrifood systems.Moreover,sharing existi

292、ng knowledge,good practices and novel solutions to address climate challenges through efficient communication will enable timely climate action at different levels.Enhancing South-South and Triangular Cooperation and expanding for example the use of the FAO Hand-in-Hand geospatial platform48 are imp

293、ortant for the exchange of information and knowledge,including the outcomes of research on tropical agriculture,forestry and fisheries among countries and agrifood systems actors.66.Finally,the Action Plan will consider external stakeholders from a wide range of sectors to become key partners for th

294、e implementation of the strategy at global,regional,national and local levels.Within FAO,climate work guided by the Strategy on Climate Change and its Action Plan will involve all levels and units to ensure a shared ownership across the organization.The Office of Climate Change,Biodiversity and Envi

295、ronment will be responsible for the coordination of the implementation of FAOs climate work across the organization and for monitoring and reporting on the progress and impact of the Strategy on Climate Change implementation at corporate level.67.The Council will discuss a mid-term review 5 years af

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327、build resilient societies.Executive summary.https:/unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/UN-Resilience-Guidance-Exec-Summ-Sept.pdf 33GLOSSARYAdaptive capacity(IPCC,2022b).The ability of systems,institutions,humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage,to take advantage of opportunitie

328、s,or to respond to consequencesAgrifood systems(FAO,2021c).The agrifood system covers the journey of food from farm to table including when it is grown,fished,harvested,processed,packaged,transported,distributed,traded,bought,prepared,eaten and disposed of.It also encompasses non-food products that

329、also constitute livelihoods and all of the people as well as the activities,investments and choices that play a part in getting us these food and agricultural products.In the FAO Constitution,the term“agriculture”and its derivatives include fisheries,marine products,forestry and primary forestry pro

330、ducts.Agroecological approach(FAO,2019c).Agroecology is one approach,among others,to contribute to feeding sustainably a growing population and support countries in achieving SDGs.Agroecology considers the interactions among key environmental,social and economic characteristics that are typical of d

331、iversified agricultural systems.It recognizes the great potential of knowledge sharing,and deepened understanding,that favour the behavioural changes in food systems that are required for sustainable agriculture to become a reality.Biological diversity(CBD,1992).The variability among living organism

332、s from all sources,including terrestrial,marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part:this includes diversity within species,between species and of ecosystems.Capacity development(FAO,2019b).System-wide capacity development aims to achieve more impactful,tr

333、ansformational and sustainable results at scale by enabling countries to own and lead their endogenous development process aligned with national priorities.Operationally,system-wide capacity development interdependently enables and empowers people,strengthens organizations,networks,collective action mechanisms and multi-stakeholder processes as well as fosters a more conducive enabling policy and