1、Insight Report Global Gender Gap Report 2020 2 World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: contactweforum.org www.weforum.org Copyright 2019 by the World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this

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3、e at http:/ reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2020/dataexplorer. Terms of Use and Disclaimer The analysis presented in the Global Gender Gap Report 2020 (herein: “Report”) is based on a methodology integrating the latest statistics from international organizations and a survey of executiv

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15、. 3 Contents Preface _ 4 Key Findings _ 5 PART 1 - MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP _ 7 Chapter 1 - The Global Gender Gap Index 2020 _ 8 Global Results, 2020 _ 8 Progress over Time _ 15 Performance by Region _ 20 Chapter 2 - The Future of Gender Parity _ 37 Gender Gaps in Frontier Roles _ 37 Gender G

16、aps in Frontier Skills _ 38 The Road to Gender Parity in the Fourth Industrial Revolution _ 42 Appendix A - Regional Classifi cations _ 44 Appendix B - The Global Gender Gap Index: Methodology and Technical Notes _ 45 Section A: Computation and Composition of the Global Gender Gap Index _ 45 Section

17、 B: Indicators Defi nitions and Sources _ 48 Notes 57.8% of this gap has been closed so far, which represents a slight step back since last year. Progress towards closing the Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gaps is more advanced: 96.1% and 95.7%, respectively, of these gaps have been

18、closed to date, both marginally improved since last year. 3. With regard to the Political Empowerment subindex, 108 countries of the 149 covered in both current and last years editions have improved their overall scores, driven mainly by a signifi cant increase in the number of women in parliaments

19、compared to the last assessment. Notably, in some countries such as Latvia, Spain and Thailand the number of women in parliament has increased substantially. Nonetheless, to date only 25% of these 35,127 global seats are occupied by women and only 21% of the 3,343 ministers are women; and in some co

20、untries, women are not represented at all. Key Findings In addition, over the past 50 years, in 85 of the 153 countries covered by this report there has never been a female head of state. 4. In parallel to improving representation of women among political leaders, the number of women in senior roles

21、 within the Economic Participation and Opportunity dimension has also increased. Globally, 36% of senior private sectors managers and public sectors offi cials are women (about 2% higher than the fi gure reported last year). Despite this progress, the gap to close on this aspect remains substantial

22、as only a handful of countries are approaching parity. 5. In contrast to the slow but positive progress in terms of leadership positions, womens participation in the labour market is stalling and fi nancial disparities are slightly larger (on average), explaining the step back registered by the Econ

23、omic Participation and Opportunity subindex this year. On average, only 55% of adult women are in the labour market, versus 78% of men, while over 40% of the wage gap (the ratio of the wage of a woman to that of a man in a similar position) and over 50% of the income gap (the ratio of the total wage

24、 and non-wage income of women to that of men) are still to be bridged. Further, in many countries, women are signifi cantly disadvantaged in accessing credit, land or fi nancial products, which prevents opportunities for them to start a company or make a living by managing assets. 6. Educational Att

25、ainment gaps are relatively small on average but there are still countries where investment in womens talent is insuffi cient. While in 35 countries gender parity in education has been achieved, a few developing countries have yet to close over 20% of the gaps. Ten percent of girls aged 1524 in the

26、world are illiterate, with a high concentration in developing countries. Further, in these countries, education attainment is low for both girls and boys, which calls for greater investment to develop human capital in general. Even in countries where education attainment is relatively high, womens s

27、kills are not always in line with those required to succeed in the professions of the future. In addition, they encounter barriers to employment in the most dynamic and in-demand occupations. Based on data from the LinkedIn platform, women are under- represented in six of the eight micro-clusters wi

28、th the highest employment growth rate (people and culture, content production, marketing, sales, specialized project managers, data and AI, engineering and cloud computing). Further, comparing where women are 6 currently employed with the skills they possess, it turns out that there are some occupat

29、ions where women are under-utilized even if they have the needed skills. Women could further contribute to many of them including some high-tech and managerial rolesif current barriers could be addressed. 7. Projecting current trends into the future, the overall global gender gap will close in 99.5

30、years, on average, across the 107 countries covered continuously since the fi rst edition of the report. Lack of progress in closing the Economic Participation and Opportunity gap leads to an extension of the time it will be needed to close this gap. At the slow speed experienced over the period 200

31、62020, it will take 257 years to close this gap. The second area where gender gaps will take longest to close is Political Empowerment. This years evolution speeds up the pace of progress towards parity, yet it will still take 94.5 yearseven at this faster rateto close the gender gap. Third, the Edu

32、cational Attainment gender gap is on track to be closed over the next 12 years, mainly thanks to advancements in some developing countries. The Health and Survival gender gap remains virtually unchanged since last year. Globally, the time to fully close this gap remains undefi ned, while gender pari

33、ty has been already fully achieved in 40 countries among the 153 covered by this edition of the report. 8. Iceland is once again the most gender-equal country in the world for the 11th time in a row. It has closed almost 88% of its overall gender gap, further improving since last year. Iceland is fo

34、llowed by Norway (2nd, 84.2%), Finland (3rd, 83.2%) and Sweden (4th, 82.0%). Other economies in the top 10 include Nicaragua (5th, 80.4%), New Zealand (6th, 79.9%), Ireland (7th, 79.8%), Spain (8th, 79.5%), Rwanda (9th, 79.1%) and Germany (10th, 78.7%). 9. On average, the eight regions assessed by t

35、he report have closed between 60.5% (the average score in Middle East and North Africa) and 76.7% (the average score in Western Europe). North America is a few percentage points below Western Europe (72.9%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (72.2%) has almost caught up with Eastern Europe and Cent

36、ral Asia (71.3%). They are followed by East Asia and the Pacifi c (68.5%), Sub-Saharan Africa (68.2%) and South Asia (66.1%). 10. At the current pace, gender gaps can potentially be closed in 54 years in Western Europe, 59 years in Latin America and the Caribbean (thanks to accelerated speed registe

37、red across some countries in the region this year), 71 and a half years in South Asia, 95 years in Sub- Saharan Africa, 107 years in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 140 years in the Middle East and North Africa, 151 years in North America (refl ecting lack of progress in the region this year), and

38、163 years in East Asia and the Pacifi c. While the increased speed in some regions has reduced the estimated time to close gender gaps, progress remains slow and uneven across countries and regions. Policy-makers and other stakeholders need to further adopt policies and practices to accelerate this

39、process going forward. 11. The top fi ve most-improved countries in the overall index this year (Ethiopia, Spain, Mali, Albania, and Mexico) have all closed their gaps by 3.4 percentage points or more, and they all share a substantial increase in womens presence in political institutions. When it co

40、mes to Economic Participation and Opportunity, some countries improve their score compared to last edition. Among them, the most improved (Cape Verde, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Indonesia) improved their performance by 5 percentage points or more. Further, this year the 153 countries covered by

41、 the report include four new entrants: Trinidad and Tobago (24th), Zambia (45th), Vanuatu (126th) and Papua New Guinea (127th). 7 Part 1 Measuring the Global Gender Gap 8 The Global Gender Gap Index was fi rst introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006 as a framework for capturing the magnitude

42、of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress over time. The index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, education, health and political criteria (see Figure 1), and provides country rankings that allow for effective comparisons across regions and income groups. The rankings are des

43、igned to create global awareness of the challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities cre- ated by reducing them. The methodology and quantitative analysis behind the rankings are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps. This years 14th edition

44、continues to build on the well-es- tablished methodology. While it would be important to measure differences in opportunities and conditions across the full spectrum of gender identities, data availability limits the possibility to convert these aspirations into statistical mea- surement. As such, t

45、he index and the analysis remain focused on benchmarking progress on disparities between women and men across the four dimensions mentioned above. This chapter presents the 2020 rankings, trends in both overall scores and subindex scores, as well as performances across regions. Chapter 2 presents th

46、e results of the analysis based on new data showing gender gaps in emerging jobs, conducted in collaboration with LinkedIn. Country Coverage, 2020 Every year, in an effort to draw a complete picture of the global gender gap, we aim to cover as many countries as possible, within data availability con

47、straints. To be included, a country must have data available for a minimum of 12 indi- cators out of the 14 that compose the index. In this edition, we have been able further increase the number of countries included in the ranking and the analysis, reaching 153 coun- tries. Two countries (Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu) enter the index for the fi rst time ever, while Trinidad and Tobago and Zambia are re-instated. Of the 153 countries, 107 have consistently been included in the index every year since the fi rst edition, published in 2006. The Global Gender Gap Report groups countrie