1、OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020 OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020 The 2020 edition analyses tourism performance and policy trends across 51 OECD countries and partner economies. It highlights the need for coherent and comprehensive approaches to tourism policy making, and the significance

2、of the tourism economy, with data covering domestic, inbound and outbound tourism, enterprises and employment, and internal tourism consumption. Tourism policy priorities, reforms and developments are analysed and examples of country practices highlighted. Thematic chapters provide insights on prepa

3、ring tourism businesses for the digital transformation, and rethinking tourism success to promote more sustainable and inclusive tourism development. ISBN 978-92-64-70314-8 Consult this publication on line at https:/doi.org/10.1787/6b47b985-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gath

4、ers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. 9HSTCQE*hadbei+ ? ? ? ? OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020 Policy highlights 2 OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2020 OECD 2020 Background information The OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2

5、020 edition analyses tourism performance and policy trends across 51 OECD countries and partner economies. It highlights the need for coherent and comprehensive approaches to tourism policy making, and the significance of the tourism economy, with data covering domestic, inbound and outbound tourism

6、, enterprises and employment, and internal tourism consumption. Tourism policy priorities, reforms and developments are analysed and examples of country practices highlighted. Thematic chapters provide insights on preparing tourism businesses for the digital transformation, and rethinking tourism su

7、ccess to promote more sustainable and inclusive tourism development. The report was undertaken in co-operation with the European Union.* About the OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is a forum in which governments compare and exchange policy experiences, identify

8、good practices in light of emerging challenges, and promote decisions and recommendations to produce better policies for better lives. The OECDs mission is to promote policies that improve economic and social well-being of people around the world. About the OECD Tourism Committee The OECD Tourism Co

9、mmittee, created in 1948, acts as the OECD forum for exchange, and for monitoring policies and structural changes affecting the development of domestic and international tourism. It actively promotes a whole-of-government approach to support the sustainable economic growth of tourism. Join the conve

10、rsation on Twitter: follow us at OECD_local OECD 2020 This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city, or area. The statistical data f

11、or Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. *This document was produ

12、ced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 3 OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2020 OECD 2020 Executive Summary Tourism is an important driver of economic growth, globally and locall

13、y. The sector directly contributes 4.4% of GDP, 6.9% of employment and 21.5% of service exports in OECD countries, on average, and continued growth provides real prospects for sustainable and inclusive development. However, integrated and forward- looking policies are needed to ensure this growth be

14、tter delivers benefits for people, places and businesses. Tourism trends Following six decades of consistent growth, tourism remains one of the worlds most important economic sectors. It is a key part of a growing services economy, generating income and foreign exchange, creating jobs, stimulating r

15、egional development, and supporting local communities. Tourism exports are economically significant, and have a larger impact on the domestic economy relative to other export sectors. Every USD 1 of expenditure by international tourists in OECD countries on average generates an estimated 89 cents of

16、 domestic value added, compared with 81 cents for overall exports. Globally, tourism continues to perform ahead of long-term growth forecasts, with a record 1.5 billion international tourist arrivals in 2019. Tourism growth to OECD countries has exceeded the world average since 2014, following a per

17、iod of strong growth in recent years. OECD countries are among the worlds top tourism destinations, and account for more than half of global arrivals (56.9%) and travel receipts (61.1%). In addition to the benefits of international tourism, domestic tourism is the mainstay of this sector in the majo

18、rity of OECD countries with, on average, residents responsible for 75% of tourism expenditure. While in the short-term the picture for tourism is mixed, mainly due to an uncertain economic outlook and external shocks such as health scares and extreme weather events, over the long-term tourism is exp

19、ected to continue to grow. Top policy priorities While overall growth trends in this dynamic sector are positive, governments are increasingly developing policies that seek to maximise the economic, environmental and social benefits that tourism can bring, while reducing the pressures that arise whe

20、n this growth is unplanned and unmanaged. Policy measures to address these concerns have become a priority. For example, efforts have been made to deal effectively with overcrowding at popular destinations, spread the economic and other benefits to areas that attract fewer visitors, develop new prod

21、ucts to expand the season, and encourage increased productivity, better resource use, and more stable employment. To ensure these policies are actually having the desired impact, countries are strengthening co-ordination and implementation mechanisms, reforming destination management practices, mode

22、rnising regulations, adopting digital solutions, strengthening dialogue with civil society and engaging the private sector in policy making. 4 OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2020 OECD 2020 Governments are currently facing two critical issues in terms of managing the tourism sector: leveraging the

23、benefits of the digital transformation and ensuring that sustainable tourism policies are implemented. Technology continues to advance at a fast pace and is a game-changer for tourism businesses and policy makers alike. The rapid developments in the sharing economy, mobile payment systems, virtual a

24、nd augmented reality applications, blockchain technologies and artificial intelligence are likely to influence tourism products, business models, services, and visitor choices. These potentially demand policy reflections, new regulations and intervention to maximise opportunities and protect consume

25、rs. Governments have an important role to play in creating the right conditions for all businesses to engage in the digital transformation of tourism. Governments are actively fostering tourism development that brings clear economic benefits, while also providing a wider set of advantages for places

26、, local communities, businesses, employees, and visitors. Tourism success can no longer simply be measured in terms of arrivals, jobs and income. Ensuring that local communities can more equally benefit from tourism is a prevailing policy trend and progress has been made. Key policy messages Champio

27、ning integrated, forward-looking tourism policies Develop coherent, forward-looking approaches to the design of tourism policies and programmes, supported by long term strategies and flexible action plans. Strengthen co-ordination mechanisms and delivery structures to ensure that policies agreed at

28、national level are consistently delivered at subnational level, and engage communities and businesses to ensure local destinations can fully share the benefits of a dynamic tourism economy. Preparing tourism businesses for the digital future Actively champion the digital transformation of tourism, b

29、y promoting a digital mindset, modernising regulatory frameworks and strengthening capacity of SMEs to participate in digital ecosystems. Encourage uptake and investment in new technologies, skills and innovation and support existing tourism SMEs to take advantage of the benefits of the digital tran

30、sformation, and promote the development of smart tourism destinations. Foster digitally-enhanced tourism business models, value chains and ecosystems, through the adoption of data analytics and other enabling technologies, optimisation of business practices, and the expansion of accessible digital i

31、nfrastructure, tools and solutions. Rethinking tourism success for sustainable growth Place a greater focus on the environmental and socio-cultural pillars of sustainability, to deliver net benefits to local communities, contribute to achieving the SDGs, and combat climate change. Ensure that effort

32、s to grow tourism are pursued within the wider context of city, regional, and national economic development strategies, and in close co-operation with industry and civil society. Take additional steps to mainstream sustainability in tourism policies and industry practices, to better support the tran

33、sition to a green, low-emissions and climate-resilient tourism economy. Ensure access to comparable and timely data to inform decision-making and better plan for the type and scale of tourism growth appropriate for individual destinations. 5 OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2020 OECD 2020 This chapt

34、er covers recent trends in tourism and associated developments in tourism governance and policy. It is based on responses to a policy and statistical survey of OECD member and partner countries. The chapter outlines the economic and social importance of tourism and sets out the role of governments i

35、n supporting a sustainable and inclusive tourism sector. Tourism policy priorities, reforms and developments are analysed with examples of country practices highlighted. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such

36、data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Chapter 1. Tourism trends and policy priorities 6 OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2020 OECD 2020 Tourism is a highly significant ec

37、onomic sector globally and locally, and provides real prospects for enduring and inclusive economic growth. The sector generates foreign exchange, drives regional development, directly supports numerous types of jobs and businesses and underpins many local communities. Recent trends point to continu

38、ed strong growth around the world, and this chapter illustrates the leadership role that governments are playing to optimise the potential benefits, and mitigate the associated costs. The sustainable development of tourism and the digital transformation of the sector are key issues facing policy mak

39、ers. On these and other issues, policy makers recognise the need for co-ordinated responses across government, and to work closely with the private sector. The practical challenge that remains is to ensure that developments in local tourism destinations align with the policies set in place at nation

40、al level. Recent Trends Tourism is an important part of OECD member and partner economies, and a key sector within a growing services economy. On average tourism directly contributes 4.4% of GDP, 6.9% of employment (Figure 1.1) and 21.5% of service related exports to OECD countries. Global tourism h

41、as steadily expanded for over six decades. Driven by strong global economic growth and new volume outbound markets, particularly from the Asia Pacific region, international tourist arrivals worldwide grew to over 1.4 billion in 2018, an increase of 5.6% on 2017. With international tourism arrivals g

42、rowing ahead of the long term growth forecast, the threshold of 1.8 billion is now likely to be exceeded in advance of 2030. Figure 1.1. Direct contribution of tourism to OECD countries As percentage of GDP and employment, 2018 or latest year available Note: GDP data for France refer to internal tou

43、rism consumption. GDP refers to GVA for Canada, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. GDP data for Korea and Spain includes indirect effects. Sour

44、ce: OECD Tourism Statistics (Database). StatLink 2 http:/dx.doi.org/10.1787/888934076134 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 % OECD average 6.9% Tourism GDP (direct) as % of total GDPTourism as % of total employment Tourism as % of total employment, OECD averageTourism as % of GDP, OECD average OECD average 4.4%

45、7 OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2020 OECD 2020 Table 1.1. International tourist arrivals in OECD and partner countries, 2014-18 Type of indicator 2018 Average annual growth rate 2014 to 2018 Growth rate 2017 to 2018 Thousand % Australia Visitors 9 072 7.8 6.0 Austria Tourists 30 816 5.1 4.6 Belgi

46、um Tourists 6 700 1.2 6.1 Canada Tourists 21 153 6.3 2.4 Chile Tourists 5 723 11.7 -11.3 Czech Republic Tourists 14 283 7.6 4.5 Denmark Tourists 12 749 5.6 2.6 Estonia Tourists 3 226 2.5 -0.6 Finland1 Tourists 5 631 5.0 12.4 France Tourists 89 322 1.6 3.0 Germany Tourists 38 748 4.2 3.9 Greece Visit

47、ors 33 072 8.0 9.7 Hungary Tourists 14 905 10.1 5.7 Iceland Tourists 2 344 23.8 5.4 Ireland Tourists 9 273 8.0 6.3 Israel Tourists 4 121 8.9 14.1 Italy Tourists 61 567 6.1 5.7 Japan Visitors 31 192 23.5 8.7 Korea Visitors 15 347 2.0 15.1 Latvia Tourists 1 946 1.4 -0.2 Lithuania Tourists 2 825 8.2 11

48、.9 Luxembourg Tourists 1 018 -0.6 -2.7 Mexico Tourists 41 313 8.9 5.1 Netherlands Tourists 18 780 7.8 4.8 New Zealand Tourists 3 686 7.4 3.7 Norway Tourists 5 688 4.1 -2.7 Poland Tourists 19 623 5.2 7.5 Portugal1 Tourists 22 817 11.9 7.5 Slovak Republic Tourists 2 256 11.2 4.3 Slovenia Tourists 4 42

49、5 13.4 10.9 Spain Tourists 82 808 6.2 1.1 Sweden2 Tourists 10 750 -6.8 -3.5 Switzerland Tourists 11 715 6.3 5.2 Turkey Tourists 45 768 3.5 21.7 United Kingdom Tourists 36 316 2.7 -3.5 United States Tourists 79 746 1.5 3.3 Brazil Tourists 6 621 0.7 0.5 Bulgaria Visitors 12 368 7.1 6.7 Colombia Visitors 4 282 10.6 7.7 Costa Rica Tourists 3 017 4.5 1.9 Croatia Tourists 16 645 9.4 6.7 Egypt3 Tourists 5 168 -26.8 -42.5 Indone