1、The Protection We Want Social Outlook for Asia and the Pacific The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) serves as the United Nations regional hub, promoting cooperation among countries to achieve inclusive and sustainable development. The largest regional intergovernmental

2、 platform with 53 member States and 9 associate members, ESCAP has emerged as a strong regional think-tank offering countries sound analytical products that shed insight into the evolving economic, social and environmental dynamics of the region. The Commissions strategic focus is to deliver on the

3、2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which it does by reinforcing and deepening regional cooperation and integration to advance connectivity, financial cooperation and market integration. ESCAPs research and analysis coupled with its policy advisory services, capacity building and technical assi

4、stance to governments aims to support countries sustainable and inclusive development ambitions. The International Labour Organization is the United Nations agency for the world of work founded in 1919. It brings together governments, employers and workers to drive a human-centred approach to the fu

5、ture of work through employment creation, rights at work, social protection and social dialogue. With over 100 years of accumulated experience and expertise in the world of work, the ILO provides technical assistance to Governments, workers and employers organizations, in 187 members States worldwid

6、e. The unique tripartite structure of the ILO gives an equal voice to workers, employers and governments to ensure that the views of the social partners are closely reflected in labour standards and in shaping policies and programmes. United Nations publication Sales No.: E.20.II.F.19 Copyright Unit

7、ed Nations 2021 All rights reserved Printed in Bangkok ISBN: 978-92-1-120816-0 eISBN: 978-92-1-005335-8 Print ISSN: 2618-1010 Online ISSN: 2618-1029 ST/ESCAP/2917 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyrig

8、ht holder, provided that the source is acknowledged. The ESCAP Publications Office would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use may be made of this publication for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission. Appli

9、cations for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of reproduction, should be addressed to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations, New York. The Protection We Want Social Outlook for Asia and the Pacific Foreword A t the heart of the United Nations lies the aspi

10、ration to uphold human rights and accelerate social progress for everyone, everywhere. Theright to social protection, enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, flows from this ambition. It is an acknowledgement of our collective obligation to fellow human beings in times of need; a rec

11、ognition that illness or unemployment, pregnancy or old age, disability or injury cannot be allowed to push people into vulnerability. This moral imperative remains as valid as ever, reinforced by overwhelming evidence that comprehensive social protection creates the foundation for healthy societies

12、 and vibrant economies. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought this imperative into sharp focus, by demonstrating the stabilizing effect well-functioning social protection systems have and how their absence exacerbates inequality and poverty. The United Nations has already identified social protection as

13、 a core enabler in its global and regional response frameworks. Delivering effective social protection to all people across our region is already shaping our approach, as we advocate combining short-term relief with longer-term strategies to build back better in the aftermath of the pandemic. Even b

14、efore the COVID-19 outbreak, the time was right for a major strengthening of social protection systems in Asia and the Pacific. Target 1.3 of the Sustainable Development Goal 1 calls on governments to implement social protection floors. Our regions phenomenal economic growth has been reshaping the w

15、orld, but more than half the population has no social protection coverage whatsoever. Where social protection does exist, its coverage is all too often riddled with gaps. Many poverty targeted schemes never reach the poorest families. Maternity, unemployment, sickness and disability benefits are the

16、 preserve of a minority of workers in the formal economy. Population ageing, migration, urbanization, natural disasters and climate change, as well as technological advancements make these challenges ever more urgent. Combined with a lack of affordable healthcare during a pandemic, too many of our c

17、itizens are left exposed, teetering on the brink of poverty. At the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and the International Labour Organization we are driven by the conviction that none of this is inevitable. It is why we have again joined forces to urge increase

18、d investment in social protection across the region. Our research is unequivocal that investing in social protection has an immediate, quantifiable impact on peoples livelihoods. If we are to leave no one behind, and if we are to accelerate progress on gender equality, social protection needs to be

19、universal. Through a combination of contributory and non-contributory schemes this is possible. While the investment required is significant, this report demonstrates that it is within the grasp of most countries, particularly if existing resources are reprioritized, public revenues boosted, new tec

20、hnologies tapped and social protection embedded into national development strategies, underpinned by social dialogue. As the approach to social protection is reconsidered in light of the pandemic, we have an opportunity to uphold human rights and build the protection we want for a more inclusive, re

21、silient and prosperous Asia and the Pacific. This report can help us, as a region, seize this opportunity. Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Secretary of ESCAP Chihoko Asada-Miyakawa Assistant Director-General and Regional Director ILO Regional Of

22、fice for Asia and the Pacific ii Acknowledgements This publication was jointly prepared by the Social Development Division of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) under the overall direction and guidance of Ms. Armida Sal

23、siah Alisjahbana, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Secretary of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and Ms. Chihoko Asada- Miyakawa, Assistant Director-General and Regional Director for Asia and Pacific of the International Labour Organization. Patr

24、ik Andersson, Chief of Sustainable Socioeconomic Transformation Section, Social Development Division (ESCAP) and Nuno Meira Simoes Cunha, Senior Specialist on Social Protection (ILO) led the preparation of this publication under the leadership of Srinivas Tata, Director of the Social Development Div

25、ision (ESCAP). Members of the drafting team comprised the following (in alphabetical order): Charles Knox-Vydmanov, SayuriOkada, Orlando Zambrano Roman, Predrag Savi and Ermina Sokou. The data on social protection coverage presented in chapters 26 were compiled by Olena Vazhynska and Valeria Nestere

26、nko. The microsimulation tool used for the analysis in chapter 7 was developed by ESCAP and Development Pathways. Statistical analysis on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) was undertaken by Yichun Wang. Research assistance and document support was pro

27、vided by Pornnipa Srivipapattana. Statistical analysis on the Labour Force Surveys (LFS) was carried out by Yamei Du. Valuable input on the analytical framework of the publication was provided by experts who attended the Second Strategic Dialogue on Social Protection in Asia-Pacific, held in Bangkok

28、 on 28 and 29 January 2020. Substantive peer review was provided by Michael Cichon, Professor Emeritus, Graduate School of Governance at UNU, Maastricht; and Sarah Cook, Director of Institute of Global Development, University of New SouthWales. The team wishes to acknowledge valuable contributions p

29、rovided by colleagues from ESCAP: Cai Cai, Sabine Henning, Stephanie Li Choo, Farzana Sharmin, Vanessa Steinmayer, Paul Tacon and by colleagues from ILO: Pong-Sul Ahn, Christina Behrendt, Sara Elder, Luis Frota, Ursula Kulke, Dong Eung Lee, Ian Orton, Shahrashoub Razavi, Markus Ruck and Christian Vi

30、egelahn. The drafting team is also grateful to the members of the ESCAP Editorial Board, led by Kaveh Zahedi, Deputy Executive Secretary of ESCAP, for the useful comments extended throughout the drafting process. Finally, the team expresses its gratitude to the staff of the Strategic Communications

31、and Advocacy Section and the Office of the Executive Secretary for their support in dissemination of the report. Messaging and communications support was provided by Paul Bunsell. The publication was edited by AlanCooper and the graphic design and layout were developed by Daniel Feary. iii Acronyms

32、ADB Asian Development Bank ATLAS The Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity BDT Bangladeshi taka CA Childcare Allowance CART classification and regression tree CIS STAT Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States Statistics ESCAP Economic and So

33、cial Commission for Asia and the Pacific FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FJD Fijian dollar GDP gross domestic product GEL Georgian lari GNI gross national income ICT information and communications technology ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary

34、 Fund INR Indian rupee IMF International Monetary Fund IDR Indonesian rupiah KGS Kyrgyz som LKR Sri Lanka rupee MDV Maldives rufiyaa MNT Mongolian tugrik MYR Malaysian ringgit NPR Nepalese rupee OAP Old age pension OAAP Old Age Allowance Program OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develo

35、pment OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 4Ps Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program PHP Philippine peso PKH Program Keluarga Harapan PKR Pakistan rupee PPP purchasing power parity SGD Singaporean dollar THB Thai baht TSA Targeted Social Assistance UNDP United Nations

36、Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund UNSD United Nations Statistics Division VND Vietnamese dong WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization Explanatory Notes ESCAP REGIONS East and North-East Asia (ENEA): China; Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea; Hong Kong, China

37、; Japan; Macao, China; Mongolia; Republic of Korea North and Central Asia (NCA): Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; RussianFederation; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Pacific: American Samoa; Australia; Cook Islands; Fiji; French Polynesia; Guam; Kiribati; Marshall Islands; M

38、icronesia (Federated States of); Nauru; NewCaledonia; New Zealand; Niue; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu South-East Asia (SEA): Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; Indonesia; Lao Peoples Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines; S

39、ingapore; Thailand; Timor-Leste; VietNam South and South-West Asia (SSWA): Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Iran (Islamic Republic of); Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; SriLanka; Turkey The three-letter code (ISO 4217) is used to depict all national currencies. References to dollars ($) are to Unit

40、ed States dollars in PPP (2011). iv THE PROTECTION WE WANT: SOCIAL OUTLOOK FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Executive Summary Social protection is first and foremost a human right. Anchored in human rights instruments, social protection schemes provide cash or in-kind support for people facing contingencies

41、 associated with having children, getting sick, acquiring a disability, losing a job or a breadwinner, or growing older. Social protection also provides support against shocks, such as natural disasters, economic crises and pandemics. Many of these events are unpredictable. They affect people in dif

42、ferent ways but leaving individuals and families to cope unprotected breeds vulnerability and perpetuates poverty and exclusion. Social protection is societys primary line of defence. The COVID-19 pandemic, similar to the financial crises in 1997 and 2008, has demonstrated how a well-functioning soc

43、ial protection system can protect individuals and economies by acting as a social and economic stabilizer in times of crisis. To address the social, economic and health impacts of the crisis, which has disrupted supply chains, global demand and economic financial stability, many countries have stren

44、gthened existing schemes and introduced ad hoc social protection measures. Yet well-resourced social protection systems built over time are far better equipped to respond to the unexpected and shield the most vulnerable. The pandemic is aggravating underlying ills. The regions extensive gains in eco

45、nomic growth in recent decades have not led to proportionate gains in the populations well-being. Many countries face high levels of inequality, both in outcomes and opportunities, which the pandemic has exacerbated. Poverty rates are stubbornly high in some countries and the pandemic risks reversin

46、g progress towards poverty reduction by almost a decade. Social protection systems are necessary to shield peoples incomes and well-being as well as retain social development gains. Several overlapping global trends are at work. Population ageing, migration, urbanization, technological progress, dis

47、asters and climate change are compounding challenges facing the region. Ageing populations are changing family structures. Increased migratory flows and rapid industrialization are reshaping labour markets and creating different vulnerabilities. The regional and cross-boundary nature of disasters an

48、d climate change-related shocks are underscoring the need for coordinated responses. Social protection will be key to adapting to these disruptions. Critical gaps in social protection in the region Despite their rapid socioeconomic ascent, most countries in the region have weak social protection sys

49、tems riddled with gaps. About half of the regions population has no social protection coverage. Only a handful of countries have comprehensive social protection systems with relatively broad coverage. Most poverty-targeted schemes fail to reach the poorest families. Maternity, unemployment, sickness and disability benefits, mostly covered by contributory schemes, remain the preserve of workers with a formal job. While the majority of older persons receive a pension, significant gaps remain and benefits are often insufficient to cover basic needs. The lack of access to