1、BRIDGING THE DIGITAL GENDER DIVIDE INCLUDE, UPSKILL, INNOVATE This report of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has been prepared at the request of the Australian government. It aims to further strengthen the evidence base in support of G20 Digital Economy Task Force discussi

2、ons on the equitable participation of women in the digital economy. This report is issued under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD Member countries or of the G20. This doc

3、ument, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under th

4、e responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. OECD, 2018 The figure on the cover displays the core part of t

5、he co-authorship network emerging among the top 1 000 most downloaded package authors of the “R” open-source software. Each point represents a male author. Female authors are denoted by a stylised woman icon. The network clearly shows that female authors are relatively few, and are poorly represente

6、d within the core network of package co-authorship. This report was prepared by staff in the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), with contributions from the Directorate for Education and Skills (EDU) and the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (ELS) of th

7、e OECD. The work was co-ordinated by Mariagrazia Squicciarini from the OECD STI Directorate, headed by Director Andrew Wyckoff and Deputy Director Dirk Pilat. The leadership and oversight of Gabriela Ramos, OECD Sherpa, and the co-ordination and peer review provided by Raffaella Centurelli, OECD She

8、rpa Office, is gratefully acknowledged. Authors and contributors from the OECD Secretariat include, in alphabetical order: Francesca Borgonovi, Raffaella Centurelli, Hlne Dernis, Robert Grundke, Peter Horvt, Stphanie Jamet, Mark Keese, Anna-Sophie Liebender, Luca Marcolin, David Rosenfeld and Mariag

9、razia Squicciarini. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations University (UNU) and the Australian government, provided valuable comments. Many thanks to Sarah Box for her valuable feedback and advice, and to Anna-Sophie Liebender and Angela Gosmann for their help in editing

10、 and formatting the report. Generous financial support for this work from the Australian government is gratefully acknowledged. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right. It is also a keystone of a prosperous, modern economy that provides sustainable inclusive growth. Recognising that ge

11、nder equality is essential for ensuring that men and women can contribute fully for the betterment of societies and economies at large, G20 Leaders first committed to “womens full economic and social participation” in Los Cabos in 2012. They then set the ambitious goal to reduce the gender gap in la

12、bour market participation by 25% by 2025 (the 25x25 target) at the 2014 Brisbane Summit, and committed to implementing a set of policies to improve the quality of womens employment and the provision of support services. Since then, as documented by the OECD, most G20 countries have made progress, bu

13、t much remains to be done. In 2016, the gap in labour market participation rates between men and women aged 15-64 was around 26% for G20 economies. Today the digital transformation provides new avenues for the economic empowerment of women and can contribute to greater gender equality. The Internet,

14、 digital platforms, mobile phones and digital financial services offer “leapfrog” opportunities for all and can help bridge the divide by giving women the possibility to earn additional income, increase their employment opportunities, and access knowledge and general information. We need to seize th

15、is opportunity to foster greater gender equality in the labour market, boost economic growth and build a more inclusive, digital world. The road ahead is uphill: today worldwide some 327 million fewer women than men have a smartphone and can access the mobile Internet. Women are under-represented in

16、 ICT jobs, top management and academic careers and, as shown in this report, men are four times more likely than women to be ICT specialists. At 15 years of age, on average, only 0.5% of girls wish to become ICT professionals, compared to 5% of boys. Women-owned start-ups receive 23% less funding an

17、d are 30% less likely to have a positive exit compared to male-owned businesses. This report explores a range of factors that underpin the digital gender divide, bolsters the evidence base for policy making and provides policy directions for consideration by all G20 governments. It has been prepared

18、 by the OECD at the request of the Australian Government to support advancement of the 2017 G20 Roadmap for Digitalisation: Policies for a Digital Future, in particular its aim to support the equitable participation of women in the digital economy. It complements the initiative of the 2018 Argentini

19、an G20 Presidency to share policies, actions and national practices that have had a significant and measurable impact in bridging the digital gender divide, while supporting Argentinas mainstreaming of gender across the G20 agenda. The report finds that hurdles to access, affordability, lack of educ

20、ation as well as inherent biases and socio- cultural norms curtail women and girls ability to benefit from the opportunities offered by the digital transformation. In addition, girls relatively lower educational enrolment in disciplines that would allow them to perform well in a digital world such a

21、s science, technology, engineering and mathematics, as well as information and communication technologies coupled with womens and girls more limited use of digital tools could lead to widening gaps and greater inequality. Acting now to reverse these trends can pay off: the reports finds that greater

22、 inclusion of women in the digital economy and increased diversity bring value, both social and economic. For instance, inventions arising out of mixed teams are more economically valuable and have higher impact than those in which only men are involved. Co-ordinated policy action can help narrow th

23、e digital gender gap. This requires raising awareness and tackling gender stereotypes; enabling enhanced, safer and more affordable access to digital tools; and stronger co- operation across stakeholders to remove barriers to girls and womens full participation in the digital world. Digital technolo

24、gies provide new opportunities to make progress, but technological fixes cannot address the underlying structural problems that drive the digital gender divide. Concrete policy actions are needed to foster womens and girls full participation and inclusion in the digital economy, while at the same ti

25、me addressing stereotypes and social norms that lead to discrimination against women. The digital gender divide needs to be resolved. There is no reason for women to trail behind in the digital transformation. The cost of inaction is high and in the face of sluggish growth, ageing societies and incr

26、easing educational attainment of young women, the economic case for digital gender equality is clear. Bridging the gender divide, also in the digital world, can provide new sources of global economic growth, support the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and help achieve t

27、he G20 goal of strong, sustainable and inclusive growth. Together, we must and can advance in making digital gender equality a reality. David Gruen G20 Sherpa Australia Andrs Ibarra Secretary of Modernization Argentina Gabriela Ramos Chief of Staff and G7/G20 Sherpa OECD Acknowledgements . 3 Forewor

28、d . 5 Acronyms and abbreviations . 11 Executive summary . 13 Introduction . 19 CHAPTER 1 THE GENDER DIVIDE, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND LEAPFROG OPPORTUNITIES . 21 The digital gender divide and its root causes . 22 The Internet, digital platforms and the digital gender divide . 24 Digital financial inc

29、lusion . 32 “Leapfrog” and other digital opportunities for economic empowerment and reducing the gender gap . 37 Internet and digital platforms . 37 Mobile phones . 42 Digital financial services. 44 Conclusions . 47 Notes . 48 CHAPTER 2 SKILLS FOR THE DIGITAL ERA: IS THERE A GENDER GAP? . 49 The gen

30、der skill gap in the digital era . 50 Womens relative disadvantage in the “digital components” of digital literacy . 50 The gender gap in creative problem solving, collaborative problem solving and attitudes . 51 Women at work: A high hurdle race . 54 Conclusions . 57 CHAPTER 3 JOBS AND SKILLS IN TH

31、E DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION . 59 Jobs and skills in the digital transformation: Bridging the digital gender divide? . 60 Educational attainment and skills: Do men and women differ? . 62 Assessing returns to skills: A regression analysis of the demand for skills. 66 Conclusions . 78 Notes . 79 CHAPTER 4

32、 WOMEN AND INNOVATION: IS THE GENDER GAP SHRINKING IN THE DIGITAL ERA? . 81 Women in innovation in the digital era: How big is the gender gap? . 82 Patents and innovation: What role for women? . 82 Software: Still mainly about (male) geeks? . 92 Innovative entrepreneurship is essential for economies

33、 . 97 Conclusions . 99 Notes . 100 CHAPTER 5 LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE: SHARING NATIONAL PRACTICES TO BRIDGE THE GENDER DIGITAL DIVIDE . 101 Mapping gender-related policies . 102 G20 economies efforts to support efforts in other countries, especially developing countries . 108 Complementing policy ac

34、tions: The role of the private and civil society sectors . 110 Notes . 111 CHAPTER 6 BRIDGING THE DIGITAL GENDER DIVIDE: WHAT ROLE FOR POLICY? . 113 Empowering women in the digital era: Key policy recommendations for the G20 . 114 Enhance access to and improve the affordability of digital technologi

35、es . 114 Boost skills . 115 Facilitate labour market participation and on-the-job learning . 116 Foster womens entrepreneurship and engagement in innovation. 117 Overcome normative barriers, increase safety and foster evidence-based gender-related actions . 117 Collect gender-disaggregated data to inform digital policy . 117 A G20 agenda for action on the digital gender divide . 118 REFERENCES . 121 ANNEX OF CHAPTER 3. FIGURES, TABLES AND METHODOLOGY . 136 Figures . 136 Tables .