1、INDUS T RY 57 58 Current situation and challenges Solutions, projects and scale-up Impacts Regional approach Industry is responsible for 30% (1,201 MtCOe) of EU27 greenhouse gas emissions, either from: Energy use: burning fossil fuels to obtain high-grade or low-grade heat, using non-renewable elect

2、ricity. Direct emissions from process: for instance, the chemical reaction involved with cement production generates CO as a by-product. Achieving a low carbon industry is of paramount importance, not only to reach the 2050 carbon neutrality target, but also to allow economic growth for EU companies

3、 and workers. The more challenging issues lie in core highly emissive chemical processes such as the production of cement or the reduction of iron ore, where substitutes, hydrogen or electrowinning can provide solutions. The second technology challenge remains sustainable high-grade heat generation.

4、 High-grade heat requires high temperatures (above 300C) that cannot be achieved simply with electrical resistors; and without profitable sustainable heat, the industry may turn toward fossil fuels. Hydrogen, a renewable and carbon-free fuel, can be a mainstream source for high-grade heat, once it b

5、ecomes more affordable. Regarding electric efficiency, low grade heat and cooling, the technology challenge relies mostly in the penetration rate of the best already available technologies and in the circular economy. Steel and cement industries are responsible for at least 30% of the industry emiss

6、ions1. Therefore, several of the proposed solutions focus on these two industries. Carbon capture, for storage (CCS) or usage (CCU), is also a candidate to reduce carbon emissions while keeping businesses thriving. As of today, heat generation is carbon-intensive, due to the heavy use of fossil fuel

7、s. Therefore, several solutions arise to tackle this; some of which can also be applied to cement and steel production. Most of the proposed solutions follow the logic below: Step 1, in the short term: launch tenders financed by green transition funds to kick start innovation, by allowing several pi

8、lot sites to be profitable while using breakthrough technologies. Step 2, 2020-2030 horizon: the construction and operation of pilot sites to foster cost reductions R EDUC I NG C A R BON I N T EN SI T Y OF I N DUS T RY TO ENSU R E SUS TA I N A B L E G ROW T H I N EU ROPE in breakthrough technologies

9、, through learning experience, as well as scale-up. Step 3, 2030-2050: affordability of the breakthrough technologies enables sector-wide use. Carbon pricing also helps to bridge the economic gaps. Major energy efficiency programs could also be launched, with the objective to accelerate penetration

10、of best available technologies, practices and processes regarding: Electric motors that are widely used in equipment, fans, compressed air, conveyors, etc. Low-grade heat, with reuse from high-grade heat waste, high temperature heat pumps, industrial heat networks, waste, biomass and geothermal ener

11、gy. Best cooling technologies, best use of refrigerants. Finally, plastics industry could also both curb its emissions impact and its waste impact through innovative biomaterials and chemistry pathways. 216 billion total market (turnover + investments) per year in 2030. 3.8 million permanent jobs in

12、 2030. 269 MtCO avoided per year in 2030. The regions surrounding Antwerp (Belgium), Dsseldorf (Germany) and Rotterdam (Netherlands) display several noteworthy synergies. These industrial areas gather major CO emitters (cement industries, steel industries, refineries), while also being located near

13、underground CO storage sites (mostly, North Sea oil and gas wells), and chemical industries that may use CO as an input. Furthermore, the nearby offshore wind turbines of the North Sea could supply green electricity for the hydrogen creation process, as well as other industrial processes. “We should

14、 lever the full potential of hydrogen across the value chain lets learn from the Chinese approach on PV, as they now dominate the market, Diederik SAMSOM, Head of Cabinet of Executive Vice- President of the European Commission Frans Timmermans INDUSTRY 55 T E C H Q U E S T S TO A CC E L E R AT E E U

15、 R O P E S R E CO V E R Y A N D PAV E T H E WAY TO C L I M AT E N E U T R A L I T Y List of projects - INDUSTRY Core processes for cement, steel and chemical industries #14 - REDUCE THE NEED FOR CONCRETE THANKS TO BETTER DESIGN AND ALTERNATIVE CONCRETE FOR EQUIVALENT USAGES New concrete and better u

16、se in construction #15 - REPLACE THE USE OF CONCRETE WITH CARBON SINK MATERIALS IN NEW BUILD Lower the climate impact of buildings with wood and alternative concrete #16 - REDUCE SHARE OF PORTLAND CLINKER IN CEMENT AND DEVELOP NEW ALTERNATIVE CLINKERS Low-GHG and new cements #17 - INDUSTRIALIZE THE

17、USE OF CARBON CAPTURE AND USAGE TO DELIVER ULTRA-LOW CARBON CEMENT PRODUCTION CCU solutions for cement industry #18 - HYDROGEN REDUCTION OF IRON ORE FOR BASIC OXYGENATED FURNACES AND ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES Use green hydrogen from renewables and electrolysis to decarbonize steel industry #19 - ELECTRO

18、WINNING OF IRON ORE FOR ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES Electrifying iron ore reduction enables to shift iron ore usage from high-GHG emissive BF/BOF integrated steel plants to low-GHG EAF plants #20 - REUSE PROCESS GASES AND CAPTURE CO TO LOWER EMISSIONS OF STEEL INTEGRATED PLANTS Recycle and reuse process g

19、ases in the blast furnace and basic oxygenated furnace with CC #21 - SCALE ON-SITE GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN REFINERIES Shift from fossil-based H to decarbonized H for feedstock usage Heat supply #22 - SWITCH TO LOW-CO FUELS FOR HIGH-GRADE HEAT INDUSTRY PROCESSES Co-processing of waste and biomas

20、s in furnaces (from 300 to over 1000C) #23 - SWITCH TO LOW-CO SOLUTIONS FOR LOW-GRADE HEAT INDUSTRY NEEDS Recovery from high-grade heat waste, high- temperature heat pumps, bioenergy, geothermal energy, symbiosis heat networks Electric efficiency #24 - IMPLEMENT MASSIVE ELECTRIC EFFICIENCY PROGRAM F

21、OR ALL EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS High-efficiency motors, equipment and services along with digital and Industry 4.0 Other industrial products #25 - REDUCE GHG IMPACT OF REFRIGERANTS Mainstream the use of low-GHG refrigerants in all sectors #26 - REDUCE GHG IMPACT OF PLASTIC THROUGH REUSE AND RECYCL

22、ING Develop technology solutions to increase circularity of plastics EEA, 2018 data. 59 60 R EDUC E T H E N EED FOR CONC R E T E T H A N K S TO B E T T ER DE SIG N A N D A LT ER N AT I V E CONC R E T E FOR EQU I VA L EN T US AG E S New concrete and better use in construction Project opportunity and

23、ambition I N A N U T S H EL L Issue: Cement production accounts for 2% of global CO emissions; low- GHG alternatives exist but have not sufficiently penetrated the market yet Solution: Boost the use of biobased concrete, starting with 10,000 tons in 2030 Key impacts: 2.0 MtCOe avoided, 2.8 billion t

24、otal market, 42,000 jobs in 2030 Incentivize and allow architects to reduce use of concrete: more efficient design of buildings and use of hollow structures. Launch technical studies to assess areas and sectors in which biobased concrete can be rapidly and effectively deployed. Update the European a

25、nd national building standards to drive the adoption of biobased concrete and favor use of hollow-shaped concrete: Concrete standards should be performance-based rather than composition-based. Standards for calculating mechanical stress in buildings may have to be adapted to facilitate adaptation of

26、 shaped, hollow, and concrete blocks. Work with local authorities to encourage and reward the use of low-carbon building materials in public tenders. The success of the target described later is dependent on the collaboration between a range of stakeholders from the construction value chain. These i

27、nclude: the cement and concrete producers, the architects and contractors as well as local authorities. Projects that inspired this analysis: Green-cast, Isobio and Novhisol. #14 Innovation bet Drive to market scale Acceleration and scale-up Core processes for the cement, steel and chemical industri

28、es I N DUS T RY 55 T E C H Q U E S T S TO A CC E L E R AT E E U R O P E S R E CO V E R Y A N D PAV E T H E WAY TO C L I M AT E N E U T R A L I T Y Why this technology and project are needed to reach net-zero Impacts 2.0 MtCOe avoided 2.8 billion total market 3 billion turnover 42,000 jobs 5.9 MtCOe

29、avoided 8.4 billion total market 8.4 billion turnover 126,000 jobs C L I M AT E I M PAC T ECO N O M I C I M PAC T J O B S 20302050 Concrete uses cement, the production of which is responsible for 2% of total European CO emissions. As global construction activities gear up, there is an urgent need fo

30、r sustainable concrete no longer based on Portland cement, the basis of the construction industry for the past 200 years Most CO emissions from Portland cement production are so-called process emissions. They are linked to the decomposition of limestone (calcium carbonate) into calcium oxide. And, C

31、O is the byproduct of the production process. Various alternatives of concrete are identified, they can be based on hemp and lime, non-heated clay, and fly ash, which is waste from thermal plants. For example: the green concrete developed by the Drexel engineers, is based on old Egyptian technology,

32、 a form of alkali-activated cement that utilizes slag, an industrial byproduct, and limestone which does not require heating to produce. The target is to reach a market penetration rate of 30% by 2050, which is equivalent to 84 million tons of concrete. From EPFL data (0.6 tCOe/ton of cement, https:

33、/www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/301843), EC (163 Mt of cement produced in 2016, and 4.59 GtCOe emissions in 2015) From EPFL data (0.6 tCOe/ton of cement, https:/www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/301843), EC (163 Mt of cement produced in 2016, and 4.59 GtCOe emi

34、ssions in 2015) See calculation for market size of concrete #14 61 62 R EPL AC E T H E USE OF CONC R E T E WI T H C A R BON SI N K M AT ER I A L S I N N E W BU I L D Lower the climate impact of buildings with wood and alternative concrete Project opportunity and ambition I N A N U T S H EL L Issue:

35、New building construction is an emission-intensive process, with carbon-intense materials and high energy needs for transportation and equipment operation Solution: Upscale alternative comprehensive construction materials and approaches, using electric equipment (machines and vehicles), geothermal e

36、nergy, and green areas Key impacts: 28.5 MtCOe, 131.7 billion total market, 2.5 million jobs in 2030 Build 500 buildings in each European country by 2025 using low GHG-intensity materials and construction methods, with construction materials split between wood and low-GHG emitting cement. Project ty

37、pe 1: Wood buildings Build 250 buildings from wood in each European country by 2025, sourcing 100% of the materials from Europe and using cross-laminated timber (CLT, sourced wherever possible from a local wood supply) in each country before 2025. These will be built in 10 European regions, correspo

38、nding to 10 different types of buildings: including offices, detached houses and apartment blocks. Building regulations will have to be adjusted accordingly. Use of electric machines and equipment, like in the city of Oslo, where the goal was not only to build a structure from low-GHG-emitting mater

39、ials, will reduce emissions from construction activities, creating a net-zero construction site using low emissions and locally sourced materials, where possible. Include other low-carbon technologies for a comprehensive approach (geothermal heating, heating pumps, and other eco-materials such as he

40、mp, earth, etc.). Document key learnings from the project in terms of supply, market, regional constraints and difficulties in order to provide strong recommendations for scale-up. Projects and stakeholders that inspired our analysis: National Wood Processing Cluster (Czech Republic), Lithuanian Pre

41、fabricated Wooden House Cluster, Altiflex (Danish building support supplier) Project type 2: Low-GHG emitting cement buildings Build 250 low-GHG cement-based buildings in each European country by 2025, sourcing 100% of the materials from Europe and using various techniques (see Industry part for mor

42、e details on low-GHG cement). These will be built in 10 regions of Europe and include 10 different types of buildings, some detached houses, others apartment blocks, etc. As for project type 1, electric machines and equipment as well as other low-carbon technologies will be used, and the key learnin

43、gs will be documented. #15 Innovation bet Drive to market scale Acceleration and scale-up Core processes for the cement, steel and chemical industries I N DUS T RY 55 T E C H Q U E S T S TO A CC E L E R AT E E U R O P E S R E CO V E R Y A N D PAV E T H E WAY TO C L I M AT E N E U T R A L I T Y Why t

44、his technology and project are needed to reach net-zero Impacts 28.5 MtCOe avoided 131.7 billion total market 131.7 billion turnover in 2030 2,502,000 jobs 42.8 MtCOe avoided 197.6 billion total market 197.6 billion turnover in 2050 3,753,000 jobs C L I M AT E I M PAC T ECO N O M I C I M PAC T J O B

45、 S 20302050 The construction industry accounts for 11% of global emissions, mainly because it uses a lot of concrete. This is especially the case in Southern Europe, where many buildings are made from cement (the production of which accounts for 2% of total European emissions). The choice of materia

46、ls plays an important role in reducing energy demand and GHG emissions in the lifecycle of buildings. Alternatives to concrete, such as wood and low-carbon cement, produce less emissions, are carbon- neutral or even carbon-negative, and recyclable. Timber houses can have a negative carbon footprint,

47、 with 1m3 of spruce able to store 0.8 MtCO. Scandinavia is a European leader and 40% of Norway is covered in forests: its wood is exported for manufacturing into glulam and CLT in Austria and Germany, before being reimported into Norway for building construction. Construction activities are energy-i

48、ntensive and use heavy machinery, equipment, and vehicles. The use of electric construction equipment reduces GHG emissions and projects combining both new materials and electric equipment considerably reduce emissions. 63 64 R EDUC E SH A R E OF P ORT L A N D C L I N K ER I N C E M EN T A N D DE V

49、ELOP N E W A LT ER N AT I V E C L I N K ER S Low-GHG and new cements Project opportunity and ambition I N A N U T S H EL L Issue: Cement production accounts for 2% of EU CO emissions, and processes (excluding energy emissions) from clinker production alone generate 66% of those emissions Solution: Replacing clinker with substitutes (less clinker per unit of cement) can cut emissions by 18%6. Also, use of alternative clinkers (to replace th