1、OIL a period of time that is widely referred to as “The Lost Generation”. Oil & Gas Salary Guide | 10 John Faraguna, Managing Director, Hays Oil & Gas It is a difficult time for the industry and the decisions made today in the height of the commodities downturn will have a significant impact on how

2、deep the talent shortage will be in future years. The question has to be asked: are we creating a repeat of the 1980s talent shortage that in future years will again hold the industry hostage to inflated wages? “ ” Duncan Freer, Managing Director, Oil and Gas Job Search The low oil price environment

3、 has lasted a lot longer than many peoples expectations. Those surveyed have indicated they are hopeful to start seeing improvements towards the end of 2016. “ ” GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE SECTION SIX: INDUSTRY OUTLOOK SECTION FIVE: EMPLOYMENT TRENDS SECTION FOUR: BENEFITS INFORMATION SECTION THREE: SALARY

4、INFORMATION SECTION ONE: DEMOGRAPHICS SECTION TWO: INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE 11 | Oil & Gas Salary Guide INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE Regional View Political changes are having significant effects on oil and gas businesses. In Mexico, privatisation is driving new business opportunities whereas in Brazil, Venezue

5、la and Colombia, governments are battling significant debt and security concerns. Mexicos opening to the private sector will generate opportunities for exploration and production (E&P) operators, the E&P arms of international oil and gas companies, suppliers, and investors. In November 2015, Transca

6、nada announced that it expected to benefit fromMexicos energy sector privatisationand will build a new pipeline to carry gas fromhydraulic fracturingin the US to Mexicos electricitygrid, the first pipeline under Mexicos energy sector privatisation era. Brazils semi-state owned energy corporation, Pe

7、trobras, is facing significant challenges as it continues to carry the industrys biggest debt load, handle the fallout from the ongoing fraud and bribery investigations and now negotiate with its striking workforce. This has led to the organisation sitting out of the latest licensing round for the f

8、irst time ever. The countrys National Petroleum Agency sold only 37 of the 266 onshore and offshore blocks it offeredin the last round of auctions, which had the worst turnout in more than a decade. International major operators in Brazil, including Statoil ASA, Royal Dutch Shell Plc and Total SA, d

9、idnt submit any bids. The auction took place amid a slump in crude prices and a national political crisis while Petrobras struggled to come to terms with cash constraints. The Brazil auction followed on from a disappointing auction earlier in the year in Mexico. With crude prices having slumped almo

10、st 50 per cent in 2015, operators including ConocoPhillips and Shell have slashed investments in the country. Venezuela, one of the worlds largest oil exporters, was already finding it difficult to meet budgetary commitments and loan repayments due to economic mismanagement even before the oil price

11、 slumped. With inflation running at approximately 60 per cent, the country is on the brink of bankruptcy. Venezuela and Ecuador have led pleas to other member states in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)to limit oil production, in order to drive prices back up. However, OPEC to

12、 date has remained firm on maintaining production, preferring to battle for market share. Colombia continues to be blighted by attacks from anti-government guerrillas, and although pipeline attacks had declined significantly from 2005 to 2010, according to Colombias Ministry of Defence, the number o

13、f attacks has now increased substantially, reaching 141 in 2014.This has led to a significant rise in unplanned production disruptions in Colombia. The US Energy Information Administration estimates the country averaged 45,000 bbl/d of unplanned production disruption throughout 2014, nearly a three-

14、fold increase since 2012. As such, foreign investment into the region has reduced and a slowdown in the industry has occurred. With the appointmentof President Macri in Argentina, seen by many to be more pro-business than his predecessor Cristina Fernandez, analysts think planned policy changes by t

15、he new administration will help attract foreign capital into the countrys oil and gas industry. The Vaca Muerta play, located on Argentinas western border with Chile, is one of the most significant shale resources outside the US. With the new Government in place, one of the main impediments to inter

16、national investment seems to have been removed. However, the heavy impact of unions on labour costs still remains a significant hurdle that the state owned YPF will need to overcome in order to attract the partners it will need to fully develop the 6.3m acre play. The market in North America has bee

17、n unpredictable over the last year and this is set to continue throughout 2016. US drilling activity has seen a considerable slowdown. According to Baker Hughes Rig Count data there has been a 60 per cent drop in active rigs, dipping to levels not seen since July 2010, as upstream activity, primaril

18、y driven by the “shale boom”, has slowed in response to low oil prices. The drop in active US oil rigs has yet to translate into significant output declines, as the drop in activity levels have been offset by high-grading and other efficiency gains. However, the most recent data clearly shows that o

19、nshore production growth has stalled and output is starting to decline. It is still to be seen what effect, if any, this decline will have on the global supply/demand imbalance and prices. Throughout the year there has been a fundamental attitude shift in Washington D.C. towards lifting the 40 year

20、ban on US crude exports. Experts from different fields agree that exporting US crude oil will help grow the economy, lower consumer fuel prices and create jobs, all at a time when the industry sorely needs a boost. Once the worlds largest energy importer, the US is now poised to become the largest L

21、NG exporter in the world and this could potentially trigger five to seven years of unprecedented growth in demand for domestic natural gas. The implications this has for Australian projects are particularly significant. Until recently, Australia was expected to be the leading force in future global

22、LNG supplies. However, as highlighted in a recent study by McKinsey, even after taking into account the higher shipping costs to move LNG from the US to Asia, LNG supplies from green- field projects in Australia are still likely to be 30 per cent more expensive than from brownfield projects in the U

23、S. It has been a rough ride for the Canadian oil and gas industry, with several key projects having FID delays or being cancelled such as Keystone XL, Totals Pierre River and Canada LNG. A recent report conducted by CAPP, estimates some 35,000 workers have been laid off in the Alberta oil patch. How

24、ever, there is some good news as producers are realising the value of certain gas plays in Eastern British Columbia and Western Alberta. The Montney and Duvernay plays, for example, are still seeing significant investment inexploration and production, as companies such as Encana, Severn Generations

25、and Arc Resources look to take advantage of favourable pricing dynamics and improved technology that has aided well productivity. The continuing investment in these plays has led to several recent midstream infrastructure announcements. Meritage Midstream began construction of a 75 million cubic fee

26、t per day gas and 10,000 barrel per day crude pipeline in May and The North Montney mainline project received approval. Additionally, the Prince Rupert Gas Transmission Project started construction and is scheduled to be completed within the next four years. Although the layoffs and redundancies tha

27、t have occurred in North America have been well publicised in the media, there still remains pockets of hiring activity. LNG projects, such as Freeport, Sabine and Cove Point have moved into construction phase. This has led to high demand of qualified skilled labour including Electricians, Welders a

28、nd Mechanical Fitters. Furthermore, additional projects are expected to receive FID and move forward with construction plans over the next 12 to 18 months. As these projects move through the phases, demand for skilled trades will intensify as competing projects battle for talent in order to meet pro

29、ject timescales. Latin and South America North America There has been a 60 per cent drop in active rigs, dipping to levels not seen since July 2010. Mexicos opening to the private sector will generate opportunities for exploration and production (E&P) operators, the E&P arms of international oil and

30、 gas companies, suppliers, and investors. Oil & Gas Salary Guide | 12 The decline of activity in the North Sea will continue to have an impact on the workforce throughout 2016. However, there are a few glimmers of light as plans are being made that could reinvigorate hiring needs in the future. Last

31、 years Scottish referendum and recommendations from the Wood report have done little to spark activity in the region. A recent report by Oil and Gas UK highlighted that in the third quarter of 2015, 55 per cent of respondents reported lower activity than the previous quarter of 2015. With capital in

32、vestment across the industry of14.8 billion last year, capital investment is anticipated to decline between 2 billion and 4 billion annually into 2017, requiring further downsizing and restructuring by regional operators and service companies. In order to replace lost revenues from declining North S

33、ea output, the UK government has fast tracked the development of fracking. Recently passed legislation allows the Community Minister to directly approve shale gas permits, removing the decision making from local politicians after progress was blocked on the UKs first fracking wells. However, the Gov

34、ernment still faces strong opposition from environmental groups and it is yet to be seen how significant unconventional production will be. The North Sea region has seen its lowest exploration activity since the early 1970s and very few new projects have received FID due to unfavourable economic con

35、ditions. On the other hand, the reduction in new exploration and production is likely to help speed along the decommissioning phase of ageing and non-productive assets. Over the next few years, the process of retiring North Sea oil and gas facilities is anticipated to accelerate, creating opportunit

36、ies for those firms that develop the safest and most cost effective solutions. In turn, this is expected to generate new opportunities for those with relevant skills, such as Planners, Estimators, Supply Chain Professionals and Project Managers. For the past four years, Poland has been regarded as t

37、he European Unions biggest hope for developing indigenous sources of natural gas and the best prospect for breaking Russias grip over natural gas supplies into Europe. As such, dozens of wells have been drilled since 2010. However, only a very small percentage have been successful. In fact,a Bloombe

38、rg report highlighted that the most productiveof these projects have returned gas flows that were just 30 per cent of what is needed to be commercially viable. With Chevrons decision to cancel further drilling activities within Poland, Europe will need to seek alternative options if it is to reduce

39、dependency on Russian gas. INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE Regional View It has been a challenging year for the Russian economy. The Rouble has lost 43 per cent of its value against the dollar during the last 12 months and inflation has reached a 13 year high. EU and US sanctions have restricted trade with the

40、 West and the downturn in oil and gas has led to Russia sinking into recession for the first time since 2009. Oil and gas revenues account for more than 70 per cent of Russian export income, highlighting how heavily Russias economy relies on these revenues. In response to tightening sanctions, Russi

41、a has turned eastward to China for financial support and to tap into the Chinese talent pool in order to replace those workers lost as a result of western companies withdrawing from Russia following the sanctions. The $400 billion deal between the two countries will see Russia supplying China with g

42、as from Sakhalin, however, further deals seem to be on hold as Chinas Government struggles with a slowdown in its economy and waits to see the longer term implications of lower oil and gas prices. Russias lobbying of OPEC to cut production seems to have been futile, even after several high profile m

43、eetings with Saudi officials. Furthermore, with Russia taking military action in Syria, the possibility of the two largest oil producing countries agreeing on production cuts seems to have evaporated. Russia continues to increase output in a bid to win back market share from Saudi Arabia and other e

44、xporting countries. As such, the job market has remained steady and there is still high demand for Western rig managers and health safety experts with experience in the region. United Kingdom (UK) and Continental Europe Russia and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russia continues to compete

45、with Iran and Saudi Arabia, the other two leading oil exporting countries, for market share. The inevitable decommissioning of North Sea oil and gas facilities could create new jobs, especially for those in construction, supply chain, material management and safety. SECTION SIX: INDUSTRY OUTLOOK SEC

46、TION FIVE: EMPLOYMENT TRENDS SECTION FOUR: BENEFITS INFORMATION SECTION THREE: SALARY INFORMATION SECTION ONE: DEMOGRAPHICS SECTION TWO: INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE 13 | Oil & Gas Salary Guide Although the industry globally has suffered a well-publicised decline in project spend, the Gulf Cooperation Counc

47、il (GCC) has decided to continue with infrastructure projects. In some cases, budgets have been increased to bolster a growth in production and to help be more self- sufficient, relying less on the refining capability of other countries. The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) for the first time in

48、 eight years issued a $4 billion domestic bond designed to assist the Government in dealing with a deficit of $130 billion for 2015, or 17.5 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP). Last years deficit was only approximately 2.3 per cent of GDP. Oil production in Saudi Arabia continued to increase t

49、hroughout the year with Saudi Aramco ramping up production in order to maintain market share. In recent years, the primary concern has been competition posed by shale oil production from the US. Now there is a new challenge as Iranian oil could be flooding the market in 2016 after a deal to remove sanctions was agreed. This has left Saudi Arabia pondering on what rate and pace Irans oil and gas resources will return to the market and the effect this will have on an already depressed oil price. We can assume from Irans perspective, having suffered varying degre