1、U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T Geneva, 2021 HANDBOOK OF STATISTICS 21 2021 2 Handbook of Statistics 2021 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance

2、Center at . All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications 405 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 United States of America Email: publicationsun.org Website: shop.un.org The designations employed and the presentation

3、of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. A dispute exists betwe

4、en the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). The final boundary between the Sudan and the South Sudan has not yet been determined. The final status of the following territories has not yet be

5、en agreed or determined: Abyei area, Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh, Bir Tawil, Halaib Triangle, Ilemi Triangle, Jammu and Kashmir, Kuril Islands, Paracel Islands, Scarborough Shoal, Senkaku Islands, Spratly Islands. The publication has not been formally edited. United Nations publication issued by t

6、he United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. TD/STAT. 46 ISBN: 978-92-1-112997-7 eISBN: 978-92-1-001061-0 ISSN: 1992-8408 eISSN: 2225-3270 Sales No.: E.22.II.D.2 3 Handbook of Statistics 12021 The tables in this handbook represent extractions from or analytical summaries of datasets contai

7、ned in the UNCTADstat Data Center, available at: https:/unctadstat.unctad.org/ UNCTADstat is continuously updated and enhanced, thus providing users with the latest available data. Consequently, the figures from this handbook, which presents statistics at a point in time, may not always correspond w

8、ith the latest figures in UNCTADstat. Basic information on concepts, definitions and calculation methods of the presented data are provided in the boxes titled “Concepts and definitions” in each section and in annex 6.3 of this handbook. More detailed information on the sources and methods used for

9、production of data available in UNCTADstat can be found in the documentation attached to the respective UNCTADstat dataset (UNCTAD, 2021a). Where the designation “economy” appears, it refers to a country, territory or area. The assignment of economies to specific groups is done for statistical conve

10、nience and does not imply any assumption regarding the political or other affiliation of these economies by the United Nations. Likewise, the designations “developing” and “developed” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a par

11、ticular economy in the development process. Due to the removal of the “transition economies” group, the classification of economies into “developing” and “developed” applied in this handbook is different from the classification used in previous editions. Also, a broader definition of small island de

12、veloping States (SIDS) is applied, as defined by the United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and the Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS). The corresponding group aggregates are therefore not comparable with data prese

13、nted in previous handbooks. For more details, see annex 6.2 of this handbook. Unless otherwise specified, the values of groups of economies represent the sums of the values of the individual economies included in the group. Calculation of these aggregates may take into account data estimated by the

14、UNCTAD secretariat that are not necessarily reported separately. When data coverage is insufficient within a group of economies, no aggregation is undertaken and the symbol (-) is assigned. Due to rounding, values do not necessarily add up exactly to their corresponding totals. United States dollars

15、 (US$) are expressed in current United States dollars of the year to which they refer, unless otherwise specified. “Ton” means metric ton (1 000 kg). Due to space constraints, the names of the following countries may appear in abbreviated form: the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the Democratic Peop

16、les Republic of Korea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, the Federated States of Micronesia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2021 i

17、s available in PDF format from the UNCTAD website, at: https:/unctad.org/HandbookOfStatistics. Notes 2021 4 Handbook of Statistics The world by development status Developing economies Developed economies Least developed countries (LDCs) The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on thi

18、s map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 5 Handbook of Statistics 12021 Handbook of Statistics 2021 Handbook of Statistics 1 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 11 1. International merchandise trade 14 2. International trade in services 32 6. Annexes 84 Abbreviations

19、 and symbols 12 3. Economic trends 42 4. Population 60 5. Maritime transport 70 List of tables 10 List of maps and figures 8 Abc 2021 2021 8 Handbook of Statistics List of maps and figures Maps Map 1.1 Merchandise exports as a ratio to gross domestic product, 2020 16 Map 1.2 Main world import flows,

20、 2020 20 Map 1.3 Main export products, 2020 24 Map 1.4 Trade openness index, 2020 28 Map 2.1 Exports of services as a ratio to gross domestic product, 2020 34 Map 2.2 Growth in services exports by category, 20152020 38 Map 3.1 Gross domestic product per capita, 2020 44 Map 3.2 Current account balanc

21、e as a ratio to gross domestic product, 2020 48 Map 3.3 Foreign direct investment inflows as a ratio to gross domestic product, 2020 52 Map 3.4 Annual growth of consumer prices, 2020 56 Map 4.1 Annual population growth, 2020 62 Map 4.2 Dependency ratio, 2020 66 Map 5.1 Tonnage loaded and discharged,

22、 2020 72 Map 5.2 Building, ownership, registration and recycling of ships, 2020 76 Map 5.3 Liner shipping connectivity, 2021 80 Figures Figure 1.1.1 World merchandise exports, quarterly 16 Figure 1.1.2 Merchandise trade annual growth rates, 2020 17 Figure 1.1.3 Merchandise trade balance 17 Figure 1.

23、2.1 Intra- and extra-regional exports, 2020 20 Figure 1.2.2 Global trade flows, 2020 21 Figure 1.2.3 Developing economies main export destinations, 2020 21 Figure 1.3.1 Export structure of developing economies by product group, 2020 24 Figure 1.3.2 Annual growth rate of exports by product group, 202

24、0 25 Figure 1.3.3 Developing economies extra-trade structure, 2020 25 Figure 1.4.1 Terms of trade index 28 Figure 1.4.2 Market concentration index of exports 29 Figure 1.4.3 Volume index of exports and imports 29 Figure 2.1.1 World services exports, quarterly 34 Figure 2.1.2 Services trade annual gr

25、owth rates, 2020 35 Figure 2.1.3 Top 5 services exporters, 2020 35 Figure 2.2.1 Annual growth rate of services exports, 2020 38 Figure 2.2.2 Structure of services exports, 2020 39 Figure 2.2.3 Exports of telecommunications, computer and information services, by group of economies, 2020 39 Figure 3.1

26、.1 World real gross domestic product, annual growth rate 44 Figure 3.1.2 Growth of real gross domestic product by group of economies, 2020 45 Figure 3.1.3 Distribution of world gross domestic product 45 9 Handbook of Statistics 12021 Figure 3.2.1 Balances in the current account 48 Figure 3.2.2 Balan

27、ces in least developed countries current accounts 49 Figure 3.3.1 World foreign direct investment inflows 52 Figure 3.3.2 Foreign direct investment inflows and outflows, 2020 53 Figure 3.3.3 Selected foreign direct investment flows 53 Figure 3.4.1 Exchange rates against the United States dollar 56 F

28、igure 3.4.2 UNCTAD Commodity Price Index 57 Figure 3.4.3 Year-on-year growth of prices by commodity group 57 Figure 4.1.1 Annual growth rate of world population 62 Figure 4.1.2 World population by group of economies 63 Figure 4.1.3 Urban population by group of economies 63 Figure 4.2.1 World populat

29、ion by age group 66 Figure 4.2.2 Population pyramids, 2020 67 Figure 4.2.3 Dependency ratio by age structure 67 Figure 5.1.1 Goods loaded worldwide 72 Figure 5.1.2 Seaborne trade of developing economies 73 Figure 5.1.3 Seaborne trade balance 73 Figure 5.2.1 World fleet by principal vessel type 76 Fi

30、gure 5.2.2 Fleet market by region of beneficial ownership, 2021 77 Figure 5.2.3 Vessels capacity in top 5 registries 77 Figure 5.3.1 Liner shipping connectivity index, top 5 economies 80 Figure 5.3.2 World container port throughput 81 Figure 5.3.3 Containerized port traffic by group of economies, 20

31、20 81 2021 10 Handbook of Statistics List of tables Table 1.1.1 Merchandise trade by group of economies 18 Table 1.1.2 Merchandise trade of least developed countries, main exporters 18 Table 1.1.3 Leading exporters and importers in developing economies, by group of economies, 2020 19 Table 1.2.1 Exp

32、orts by origin and destination, 2020 22 Table 1.2.2 Exports by origin and destination, selected years 22 Table 1.2.3 Top destinations of developing economies exports 23 Table 1.2.4 Top origins of developing economies imports 23 Table 1.3 Exports by product group, origin and destination, 2020 26 Tabl

33、e 1.4.1 Selected trade indices by group of economies 30 Table 1.4.2 Selected trade indices, landlocked developing countries 31 Table 2.1.1 Trade in services by group of economies 36 Table 2.1.2 Leading services exporters and importers by group of economies, 2020 36 Table 2.2.1 Trade in services by s

34、ervice category and group of economies 40 Table 2.2.2 Exports of selected services, by region, 2020 41 Table 3.1.1 Gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita 46 Table 3.1.2 Nominal gross domestic product by type of expenditure, 2019 46 Table 3.1.3 Nominal gross value added by econo

35、mic activity 47 Table 3.1.4 Economies with highest gross domestic product per capita 47 Table 3.2.1 Current account balance by group of economies 50 Table 3.2.2 Current account balance in largest surplus and deficit economies 50 Table 3.2.3 Current accounts of leading exporters (goods and services)

36、by group of economies, 2020 50 Table 3.3.1 Foreign direct investment flows by group of economies 54 Table 3.3.2 Foreign direct investment stock by group of economies 54 Table 3.3.3 Foreign direct investment inflows, top 20 host economies, 2020 55 Table 3.3.4 Foreign direct investment outflows, top 2

37、0 home economies, 2020 55 Table 3.4.1 Consumer prices by group of economies 58 Table 3.4.2 Exchange rate and consumer prices among main exporting economies 58 Table 3.4.3 Price indices of selected primary commodities 59 Table 3.4.4 Monthly price indices of main commodity groups 59 Table 4.1.1 Total

38、population by group of economies 64 Table 4.1.2 Urban population by group of economies 64 Table 4.1.3 Most populated economies 65 Table 4.2.1 Age structure and dependency ratio 68 Table 4.2.2 Population by age class, 2020 69 Table 4.2.3 Female population by age class, 2020 69 Table 5.1.1 Total seabo

39、rne trade by group of economies 74 Table 5.1.2 Seaborne trade by cargo type and group of economies 74 Table 5.1.3 Development of goods loaded worldwide by type of cargo 75 Table 5.2.1 Merchant fleet registration by group of economies 78 Table 5.2.2 Fleet ownership and registration, main economies, 1

40、 January 2021 79 Table 5.3.1 Liner shipping connectivity index of most connected economies, by region 82 Table 5.3.2 Time at port, by market segment, in the top 20 economies by port call, 2020 83 Table 5.3.3 Liner shipping connectivity of the worlds seven most connected economies 83 Table 6.1 Key in

41、dicators by economy, 2020 86 Table 6.2 Grouping of service categories on the basis of EBOPS 2010 99 11 Handbook of Statistics 12021 Introduction The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2021 provides a wide range of statistics and indicators relevant to the analysis of international trade, investment, mari

42、time transport and development. Reliable statistical information is indispensable for formulating sound policies and recommendations that may commit countries for many years as they strive to integrate into the world economy and improve the living standards of their citizens. The UNCTAD Handbook of

43、Statistics and the UNCTADstat Data Center make internationally comparable sets of data available to policymakers, research specialists, academics, officials from national governments, representatives of international organizations, journalists, executive managers and members of non-governmental orga

44、nizations. In addition, these statistics underpin all UNCTAD activities. Whether for research, policy advice or technical cooperation, UNCTAD needs reliable and internationally comparable trade, financial and macroeconomic data, covering several decades and for as many countries as possible. This ye

45、ars online edition again incorporates interactive charts and maps. The choropleth maps help to make smaller territories more visible. We encourage users to explore these features using the online version of the handbook or e-handbook available at: https:/stats.unctad.org/handbook/. The e-handbook is

46、 a fully interactive tool, including maps and charts, that allow readers to directly access the data from the UNCTADstat Data Center associated with each table or chart. With the release of 2020 data, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are evident in a myriad of indicators in this 2021 edition. Th

47、e handbook accordingly provides a wide overview of the consequences of the pandemic across a variety of sectors. As in previous editions, several nowcasts for the current year are included. Given the increased importance of timely data, the handbook has been supplemented by quarterly trade nowcasts,

48、 see also: https:/unctad.org/MerchandiseTradeNowcast. 2021 12 Handbook of Statistics Abbreviations and Symbols Abbreviations BPM6Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition BRICSBrazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CIFcost, insurance and freight CPIconsum

49、er price index Dem. Rep.Democratic Republic dwtdead-weight tons EBOPS 20102010 Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification FDIforeign direct investment FOBfree on board G20Group of Twenty GDPgross domestic product gtgross tons HIPCsheavily indebted poor countries HSHarmonized Commodity Desc

50、ription and Coding System IMFInternational Monetary Fund ISICInternational Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities ITCInternational Trade Centre LDCsleast developed countries LLDCslandlocked developing countries LNGliquefied natural gas LPGliquefied petroleum gas LSBCIliner shi