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1、 NGMN Alliance e.V.Groer Hasenpfad 30 60598 Frankfurt Germany Phone+49 69/9 07 49 98-0 Email officengmn.org DEFINITION OF THE TESTING FRAMEWORK FOR NGMN 5G TRIAL AND TESTING INITIATIVE PHASE 2 by NGMN Alliance Version:1.8 Date:16.12.2022 Document Type:Final Deliverable(approved)Confidentiality Class
2、:P-Public Authorised Recipients:(for CR documents only)Project:5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Editor/Submitter:Yue Hao(CMCC)Contributors:Chen Liang(CMCC),Wei Deng(CMCC),Cemil Karakus(Turkcell),Rexy Geevarghese(Bell Canada),Fran Dominguez(Vodafone),Lydia Alcalde(Vodafone),Miguel Angel Martin
3、ez(Vodafone),Che-Wei Yeh(Chunghwa Telecom),Hongbiao Zhang(CMCC),Ting Ke(CMCC),Yuxuan Xie(CMCC),Xiaoxin Hu(ZTE),Yi Ding(ZTE),Yong Zhan(ZTE),Shaolong Liu(ZTE),Rui Gong(Huawei),Xinqian Xie(Huawei),Haijin Li(Huawei),Jun Chen(Huawei),Xu Zhang(Huawei),Xue Liu(Huawei),Ye Yang(Huawei),Huajiang Liu(Huawei),Y
4、i Shi(Huawei),Tie Shen(Nokia),Zhuyan Zhao(Nokia),Wulong Wang(Nokia),Gary Li(Intel),Liang Liu(CMCC),Lijie Hu(CMCC),Xiaoya Tang(CMCC),Ningyu Chen(CMCC),Chunhui Liu(CMCC),Weiwen Weng(CMCC),Ya Liu(CMCC),Yan Li(CMCC),Guiying Wang(CMCC),Xinyi Wang(CMCC)Approved by/Date:NGMN Board,14th December 2022 Defini
5、tion of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 2022 Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance e.V.All rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission f
6、rom NGMN Alliance e.V.The information contained in this document represents the current view held by NGMN Alliance e.V.on the issues discussed as of the date of publication.This document is provided“as is”with no warranties whatsoever including any warranty of merchantability,non-infringement,or fit
7、ness for any particular purpose.All liability(including liability for infringement of any property rights)relating to the use of information in this document is disclaimed.No license,express or implied,to any intellectual property rights are granted herein.This document is distributed for informatio
8、nal purposes only and is subject to change without notice.Readers should not design products based on this document.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Abstract NGMN started its 5G Trial&Testing Initiative(TTI)Phase 2 in
9、 2021 to continue the global collaboration on test activities towards the commercialisation of 3GPP Releases 16/17/18.This White Paper focuses on the definition of the testing framework for Release 16,including the test configurations,the working scope,the trial setup requirements,and the testing me
10、thodologies.The scope of testing covers four technology categories:Smart and Effective System,Enhancement of Existing Capabilities,Maximising Spectrum Value,and New Application Enabler.Each category consists of several technology directions,which are broken down to the technology features highlighte
11、d from the global operators perspective.The corresponding test results will be published in future NGMN deliverables.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Contents 1 Introduction.1 2 Scope.2 3 Trial Setup Requirements.3 3.
12、1 Indoor Hot Spot.3 3.2 Dense Urban.4 3.3 Urban Macro.5 3.4 Rural.6 4 Smart and Effective System.7 4.1 Artificial Intelligence(AI).7 4.1.1 Radio-Fingerprint-Based Smart Handover.7 4.1.2 QoE Optimisation.11 4.1.3 ML-Based AMC.14 4.1.4 Network Orchestration for the Spectrum Sharing.18 4.1.5 Smart Slic
13、e Resource Reservation.20 4.1.6 Differentiated Service with the Application Awareness.23 4.2 Base Station Energy Saving.25 4.2.1 Sub-Frame Silence.25 4.2.2 Channel Silence.31 4.2.3 AAU Shallow Dormancy.35 4.2.4 AAU Deep Dormancy.39 4.2.5 Energy Efficiency.42 5 Enhancement of Existing Capabilities.44
14、 5.1 Uplink Centric Evolution.44 5.1.1 DFT-s-OFDM Waveform Test.44 5.2 Massive MIMO Evolution.47 5.2.1 Codebook Type 2 for MU-MIMO,DL Capacity Increase.47 5.3 URLLC Enhancement.50 5.3.1 Uplink Pre-Allocation for Delay Sensitive Services.50 5.3.2 DS Frame Structure.53 6 Maximise Spectrum Value.55 6.1
15、 Duplex Evolution.55 6.1.1 Cross-Link Interference.56 6.1.2 Sub-Band Non-Overlapping Full Duplex.61 Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 6.2 Flexible Spectrum Access.67 6.2.1 Definition.67 6.2.2 Testing Environment.67 6.2
16、.3 Reporting and Analysing Results.69 6.3 Multi-Band Serving Cell.70 6.3.1 Definition.70 6.3.2 Testing Environment.70 6.3.3 Reporting and Analysing Results.73 6.4 Higher Frequency.73 6.4.1 FR1 and FR2 NR Dual Connectivity.73 6.4.2 NR Carrier Aggregation.77 7 New Application Enabler.80 7.1 High-Inter
17、active Broadband Communication.80 7.1.1 Capacity Evaluation.80 7.1.2 UE Power Consumption Evaluation.86 7.2 Positioning and Sensing Evolution.89 7.2.1 5G Precise Positioning Solution.89 7.2.2 Harmonised Communication and Sensing.92 7.3 Passive IoT.95 7.3.1 Definition.96 7.3.2 Testing Environment.96
18、7.3.3 Reporting and Analysing Results.98 List of Abbreviations.99 References.104 Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 1(104)1 INTRODUCTION This White Paper is the first of six deliverables of NGMNs 5G Trial and Testi
19、ng Initiative(TTI)Phase 2.Phase 2 has the following objectives:Enable the global collaboration of testing activities to support an efficient,successful,and in-time 5G technology and service introduction.Proof of Concept(PoC):Demonstrate the proof of concepts on the 5G functionality and performance o
20、f pre-standards(Release 17/18)technologies.Pre-commercial Trials:Visualise 5G capabilities and advantages in(nearly)pre-commercial conditions(Release 16/17/18).Consolidate contributions and report on the industry progress in order to ensure the development of globally aligned 5G technology and servi
21、ce solutions.Identify,test,and promote new business opportunities and use cases with industry stakeholders(e.g.from vertical industries).Provide NGMNs contributions to 3GPP Release 16/17/18 standards.The milestones of Phase 2 are illustrated in Error!Reference source not found.The current milestone
22、is D1.Figure 1:NGMN TTI Phase 2 Milestones Notes:D1 The framework definition for R16/Implementation schemes/Prototypes(this White Paper).D2-Test results for R16/Implementation schemes/Prototypes.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16De
23、cember2022 Page 2(104)D3-The framework definition for R17/Implementation schemes/Prototypes.D4-Test results for R17/Implementation schemes/Prototypes.D5-The framework definition for R18/Implementation schemes/Prototypes.D6-Test results for R18/Implementation schemes/Prototypes.2 SCOPE NGMN 5G TTI Ph
24、ase 2 includes the following four technology categories and key directions.Table 1:NGMN 5G TTI Phase 2 Working Scope Technology Categories Key Directions Releases Smart and Effective System AI R16 Base Station Energy Saving R16 Enhancement of Existing Capabilities Uplink Centric Evolution R16 Massiv
25、e MIMO Evolution R16 URLLC Enhancement R16 Mobility Enhancement R16 Maximising Spectrum Value Duplex Evolution R18 Flexible Spectrum Access R18 and beyond Multi-Band Serving-Cell R18 and beyond Higher Frequency R16 New Application Enabler Positioning and Sensing Evolution R16/R18 and beyond Passive
26、IoT R18 and beyond New Broadcasting Evolution R17 High-Interactive Broadband Communication R17 Notes:The working scope may change with the project members plans and the project progress.The technologies to be tested can be based on 3GPP specifications or vendor specific implementation schemes or pro
27、totypes.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 3(104)The Release version in Table 1 indicates the public release time of the first document corresponding to that of each 3GPP standards.The document can be implementatio
28、n schemes,prototypes,protocols,etc.,of each key direction.3 TRIAL SETUP REQUIREMENTS This chapter specifies the deployment scenarios including the used frequency bands and all the practical considerations for each deployment scenario 1.For the detailed deployment requirements of each testing case,pl
29、ease refer to the Testing Configuration in Chapters 4-7.In case of the difference between the testing configuration and the deployment attributes and values in this chapter,please refer to the configuration requirements in Chapters 4-7.3.1 Indoor Hot Spot This section focuses on the high user densit
30、y and the high capacity/throughput in the indoor hot spot scenario.Scenario specific deployment attributes and expected values are listed in Table 2.Table 2:The Deployment Attributes of the Indoor Hot Spot Scenario Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz and above 6 GHz(around 30 GHz&
31、70 GHz)Aggregated System Bandwidth Sub 6 GHz:100 MHz Above 6 GHz(around 30 GHz&70 GHz):800 MHz Sub-Carrier Spacing eMBB:30 kHz for sub 6 GHz,120 kHz for above 6 GHz URLLC:60(30)kHz Carrier Prefix(CP)Length 2.3 us for eMBB;1.2 us for URLLC Slot Length eMBB:0.5 ms(14 symbols),0.25 ms(7 symbols)(Option
32、al:mini-slots)URLLC:0.125 ms Number of Layers 1 BS Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 256 Tx and Rx antenna elements(64 or 128 is recommended)Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 4(104)Above 6 GHz:up to 256 Tx and Rx a
33、ntenna elements(around 30 GHz&70 GHz)UE Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 8 Tx and Rx antenna elements(4 is recommended)Above 6 GHz:up to 32 Tx and Rx antenna elements(around 30 GHz&70 GHz)User Location and Speed 100%indoor(3 km/h)Traffic Type The full buffer or non-full-buffer traffic depends on the
34、 scenario Inter Site Distance 20 metres 3.2 Dense Urban This section focuses on the high user density and high traffic loads in city centres in the outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor coverage scenarios.Scenario specific deployment attributes and expected values are listed in Table 3.Table 3:The Deploymen
35、t Attributes of the Dense Urban Areas Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz and above 6 GHz(around 30 GHz)Aggregated System Bandwidth Sub 6 GHz:100 MHz Above 6 GHz(around 30 GHz):800 MHz Sub-Carrier Spacing eMBB:30 kHz for sub 6 GHz,120 kHz for above 6 GHz URLLC:60(30)kHz Carrier Pr
36、efix(CP)Length 2.3 us for eMBB;1.2 us for URLLC Slot Length eMBB:0.5 ms(14 symbols),0.25 ms(7 symbols)(Optional:mini-slots)URLLC:0.125 ms Number of Layers 2 BS Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 256 Tx and Rx antenna elements(64 or 128 is recommended)Above 6 GHz:up to 256 Tx and Rx antenna elements(ar
37、ound 30 GHz)UE Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 8 Tx and Rx antenna elements(4 is recommended)Above 6 GHz:up to 32 Tx and Rx antenna elements(around 30 GHz)Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 5(104)User Location and
38、 Speed 80%indoor(3 km/h)and 20%outdoor(30 km/h)Traffic Type The full buffer or non-full-buffer traffic depends on the scenario Inter Site Distance 200 metres 3.3 Urban Macro This section focuses on the continuous coverage in the urban macro scenario.Scenario specific deployment attributes and expect
39、ed values are listed in Table 4.Table 4:The Deployment Attributes of the Urban Macro Scenario Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz and above 6 GHz(around 30 GHz)Aggregated System Bandwidth Sub 6 GHz:100 MHz Above 6 GHz(around 30 GHz):800 MHz Sub-Carrier Spacing eMBB:30 kHz for sub
40、6 GHz,120 kHz for above 6 GHz URLLC:60(30)kHz Carrier Prefix(CP)Length 2.3 us for eMBB;1.2 us for URLLC Slot Length eMBB:0.5 ms(14 symbols),0.25 ms(7 symbols)(Optional:mini-slots)URLLC:0.125 ms Number of Layers 1 BS Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 256 Tx and Rx antenna elements(64 or 128 is recomme
41、nded)Above 6 GHz:up to 256 Tx and Rx antenna elements(around 30 GHz)UE Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 8 Tx and Rx antenna elements(4 is recommended)Above 6 GHz:up to 32 Tx and Rx antenna elements(around 30 GHz)User Location and Speed 80%indoor(3 km/h)and 20%outdoor(30 km/h)Traffic Type The full bu
42、ffer or non-full-buffer traffic depends on the scenario Inter Site Distance 500 metres Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 6(104)3.4 Rural This section focuses on the continuous coverage in the rural area.Scenario s
43、pecific deployment attributes and expected values are listed in Table 5.Table 5:The Deployment Attributes of the Rural Areas Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(around 4 GHz)and sub 1 GHz Aggregated System Bandwidth Sub 6 GHz:100 MHz Sub 1 GHz:20 MHz Sub-Carrier Spacing eMBB:30 kH
44、z for sub 6 GHz,30(15)kHz for sub 1 GHz URLLC:60(30)kHz Carrier Prefix(CP)Length 2.3 us for eMBB;1.2 us for URLLC Slot Length eMBB:0.5 ms(14 symbols),0.25 ms(7 symbols)(Optional:mini-slots)for sub 6 GHz;0.5 ms for sub 1 GHz URLLC:0.125 ms Number of Layers 1 BS Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 256 Tx
45、 and Rx antenna elements(64 or 128 is recommended)Sub 1 GHz:up to 64 Tx and Rx antenna elements UE Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 8 Tx and Rx antenna elements(4 is recommended)Sub 1 GHz:up to 4 Tx and Rx antenna elements User Location and Speed 50%indoor(3 km/h)and 50%outdoor(30 km/h to 120 km/h)T
46、raffic Type The full buffer or non-full-buffer traffic depends on the scenario Inter Site Distance 1500 metres to 5000 metres Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 7(104)4 SMART AND EFFECTIVE SYSTEM 4.1 Artificial Int
47、elligence(AI)4.1.1 Radio-Fingerprint-Based Smart Handover The UE handover highly depends on the measurement report(MR)of the cells on neighbour frequencies.With the increasing number of bands,inter-frequency/RAT(radio access technology)measurements of the UE may cause amounts of signalling overheads
48、 over the Uu interface,cost the massive UE power consumption,and severely impact running services due to the data interruption of the inter-frequency/RAT measurement gap.The inter-frequency/RAT measurements also lead to the slow handover as waiting for the inter-frequency/RAT MR from the UE.Therefor
49、e,how to enable the fast inter-frequency/RAT measurement for a more efficient handover becomes an important issue.Based on the historical measurement results,the radio fingerprint information can be exploited and predicted,simultaneously with the great help for the multi-band inter-frequency/RAT han
50、dover.The radio fingerprint is composed of multiple virtual grids.The virtual grids are the logical units of one cell,and constructed based on historical reports of intra-frequency measurement results(including the reference signal received power RSRP of the serving cell and two neighbour cells with
51、 the strongest RSRP).The inter-frequency information stored in the grids is learned from the UE inter-frequency measurement reports.With the information of virtual grids,such as the cell ID for the inter-frequency/RAT handover and the DL spectrum efficiency(SE),the system can predict the RSRP,the in
52、terference,etc.,of the target cell,as well as eliminate the handover measurement process to avoid the inter-frequency/RAT measurement gap and improve the efficiency of the inter-frequency/RAT handover.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.
53、8,16December2022 Page 8(104)4.1.1.1 Definition For the radio-fingerprint-based smart handover,firstly,based on the intra-frequency measurement information of the UE,the inter-frequency/RAT measurement information of the UE is predicted by the radio fingerprint.Then the inter-frequency/RAT handover w
54、ithout the gap is performed.Its realisation involves the radio fingerprint construction,the radio fingerprint prediction,and the generation of the smart inter-frequency/RAT handover decision.4.1.1.2 Testing Environment 4.1.1.2.1 Testing Setup In the multi-band and multi-cell networking,the UE is ran
55、domly distributed.Figure 2 illustrates an example.The test serving cell is CELL1,while CELL2 and CELL4 are the intra-frequency neighbour cells of CELL1.CELL3 is the inter-frequency neighbour cell of CELL1.CELL5 is a 4G neighbour cell of CELL1.Figure 2:The Testing Setup for the Radio-Fingerprint-base
56、d Smart Handover Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 9(104)4.1.1.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 6:The Testing Configuration for the Radio-Fingerprint-Based Smart Handover Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequenc
57、y Sub 6 GHz Notes 1)The testing UE is registered and enters the RRC_IDLE state.2)The UE resides in CELL1,a 5G cell,which has the intra-frequency 5G neighbours(CELL2 and CELL4),the inter-frequency 5G neighbour(CELL3),and the inter-RAT neighbour(CELL5).3)The radio fingerprint of CELL1 has been constru
58、cted.4)The testing UE supports the 4G frequency band of CELL5,the NR frequency band of CELL1,and the NR frequency band of CELL3.4.1.1.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.The smart inter-frequency handover:1)Turn off the radio-fingerprint-based inter-frequency handover function.2)The testing UE initiates the se
59、rvice in CELL1 to enter the RRC_CONNECTED state.3)By adjusting the reference signal of CELL1,the UE is triggered to be handed over from CELL1 to CELL3 based on the UE inter-frequency MR.4)Repeat step 3)10 times.Record the total time for the handover process(from the time when the serving cell initia
60、tes handover measurement configuration to the time when the target cell receives RRC connection reconfiguration completion)and the user throughput of UL and DL for each test.5)Turn on the radio-fingerprint-based inter-frequency handover function.6)The testing UE initiates the service in CELL1 to ent
61、er the RRC_CONNECTED state.7)By adjusting the reference signal of CELL1,the UE is triggered to be handed over from CELL1 to CELL3 based on the radio fingerprint through which the UE does not need the inter-frequency MR.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative
62、Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 10(104)8)Repeat step 7)10 times.Record the total time for the handover process(from the time when the serving cell initiates the RRC connection reconfiguration request to the time when the target cell receives the RRC connection reconfiguration completion)and
63、the user throughput of UL and DL for each test.2.The smart inter-RAT handover:1)Turn off the radio-fingerprint-based inter-RAT handover function.2)The testing UE initiates the service in CELL1 to enter the RRC_CONNECTED state.3)By adjusting the reference signal of CELL1,the UE is triggered to be han
64、ded over from CELL1 to CELL5 based on the UE inter-RAT measurement.4)Repeat step 3)10 times.Record the total time for the handover process(from the time when the serving cell initiates handover measurement configuration to the time when the target cell receives RRC connection reconfiguration complet
65、ion)and the user throughput of UL and DL for each test.5)Turn on the radio-fingerprint-based inter-RAT handover function.6)The testing UE initiates the service in CELL1 to enter the RRC_CONNECTED state.7)By adjusting the reference signal of CELL1,the UE is triggered to be handed over from CELL1 to C
66、ELL5 based on the radio fingerprint through which the UE does not need the inter-RAT measurement.8)Repeat step 7)10 times.Record the total time for the handover process(from the time when the serving cell initiates the RRC connection reconfiguration request to the time when the target cell receives
67、the RRC connection reconfiguration completion)and the user throughput of UL and DL for each test.4.1.1.2.4 Success Criteria 1.After turning on the radio-fingerprint-based inter-frequency/RAT handover,the UE can successfully switch to the target cell without the inter-frequency/RAT measurement.Servic
68、es continue.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 11(104)2.After turning on the radio fingerprint-based inter-frequency/RAT handover switch,the handover execution is accelerated without the handover measurement,and th
69、e total time for the handover process is reduced.3.After turning on the radio fingerprint-based inter-frequency/RAT handover switch,the UL and DL user throughput are significantly improved.4.1.1.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 7:The Reporting and Analysing Results for Radio-Fingerprint-Based
70、 Smart Handover Turn on the Handover Function Turn off the Handover Function The Total Time for the Handover Process UL User Throughput DL User Throughput 4.1.2 QoE Optimisation 5G native video applications,such as high-resolution videos(e.g.8K video/VR),need the high transmission bandwidth and are
71、sensitive to the latency.The quality of the user experience(QoE)of the high-resolution video service is more vulnerable to the fluctuations of the wireless transmission,resulting in the video stream jitter and mosaic.Traditional semi-static QoS frameworks cannot efficiently satisfy the QoE requireme
72、nts of high-resolution video applications;therefore,AI/ML(machine learning)solutions are introduced to optimise the QoE.4.1.2.1 Definition The AI use case of the QoE optimisation is to periodically predict the UE uplink radio channel capacity every 100 milliseconds via the RAN(radio access network)i
73、ntelligent controller(RIC).The prediction will be used to indicate the high-resolution cameras video streaming codec and the gNB(5G NodeB)radio resource scheduler to optimise the user experience of high-resolution videos(to avoid the video stream jitter,mosaic,etc.).Firstly,the RIC will Definition o
74、f the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 12(104)collect data of the base transceiver station(BTS)and the UE(e.g.the cell load),the UE uplink channel measurement results such as the SINR,etc.,and perform the uplink channel capacity p
75、rediction based on the collected data.The prediction results will be stored and fed back as the input for the next prediction.Secondly,when the RIC predicts the deterioration of the UE uplink capacity,based on the prediction results,it guides the high-resolution cameras to decrease the video streami
76、ng codec rate and RAN to reserve proper physical resource blocks(PRB)for the UE to realise the QoE optimisation of high-resolution videos.Figure 3:The RIC Architecture The prediction loop with the feedback can be matched by the LSTM(Long-Short Term Memory)model,the RNN(Recurrent Neural Network)model
77、,the ARMA(Auto Regressive Moving Average)model,etc.Take LSTM as an example.In the LSTM network,the cell state acts as a conveyor transferring the relative memory information of the network,and the gates can learn to select the information to combine the selected and stored information as the input o
78、f the feedback during the training.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 13(104)4.1.2.2 Testing Environment 4.1.2.2.1 Testing Setup In this testing case,a 5G UE with high-resolution cameras,a 5G cell under the gNB,the
79、 RIC platform,video application servers,and players are needed.4.1.2.2.2 Testing Configuration This section focuses on the high user density and the high capacity/throughput in the indoor hot spot scenario.Scenario-specific deployment attributes and expected values are listed in Table 2.4.1.2.2.3 Te
80、sting Procedures 1.Set up the test environment,including the 5G BTS and the RIC,and disable the QoE optimisation service.High-resolution cameras start working.2.Decrease the camera/UE channel quality,e.g.move the camera to the cell edge.The video stream has the video stream jitter and/or mosaic and
81、the QoE degradation during the test.3.Enable the QoE optimisation service.The RIC starts the uplink channel capacity prediction.4.Decrease the camera/UE channel quality,e.g.move the camera to the cell edge.Check whether the video codec automatically adapts to the low resolution(the low resolution co
82、uld be 2k,depending on the camera)according to the prediction results.5.Increase the camera/UE channel quality,e.g.move the camera to the cell center.Check whether the video codec automatically adapts to the high resolution(for example,8k or 4k)according to the prediction results.Definition of the T
83、esting Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 14(104)4.1.2.2.4 Success Criteria Disable the QoE optimisation function:the video stream jitter and/or mosaic appear when the channel condition is bad.Enable the QoE optimisation function:the video
84、codec can automatically adapt to the low/high resolution according to the prediction results when facing the different camera/UE channel qualities.The UE uplink radio channel capacity prediction deviation,calculated by Formula(1),is less than 10%;no video stream jitter or mosaic appears after the vi
85、deo codec adaptation.UE uplink radio channel capacity prediction deviation=Abs(Predicted_Tput measured_Tput)measured_Tput(1)4.1.2.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 8:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the QoE Optimisation Disable the Function Enable the Function Uplink Capacity Prediction
86、 Diviation Video Stream Codec QoE(Jitter/Mosaic)4.1.3 ML-Based AMC 4.1.3.1 Definition The UL Adaptive Modulation and Coding(AMC)enable both the inner-loop and outer-loop AMC to calculate the PUSCH(physical uplink shared channel)modulation and the coding scheme(MCS)value.However,since the MCS offset
87、calculated by the outer-loop AMC is gradually updated with multiple continuous PUSCH scheduling,the UE with discrete and/or small UL buffer status reports(BSR)cannot obtain a satisfying MCS offset,which will lead to the Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative
88、 Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 15(104)imperfect UL MCS and result in the low UL SE.To solve this problem,an ML algorithm can be used to infer UL MCS offsets,where the reinforcement learning will be used to maintain a knowledge repository of perfect MCS offsets for the PUSCH scheduling acco
89、rding to different UL channel qualities and the receiving power.For the DL AMC,in the traditional AMC procedure,for the TDD system,all DL sub-frames share the same DL MCS offsets.However,we may observe the different block error rates(BLER)at different DL sub-frames for different UEs;therefore,the sh
90、ared MCS offsets will cause the low DL SE.To solve this problem,an ML algorithm can be deployed to learn the best MCS offsets for each DL sub-frame of the UE with the specific channel quality and communication chips.By the clustering algorithm,the grids will be generated,according to the specific ch
91、annel quality and communication chips,and merged based on a similar BLER.The reinforcement learning will be applied to obtain the MCS offsets for each grid as the knowledge repository.With the ML-based DL AMC,the UE can infer its MCS offset according to the corresponding knowledge repository.4.1.3.2
92、 Testing Environment 4.1.3.2.1 Testing Setup This feature is for gNBs.1.For the Call Quality Test(CQT):1)The testing UE should avoid the locations that are too good or too bad.For example,the UL&DL MCS of the testing UE should be in the range of 522.2)The testing UE application requirements:the test
93、ing UE should access the testing cell,run applications with a small BSR for tens of seconds,and then release resources.Then the testing UE should re-access the testing cell and iterate the procedure.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,
94、16December2022 Page 16(104)2.For the commercial call test:The test cell requirement:the UE distribution of the cell should be stable,and the UL&DL load of the cell should be relatively high.4.1.3.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 9:The Testing Configuration for the ML-based AMC Attributes Expected Val
95、ues Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(For example:2.6 GHz for CMCC)4.1.3.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.The CQT:Baseline:1)Turn off the feature.2)The testing UE starts the application as mentioned in the testing UE application requirements for the CQT in Section 4.1.3.2.1 for one hour.3)Record the key KPI count
96、ers during Step 2).Proposed feature:1)Turn on the feature.2)The testing UE starts the same application at the same location as in the baseline for one hour to train the ML model.3)The testing UE starts the same application at the same location as in the baseline for one hour.4)Record the key KPI cou
97、nters during Step 3).5)Compare the key KPI counters of the baseline and the proposed scheme.2.The commercial cell test:Baseline:1)Turn off the feature.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 17(104)2)The testing UE star
98、ts the application as mentioned in the testing UE application requirements for the CQT in Section 4.1.3.2.1 for one week.3)Record the key KPI counters during Step 2).Proposed feature:1)Turn on the feature.2)The testing UE starts the same application at the same location as in the baseline for one we
99、ek to train the ML model.3)The testing UE starts the same application at the same location as in the baseline for one week.4)Record the key KPI counters during Step 3).5)Compare the key KPI counters of the baseline and the proposed scheme.4.1.3.2.4 Success Criteria 5%+of the average UL SE are improv
100、ed for all test cells after enabling this feature.5%+of the average DL SE are improved for all test cells after enabling this feature.4.1.3.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 10:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the ML-based AMC Disable the Feature(baseline)Enable the Feature(proposed)Ave
101、rage UL Throughput per PRB(kbps)Average DL Throughput per PRB(kbps)UL UE Throughput in cells(kbps)DL UE Throughput in cells(kbps)Initial Success Rate of UL MAC Transmission(%)Initial Success Rate of DL MAC Transmission(%)Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiativ
102、e Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 18(104)4.1.4 Network Orchestration for the Spectrum Sharing 4.1.4.1 Definition At the early stage of the 5G era,to improve the SE,the spectrum sharing between 4G and 5G is widely deployed.However,with the spectrum sparing,the interference between 4G and 5G i
103、s inevitable,and the whole network is not possible to be smoothly transformed to the pure 5G.An AI RAN network orchestration is designed to solve the above-mentioned problems,including the large smart engine(LSE)deployed on the network management for the load prediction model training,the real-time
104、smart engine(RSE)deployed on the network element for the load prediction inference,and the network composer applications,where the clusters of cells will be generated,deployed on the network elements.For the 4G/5G spectrum sharing,firstly,with the precise prediction of the network load of 4G and 5G
105、cells,we can allocate the whole spectrum to 5G while the 4G load is relatively low with the guarantee of the experience of 4G users(referred to as the pure 5G state),or reallocate proper spectrum resources to 4G users when the load of corresponding 4G cells is relatively high(referred to as the 4G/5
106、G spectrum sharing state),and ensure that the resource allocation strategies change smoothly.Secondly,to alleviate the inter-RAT interference,the cluster-level strategy is used to ensure that the states of cells in the same cluster are unified(either in the pure 5G state or the spectrum sharing stat
107、e).4.1.4.2 Testing Environment 4.1.4.2.1 Testing setup The network orchestration function works based on the FDD Dynamic Spectrum Sharing(DSS),and is supported in the following DSS scenarios:Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16Decemb
108、er2022 Page 19(104)Scenario 1:The LTE bandwidth is included in the NR bandwidth,which is also called the partial bandwidth DSS scenario.The LTE spectrum is on the low-frequency part of the NR spectrum.Scenario 2:The LTE bandwidth is completely overlapped with the NR bandwidth.In this situation,the L
109、TE and NR networks share full bandwidth resources,which is also called the full bandwidth sharing DSS.Testing UEs:At least one 5G-capable UE and one 4G-capable UE should be available.4.1.4.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 11:The Testing Configuration for the Network Orchestration for the Spectrum Sha
110、ring Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(For example:900 MHz for CMCC)Aggregated System Bandwidth 10 MHz for sub 6 GHz Sub-Carrier Spacing 15 KHz for sub 6 GHz Notes Need LTE cells in other spectrums as the 4G coverage layer 4.1.4.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.Enable the FDD New Radio(
111、FNR)in all of the test cells.Disable the network orchestration feature.2.The testing UE accesses the SA(Standalone)cell,and starts the driving test(DT)with DL full-buffer applications and UL&DL full-buffer applications,respectively.3.Record the UE log during Step 2.4.Enable the network orchestration
112、 feature and set the LTE load threshold for switching off DSS LTE to be 20%for all of the testing cells.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 20(104)5.DSS LTE cells are switched off due to the low LTE load.6.The testi
113、ng UE accesses the SA cell,and starts the driving test as the same path as in step 2 with DL full-buffer applications and UL&DL full-buffer applications,respectively.7.Record the UE log during Step 6.4.1.4.2.4 Success Criteria 10%of the DT throughput improvement is realised after enabling this featu
114、re.4.1.4.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 12:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the Network Orchestration for the Spectrum Sharing Indicator Disable the Function Enable the Function The UL UE throughput in cells(kbps)The DL UE throughput in cells(kbps)The average UL RLC throughput in cel
115、ls The average DL RLC throughput in cells 4.1.5 Smart Slice Resource Reservation 4.1.5.1 Definition For services with high availability requirements,we usually reserve the static number of resources via the slicing based on their peak requirements,which always leads to the waste of resources.To ensu
116、re the QoS and improve the SE,the ML-based slice resource reservation can be deployed.The ML algorithm is applied to predict the needs of resource blocks(RB)for every slice at different time.Then the prediction results are used to adjust the RB numbers of the static slice resource reservation.With t
117、he smart slice resource reservation,we can precisely Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 21(104)predict the resource requirements for a specific service quickly and then adjust the number of resources reserved for t
118、he service.4.1.5.2 Testing Environment 4.1.5.2.1 Testing Setup This feature is for SA gNBs.4.1.5.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 13:The Testing Configuration for the Smart Slice Resource Reservation Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(For example:2.6 GHz for CMCC)Aggregated System
119、 Bandwidth 100 MHz for sub 6 GHz Sub-Carrier Spacing 30 kHz for sub 6 GHz Notes 3 slices with the static resource reservation:1)Slice 1:20%RB of the cell will be reserved.2)Slice 2:20%.3)Slice 3:20%.4)Default Slice:0%.The testing UE:1)2 UEs,surveillance video,for slice 1.2)10 UEs,control signal,for
120、slice 2.3)2 UEs,photo uploading,for slice 3.4)5 UEs,UL&DL full-buffer,for the default slice.4.1.5.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.Configure 3 slices as mentioned in 4.1.5.2.2 in the testing cell.2.The UEs in slice 1 start the surveillance video application for 15 minutes.Definition of the Testing Framework
121、 for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 22(104)3.Record the cell PRB utilization ratio in Step 2.Calculate the value of DeltaPrbUsage1 by Formula(2).DeltaPrbUsageX=PRB ratio reserved for slice X average PRB ratio used by UEs of slice 1 within 15 minutes
122、(2)4.The UEs in slice 2 start the control signal application for 15 minutes with a period of 10 seconds.5.Record the cell PRB utilization ratio in Step 4.Calculate the value of DeltaPrbUsage2 by Formula(2).6.The UEs in slice 3 start the photo uploading application for 15 minutes.7.Record the cell PR
123、B utilization ratio in Step 6.Calculate the value of DeltaPrbUsage3 by Formula(2).8.Labeled as the baseline,all UEs in slices 1,2,3,and the default slice start their applications by disabling the smart slice resource reservation feature for an hour.Record the key KPI mentioned in 4.1.5.3.9.Labeled a
124、s the proposed feature,all UEs in slices 1,2,3,and the default slice start their applications by enabling the smart slice resource reservation feature for an hour.Record the key KPI mentioned in 4.1.5.3.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version
125、1.8,16December2022 Page 23(104)4.1.5.2.4 Success Criteria The sum of DeltaPrbUsage1,DeltaPrbUsage2,and DeltaPrbUsage3 is reduced after enabling this feature.4.1.5.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 14:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the Smart Slice Resource Reservation PRB utilization r
126、atio Disable the feature(baseline)Enable the feature(proposed)4.1.6 Differentiated Service with the Application Awareness 4.1.6.1 Definition Different services may have different QoS requirements and correspond to different 5QIs.However,the 5QIs can differentiate services according to QoS characteri
127、stics,such as the delay budget,the packet error rate,etc.Nearly the same scheduling strategy is deployed for most services,which may cause a low user experience and/or the low SE.To tackle this problem,the proposed feature can provide different strategies for different services.For example,with the
128、proposed feature,the system is able to identify that the video service comes from YouTube or Hulu,and provide corresponding scheduling strategies.In the proposed feature,firstly,an ML algorithm in the network system is adopted to precisely identify the type of the service.From the data message of us
129、ers,the system can obtain the message characteristics,such as the message size,the message period,the service protocols(e.g.HTTP,SMTP),etc.,with which the system can match and identify the specific service.Secondly,the network system will implement the appropriate scheduling strategy for the specifi
130、c service.The whole process is running in a loop,which means the system will keep monitoring/recognizing the users service and adjusting the corresponding strategy.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 24(104)4.1.6.2
131、Testing Environment 4.1.6.2.1 Testing setup This feature is for SA gNBs.4.1.6.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 15:The Testing Configuration for the Differentiated Service with the Application Awareness Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(For example:2.6 GHz for CMCC)4.1.6.2.3 Testi
132、ng Procedures 1.Disable the feature function.2.The testing UE runs the web search application for 5 minutes.3.Record the UE log during Step 2.4.Enable the feature function.5.Assign a dedicated Network Slice Selection Assistance Information(NSSAI)for the UE.Enable the uplink pre-scheduling for the UE
133、 slice.6.The UE runs the same application at the same location as in Step 2 for 5 minutes.7.Record the UE log during Step 6.8.Compare the key KPI mentioned in 4.1.6.3.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 25(104)4.1.6
134、.2.4 Success Criteria 20%RTT latency reduction after enabling this feature.4.1.6.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 16:The Reporting and Analysing results for the Differentiated Service with the Application Awareness Disable the Feature Enable the Feature The Total Number of TCP Three-Way Hands
135、hake SYNACK2ACK The Total Number of Downlink TCP Sample Packets in the Cell The Total Delay of TCP Core Network RTT (TCP base station sends SYN to the receiver core network SYNACK)The Total RTT Delay of the Downlink TCP Sample packets of the Cell 4.2 Base Station Energy Saving As the 5G network offe
136、rs better performance,the power consumption and carbon emissions are substantially increasing.Operators are exploring possible energy-saving technologies to meet performance demands while maintaining the low energy consumption.Therefore,it will be crucial to measure the energy-saving effect and the
137、energy efficiency of the whole network.4.2.1 Sub-Frame Silence 4.2.1.1 Definition The basic principle is that when the gNB detects that some downlink symbols are not sending any data,it turns off the RF(radio frequency)hardware,thereby reducing the power consumption of the base station without impac
138、ting the users latency.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 26(104)4.2.1.2 Testing Environment 4.2.1.2.1 Testing Setup 1.The 5G single-mode base station gNB is configured as the cell with NR 100 MHz bandwidth.2.The 5
139、G BBU and AAU have been working for at least 30 minutes steadily before the test.3.The total transmission power of the AAU remains stable during the testing,and the power consumption counter can be used for the power consumption measurement.4.The UE can access the cell normally.In this test case,the
140、 test will be done at the good,medium,and bad points.Take 2.6 GHz for example.The definition of the good,medium and bad points is:Good points:-80 dBm RSRP.Medium points:-100 dBm RSRP -80 dBm.Bad points(at the cell edge):RSRP -100 dBm.Figure 4:The Testing Environment for the Sub-Frame Silence Definit
141、ion of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 27(104)4.2.1.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 17:The Testing Configuration for the Sub-Frame Silence Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(For example:2.6 GHz for CMCC)Ag
142、gregated System Bandwidth 100 MHz for sub 6 GHz Sub-Carrier Spacing 30 kHz for sub 6 GHz Notes 1)The base station is configured with the maximum transmitting power to meet the enterprise standard requirements.2)The baseband module and the control module in the 5G BBU are configured according to the
143、S111 configuration.3)The output power of the AAU is configured as the maximum output power(320 W).4)The SSB/RMSI(Remaining Minimum System Information)interval is set to 20 milliseconds.5)The threshold configuration:the actual number of users and the actual RB utilization.4.2.1.2.3 Testing Procedures
144、 1.All energy-saving functions are turned off.Set the PRB utilization rate of the AAU to 30%.2.One 5G NR UE initiates the downlink service(UDP service),and the other NR UE initiates the Ping service with a Ping packet of 2000 bytes.Repeat 100 times.3.Record the data as shown in Section 4.2.1.3.4.Set
145、 the PRB utilization rate of the AAU to 5%and 0,respectively.Repeat steps 2-3.5.Turn on the sub-frame silence function and turn off the packet accumulation scheduling.Repeat steps 2-4.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022
146、Page 28(104)6.Turn on the packet accumulation scheduling and set the PRB thresholds for the packet accumulation to 10%,20%,and 50%respectively.7.Repeat steps 2-4 at the good,medium,and bad points.4.2.1.2.4 Success Criteria After enabling the sub-frame silence,the power consumption of the AAU has bee
147、n significantly reduced,and the UE data are not much different from those when turning off the sub-frame silence.For instance,for a 5G single-mode base station with the 64TR AAU and for 2.6 GHz,at 5%PRB utilization,the sub-frame silence can be turned on to obtain at least 20%power saving for the AAU
148、;with 30%PRB utilization,at least 15%power saving effect can be obtained.4.2.1.3 Reporting and Analysing Results The following result tables and recorded data can be simplified according to the tests.1.The AAU&BBU power consumption before and after enabling the sub-frame silence function without the
149、 packet accumulation scheduling.Table 18:The AAU&BBU Power Consumption Without the Packet Accumulation Scheduling The PRB Usage=0 The PRB Usage=5%The PRB Usage=30%Disable the Sub-Frame Silence Enable the Sub-Frame Silence Disable the Sub-Frame Silence Enable the Sub-Frame Silence Disable the Sub-Fra
150、me Silence Enable the Sub-Frame Silence AAU Power Consumption(W)BBU Power Consumption(W)Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 29(104)2.The AAU&BBU power consumption before and after enabling the sub-frame silence for
151、the packet accumulation scheduling.Table 19:The AAU&BBU Power Consumption with the Packet Accumulation Scheduling Category Good Point Medium Point Bad Point AAU Power Consu-mption(W)AAU Energy Saving Proporti-on BBU Power consumpt-ion(W)AAU Power Consump-tion(W)AAU Energy Saving Proporti-on BBU Powe
152、r Consumpti-on(W)AAU Power Consump-tion(W)AAU Energy Saving Proporti-on BBU Power Consumpt-ion(W)Disable the Sub-Frame Silence Enable the Sub-Frame Silence The PRB Threshold for Saving Packets=10%The PRB Threshold for Saving Packets=20%The PRB Threshold for Saving Packets=50%3.The Ping delay and the
153、 traffic data of the UE before and after the sub-frame silence function is enabled for the packet accumulation scheduling.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 30(104)Table 20:The Ping Delay and the Traffic Data of th
154、e UE Test Position Category Average Ping Packet delay(ms)RSRP SINR DL RB UL RB DL GRANT UL GRANT DL MCS UL MCS SRS TxPower PUSCH TxPower DL RANK UL RANK Good Point Disable the Sub-Frame Silence Enable the Sub-Frame Silence The Packet Saving Threshold=10%The Packet Saving Threshold=20%The Packet Savi
155、ng Threshold=50%Medium Point Disable the Sub-Frame Silence Enable the Sub-Frame Silence The Packet Saving Threshold=10%The Packet Saving Threshold=20%Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 31(104)The Packet Saving Thre
156、shold=50%Bad Point Disable the Sub-Frame Silence Enable the Sub-Frame Silence The Packet Saving Threshold=10%The Packet Saving Threshold=20%The Packet Saving Threshold=50%4.2.2 Channel Silence 4.2.2.1 Definition The channel silence refers to the technology of muting some RF channels,with the low tra
157、ffic,of multi-channel base stations,such as 64/32 channels,thereby reducing the power consumption of the base station.4.2.2.2 Testing Environment 4.2.2.2.1 Testing Setup Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 32(104)1.
158、Three AAUs are configured as three cells with NR 100 MHz bandwidth.The testing UEs initiate services in each cell so that AAUs can work in the full power state.The cells without UEs are loaded in the BTS simulation mode.2.Make sure that the 5G BBUs and AAUs have been working stably for more than 30
159、minutes and have been preheated before the test.3.The total transmit power of the AAU is stable during the test.4.The UE can access the cell normally.5.In this test case,the tests will be done at the good,medium,and bad points.Take 2.6 GHz for example.The definition of the good,medium and bad points
160、 is the same as in Section 4.2.1.2.1.Figure 5:The Testing Environment for Channel Silence 4.2.2.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 21:The Testing Configuration for the Channel Silence Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(For example:2.6 GHz for CMCC)Aggregated System Bandwidth 100 MHz
161、 for sub 6 GHz Sub-Carrier Spacing 30 kHz for sub 6 GHz Notes 1)The base station is configured with the maximum transmitting power to meet the enterprise standard requirements.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 33(
162、104)2)The 5G BBU is configured with the baseband module and the main control module according to the S111.3)The output power of the AAU is configured as the maximum output power(320 W).4)The SSB/RMSI interval is set to 20 milliseconds.5)Set the energy-saving time,the starting time t1 and the end tim
163、e t2 of the channel-silence function,and the load threshold.4.2.2.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.Disable the channel silence function.The testing UE normally initiates the downlink service(UDP service).2.Use two BBUs when the PRB utilization rate of three AAUs is 30%(since one BBU cannot support three AAU
164、s at the full load simultaneously).3.The testing UE performs FTP uplink and downlink services in the cell.Perform the tests at the good points,medium points,and bad points,respectively.4.Record the data as shown in 4.2.2.3.5.Enable the channel silence function(64T is shut down to 32T)and enable the
165、power compensation.Repeat steps 2-4.Note that the cell SSB coverage performance should be consistent with that before the channel shut down,and the user location remains the same as in Step 3.4.2.2.2.4 Success Criteria After the cell channel is silent,the AAU energy consumption is significantly redu
166、ced,and the UE data are not much different from those when turning off the function.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 34(104)For example,for a 5G single-mode base station with the 64TR AAU and for 2.6 GHz,when the
167、 PRB utilization rate is 5%,opening the channel silently can obtain at least 20%power saving effect;when the PRB utilization rate is 30%,at least 30%power saving effect can be obtained.4.2.2.3 Reporting and Analysing Results The following result tables and recorded data can be simplified according t
168、o the tests.1.The AAU power consumption before and after enabling the channel silence.Table 22:The AAU Power Consumption Test Position Good Point Medium Point Bad Point Shut Down Mode Disable the Channel Silence Enable the Channel Silence Disable the Channel Silence Enable the Channel Silence Disabl
169、e the Channel Silence Enable the Channel Silence AAU Power Consumption Energy Saving Ratio of AAU 2.The BBU power consumption before and after enabling the channel silence.Table 23:The BBU Power Consumption Test Position Good Point Medium Point Bad Point Shutdown Mode Disable the Channel Silence Ena
170、ble the Channel Silence Disable the Channel Silence Enable the Channel Silence Disable the Channel Silence Enable the Channel Silence BBU power Consumption 3.The UE data before and after enabling the channel silence.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Pha
171、se 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 35(104)Table 24:The UE Data Test Position RSRP SINR PDCP Thr.DL DL RB DL Grant DL MCS SRS TxPower PUSCH TxPower DL Rank Good Point Disable the Channel Silence Enable the Channel Silence Medium Point Disable the Channel Silence Enable the Channel Silence Bad Point
172、 Disable the Channel Silence Enable the Channel Silence 4.2.3 AAU Shallow Dormancy 4.2.3.1 Definition The AAU shallow dormancy refers to the technology that the base station turns off analog devices,such as the power amplifier of the 5G AAU,and the AAU enters the shallow dormancy state to reduce the
173、 power consumption.Before the AAU enters the shallow-dormant state,online users must be migrated to neighbour AAUs to ensure that services continue.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 36(104)4.2.3.2 Testing Environm
174、ent 4.2.3.2.1 Testing Setup 1.The total transmission power of the AAU/RRU remains stable during the test.2.For the AAU shallow dormancy with the 5G coordination:the 5G base stations gNB1 and gNB2 are respectively connected to two AAUs/RRUs which are configured as CELL1 and CELL2,respectively.CELL1 a
175、nd CELL2 are configured with 100 MHz and 60 MHz on different frequencies,such as 100 MHz of 2.6 GHz and 2*30 MHz of 700 MHz.3.For the AAU shallow dormancy with the 4G/5G collaboration:the 4G base station eNB1 and the 5G base station gNB2 are respectively connected to two AAUs/RRUs which are configur
176、ed as CELL1 and CELL2,respectively.(a)The 5G Coordination (b)The 4G/5G Collaboration Figure 6:The Testing Environment for the AAU Shallow Dormancy 4.2.3.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 25:The Testing Configuration for the AAU Shallow Dormancy Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(Fo
177、r example:2.6 GHz for CMCC)Aggregated System Bandwidth 100 MHz for sub 6 GHz Sub-Carrier Spacing 30 kHz for sub 6 GHz Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 37(104)Notes 1)The base station is configured with the maximu
178、m transmitting power to meet the enterprise standard requirements.2)5G BBUs and 4G BBUs are configured with the baseband module and the main control module according to the S111.3)The output power of the AAU is configured as the maximum output power(320 W).4)The SSB/RMSI interval is set to 20 millis
179、econds.4.2.3.2.3 Testing Procedures Test whether the cell interacts normally after the energy-saving function is turned on/off,whether the UE is switched smoothly,and whether CELL1 enters/exits the shallow dormancy state normally.1.The AAU shallow dormancy with the 5G coordination:1)Configure the te
180、sting environment for the 5G coordination.2)Start CELL1 and CELL2.3)Configure the load-based shallow dormancy for CELL1,and set the corresponding load threshold of CELL1,such as the PRB utilisation rate,for turning on the shallow dormancy.4)Configure CELL2 as the coverage-supplementary cell of CELL1
181、,and set the threshold of CELL2 to start Cell1,such as the PRB utilisation rate.5)Two UEs access CELL1 and perform the download service.6)Reduce the cell load of CELL1 to reach the threshold for turning on the shallow dormancy.7)Check out:whether the AAU of CELL1 enters the shallow dormancy mode;whe
182、ther CELL1 exchanges the cell load information with CELL2 through the Xn interface,registers the capacity/coverage cell,and deactivates the registration flow;whether two UEs are normally handed over to CELL2.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Ver
183、sion 1.8,16December2022 Page 38(104)8)Increase the cell load of CELL2 to reach the CELL1 activation threshold.9)Check out whether CELL2 exchanges the cell activation signalling via the interface with CELL1.10)Record the delay from the time when CELL1 receives the cell activation signalling to the ti
184、me when the cell works normally.2.The AAU shallow dormancy energy saving through the 4G and 5G collaboration:1)Configure the testing system for the 4G/5G collaboration.2)Repeat steps 1 2)-10).4.2.3.2.4 Success Criteria The reference power consumption and the activation time are as follows:The AAU/RR
185、U recovers from the shallow dormancy state to the normal state,which takes less than 30 seconds.After the AAU/RRU enters the shallow dormancy state,the power consumption is reduced to less than 30%of the no-load power consumption.4.2.3.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 26:The Reporting and Ana
186、lysing Results for the AAU Shallow Dormancy State Power Consumpt-ion Before Enabling the Shallow Dormancy Power Consumpti-on After Enabling the Shallow Dormancy Time When the gNB Receives The Command to Enable the Shallow Dormancy(t1)Time When the gNB Enters the Shallow Dormancy Mode (t2)t2-t1 Time
187、When the gNB Receives The Command to Disable the Shallow Dormancy(t3)Time When the gNB Enters the Shallow Dormancy Mode (t4)t4-t3 Results Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 39(104)4.2.4 AAU Deep Dormancy 4.2.4.1 De
188、finition The AAU deep dormancy refers to the technology that the base station turns off the power amplifier,radio frequency,and digital channels of the 5G AAU,and only retains the most basic digital interface circuit work,thereby reducing the power consumption.Before the AAU enters the deep dormant
189、state,online users must be migrated to neighbour AAUs to ensure that services continue.4.2.4.2 Testing Environment 4.2.4.2.1 Testing Setup 1.The total transmission power of the AAU/RRU remains stable during the test.2.For the AAU deep dormancy with the 5G coordination:the 5G base stations gNB1 and g
190、NB2 are respectively connected to two AAUs/RRUs which are configured as CELL1 and CELL2,respectively.CELL1 and CELL2 are configured with 100 MHz and 60 MHz on different frequencies,such as 100 MHz of 2.6 GHz and 2*30 MHz of 700 MHz.3.For the AAU deep dormancy with the 4G/5G collaboration:the 4G base
191、 station eNB1 and the 5G base station gNB2 are respectively connected to two AAUs/RRUs which are configured as CELL1 and CELL2,respectively.(a)The 5G Coordination (b)The 4G/5G Collaboration Figure 7:The Testing Environment for the AAU Deep Dormancy Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G
192、 Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 40(104)4.2.4.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 27:The Testing Configuration for the AAU Deep Dormancy Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(For example:2.6 GHz for CMCC)Aggregated System Bandwidth 100 MHz for sub 6
193、GHz Sub-Carrier Spacing 30 kHz for sub 6 GHz Notes 1)The base station is configured with the maximum transmitting power to meet the enterprise standard requirements.2)5G BBUs and 4G BBUs are configured with the baseband module and the main control module according to the S111.3)The output power of t
194、he AAU is configured as the maximum output power(320 W).4)The SSB/RMSI interval is set to 20 milliseconds.4.2.4.2.3 Testing Procedures Test whether the cell interacts normally after the energy-saving function is turned on/off,whether the UE is switched smoothly,and whether CELL1 enters/exits the dee
195、p dormancy state normally.1.The AAU deep dormancy with the 5G Coordination:1)Configure the testing environment for the 5G coordination.2)Start CELL1 and CELL2.3)Configure the load-based deep dormancy for CELL1,and set the corresponding load threshold of CELL1,such as the PRB utilisation rate,for tur
196、ning on the deep dormancy.4)Configure CELL2 as the coverage-supplementary cell of CELL1,and set the threshold of CELL2 to start Cell1,such as the PRB utilisation rate.5)Two UEs access CELL1 and perform the download service.6)Reduce the cell load of CELL1 to reach the threshold for turning on the dee
197、p dormancy.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 41(104)7)Check out:whether the AAU of CELL1 enters the deep dormancy mode;whether CELL1 exchanges the cell load information with CELL2 through the Xn interface,register
198、s the capacity/coverage cell,and deactivates the registration flow;whether two UEs are normally handed over to CELL2.8)Increase the cell load of CELL2 to reach the CELL1 activation threshold.9)Check out whether CELL2 exchanges the cell activation signalling via the interface with CELL1.10)Record the
199、 delay from the time when CELL1 receives the cell activation signalling to the time when the cell works normally.2.The AAU deep dormancy energy with the 4G and 5G collaboration:1)Configure the testing system for the 4G/5G collaboration.2)Repeat steps 1 2)-10).4.2.4.2.4 Success Criteria The reference
200、 power consumption and activation time are as follows:It takes less than 5 minutes for the AAU/RRU to recover from the deep dormancy state to the normal state;after the AAU/RRU enters the deep dormancy,the power consumption is reduced to less than 70%of the no-load power consumption.4.2.4.2.5 Report
201、ing and Analysing Results Table 28:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the AAU Deep Dormancy State Power Consumpt-ion Before Enabling Power Consumpti-on After Time When the gNB Receives the Command to Enable the Time When the gNB Enters the Deep t2-t1 Time When the gNB Receives the Command to Di
202、sable the Time When the gNB Receives the Command to Enable the t4-t3 Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 42(104)the Deep Dormancy Enabling the Deep Dormancy Deep Dormancy(t1)Dormancy Mode (t2)Deep Dormancy(t3)Deep D
203、ormancy(t4)Results 4.2.5 Energy Efficiency 4.2.5.1 Definition The energy efficiency(EE)can be defined as the ratio of the data transfer rate to the total power consumption and is considered as an important design indicator for 5G networks.Many factors,such as antenna counts,bandwidth,and base statio
204、n density,need to be considered to measure the overall power consumption of 5G networks.4.2.5.2 Testing Environment 4.2.5.2.1 Testing Setup 1.The test environment includes more than 5 NR base stations and 5 LTE base stations.2.4G LTE cells and 5G NR cells are configured in the base stations,such as
205、4G 3*20 MHz inter-frequencies and 2.6 GHz 100 MHz.The corresponding core network and other equipment are connected normally.4.2.5.2.2 Testing Configuration The base station is configured with several of energy-saving functions mentioned above,including the sub-frame silence,the channel silence,and t
206、he deep dormancy.Table 29:The Testing Configuration for the Energy Efficiency Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(For example:2.6 GHz for CMCC)Aggregated System Bandwidth 100 MHz for sub 6 GHz Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2
207、 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 43(104)Sub-Carrier Spacing 30 kHz for sub 6 GHz Notes 1)The transmission power and control mechanism of the common channel,the control channel,and the service channel meet the requirements of the enterprise standard.2)The output power of AAU is configured as the maxi
208、mum output power(320 W).3)The SSB/RMSI interval is set to 20 milliseconds.4.2.5.2.3 Testing Procedures The test verifies the overall EE change before and after the energy-saving functions mentioned in 4.2.5.2.2 work.The ratio(b/J)of traffic transferred to the total power consumption during the test
209、interval is measured.1.Close energy-saving functions,get the traffic data in the network and the power consumption of all the base stations,and measure the EE.2.Open energy-saving functions,get the traffic data in the network and the power consumption of all the base stations,and measure the EE.4.2.
210、5.2.4 Success Criteria The overall EE can increase at least 20%after energy-saving functions works in the same scenario.4.2.5.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 30:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the Energy Efficiency Closing the energy-saving functions Opening the energy-saving functio
211、ns The energy efficiency Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 44(104)5 ENHANCEMENT OF EXISTING CAPABILITIES This section includes testing requirements specific to certain services and applications.5.1 Uplink Centric
212、Evolution For a long time,mobile communication technologies have mainly focused on satisfying consumers downlink experience and allocating downlink resources far more than uplink resources.However,with the development of various interactive businesses such as live streaming and cloud gaming,the impa
213、ct of the uplink on business experience is increasing rapidly.5.1.1 DFT-s-OFDM Waveform Test 5.1.1.1 Definition In 3GPP,DFT-s-OFDM is defined as another uplink transmission waveform,besides CP-OFDM.DFT-s-OFDM,with the lower PAPR,leads to the lower MPR and it could increase the uplink output power wh
214、ich benefits the uplink coverage of bad points.Details are described in Section 6.2.2 of 2.5.1.1.2 Testing Environment 5.1.1.2.1 Testing Setup This test is for NR TDD/FDD cells.For the single-user(SU)static test,choose bad points/indoor points with the weak coverage(with uplink rank1).For the SU dri
215、ving test,the driving speed should be under 30 km/h.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 45(104)5.1.1.2.2 Testing Configuration CP-OFDM configuration:DMRS-UplinkConfig:transformPrecodingDisabled DFT-s-OFDM configurat
216、ion:DMRS-UplinkConfig:transformPrecodingEnabled 5.1.1.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.The SU static test:1)Identify a location(s)which is/are the bad point(s)(SSB RSRP 105 dBm).2)Connect one UE to the sector and ensure there is only this UE connected to the sector.3)Configure CP-OFDM.4)Measure the L1 and t
217、he PDCP layer throughput with the uplink UDP full buffer service.Measure the PUSCH output power.5)Configure DFT-s-OFDM and repeat 4).6)The test duration should be at least 3 minutes and the maximum/minimum/average values should be reported.Note:ensure that the UE can only use rank1 with CP-OFDM and
218、the maximum uplink power in the test point.2.The SU driving test:1)Identify the driving route including the good point(SSB RSRP 80 dBm),the medium point(105 dBm SSB RSRP 80 dBm)and the bad point(SSB RSRP 105 dBm).2)Repeat steps 1 2)to 5).3)Throughput values should be reported compared with the dista
219、nce between the gNB and the device.5.1.1.2.4 Success Criteria In the static test,the UE can transmit with higher output power with DFT-s-OFDM than with CP-OFDM.The uplink throughput with DFT-s-OFDM should be higher than that with CP-OFDM in these test points.Definition of the Testing Framework for t
220、he NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 46(104)In the driving test,when the UE is in the area of bad points,the PUSCH output power with DFT-s-OFDM should be higher than that with CP-OFDM and it also brings higher uplink throughput.5.1.1.3 Reporting and Analysi
221、ng Results For the static test,the performance could be showed as table below:Table 31:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the DFT-s-OFDM Waveform Test SSB RSRP(dBm)SSB SINR(dB)PUSCH output power(dBm)UL Rank UL MCS UL Mac throughput(Mbps)CP-OFDM DFT-s-OFDM For the driving/coverage test,the perfo
222、rmance could be showed as the trendline below(throughput vs distance,MCS vs distance,etc.):Figure 8:The Performance of the Driving/Coverage Test Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 47(104)5.2 Massive MIMO Evolution
223、5.2.1 Codebook Type 2 for MU-MIMO,DL Capacity Increase 5.2.1.1 Definition In the 3GPP R16 vision,codebook type2 is used to increase the accuracy of the downlink PMI weight.Details are described in Section 5.2.2.2.5 in 3.5.2.1.2 Testing Environment 5.2.1.2.1 Testing Setup This test is for NR TDD/FDD
224、cells with the downlink PMI weight.For the SU static test,choose the good/medium/bad points.For the SU driving test,the driving speed should be under 30 km/h.For the multi-user(MU)static test:1)Devices distribute in the sector uniformly.2)Devices distribute in a small area in the sector.5.2.1.2.2 Te
225、sting Configuration CodebookConfig-r16:numberOfPMI-SubbandsPerCQI-Subband-r161,2 paramCombination-r161,2,3,4,5,6 typeII-RI-Restriction-r16(bit string size 4)Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 48(104)The configurati
226、on depends on the gNB implement and the device capability.A more accurate configuration provides better performance and costs more reporting resources(PUSCH).5.2.1.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.The SU static test:1)Identify a location(s)including the good point(SSB RSRP 80 dBm),the medium point(105 dBm S
227、SB RSRP 80 dBm),and the bad point(SSB RSRP 105 dBm).2)Connect one UE to the sector and ensure that there is only this UE connected to the sector.3)Configure CodebookConfig as Type1.4)Measure the L1 and the PDCP layer throughput with the downlink TCP/UDP full buffer service.5)Configure CodebookConfig
228、-r16 as Type2 and repeat 4).6)The test duration should be at least 3 minutes and the maximum/minimum/average values should be reported.2.The SU driving test:1)Identify the driving route including the good point(SSB RSRP 80 dBm),the medium point(105 dBm SSB RSRP 80 dBm),and the bad point(SSB RSRP 2 b
229、ands)where most devices are smart phones with a limited number of Tx antennas(e.g.2Tx).6.2.2 Testing Environment 6.2.2.1 Testing Setup One macro base station is configured with a number of spectrum bands for the uplink transmission,such as 4.9 GHz,2.6 GHz,2.3 GHz,and 700 MHz,available for the uplink
230、 transmission.Accordingly,one UE,which is capable of dynamically selecting 2 or 3 carriers out Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 68(104)of these bands,is placed in several geographical locations to test the uplink
231、 user-perceived data rate.In this test case,the testing will be done at the good,medium,and bad points.Take 2.6 GHz for example.The definition of the good,medium and bad points is:Good:RSRP-80 dBm;Medium:RSRP-90 dBm;Bad(at the cell edge):RSRP-100 dBm.6.2.2.2 Testing Configuration Table 37:The Test C
232、onfiguration for the Flexible Spectrum Access Attributes Expect values Carrier Frequency Sub 6 GHz(such as 4.9 GHz,2.6 GHz,and 2.3 GHz for CMCC)and sub 1 GHz(such as 700MHz for CMCC)Aggregated System Bandwidth Sub 6 GHz:20 MHz;sub 1 GHz:3.75 GHz Sub-Carrier Spacing Sub 6 GHz:30 kHz;sub 1 GHz:15KHz C
233、arrier Prefix(CP)Length 2.34 us for 30 kHz;4.69 us for 15 kHz Slot Length 0.5 milliseconds(14 symbol)for sub 6 GHz,and 1 millisecond for sub 1 GHz(700 MHz)Number of Layers Sub 6 GHz:up to 2 Layers;sub 1 GHz:up to 1 Layer BS Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 64Tx and Rx antenna elements(for example,fo
234、r 4.9 GHz and 2.6GHz)or up to 8 Rx antenna elements(for example,for 2.3GHz)Sub 1 GHz:up to 4 Rx antenna elements UE Antenna Elements Sub 6 GHz:up to 2 Tx antenna elements;sub 1 GHz:up to 1 Tx antenna element User Location and Speed 100%outdoor(10 km/h)Traffic Type Full buffer traffic Inter Site Dist
235、ance 300 metres Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 69(104)6.2.2.3 Testing Procedures In Rel-17 CA/SUL,an N-Tx UE(with N RF chains)can only be configured with 2 uplink bands.However,an N-Tx UE can be configured with
236、 4 uplink bands with the Flexible Spectrum Access(FSA).Therefore,in the test,the Rel-17 CA/SUL baseline is that the best 2 uplink bands are semi-statically allocated to each UE via RRC reconfigurations,while with FSA,each UE can dynamically select the best 2 or 3 carriers from the configured 4 uplin
237、k bands per TTI-level.1.Enable the R17 CA-SUL function and disable FSA.The UE is placed in the good points.2.The UE is with the full buffer traffic.Start the test and record the UE uplink user-experience data rate.6 3.The UE is placed in the medium points.Repeat Step 2.4.The UE is placed in the bad
238、points.Repeat Step 2.5.Enable FSA and disable the R17 CA-SUL.Repeat steps 1-4.6.2.2.4 Success Criteria Compared with R17,the uplink user-perceived data rate is increased up to 40%in different locations.6.2.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 38:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the Flexibl
239、e Spectrum Access Location Uplink User-Experience Data Rate Using FSA(%)Uplink User-Experience Data Rate Using R17 CA-SUL(%)The Bad Points The Medium Points The Good Points Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 70(104
240、)6.3 Multi-Band Serving Cell 6.3.1 Definition The existing CA mechanism treats each carrier as an independent serving cell and assumes that each carrier is managed and scheduled independently,which leads to unnecessary overheads,such as the downlink control channel.The multi-band serving cell(MB-SC)
241、can combine the downlink control information(DCI)on multiple carriers,remove the redundant information,and use the single DCI to schedule multiple carriers/bands.The architecture of MB-SC is shown in Figure 21.The PDCCHs of three cells are merged into one control channel in one cell.CELL2 and CELL3
242、obtain the control signals from the PDCCH of CELL1,hence the PDCCH of CELL2 and CELL3 can be saved and their resources can be used for the PDSCH.Therefore,the control channels of the system are optimised,the overheads are reduced,as well as the spectrum efficiency is increased.At the same time,the p
243、ower of the UE and the network can be saved.Figure 21:The Structure of the Multi-Band Serving Cell 6.3.2 Testing Environment 6.3.2.1 Testing Setup A macro station is configured with two serving cells with the same coverage.The UE is configured to operate in the SA mode of the operation and communica
244、tes with the two cells.At the same time,2-4 interfering sectors can be established.In this test case,the test will be done at the good,medium,and bad points.Take 800 MHz and 900 MHz for example.The definition of the good,medium and bad points is:Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Tr
245、ial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 71(104)Good points:-40 dBm SSB RSRP -55 dBm.Medium points:-55 dBm SSB RSRP -75 dBm.Bad points:-75 dBm SSB RSRP -90 dBm.6.3.2.2 Testing Configuration The configuration is for NR FDD CA.Table 39:The Testing Configuration for the Multi-
246、Band Serving Cell Attributes Expected Values Carrier Frequency TDD/FDD band combinations(such as 700 MHz+900 MHz for CMCC)Aggregated System Bandwidth 10 MHz(For example:5M for 700 MHz and 5M for 900MHz)Sub-Carrier Spacing 15 kHz Carrier Prefix(CP)Length 4.69 us Slot Length 1 millisecond(14 symbols)N
247、umber of Layers up to 2 layers per carrier BS Antenna Elements 2 Tx and 4 Rx antenna elements UE Antenna Elements 1 Tx and 2 Rx antenna elements User Location and Speed 100%outdoor(10 km/h)Traffic Type Full buffer traffic Inter Site Distance 600 metres 6.3.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.Scenario 1:The sta
248、tic test 1)Place the UE at the good,medium,and bad points respectively.2)Let the UE access CA cells with the full buffer traffic.3)Set the algorithm switch to the baseline(R16 FDD CA)and record the UE downlink throughput for several minutes(1-2 minutes without interference,while 5 minutes with inter
249、ference).4)Change to MB-SC mode and record the UE downlink throughput again for the same Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 72(104)period.5)Calculate the gain of MBSC with Formula(3).Gain=(the downlink throughput o
250、f MBSCthe downlink throughput of baseline 1)100%(3)6)Place the UE at the medium point,repeat steps 1)-5),then place the UE at the bad point and repeat steps 1)-5)again.2.Scenario 2:The driving test 1)Place the UE in the testing vehicle and set the testing vehicle to the starting point of the test ro
251、ad.The test road should cover the good,medium,and bad points.2)Let UE access CA cells with the full buffer.3)Set the algorithm switch to the baseline(R16 FDD CA).Drive the vehicle from the starting point to the endpoint at the speed of 10 km/h.4)Do several tests and record the UE downlink throughput
252、 during the driving to calculate the average value.5)Change the mode from baseline to MB-SC and repeat steps 3)-4).6)Plot the downlink throughput line of each test in the same figure,and calculate the gain of MBSC with Formula(3).6.3.2.4 Success Criteria MB-SC can achieve about 10%capacity gain comp
253、ared with the legacy CA due to the overheads reduction.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 73(104)6.3.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 40:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the Multi-Band Serving Cell Ba
254、seline Downlink Throughput(Mb/s)MBSC Downlink Throughput(Mb/s)Throughput Gain(%)Scenario 1 Good Points Medium Points Bad Points Scenario 2 6.4 Higher Frequency 6.4.1 FR1 and FR2 NR Dual Connectivity 6.4.1.1 Definition In the NR-NR dual connectivity with 5G Core,a UE is connected to one FR1-band gNB
255、that acts as a Master Node(MN)and another FR2-band gNB that acts as a Secondary Node(SN).MN and SN are connected to 5GC via the NG interface.MN is responsible for the control plane(NG-C)while the user plane(NG-U)terminates in SN.The UE is connected to both MN and SN through the Uu interface.MN and S
256、N are connected through the Xn interface.The User Plane data split is performed at the PDCP layer on the terminated Node.Carrier Aggregation and Dual Connectivity can jointly be used.There may be multiple carriers in the Master cell group(MCG)and the Secondary Cell Group(SCG).6.4.1.2 Testing Environ
257、ment 6.4.1.2.1 Testing Setup Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 74(104)The UE under the test is located in the coverage area of both MCG and SCG.MN cells are preferentially selected from FR1 while SN cells are conf
258、igured as FR2.Figure 22:NR-NR DC Test Setup Overview 6.4.1.2.2 Test Configuration 1.The UE must be NR-DC capable.2.MN is configured with the FR1 MCG cell(e.g.100 MHz Cell BW on n78 band)or cells.3.SN is configured with FR2 SCG cells(e.g.8 mm-wave cells,each having 100 MHz cell bandwidth on n258 band
259、).4.The AMF in 5GC must support the NGAP procedure PDU Session Resource Modification.5.Indicate and comply with 3GPP 38.413 v15.8.0 or later.6.4.1.2.3 Test Procedures 1.The UE is located under the MCG coverage and registered to 5GC.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testin
260、g Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 75(104)2.MN configures the UE about the FR2 PSCell measurements.3.The UE enters the FR2-band coverage under SCG.4.Measurement reports for SN are reported by the UE.5.Observe that the SN addition procedure is initiated by MN over Xn,Uu,and NG inter
261、faces as in Figure 23.Figure 23:MR-DC with 5GC,SN Addition Procedure 5 6.Make sure that the MCG and SCG signal level and quality are very good.7.Start the downlink FTP or UDP test with the full buffer traffic.8.Observe the DL throughput.9.Start the uplink FTP or UDP test with the full buffer traffic
262、.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 76(104)10.Observe the UL throughput.11.The UE moves out of the FR2 SCG coverage.12.Observe that the SN Release procedure as in 3GPP 37.340 is initiated.13.(Optional)Perform other
263、 test procedures covered by Section 10 in 5.6.4.1.2.4 Success Criteria 1.In Step 5,observe that the SN addition procedure is completed.2.In Step 8,observe the maximum achievable DL throughput.As an example,with the below configuration:1)One PCell having 100 MHz bandwidth n78(4x4 MIMO,256 QAM modulat
264、ion,DDDSU slot configuration);2)Eight SCG cells each having 100 MHz bandwidth on n258(2x2 MIMO,64 QAM modulation,DDDSU slot configuration).3.More than 5.5 Gbps DL throughput is expected.4.In Step 10,observe the maximum achievable UL throughput.5.(optional)In Step 13,observe that other test procedure
265、s covered by Section 10 in 5 are completed.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 77(104)6.4.2 NR Carrier Aggregation 6.4.2.1 Definition Carrier Aggregation can combine two or more channels in the same frequency band o
266、r between different frequency bands into a larger communication bandwidth to improve the uplink and downlink throughputs.Carrier Aggregation can efficiently utilize the scattered spectrums,achieve higher bandwidth through multiple carriers,improve the peak rate,and improve the network experience of
267、users.This is achieved by sending the user data simultaneously over multiple component carriers.These carriers may be either FDD and/or TDD and may cover multiple bands or bandwidths as dictated by the UE support and by 3GPP.6.4.2.2 Testing Environment 6.4.2.2.1 Testing Setup 1.The intra-site setup:
268、Figure 24:The Intra-Site Setup 2.The inter-site setup:RRUBBURRUIrIrNGCApplication ServerUEUuUuNg Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 78(104)Figure 25:The Inter-Site Setup The UE and the RAN shall support the NR CA c
269、ombo in the test as dictated by supporting the software.TheBCS Combo shall be supported as stated in 2.6.4.2.2.2 Testing Configuration Figure 26:The NR CA Test Configuration 6.4.2.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.The blind/measurement-based addition of the SCell:1)Configure the carrier aggregation between N
270、R f1 cell and NR f2 cells as per infra vendor documentation.UENGCApplication ServergNodeBNgUugNodeBNgXn Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 79(104)2)Power the testing UE and allow the UE to connect to the network vi
271、a the 5G NR registration procedure.3)Confirm the UE support of the combo in test as per the UE capability message.4)Ensure the UE is camping on the appropriate PCell as per the combo in the test.This may be achieved by adjusting RF thresholds of the given PCell and SCell or by modifying cell re-sele
272、ction priorities as provisioned in SIB/IMMCI information.5)If the blind SCell addition is configured,skip to Step 8).6)If the measurement-based SCell addition is provisioned,ensure the network configures the appropriate Ax Event in the measurement configuration located within the RRC Reconfiguration
273、 message.7)Verify that the UE sends a measurement report of the cell,which satisfies the thresholds provisioned.8)Verify that the Scell is added in the RRC Reconfiguration message located in the ScellToAddModList.9)Perform the DL full buffer traffic and record the DL throughput.10)Verify that the tr
274、affic is scheduled across both the PCell and SCell(s).2.A2 Based SCell Removal:1)Configure the carrier aggregation between NR f1 cell and NR f2 cells as per infra vendor documentation.2)Power the testing UE and allow the UE to connect to the network via the 5G NR registration procedure.3)Verify that
275、 the SCell is added in the RRC Reconfiguration message located in the ScellToAddModList.Ensure that the SCell remains in the active state either by triggering.4)Move the UE out of the DL coverage of the SCell and verify that the UE sends the measurement report based on either the RSRP or the referen
276、ce signal received quality(RSRQ),or both of them,corresponding to the insufficient DL coverage of the current SCell.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 80(104)6.4.2.2.4 Success Criteria 1.Blind/Measurement-based add
277、ition of SCell 1)Verify that the SCell is added in the RRC reconfiguration message located in the ScellToAddModList.2)Verify that traffic is scheduled across both the PCell and SCell(s).2.A2 Based SCell Removal 1)Verify the network configures the measurement for A2 SCell Removal as per configuration
278、.2)Verify the measurement report is sent and the SCell is removed in the RRC Reconfiguration message located in the ScellRemoval List.3)Verify that the traffic is scheduled only on the PCell.7 NEW APPLICATION ENABLER 7.1 High-Interactive Broadband Communication The high-interactive broadband communi
279、cation is considered one of the main features expected to be supported by the 5G-Advanced network to meet the stringent requirements of new emerging services such as eXtended Reality(XR)and Cloud Gaming(CG).Hence,some specific enhancements on the capacity and the UE power consumption should be neede
280、d and tested.7.1.1 Capacity Evaluation 7.1.1.1 Definition The capacity evaluation concentrates on the performance evaluation of the maximum number of satisfied UEs supported by a single cell.The capacity evaluation is also carried out by the Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial
281、and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 81(104)introduction of some specific enhancements,and the capacity gain is expected compared to the baseline method.The definitions of KPIs are given as follows 7:The UE satisfaction:a UE is declared as a satisfied UE if all the consider
282、ed streams meet their requirements of the packet error rate(PER)and the packet delay budget(PDB),i.e.more than a certain percentage of packets are successfully transmitted within a given air interface PDB.Specifically,depending on the evaluation directions considered:In the DL-only evaluation,only D
283、L streams are considered when identifying the UE satisfaction.In the UL-only evaluation,only UL streams are considered when identifying the UE satisfaction.The system capacity:the system capacity is identified as the KPI for the capacity study,defined as the maximum number of users per cell with at
284、least Y%of UEs being satisfied(as long as it satisfies the PDB and PER in the QoS feature,the UE is satisfied).For example,the XR service corresponds to the reference values of PDB and PER in the QoS flow stream.7 Y=90(baseline)or 95(optional).Other values of Y can also be evaluated optionally.7.1.1
285、.2 Testing Environment 7.1.1.2.1 Testing Setup Test the system capacity for a single cell of the 5G NR base station.UEs are uniformly distributed in the cell with the single connectivity,and each UE is only served by a single XR/CG service.The number of UEs needs to gradually increase after each tes
286、t,to measure the maximum number of UEs supported by the cell as a measure of cell capacity.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 82(104)7.1.1.2.2 Testing Configuration This test is assumed to be applied to scenarios i
287、ncluding the indoor hot spot scenario,the dense urban area,and the urban macro scenario.Scenario-specific deployment attributes and expected values are listed in Table 2 for the indoor hot spot scenario,Table 3 for the dense urban area,and Table 4 for the urban macro scenario.7.1.1.2.3 Testing Proce
288、dures 7.1.1.2.3.1 Baseline Method for Single-Stream Services Without any Potential Enhancement 1.Configure each UE to be served by a single-stream AR service with a data rate of 30 Mbps.2.Start with one UE to be connected to the serving cell,and check whether the UE is satisfied.3.If at least 90%of
289、the connected UE(s)is/are satisfied,then add one more UE to be connected by the serving cell.4.Repeat Step 3 until the UE satisfaction requirement cannot be met.5.Measure the system capacity for the serving cell.7.1.1.2.3.2 Baseline Method for Multi-Stream Services Without any Potential Enhancement
290、1.Configure each UE to be served by a multi-stream AR service(two streams with one I-frame stream and one P-frame stream)with a data rate of 30 Mbps.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 83(104)2.Start with one UE to
291、be connected to the serving cell,and check whether the UE is satisfied.3.If at least 90%of the connected UE(s)is/are satisfied,then add one more UE to be connected by the serving cell.4.Repeat Step 3 until the UE satisfaction requirement cannot be met,and repeat the above procedure 20 times.5.Measur
292、e the system capacity for the serving cell.7.1.1.2.3.3 Cell Capacity Delay Aware Scheduler As indicated in 7,this section tests the capacity performance with the enhancement on gNB with the Delay Aware Scheduler relative to the typical per frame(PF)scheduler.The Delay Aware Scheduler:during the sche
293、duling,the gNB considers factors including the remaining delivery time of the frame,etc.The test procedure is similar to Section 7.1.1.2.3.1.7.1.1.2.3.4 Frame Level Integrated Transmission Scheduler As indicated in 7,this section tests the capacity performance with the enhancement on gNB with the Fr
294、ame Level Integrated Transmission(FLIT)Scheduler relative to the typical PF scheduler.The FLIT Scheduler:During the scheduling,the gNB considers factors including the size of the frame,the size of the already sent part of the frame,the remaining delivery time of the frame,etc.Definition of the Testi
295、ng Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 84(104)The test procedure is similar to Section 7.1.1.2.3.1.7.1.1.2.3.5 gNB Scheduling Awareness UE Playout Buffer As indicated in 7,the playout buffer at UE would ensure the in-sequence and the time in
296、terval alignment of XR video frames when it plays out to the user.The proposed scheme is for the UE to feedback not only on the XR-application type(the XR-application awareness)but also on the implemented playout buffer at the application layer to the gNB.In the evaluation,the size of the playout bu
297、ffer is feedback from the UE and known at the gNB.Then the gNB can have additional PDB,which could give the gNB more time to schedule the UE within the delay budget requirements of the XR service and more likely to successfully transmit packets with the link adaptation gain.The gNB knowing the size
298、of the playout buffer can preferentially schedule the UE with the packet delay close to the deadline and better channel conditions.The test procedure is similar to Section 7.1.1.2.3.1.7.1.1.2.3.6 Prioritizing Important Stream As indicated in 7,this section tests the capacity performance by prioritiz
299、ing important streams.In the evaluation,the transmission of the more important stream,e.g.I-frame or pose/control is prioritized.The test procedure is similar to Section 7.1.1.2.3.2.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Pa
300、ge 85(104)7.1.1.2.3.7 HARQ-ACK Enhancement for DG Scheduling As indicated by 7,this section tests the capacity performance with the HARQ-ACK enhancement for the DG scheduling.In the evaluation,the soft HARQ-ACK is used,where the UE provides enhanced the HARQ-ACK feedback beyond the baseline single b
301、it ACK/NACK status in the form of a Delta MCS based on PDSCH decoding.The test procedure is similar to Section 7.1.1.2.3.1.7.1.1.2.3.8 Enhanced Buffer Status Reporting for UL Transmission As indicated by 7,this section tests the capacity performance with enhanced BSR for UL transmission.The test pro
302、cedure is similar to Section 7.1.1.2.3.1.7.1.1.2.4 Success Criteria The potential enhancements are expected to improve the system capacity compared to the baseline method.7.1.1.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 41:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the Capacity Evaluation Indicator Baseli
303、ne Single-Stream Baseline Multi-Stream Delay Aware Scheduler Frame Aware Scheduler UE Buffer Awareness Stream Prioritization Enhanced HARQ Enhanced BSR System Capacity Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 86(104)7.1.
304、2 UE Power Consumption Evaluation 7.1.2.1 Definition The UE power consumption evaluation concentrates on the performance evaluation of the power saving gain(PSG)by the introduction of the specific UE power saving schemes for a single cell.Different UE power saving schemes consist of(as indicated by
305、7):AlwaysOn:in this scheme,the UE is always available for the scheduling(i.e.,no DRX off period).When the UE is not receiving/transmitting DL/UL data,the UE is assumed to keep monitoring the PDCCH.R15/16 CDRX:the connected mode DRX scheme is assumed.Enhancement of CDRX:the enhancement on R15/16 CDRX
306、 is to satisfy the non-integer periodicity for XR/CG services.Cross-slot scheduling and MIMO layer adaptation by BWP switching:The R16 dynamic BWP switching across different BWP with different configurations of minimum K0 and maximum MIMO layers.R17 PDCCH monitoring adaptation:the UE skipping PDCCH
307、monitoring based on a dynamically indicated the PDCCH skipping indication and/or the search space set group switching(SSSG)indication.In this scheme,it is assumed that the network will send the PDCCH skipping command with sthe kipping duration(s)(In detail,the described operation may or may not be f
308、ully compliant with the R17 PDCCH monitoring adaptation scheme which is currently still being discussed in R17 UE PS session as of 107-e).Genie:in this scheme,the UE is assumed to be in a sleep state(e.g.,micro/light/deep sleep as defined in 8)whenever there is neither DL data reception nor UL trans
309、mission.The definitions of KPI are given as follows 7.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 87(104)The power-saving gain(PSG)is determined from A,the power consumption of a power-saving scheme,and B,the power consumpt
310、ion of the baseline(AlwaysOn)case;PSG=(B-A)/B100%.Since the UE power saving gain typically comes with the capacity loss(i.e.,more precisely,the loss in the satisfied UE ratio),it also needs to be considered jointly with the power consumption/power saving gain.7.1.2.2 Testing Environment 7.1.2.2.1 Te
311、sting Setup A 5G NR base station is configured with a single cell.A single UE located at the good/medium/bad points is tested under the low/high cell load.7.1.2.2.2 Testing Configuration This test is assumed to be applied to scenarios including the indoor hot spot scenario,the dense urban area,and t
312、he urban macro scenario.Scenario-specific deployment attributes and expected values are listed in Table 2 for the indoor hot spot scenario,Table 3 for the dense urban area,and Table 4 for the urban macro scenario.7.1.2.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.Configure the testing UE to be served by a single-stream
313、 AR service with a data rate of 30 Mbps at a good point.2.Configure the UE to be in the AlwaysOn mode,and measure the average power consumption over a period of time.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 88(104)3.Intr
314、oduce the power saving enhancement(R15/16 CDRX,Enhancement of CDRX,dynamic BWP switching,R17 PDCCH monitoring adaptation,and Genie)one at a time,measure the average power consumption over a period of time,and calculate the PSG by each enhancement compared to the AlwaysOn mode.4.Repeat steps 1-3 in b
315、oth low and high cell load scenarios in both FR1 and FR2.5.Repeat steps 1-4 at the medium and bad points.7.1.2.2.4 Success Criteria The potential enhancements are expected to achieve a PSG of y compared to the AlwaysOn mode.7.1.2.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 42:The Reporting and Analysing
316、 Results for the UE Power Consumption Evaluation Indicator AlwaysOn R15/16 CDRX Enhanced CDRX Dynamic BWP Switching R17 PDCCH Monitoring Adaptation Genie Good points PSG with Low Load in FR1 PSG with Low Load in FR2 PSG with High Load in FR1 PSG with High Load in FR2 Medium points PSG with Low Load
317、in FR1 PSG with Low Load in FR2 Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 89(104)PSG with High Load in FR1 PSG with High Load in FR2 Bad points PSG with Low Load in FR1 PSG with Low Load in FR2 PSG with High Load in FR1 P
318、SG with High Load in FR2 7.2 Positioning and Sensing Evolution 7.2.1 5G Precise Positioning Solution Industrial customers require the precise indoor positioning with the low latency and the ultra-reliable positioning to be able to support their industry 4.0 use cases(e.g.flexible manufacturing).The
319、5G precise positioning is a key component of the industrial IoT scenario.The 5G precise positioning is based on the 5G gNB analysis of the UE UL SRS signal(UL SRS defined in R15 9 and R16 10)per pico remote radio head(pRRH)/sub-cell per antenna path.The Time of Arrival(ToA)of the UL SRS signal is co
320、mpared between different antenna paths within one pRRH and cross pRRHs within one supercell to get an accurate ToA difference matrix in the coverage area.The UL SRS signal phase difference is measured by the antenna array of each pRRH to get UEs angle to each pRRH.Multiple AoA measurement results cr
321、oss pRRHs within one supercell,the AoA matrix,provide specific UE position reference information.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Version 1.8,16December2022 Page 90(104)The gNB provides UE UL SRS measurement results,the ToA difference matrix an
322、d the AoA matrix,to the location management function(LMF)via the NR positioning protocol A(NRPPa)signal message.LMF,with the specific pRRHs location information,can make a combined calculation based on UE UL SRS measurement results to obtain a more accurate UE position.However,the position obtained
323、by the above-mentioned methods can be influenced by the environment,such as the temperature.Therefore,as an option,UL SRS measurement results of the reference UE,a normal 5G UE at a known position,can be used for further calibration.LMF will utilize the difference between the calculated position and
324、 the real position of the reference UE to adjust the position results of target UEs.7.2.1.1 Definition The solution architecture based on the 5G small cell BTS has been jointly combining the UTDoA with the nanosecond synchronization and AoA methods with the goal of achieving a precision of 3 metres
325、defined in Release 16.7.2.1.2 Testing Environment 7.2.1.2.1 Testing Setup The UE and the small cell BTS are configured to operate in 5G SA mode.7.2.1.2.2 Testing Configuration The BS and UE antenna elements are up to 4 Tx and Rx antenna elements for sub 6 GHz.The inter site distance is recommended t
326、o be 10-50 metres,depending on the scenario.Other scenario-specific deployment attributes and expected values are listed in Table 2 for the indoor hot spot scenario,only applying the parameters for sub 6 GHz.Definition of the Testing Framework for the NGMN 5G Trial and Testing Initiative Phase 2 Ver
327、sion 1.8,16December2022 Page 91(104)7.2.1.2.3 Testing Procedures 1.The test 5G UE sends a UL SRS message to all the 5G locators(the pRRHs serve in the position calculation of UL SRS receiving).The UE position is known before the test.1)The UE is placed in a test location of the good point.The good p
328、oint means that there is a line of sight(LOS)between the test UE and more than three locators.2)The UE is placed in a test location corresponding to the bad point.The bad point means that there is a LOS between the test UE and only one locator,or the obstruction exists between the UE and any locator
329、.2.All 5G locators listen to the UL SRS message from the testing UE,and measure at least one of two quantities:ToA and AoA.3.The ToA and/or the AoA measured at all 5G locators are sent to the LMF for calculating the UE position using the UTDoA(uplink time difference of arrival)and/or the AoA triangu
330、lation.Compare the calculation results with the known location data.7.2.1.2.4 Success Criteria Expected RAW results:50 cm 50%,500 metres,the height precision 10 metres,and the position precision 20 metres.7.2.2.3 Reporting and Analysing Results Table 45:The Reporting and Analysing Results for the Ha
331、rmonised Communication and Sensing The sensing coverage The height precision The position precision 7.3 Passive IoT The number of internet-of-things(IoT)connections has been growing rapidly in recent years and is predicted to be hundreds of billions by 2030 11.With more and more things expected to b
332、e interconnected for improving the production efficiency and increasing the comfort of life,it demands further reduction of the size,the cost,and the power consumption for IoT devices.In particular,the regular replacement of batteries for all IoT devices is impractical due to the tremendous consumpt
333、ion of materials and the manpower.It has become a trend to use the energy harvested from environments to power IoT devices for self-sustainable communications,especially in applications with a huge amount of devices(e.g.,ID tags and sensors).The widely used radio frequency identification(RFID)solution has shown the drawbacks of the poor coverage and the strong self-interference,and it is hard to s