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1、PET MARKETIN EUROPESTATE OF PLAY 2022 PRODUCTION,COLLECTION AND RECYCLINGEUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 2GLOSSARY OF TERMSBOPET Bi-axially Orientated PETCITEO French PROCONVERSIO Conversio Market&Strategy GmbHCONAI Consorzio Nazionale Imballaggi(Italian PRO)CPME Committee of PET Ma
2、nufacturers in EuropeDMT Dimethyl terephthalateDRS Deposit Return SchemeEPBP European PET Bottle PlatformEFSA European Food Safety AuthorityEPR Extended Producer ResponsibilityEPRO European Association of Plastics RecyclingEPS Expanded polystyreneEU27 European Union as of 2021EU27+3 European Union+U
3、K,Norway,and SwitzerlandEUCERTPLAST European Certification of Plastics RecyclingEUPC EU-level trade association for European plastics convertersEUROSTAT European Statistical OfficeGPET PET with added glycol,used for 3D printing applicationsICIS Independent Chemical Information ServiceMEG Mono-ethyle
4、ne glycolMONO-MATERIAL Product comprised of a single materialMULTI-LAYER Product(typically tray or flexible packaging)made with multiple layers of(one or more)material MULTI-MATERIAL Product(typically tray or flexible packaging)made from more than one materialNMWE Natural Mineral Waters EuropePAYT P
5、ay-as-you-throw:charging residents by weight or volume for disposing of residual wastePAGE 3EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPEF Polyethylene furanoatePELLET Sized at about 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.2cm,pellets are a standard material used in manufacturing and conversion PET Polyethylene terephthalat
6、ePET FLAKE Flake is often used within the PET industry,typically referring to a particle size below 2.5cm.PETCORE EUROPE PET Container Recycling EuropePOM Placed on the marketPP PolypropylenePPWD Packaging and Packaging Waste DirectivePRE Plastics Recyclers EuropePRO Producer Responsibility Organisa
7、tionPRIMARY FORMS Raw material input to product manufacturing processes i.e.,pellets and agglomeratesPS PolystyrenePTA Terephthalic acidPTT Pots,tubs,and traysPVC Polyvinyl chlorideRECOVINYL An initiative of the European PVC industry to facilitate PVC waste collection and recyclingrPET Recycled poly
8、ethylene terephthalateRPM Recycled plastic materialsRECYCLING The process of taking plastic scrap into rPET SUP Single Use PlasticTRAYS Generally used in this report to describe packaging made predominate-ly of thermoformed PET sheet and will include PTT packages other than traysEUNOMIA I PET MARKET
9、 IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 4TABLE OF CONTENTSGLOSSARY OF TERMS 2ABOUT NATURAL MINERAL WATERS EUROPE 5ABOUT PETCORE EUROPE 5ABOUT PLASTICS RECYCLERS EUROPE 5ABOUT UNESDA SOFT DRINKS EUROPE 51.INTRODUCTION 62.CURRENT STATE OF THE MARKET 7Production and consumption 8Import and Export 10End Markets(Pr
10、oducts)12Collection and Sorting 14Recycling 17End Markets(rPET)19PET Net Exports for Recycling 203.KEY CHALLENGES FACING THE RECYCLING MARKET 20Quantity:PET Mass Balance 21Quality:Supply of Collected and Sorted PET 22Quality:Recyclability and rPET Products 234.WHAT IS CHANGING?26Legislation 27Refill
11、able PET Bottles 28Collection:Further Implementation of Deposit Return Schemes 31Sorting 37Recycling 385.WHERE NEXT?39Future State of the Market 39Market Support 42Robust Data Sources 44A Final Note 45ANNEX 46PAGE 5EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYABOUT NATURAL MINERAL WATERS EUROPENatura
12、l Mineral Waters Europe represents almost 550 natural min-eral and spring water producers in Europe,most of them small-and medium sized companies,operating in rural areas.NMWE is dedicated to promoting the unique qualities of natural mineral and spring waters as well as sustaina-ble use of water res
13、ources and circular economy.The as-sociation builds on the long heritage and tradition with environment and source protection at heart.By contin-uously encouraging its members to reach even more am-bitious goals,NMWE plays a leading role in paving the way towards healthy,circular and sustainable Eur
14、opean food systems,while supporting a green recovery.ABOUT PETCORE EUROPEPETCORE Europe(formerly PETCORE-PET COn-tainer REcycling)is the associa-tion based in Brussels since 1993 representing the complete PET value chain in Europe,from PET manufacture to conversion into packaging,as well as recyclin
15、g and other related activities.PETCORE Europe is at the forefront of working with all stakeholders to ensure the sustainable growth of PET as a packaging material of choice,while promoting increas-es in post-consumer PET collection and recycling.They produced the first guidelines for PET bottle recy
16、cling and have conducted annual surveys on PET recycling since 1997.They liaise with the European institutions about the importance of the PET value chain,especially as PET significantly contributes to the Circular Econo-my.Furthermore,they respond to any concern or issue raised by stakeholders.The
17、membership of the associa-tion is formed by four leading industry sector Europe-an associations,i.e.,CPME,EuPC,Forum PET Europe(the converters)and PRE(the recyclers).There are also a large number of individual companies involved in the PET value chain.ABOUT PLASTICS RECYCLERS EUROPE Plastics Recycle
18、rs Europe(PRE)is an organization representing the voice of the European plastics re-cyclers who reprocess plastic waste into high-quality material destined for the production of new articles.Recyclers are important facilitators of the circularity of plastics and the transition towards the circular e
19、conomy.Plastics recycling in Europe is a rapidly growing sector representing over 3 billion in turnover,8.5 million tonnes of installed recycling capacity,600 companies and over 20.000 employees.PRE is a key stakeholder in the process of formulating,monitoring,and evaluating the EU policies that imp
20、act plastics recyclers.It promotes the use of quality plastic recyclates and offers concrete advice on how to devel-op innovative products and packaging with design for recycling.Via its decennial presence in Brussels and an extensive membership,PRE acquired considerable ex-pertise on policy measure
21、s to improve the circularity of plastics.ABOUT UNESDA Soft Drinks EuropeEstablished in 1958,UNESDA Soft Drinks Europe is the Brus-sels-based trade association repre-senting the non-alcoholic beverag-es sector.Its membership includes 10 companies and 23 national associations from across Europe.UNESDA
22、 members are involved in the produc-tion and/or distribution of a wide variety of non-alco-holic beverages including still drinks,carbonates,fruit drinks,energy drinks,iced teas and sport drinks.UNESDAs policy priorities are Sustainability(e.g.,bev-erage packaging,collection,recycling),Responsibilit
23、y(e.g.,sugar reduction,school policies,marketing practic-es towards children and labelling)and Competitiveness(e.g.,taxation,market access).EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 6This report,delivered by PRE in partnership with PETCORE Europe,NMWE and UNESDA Soft Drinks Europe,provides th
24、e latest data and trends on:The current state of the PET market in Europe;Key changes impacting the market and the resultant challeng-es faced by the supply chain;and What the future PET market will look like.This is the second iteration of this market report,the first was published in 2020.The part
25、ners intend to continue to update and re-publish this State of the Market report bi-annually to provide a narrative and assessment of the progress of the PET market in Europe.The report uses best available data sources to present data es-timates.The sources used include production data provided by t
26、he Committee of PET Manufacturers in Europe(CPME),PET-CORE Europe,a survey of European Producer Responsibility Organisations(PROs),and the results of the Annual PET Re-cyclers Survey(PRE,2020).Whilst the aim of this report is to provide data on the EU27+3,in some instances we have deviated from this
27、 due to data availability.Where this has happened,we have clearly noted changes in scope and have incorporated this into analysis wherever possible.While the reference year for data used in this report is 2020,updated positions on legislation or other new developments(e.g.,DRS implementations)over t
28、he past year are also discussed within this report.INTRODUCTIONPAGE 7EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYFigure 1 illustrates the PET supply chain in the context of a circular economy.The key elements are included within our analysis of the PET market,which can be found in this section1.VIRG
29、IN PET PRODUCTION IN EUROPECONVERTERDEMANDPET PRODUCTS ON THE MARKETrPETPRODUCTIONCOLLECTION&SORTINGEND-OF-LIFEPET PRODUCTSImports of Virgin PET into EuropeExports&Imports ofPET ProductsLong Life Products In UseExports for recyclingExports of rPETImports of rPET into EuropeEnergy fromWaste/Disposal/
30、Lost to environment Sorting LossesRecycling LossesVirgin PET Exports from EuropeFigure 1:PET Lifecycle in the Circular Economy,Source:Eunomia2.CURRENT STATE OF THE MARKETEUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 8Net demand for PET in the EU27+UK was estimated at 5.1mt in 2020,of which 3.0mt
31、was supplied from virgin PET production,1.3mt from rPET production,and 0.8mt from imports(note this fig-ure is for net imports).Figure 2 illustrates the production and de-mand of virgin and recycled PET within the EU27+UK(previously the EU28)over the period from 2018 to 2020.This only includes highe
32、r viscosity PET(i.e.,PET in primary forms with a viscosity number of 78 ml/g which is used for bottles,trays,and flexible packaging)and therefore excludes demand for polyester fibres.Additionally,rPET quantities are for rPET that is used in ap-plications with a higher viscosity number.Therefore,rPET
33、 used in polyester fibres is not included in the report unless it is clearly stated as such.Data was not available for rPET in 2019,so a linear increase has been used as an approximation.PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTIONFigure 2:Total Demand for PET(Primary Forms and Sheet),2018-2020(EU27+UK)6,005,004,003,
34、002,001,000,00-1,003,042,903,000,731,050,870,300,310,310,100,150,200,100,110,181,081,201,32201820192020PET,milion tonnesvPET production(primary forms)Imports(primary forms)Exports(primary forms)rPET production(high viscosity)Imports(sheets)Exports(sheets)Total demandDue to lack of availability,no da
35、ta are included for preforms or final packaging formats in Figure 2.Table 1 provides a breakdown of the data with imports and exports for primary form PET and sheets.Source:CPME,Eurostat,Annual PET Recyclers Survey(PRE)TOTAL DEMAND FOR PET APPEARS TO BE STABLE OVER THE PERIOD SINCE THE PREVIOUS ITER
36、ATION OF THE REPORT(2018 2020).DATA SUGGESTS A SMALL POTEN-TIAL SHIFT AWAY FROM VIRGIN PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS,AND TOWARDS rPET PRODUCTION.PAGE 9EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYTable 1:Production and Demand of PET,2018-2020(EU27+UK)Source:CPME,Eurostat,Annual PET Recyclers Survey(PRE)In T
37、able 1,import and export figures for sheet have been split into the two categories for sheet used by Eurostat.This is assuming that:Sheet of thickness 0.35mm is used for thermoform-ing of trays etc;and Sheet of thickness 0.35mm is used for films.Whilst this assumption has been used throughout the re
38、-port,the boundary for thermoforming trays may in fact be less than 0.35mm and is understood to be dependent on the manufacturing process.Therefore,some of what has been classified as film throughout this report may in re-ality be used in thermoforming.Both have been included here as packaging produ
39、cts,but it is important to note the differentiation between the two as the trade balance for each format varies.This has been explored in more detail in Section b.Since 2018,total demand for PET has grown from 4.95mt to 5.12mt,representing an increase of approximately 3.4%.However,from this data alo
40、ne,and as the demand in 2019 has been estimated at 5.21mt,it does not appear reason-able to conclude that the market is growing.Indeed,it would seem that the market has remained relatively stable over the period discussed.Whilst the overall demand appears consistent,the compo-sition of the sources o
41、f PET used to meet this demand has experienced a slight change.Table 2 displays a comparison between the sources used to meet the PET demand in 2018 versus those used in 2020.The table illustrates a small po-tential shift away from virgin production and imports and towards rPET production(for use in
42、 applications with a higher viscosity number).However,it should be noted that as this only compares two datasets,it should not be considered a trend.rPET production and end markets are therefore discussed in greater detail in Section f.201820192020IMPORTS(PRIMARY FORMS)(MT)0.731.050.87IMPORTS(SHEETS
43、)0.35 MM(MT)0.250.260.26IMPORTS(SHEETS)0.35 MM(MT)0.050.060.05VPET PRODUCTION(PRIMARY FORM)(MT)3.042.903.00EXPORTS(PRIMARY FORMS)(MT)0.100.150.20EXPORTS(SHEETS)0.35 MM(MT)0.060.060.10EXPORTS(SHEETS)0.35 MM(MT)0.040.040.07rPET PRODUCTION(HIGH VISCOSITY)(MT)1.081.201.3220182020difference(2020-2018)EUR
44、OPEAN VIRGIN PRODUCTION61.3%58.6%-2.7%NET IMPORTS16.8%15.7%-1.1%rPET PRODUCTION21.9%25.7%+3.8%Table 2:Comparison in Composition of Sources Used to Meet PET Demand,2018 vs.2020EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 10Primary form imports of PET with a viscosity number 78 ml/g(i.e.,high visc
45、osity PET)totalled 667m in 2020 whilst exports totalled 172m suggesting that imports are almost four times higher than exports.Figure 3 displays the value of imports and exports of primary form PET of the relevant viscosity in the EU-27+UK over the period of 2018 to 2020.The import and export tonnag
46、es were provided by CPME and used in conjunction with cost per tonne data from Eurostat PRODCOM.The scope within this section is limited to EU-27+UK(i.e.,Norway and Switzerland have not been included).IMPORT AND EXPORT THE EXPORT MARKET VALUE FROM THE EU27+UK IS SMALLER THAN THE IMPORT MARKET.ALMOST
47、 FOUR TIMES SMALLER FOR PRIMARY-FORM PET.A LITTLE OVER HALF OF THE VALUE FOR SHEET.THE BOTTLE EXPORT MARKET IS APPROXIMATELY 6%LARGER THAN THE IMPORT MARKET.Figure 3:Value of Imports and Exports of PET in Primary Forms with Viscosity 78 ml/g in the EU27+UK,2018-2020Source:CPME and Eurostat,derivatio
48、n201820192020Value,million 6004002000-200-400ImportExportNet importPAGE 11EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYAs demonstrated in the figure,the value of imports of primary form PET with viscosity number 78 ml/g into the EU27+UK has decreased drastically versus 2019 data.In 2019,th
49、ese imports were valued at approximately 1.1bn whilst exports totalled 161m.Over the timescale considered,the EU27 has consistently been a net importer of PET in primary forms.The EU27s negative trade balance has ranged from 893m in 2019 to 495m in 2020.Additionally,the EU27 has also traditionally b
50、een a net importer of PET sheet.Since 2018,the EU27 has consistently imported more sheet with thickness 0.35mm(i.e.,film and some ther-moforms).However,in 2020 exports of sheet with thickness 0.35mm exceeded imports.Whilst marginal,this net export of thick sheet reduces the number of PET trays on th
51、e market within the EU27.According to PRODCOM data,the EU27+UKs largest trade partners for imports of primary PET are the Republic of Korea(170m),Turkey(125m),India(125m),and Indonesia(88m),between them contributing more than 61%of total import value.The United Nations(UN)international trade and sta
52、tistics data-base,Comtrade,shows that since reporting of PET in primary forms was first differentiated by viscosity in 2017,only four of the highest importers of PET have increased the volumes of PET supplied into the EU27+UK Indonesia,China,Egypt,and Swit-zerland and only tonnages from Turkey and I
53、ndonesia did not drop in 2020 from 2019 levels3.Almost 70%of PET exported from the EU27+UK is to Ukraine(65m),South Africa(26),Algeria(25m),and Switzerland(18m).In the previous iteration of the report,the top four im-porters of EU27+UK PET were,in order,Switzerland(25m),Ukraine(22m),the USA(14m),and
54、 Turkey(12m).Within the EU27+UK,the Netherlands,Germany,Spain,Bel-gium,Latvia,Lithuania,and Slovakia all have positive trade balances(in value terms)in respect of primary PET import ver-sus export.At the time of writing the previous iteration of the report,only four Member States were in this positi
55、on(Lithua-nia,the Netherlands,Spain,and Belgium).4 Consistent with the findings of the previous report,Italy and France have the largest trade deficits measured by value.THE VALUE OF IMPORTS OF PRIMARY FORM PET WITH VISCOSITY NUMBER 78 ML/G INTO THE EU27+UK HAS DECREASED DRASTICALLY VERSUS 2019 DATA
56、.IN 2019,THESE IMPORTS WERE VALUED AT APPROXIMATELY 1.1BN WHILST EXPORTS TOTALLED 161M.EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 12END MARKETS(PRODUCTS)To obtain a reasonable estimate for the tonnages of bottles,trays,and other PET packaging prod-ucts placed on the market in the EU27+UK in 20
57、20,application splits for both virgin and re-cycled PET were required.An estimation of the demand split of virgin PET(having a viscosi-ty number 78 ml/g)was provided by CPME and an estimation of the rPET application split was provided by PRE.These application splits,alongside the production and impo
58、rt/export data discussed in Sections b and c,infer that an estimated total of 3.6mt of PET bottles and 1.0mt of PET trays were placed on the market in the EU27+UK in 2020.This relates to an almost 6%increase in PET bottles and an 11%increase in PET trays compared to 2018 figures for the EU28+2.If 20
59、20 data were available for the EU27+3,we can assume that this increase would be greater.Figure 4 illustrates an approximate breakdown of PET product applications excluding fibre(polyester)and monofilament.This highlights the significance of the packaging sector in over-all demand for PET.Bottles(bev
60、erage)Bottles(non-beverage)TraysFlexible PackagingOtherPACKAGING 97%3%7%20%6%64%PET PRODUCTSON THE MARKETFigure 4:PET Products on the Market,3.6MT OF PET BOTTLES AND 1.0MT OF PET TRAYS WERE PLACED ON THE EU27+UK MARKET IN 2020.THIS EQUATES TO AN INCREASE IN PRODUCTS PLACED ON THE MARKET OF 6%FOR PET
61、 BOTTLES AND 11%FOR PET TRAYS.CONSUMPTION OF ALL PET PACKAGING APPLICATIONS HAS GROWN SINCE 2020.Source:CPME and PRE data,derivationPAGE 13EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPACKAGING(97%)The main packaging product uses are:BOTTLES(70%):The largest use of PET is for bot-tles,and within that
62、,drink/beverage bottles.Often,PET bottles are transparent,but opaque PET is used more extensively in some regions(e.g.,milk packag-ing in France).There is a lack of reported data on the split between PET beverage and non-beverage bottles.However,based on a prior PETCORE Europe study by PCI,it is est
63、imated that up to 8%of PET bottles are used for other food applications(for example,sauces)and cosmetic/hygiene products.5 TRAYS(20%):PET in the form of sheet is used for other food packaging,primarily in blisters or thermo-formed/thermoset food trays.Fully crystalline PET(treated so that polymer ch
64、ains are parallel and closely packed)is opaque and can be used for oven-ready and microwaveable trays.Based on demand data for PET sheet,it is estimated that the amount of PET trays be-ing placed on the market is approximately 1.0mt per annum.6 FLEXIBLE PACKAGING(7%):A smaller amount of PET film/she
65、et is utilised for flexible film packaging,either as a mono-material or as a barrier layer in mul-ti-material packaging.As a barrier,PET is combined with layers of other materials,such as PE,PP and/or aluminium.It is estimated that around 355kt of PET is used as flexible packaging annually.Figure 5:
66、Changes in Placed on the Market Tonnages per Application,2018 versus 2020OTHER PRODUCT SECTORS(UP TO 3%)Outside of packaging applications,PET is also used for photographic films,X-rays,and electrical insulation.Occasionally,PET is also used to manufacture moulded components in the automotive industr
67、y.PET FIBRE AND MONOFILAMENTAPPLICATIONSExcept as an important end market for rPET,monofila-ment and fibre products have not been included within the considered applications in this report.PET can be used in monofilament or fibre form for strapping and extensively for fibre(as polyester)in woven,kni
68、tted,and non-woven textiles.MARKET TRENDS OVER TIMEThe tonnage of PET placed on the market has been shaped in the past decade by substantial growth in the consumption of both PET bottles(beverage and non-beverage)and PET trays.However,this increase in consumption has been partly offset by beverage b
69、ottle lightweighting,which is an increasingly common prac-tice for manufacturers looking to address environmental concern whilst reducing unit cost.Regardless,the consumption of PET for packaging con-tinues to grow.Figure 5 displays the consumption of each of the major PET applications considered wi
70、thin this report in 2018 and 2020.Placed on the Market(kt)3500300025002000030182020Bottles(beverage)Bottles(non-beverage)TraysFlexiblepackagingOtherEUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 14COLLECTION AND SORTINGAs the majority of PET products are
71、 single use and are quickly disposed of,it can be assumed that most products placed on the market within a year will become available for collection within the same timeframe.Therefore,based on the market data presented in the sections above,it is es-timated that 4.6mt of rigid packaging material re
72、ached the end of its useful life in 2020,and was therefore available for collection across the EU27+UK.The large majority of this was PET bottles(3.6mt),with the remainder PET trays(1.0mt).PET BOTTLE COLLECTION&SORTINGIn 2020,2.2mt of PET bottle bales were sorted for recycling.This roughly equates t
73、o a sorted for recycling rate of 61%for PET bottles in Europe.We would like to note that this does not account for any trays present in bottle bales that may be wrongfully included within PET bottle sorted for recycling tonnages.However,we expect this figure to be low and for the effects on the over
74、all bottle recycling rate to be small.According to the Annual PET Recyclers Sur-vey(PRE,2020),this included the following proportions of bottle colours;clear and light blue bottles represented the majority of bottles(over 72%),whilst mixed coloured and opaque bottles accounted for approximately 27%a
75、nd 1%re-spectively.We expect that this is likely an underestimation of the total clear and light blue bottles,as some countries do not have colour sorting for PET.PET TRAY COLLECTION&SORTINGSome,but not all,Member States collect PET trays for recycling.Where PET trays are included within collec-tion
76、 systems,they are predominantly collected with oth-er plastic of mixed light packaging.In some cases,some of the tray content is then sorted into PET bottle bales.However,the PET used to manufacture trays has a differ-ent structure to that which is used to manufacture bot-tles.Tray PET has a lower i
77、ntrinsic viscosity than bottle which means it is significantly more brittle.As a result,it produces more fines throughout the recycling processes,causing losses.Therefore,when PET trays are included within bottle recycling,the resulting recyclate is lower quality and the yield is less with the trays
78、 essentially act-ing as a contaminant.In order to prevent loss of quality,trays should be sorted from PET bottles for separate recycling and,ideally,into two separate streams mono-material clear trays and multi-material clear trays.A third stream for coloured trays should be taken into consideration
79、 where possible.Capacity for separated PET tray recycling lines appears to have increased in the past few years.It is estimated that the tray recycling capacity will reach around 100ktpa of PET trays in the next 2 to 3 years which is 10%of trays placed on the market and little less than half of tray
80、s currently collected.Most of this capacity is orientated to AN ESTIMATED 4.6MT OF PET RIGID PACKAGING ENDED ITS PRODUCT LIFE AND WAS AVAILABLE FOR COLLECTION IN 2020.OF THIS,APPROXIMATELY 49%(61%OF BOTTLES AND 21%OF TRAYS)WAS COLLECTED AND SORTED FOR RECYCLING ACROSS EUROPE.COLLECTION AND SORTING R
81、ATES FOR BEVERAGE BOTTLES WILL NEED TO INCREASE FOR MANY MEMBER STATES IN ORDER TO MEET THE SUP TARGETS.COLLECTION AND SORTING RATES FOR TRAYS AND FLEXIBLE PACKAGING WILL NEED TO INCREASE IN MANY MEMBER STATES FOR IT TO BE LIKELY THAT THOSE PACKAGES WILL BE CONSIDERED RE-CYCLABLE.PAGE 15EUNOMIA I PE
82、T MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYrecycling clear and mono-material clear trays.Recycling capacities for multi material and coloured trays are in de-velopment and remain small at present.In 2020,approximately 208kt of PET trays were separately sorted for recycling.Of this,roughly 46%was clear mon-olay
83、er trays,47%was clear multilayer,and 7%was black or coloured PET trays.As approximately 1.0mt of PET trays were available for collection,the sorted for recycling rate of PET trays in 2020 is estimated to be approximately 21%.Note that as the data was unavailable,this does not include values for the
84、tonnage of trays present within PET bottle or other mixed plastic bales.COLLECTION SYSTEMSBased on the above analysis of bottle and tray collec-tion and sorting,we estimate that 49%of total PET rigid packaging arisings were collected and sorted for recy-cling across the EU27+3 in 2020.We have been u
85、nable to provide an estimate of sorted for recycling rates for each Member State in 2020,as available data was insuffi-cient.However,in Section 4c we have explored the status of DRS in each Member State and have interrogated five case study countries in greater detail.It is worth noting that these s
86、chemes are for beverage PET bottles and do not,therefore,include PET bottles for other applications(such as detergents or personal care products).Greater transparency of reporting is required to improve confi-dence in collection and sorting.In general,countries with DRS systems in place achieve high
87、er sorted for recycling rates for in-scope products(i.e.,certain beverage bottles).Nine of ten countries with established DRS,in Europe,have achieved sorted for re-cycling rates of 83%or higher.The tenth,the Netherlands,has a collection rate of 65%but this rate is for a scheme with just partial cove
88、rage as only bottles with volumes greater than 0.5l are included.The Netherlands extend-ed this scheme to include smaller bottles in July 2021 and so it is expected that this rate will soon increase.As DRS in these countries only includes beverage bottles the resulting grade of PET bottle bales only
89、 includes food contact mate-rials therefore,the collected packaging waste is of sufficient quality to meet the European Food Safety Authoritys(EFSA)requirement for less than 5%non-food-contact PET within food-contact rPET.In addition,collecting bottles separately to trays(e.g.,through DRS)ensures th
90、at the quality of bottle grade rPET is not impacted by the presence of tray materials.Household collections,either via door-to-door collection or through the use of bring sites,often include PET packaging.These systems result in varied performance it is currently estimated that the worst performers
91、result in sorted for re-cycling rates of 22%while the best reach rates of 75%.This is with the exception of Belgium,who reports a sorted for recycling rate of 92%despite not having a DRS scheme in place.Figure 6 shows the range of performance recorded for different collection schemes in Europe.Membe
92、r States vary as to which colour fractions PET is sort-ed into.This is illustrated in Figure 7.Where mixed colour fractions contain large amounts of clear and blue PET,they may be further colour sorted.EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 1696%83%87%65%50%75%92%22%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
93、80%90%100%DRSOTHER Sorted for Recycling Rate25%35%34%27%2%2%9%9%16%16%39%12%19%21%23%48%33%62%78%3%62%4%22%12%49%48%14%5%3%33%5%67%24%28%5%23%30%2%9%5%5%30%7%23%17%3%44%3%35%21%19%24%5%5%OverallItalySpain0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%GermanyNetherlandsHungarySwitzerlandRomaniaAustriaFrancePolandI
94、relandPercentage of sorted PET bottles and traysBottle:ClearBottle:Mixed ColouredTray:Multimaterial ClearBottle:Clear/BlueBottle:OpaqueBottle:Light BlueBottle:Monolayer ClearTray:Black&Colours1%1%Figure 6:Sorted for Recycling Rate for Collection Schemes in EuropeFigure 7:Proportions of Sorted Colour
95、s of PET Bottles and Trays in Countries with Available Data 2020Source:PRE,PETCORE Europe,and NMWE(previously EFBW)9Source:Annual PET Recyclers Survey(PRE,2020)PAGE 17EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYFigure 8:PET Recycling Capacity by Country(EU27+3)Source:Annual PET Recyclers Survey(PRE,
96、2020)RECYCLINGPRE data shows that around 2.4mt of PET was recycled within the EU27+3 in 2020.Of this 2.4mt,following wash and flake processes,ap-proximately 632kt was then processed further and pelletised via extrusion.Germany(21%),Spain(16%),Italy(12%),France(11%),and the UK&Ireland(11%)account for
97、 71%of PET washing capacity in the EU27+3(see Figure 8).The EU27+3 has approximately 2.8mt of total input capacity for PET washing.According to respondents to the Annual PET Recyclers Sur-vey(PRE,2020),in 2020 the average utilisation of wash and flake plant capacity was estimated to be 87%,processin
98、g over 2.4mt of input and generating more than 1.7mt of flake output.This includes rPET destined for applications with a viscosity number 78 ml/g,i.e.,for ap-plications outside of packaging(for example,fibres).Following washing,some PET flake is sent for further recycling by extrusion into pellets.I
99、N 2020,APPROXIMATELY 2.4MT OF PET WAS RECYCLED WITHIN THE EU27+3.OF THE 2.4MT INPUT INTO RECYCLING FACILITIES,1.7MT OF FLAKE WAS PRODUCED.OF THE 632KT INPUT INTO EXTRUSION FACILITIES,606KT OF PELLET WAS PRODUCED.THE AVERAGE CAPACITY UTILISATION OF PET WASH AND EXTRUSION FACILITIES WERE 87%AND 86%RE-
100、SPECTIVELY.AN IMPROVEMENT IN DATA AVAILABILITY HAS IN-CREASED REPORTED TONNAGES FOR ALL MEASURED FACTORS RELATED TO RECYCLING.GermanySpainFranceItalyUK and IrelandCentral EuropeSouthern Europe and Southeastern EuropeBeneluxPolandBaltics&ScandinaviaHungary21%16%12%11%11%7%6%6%4%4%2%PET RECYCLING CAPA
101、CITY BY COUNTRY(EU27+3)EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 18Following washing,some PET flake is sent for further re-cycling by extrusion into pellets.Total input capacity for PET extrusion is estimated to be approximately 736kt in the EU27+3According to respondents to the Annual PET Re
102、cyclers Survey(PRE),in 2020 the average utilisation of extrusion capacity was estimated to be 86%,resulting in approximately 632kt of pellet output.When compared with the previous iteration of the report,an improvement on the data available for recycling capaci-ty and production has resulted in incr
103、eases in all measured factors.This can be clearly seen in Figure 9 where overall capacity has increased by 21%in two years.Given the greater level of data granularity available for 2020,alongside the total rPET production,Figure 9 includes the split between rPET produced and destined for low viscosi
104、ty applications,and that which is destined for high viscosity applications.Figure 9:PET Recycling Capacity,Input and Output,2018 versus 2020Source:Annual PRE Recyclers Survey(PRE,2020)2 161 2 804 1 819 2 22953208 1 083 1 382020Recycling Capacity,ktpaRecycler CapacityInput to Recycler(Bott
105、le Bales)Input to Recycler(Trays)Output rPET(high viscosity)Output rPET(low viscosity)3000250020000PAGE 19EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYEND MARKETS(rPET)PRE received end market data from members covering 906kt of recycled material.This figure represents 52%of the total marke
106、t.This,alongside industry expertise,was used to identify estimates for the split of rPET applications.The resulting split can be seen in Figure 10.Here,rPET destined for both high and low viscosity applications have been included.This data,when used in conjunction with other information laid out ear
107、lier in the report,can be used to calculate an estimate of recycled content in European bottle and tray production.The results can be seen in Table 3.THE PRIMARY END MARKET FOR rPET IS PACKAG-ING.THE LARGEST SINGLE APPLICATION FOR rPET IN PACKAGING IN 2020 WAS TRAYS AND SHEETS(32%)FOLLOWED BY FOOD C
108、ONTACT BOTTLES(29%).THE ESTIMATED INFERRED RECYCLED CONTENT IN PET BOTTLES IN 2020 WAS 17%.THE ESTIMATED INFERRED RECYCLED CONTENT IN PET THERMOFORMS AND TRAYS IN 2020 WAS 52%.Figure 10:End Markets for rPET(EU27+UK)in 2020 Based on Input from Industry Experts32%27%33%24%8%1%2%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
109、80%90%100%All applicationsFood contactBlow-mouldingSheetFibreStrappingInjection mouldingOtherrPET to Product Applications 2020,ktEU27+UK Production,2020,ktEstimate of Recycled Content in 2020Blow-moulding(food contact)5143.61817%Blow-moulding(other)92SHEET529101752%STRAPPING125Injection moulding19Ot
110、her39Fibres385TOTAL1.703Source:PRE expertiseTable 3:Approximate use of rPET(EU27+UK)Compared to Total Primary PET Production in 2020EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 20PET NET EXPORTS FOR RECYCLINGData on exports of PET sorted for recycling remain unavailable as Eurostat does not repo
111、rt PET exports separately to”other plastics”.Currently,plastic exports include any scrap not recorded as PE,PP,PS,or PVC and may include mixed plastic bales.The best estimate is likely to come from comparing quantities of PET sorted for recycling with input tonnages to EU facilities.With the data av
112、ailable in this study,this provides an estimate of 67kt of PET(inclusive of non-PET material and moisture within bales)exported for recycling in 2020.This is a decrease of approximately 133kt versus 2018 estimates.In the following section,the key challenges facing the PET recycling market in Europe
113、have been explored.It takes the data from the previous section and looks at the PET mass balance across the supply chain,the recyclability of products,and the resulting impacts on the sorting and recycling industry.3.KEY CHALLENGES FACING THE RECYCLING MARKET DEMAND FOR FOOD GRADE rPET FOR BOTTLE PR
114、O-DUCTION EXCEEDS SUPPLY AND THERE WILL NEED TO BE AN EXPANSION IN BOTH RECYCLING CAPACITY OF THIS GRADE AND SUPPLY OF SORTED BOTTLES OF SUFFICIENT QUALITY TO FEED THIS CAPACITY.TRAY RECYCLING CAPACITY WILL NEED TO SUBSTAN-TIALLY EXPAND FOR THIS APPLICATION GROUP TO BE CONSIDERED RECYCLABLE.THE QUAL
115、ITY OF THE SUPPLY OF COLLECTED PET VAR-IES SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN AND AMONG MEMBER STATES.FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DIFFERENCES IN-CLUDE COLLECTION METHODS,BALE QUALITY,AND APPROACH TO MIXED PET WASTE.FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS IN DESIGN FOR RECYCLA-BILITY PRACTICES ARE LIKELY TO BE NEEDED TO FA-CILITATE MOR
116、E rPET BEING USED WITHIN ITS OWN AP-PLICATION CYCLE.PAGE 21EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYFigure 11 shows the current mass balance of PET across the EU27+3.The stages are shown across the horizontal axis,with coloured blocks indicating the flows in or out at each stage.The major source
117、of PET leakage from the recycling chain occurs in the initial stages of collection and sorting.When PET is collected for recycling,it is subsequently sorted and recycled to a high degree,with the vast majority recycled in the EU27+3.These factors all contribute to a product stream that is capable of
118、 leading to high quality bales that can be more readily sorted and recycled into rPET.For PET trays,collection and sorting rates are much lower.As such,there are far fewer recycling lines for trays.While there is still progress to be made with regards to collection and sorting of PET across the EU,t
119、he major challenge for fully bridging the gap in terms of mass balance,remains in the ability for collection and sorting systems to capture PET packaging and sort them into separated streams for recycling.QUANTITY:PET MASS BALANCEFigure 11:Overall PET Mass Balance for the EU27+3 in 2020 10 Source:Eu
120、nomia 11Other bottlesTraysTraysExportsNet imports(sheets)FlexiblesOther PETProductionPlaced on theMarketSorted forRecyclingrPETOut of the loop into lower viscosity PET applicationsPET,kt6000500040003000200010000Back into high viscosity PET applicationsHigh viscosityrPET Primary productionNet imports
121、(high viscosity primary PET)High viscosityrPET Low viscosityrPET Bottles(food contact)BottlesTraysEUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 22The quality of the supply of collected and sorted PET is impacted by several factors throughout the waste management system.Several of the key factors
122、have been interrogated in the following sections.DIFFERENCES IN COLLECTION SYSTEMSCurrently,collection systems across the EU are not harmonised.Collection varies between DRS schemes(for beverages),door-to-door collection,and bring sites.Furthermore,the waste formats collected for recycling by Member
123、 States,and the combinations they are collected in,differ.This variation in collection system design,coupled with differing collection rates and performance,results in collected waste streams that are varied from the outset.VARIATION IN BALE QUALITYMaterial derived from door-to-door and bring collec
124、tions often result in reduced bale quality.Higher levels of paper fibres and organic material present in household derived PET can increase costs and sorting losses,making it more expensive to sort and clean the material to a high standard.Sources of problems due to bale quality include:Unwanted pol
125、ymers,such as PVC,which require fur-ther sorting and can impair the quality of the rPET pro-duced;and Paper fibres,textiles,and glass shards that reduce pro-duction efficiency and cause losses of some PET in the wash plant processes.Additionally,the presence of PET trays within PET bottle bales can
126、negatively impact the quality of the PET flake.This is explored in further detail in the following section.Furthermore,there are no EU-wide standard definitions for levels of transparent or coloured PET.As a result,different nations use different standards.This limits the potential for intra-EU trad
127、e between sorters and recyclers.MIXED PROCESSING OF PET TRAYS AND BOTTLESThe material used to manufacture PET trays is significantly more brittle and so produces more fines when processed into flake.Therefore,when PET trays are included within bottle recycling,the resulting recyclate is lower qualit
128、y and the yield is less the trays essentially acting as a contaminant.In order to prevent loss of quality due to contamination,trays need to be sorted from PET bottles for separate recycling.Whilst this is reasonably well recognised within industry,there are several other factors preventing widespre
129、ad separation of PET trays from other waste streams.First,the quantities of material available are lower.Second,there is considerable variation in tray designs(e.g.,multilayer vs.monolayer)that further dilute the available feedstock.It is estimated that the current market for PET trays consists of 6
130、0%multilayer PET trays and 40%monolayer.Whilst monolayer trays are easier to recycle,multilayer solutions are often necessary for their barrier properties.There are various initiatives,which are often led by prominent brands and retailers,to move away from multi-material trays where possible and the
131、reby improve recyclability.QUALITY:SUPPLY OF COLLECTED AND SORTED PETPAGE 23EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYQUALITY:RECYCLABILITY AND rPET PRODUCTSEnsuring that a product is readily recyclable requires more than simply using a technically recyclable material to manufacture the main body
132、of the product.The presence of other components(such as closures,labels,inks)can prevent effective recycling,increase the costs of processing,and/or reduce the value of the secondary material obtained.According to the definition released by PRE in association with the Associations of Plastics Recycl
133、ers(APR)in the USA,plastics must meet four conditions for a product to be considered recyclable:12 1.The product must be made with a plastic that is collected for recycling,has a market value,and/or is supported by a legis-latively mandated programme.2.The product must be sorted and aggregated into
134、defined streams for recycling processes.3.The product can be processed and reclaimed/recycled with commercial recycling processes.4.The recycled plastic becomes a raw material that is used in the production of new products.The definition references the economic viability of collection(in condition 1
135、,with the concept of market value or legislative support)and/or recycling(in condition 3,with reference to commercial recycling processes).Due to the variation in rigid PET packaging products on the market,the recyclability of PET is not a singularly defined metric.Table 4 examines each of the main
136、PET product groups against each condition.The extent to which each product group meets the recyclability criteria is shown using a colour indicator.Green represents a high score,yellow indicates some challenges,and red highlights that a particular product group fails to meet the recyclability criter
137、ia.In addition to scoring product groups against individual criteria,we have also included an overall score for recyclability.Where useful,we have also included commentary within the relevant box on the table.ENSURING THAT A PRODUCT IS READ-ILY RECYCLABLE REQUIRES MORE THAN SIMPLY USING A TECHNICALL
138、Y RECY-CLABLE MATERIAL TO MANUFACTURE THE MAIN BODY OF THE PRODUCT.THE PRESENCE OF OTHER COMPONENTS(SUCH AS CLOSURES,LABELS,INKS)CAN PREVENT EFFECTIVE RECYCLING,INCREASE THE COSTS OF PROCESSING,AND/OR REDUCE THE VALUE OF THE SECONDARY MATERIAL OBTAINED.EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAG
139、E 24Table 4:Recyclability Assessment of PET Rigid Product GroupsASSESSED PET PRODUCT GROUPS FOR RECYCLABILITYBOTTLESTRAYSRECYCLABILITYCRITERIACLEARLIGHT BLUECOLOUREDOPAQUEMONO-MATERIALMULTI-MATERIAL/POLYMER LAYERSOVERALL COLLECTIONWidely collected.No separation between mono-and multi-mate-rial trays
140、 during collection.SORTINGWidely sorted from mixed collections.Increasingly subject to DRS in many Member States therefore less contamination.Quantities of opaque bottles in collected streams remain low.Current mechanical recycling techniques prevent opaque rPET from entering into lighter coloured a
141、ppli-cations.Not always considered economically viable to sort separately.High proportions of trays currently sorted into bottle grades or into“mixed plastics”.High proportions of trays currently sorted into other grades.Multi-layer formats can be mis-sorted by sensor-based sorters(e.g.,NIR technolo
142、-gies).RECYCLINGChallenges posed by labels,adhesives and caps are generally overcome.Some growth in the development of test plants for recycling opaque bottles.Development not yet significant enough to be considered effec-tive.Low tray recycling figures governed by less mature collection and sorting
143、.Some examples of emerging techniques for separating polymer layers but maturity is low and requires considerable further innovation.No commercial-scale recycling capacity at present.END-MARKETColoured rPET derived from coloured bottles is only suitable for darker coloured appli-cations.Underdevelop
144、ed mar-ket for rPET derived from opaque bottles.Current mechanical recycling techniques limit opaque PET to dark coloured applica-tions.Lack of availability of rPET flakes resulting in underdeveloped mar-ket for rPET derived from trays.Unless layers can be separated,any resulting rPET would be mixed
145、 polymer with very low market demand.PAGE 25EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYThe table draws attention to the issues associated with PET tray recycling,which are also explored in Section 2dII.Within the concept of recyclability,it is also possible to distinguish between uses of rPET that
146、are closed loop and those that are open loop.Closed loop recycling sees a product collected,the material reclaimed,and the resulting recyclate reintroduced back into the same application.In contrast,open loop recycling recovers material from one product and cascades it into another application.For e
147、xample,recycling PET bottles into fibres for carpets.In some applications,there are handling and processing requirements that must be met for closed loop recycling to be permitted.For example,for closed loop recycling of food grade packaging,non-food grade contaminants cannot exceed 5%.To achieve su
148、ch quality better collection practices with fewer contaminants are required.This is one reason why Member States are moving towards DRS for beverage bottles.Closed loop recycling is often considered the priority solution as it maintains the value of the material and keeps resources within a target m
149、arket.Some experts highlight that open recycling loops are not necessarily negative,particularly if the life span of the product is long.For example,bottles can be manufactured,used,and recycled within a matter of a few months.At the end of its product life and when its quality has degraded to a poi
150、nt it can no longer be used in that application,a bottle can then be recycled into fibres used to make carpet that may be in place for more than 20 years.However,rPET carpets are currently not being recycled and therefore this would means the cycle is finished.A combination of open and closed loop r
151、ecycling is possible and can be complimentary.In this case it would require closed loop bottle recycling to be prioritised until the bottle degrades to the point it is no longer usable in that application and only then the material is used as an input into fibre manufacture for carpet applications.T
152、he range of potential uses for rPET relate to its mechanical,visual,and odour properties.As clear and light blue bottles can be recycled back into similar coloured PET products,their original application can be maintained.Using current mechanical recycling techniques,mixed colour PET cannot be recyc
153、led into lighter colour applications but can find new application in same colour or darker coloured applications.The presence of opaque bottles within a recycling stream affects the clarity and transparency of the rPET.Therefore,the allowable proportion of opaque bottles within mixed colour bales is
154、 limited.PET trays can be recycled back into PET trays.However,currently there are several barriers preventing circularity in this product application.Previously,the brittleness of the PET used to manufacture trays was considered a key barrier as it resulted in significant fines production,limiting
155、yield,and inhibiting processability.However,this factor is perhaps less prevalent than other issues associated with collection,sorting,and recycling.Barriers are understood to include:A lack of widespread separate collection for trays;A lack of proper sorting facilities capable of separating PET tra
156、ys from other packaging formats;The presence of multi-materials,multilayers,adhesives,and films leading to contamination(particularly light material fractions such as lidding films);and A lack of dedicated tray-to-tray recycling plants.Where products are not designed for recyclability,the impact the
157、y can have on not just their own recycling but also the entire recycling stream can be significant.To encourage good practice and support more effective recycling,several organisations have published Design for Recyclability(DfR)guidelines for the PET industry.Publicly available DfR guidelines have
158、been published by:EPBP for PET bottles13;PETCORE Europe for PET Trays and Thermoforms14;RecyClass for all other plastic packaging15.These guidelines can be used to assess the recyclability of specific products against a number of relevant factors such as size,colour,additives,etc.Often,DfR guideline
159、s use a traffic light system to outline conditions that must be met for a product to be considered to have full compatibility(and is therefore coloured green),limited compatibility(and is therefore yellow),or low compatibility(shown as red).EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 264.WHAT I
160、S CHANGING?FIGURE 12 SUMMARISES THE CONSUMER AND LEGISLATIVE PRESSURES ON THE rPET SUPPLY CHAIN AND THE AREAS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WITHIN EACH AREA OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN TO MEET THOSE PRESSURES.Consideration of the introduction of a certification process for recycled contentInnovation labelling
161、 and marker technologiesGrowth in opportunities for refillable PET packagingPRODUCT DESIGNBrands positionning ahead of Government with regards to pledges on recycled content of plastic productsMARKET PRESSUREFurther revisions to key EU legislation expected over the next few years(e.g.,PPWS,WFD)GOVER
162、NEMENT PRESSUREVIA LEGISLATION)Further and more widespread implementation of DRS accross the EU(greater commitments from Member States)Smart technologies for DRS return systemsCOLLECTIONProliferation of more efficient technologies enabling decontamination of rPET to levels acceptable for reincorpora
163、tion into food contact applicationsFurther growth in depolymerisation industryRECYCLINGImprovement to sorting technologies(e.g.,sensorbased sorting)Tracking technologies under development to aid effective sortingSORTINGFigure 12:Changes Across the PET MarketSource:EunomiaPAGE 27EUNOMIA I PET MARKET
164、IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYIn the following section,the key changes to the PET landscape are explored,focussing on legislative and technical developments within the market.The following legislation has resulted or will result in changes to both the collection and sorting of plastic for recycling within
165、the EU27:The 2018 revision to the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive(PPWD)established within European law,a 50%target for the recycling of plastic packaging by 2025,rising to 55%by 2030.The PPWD references the amended Waste Framework Directive(WFD),which requires in Article 8a,that the producer
166、 responsibility schemes cover the full net costs of the separate collection of packaging(including for the clean-up of litter),and that the fees charged to producers are modulated according to one or more of a range of criteria,including recyclability.In addition,Directive(EU)2019/904(the so-called
167、Sin-gle-Use Plastics(SUP)Directive)introduced in 2019,set a collection target for beverage bottles of 77%by 2025,rising to 90%by 2029.The Directive also introduced mandatory recycled content requirements for PET bev-erage bottles of 25%by 2025 and 30%by 2030.The changes in the Basel Convention and s
168、ubsequent amendment of the EU Waste Shipment Regulation could have a relatively limited impact on the PET re-cycling activities in the EU.For Intra-EU shipments the new green listed code is EU3011 and a limit of 6%of non-polymeric impurities were agreed by the Mem-ber States in their Correspondents
169、Guideline No 12 16,which PET waste bales would tend to comply with.For shipments to the EU27 of PET waste bales the situation is less clear cut as B3011 would be the green listed entry and have a limit of 2%non-polymeric impurities along with additional requirements on which polymers may be present
170、in the waste shipment.17 A new draft of Regulation 282/2008 on recycled plas-tic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foods,introduces requirements for collection stat-ing that plastics must come from separate collection for recycling which is designed to minimise contamina-tion
171、 of the collected waste.Additionally,it establishes requirements on certification of quality assurance of collection and pre-processing.The scope of the new regulation is further enlarged to cover a broad range of recycled plastics and defines an approval path for nov-el technologies.In addition,two
172、 technologies(i.e.,PET mechanical recycling and closed loop)were identified as suitable for leading to a fast-track authorisation proce-dure for new applications.In 2018 the European Commission published its Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy,announcing within its vision statement a fourfol
173、d increase in sorting and recycling capacity for plastics from 2015 to 2030,inviting voluntary commitments and pledges from industry groups across the supply chain.In light of the average recycled content targets within the SUP Directive and the above urge by the Commission,beverage producers and br
174、ands have made a range of commitments and goals to incorporate recycled content within their bottles,and a number have introduced products containing up to 100%recycled content.18 This ensures a growing level of demand for food-grade rPET for bottle-to-bottle recycling,which(unless producers import
175、rPET)also requires a corresponding increase in tonnages collected and sorted for recycling.LEGISLATIONEUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 28REFILLABLE PET BOTTLESGermany has a long standing refillables system not only in the HORECA segments but also for private consumers.Although the ma
176、rket share for refillable beverage containers in Germany has steadily reduced since the 1990s,it still has a significant share(41.8%of the overall beverage market in 2019).Germany uses both glass and PET bottles in refillable formats across a range of beverage types and refillable PET bottles have a
177、 similar market share to glass refillable bottles across water and soft drinks but have no real market presence in the largest market for refillables which is beer.This case study focuses on trends in the mineral water sector in Germany.The market share for reusable PET has reduced since 2015,but it
178、 has remained reasonably static at around 15%between 2018 and 2020.However,during the same period the market share for single-use PET bottles reduced while the market share for refillable glass bottles is increasing.Box 1:German Case Study:Refillable PET BottlesFigure 13:Market share developments by
179、 material and system in Germany 2018-2020(water segment)The amount of goods placed on the market in Europe that are packaged in reusable packaging is relatively low at present.Refillable glass bottles are already a common practice in the HORECA(hotels,restaurants and cafes)sector and is increasing i
180、n retail.The revisions of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive could lead to policies intending to result in movements away from single-use packaging to reusable packaging.A well-established refillable system exists in Germany which is described in the case study below.While refillable glass
181、bottle systems exist in other European countries,they are at a much smaller scale than Germany,and there is generally a lack of data available.0,0%10,0%20,0%30,0%40,0%50,0%60,0%70,0%Refillable GlassRefillable PETPETCYCLE/ReturnSingle Use PETOthers201820192020PAGE 29EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STA
182、TE OF PLAYDue to their repeated use,refillable PET bottles need to be more robust than their single-use counterparts.In Germany,a 1 litre reusable bottle is typically around 60 grams whereas their single-use counterpart weighs typically between 20 and 24 grams.Genossenschaft Deutscher Brunnen(GDB,a
183、procurement and sales cooperative of the German mineral waters)states that their bottles use up to 30%recycled content.GDB currently state that refillable PET bottles are reused up to 20 times.Some evidence-based life cycle assessments used figures of between 14 and 16 reuses although those assessme
184、nts are relatively old(latest was published in 2000).Figure 14 shows the market share for refillable bottles in the non-alcoholic segment in Germany declining over the years.This is thought to be driven by the increased presence and market dominance of discounters,who due to lack of storage space ex
185、clusively sell single-use bottles.Figure 14:Market share of refillable and single-use bottles in the non-alcoholic bottle segments,Germany 57,341,729,824,222,423,823,72324,242,758,370,275,877,676,276,37775,8007080902003200520072009200172019%refillablesinge-useEUNOMIA I PET MARK
186、ET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 30A number of other European countries have refillable container systems for beverages,however,there has been a similar or even more significant decline to that in Germany over the past decades.23 In some countries,such as UK and Ireland,refillable beverage bottle syst
187、ems have ceased to exist completely.24 It is not clear what exactly has driven the decline.Likely reasons could include cost,convenience,transport distances,or lack of storage at retail.While the German case study above offers an example of how refillable beverage containers can work within a market
188、,the feasibility of a refillable bottle system in other countries needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.Across Europe,a number of lifecycle assessments(LCAs)have been commissioned over the years to identify the environmental impacts of bottles in different beverage segments,comparing bottle
189、materials and collection systems.There is currently no firm consensus on which bottle format is indeed the most environmentally beneficial one,and the LCA outcomes highly depend on the defined system boundaries within the analysis,such as packaging size,material(including recycled content),transport
190、 distances and collection rates.25A move to or expansion of a refillable beverage bottle system requires major changes and therefore large-scale investments to the existing supply chains.It is therefore vital that if policies aimed at increasing reusable packaging are put in place,that sufficient co
191、nsideration and transition time is given to each Member State.Further work is needed to ensure a thorough environmental assessment on a case-by-case basis.Any future policy and design of a refillable bottle system needs to be well considered to take into the challenges of specific geographical areas
192、,relating to transport,storage and wash and refill facilities.It needs to be ensured that sufficient consideration and time is provided to allow the right enablers to be set up.PAGE 31EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYCOLLECTION:FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OF DEPOSITRETURN SCHEMESDRS ESTABLISHE
193、D26POLITICAL DECISION TAKEN27DRS IN DISCUSSIONCURRENTLY UNKNOWNICELAND1989IRELAND2022BELGIUMITALYDENMARK2002SCOTLANDFRANCELUXEMBOURGSWEDEN1984LATVIASPAINNORWAY1999ROMANIASLOVENIAFINLAND2008TURKEYBULGARIAESTONIA2005MALTACZECH REPUBLICLITHUANIA2016HUNGARY2023CROATIA2006GREECEGERMANY2003POLAND2024NETHE
194、RLANDS282005PORTUGALSLOVAKIA2022ENGLAND,WALES,N.IRELANDAUSTRIA2025CYPRUSTable 5:Status of DRS Discussions in European CountriesSource:EPA Network29,NMWE,TOMRATargets for collection are becoming increasingly ambitious.The Single-Use Plastic Directive(SUPD)requires Member States to separately collect
195、77%of SUP bottles with caps and lids by 2025 and 90%by 2029.Whilst outliers(e.g.,Belgium)have indicated that it might be possible to achieve satisfactory collection rates without DRS,most nations have recognised the need to implement DRS and it is widely considered the only way to meet separate coll
196、ection targets for plastic beverage bottles by 2029.Furthermore,DRS has proven to result in a cleaner waste stream,free from the level of contamination experienced in mixed collection.This translates to an increase in the quality of the recycled output created.Currently,eight EU Member States as wel
197、l as Iceland and Norway have implemented DRS.A further 11 EU Member States,the UK and Turkey have taken the political decision to implement before 2025.Another six EU Member States are in discussion regarding DRS whilst the status of two countries(Italy and Luxembourg)is currently unknown.Table 5 di
198、splays the current status of DRS discussions in the EU27+3 at the time of writing,Figure 15 includes further detail.EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 32FIGURE 15:Status of DRS Discussions in the EU27+3Source:EunomiaIt is important to note that whilst target implementation dates have b
199、een included for the countries listed to have taken the political decision to implement DRS,these are often subject to change and delays.Additionally,different sources often identify slightly different implementation dates.Countries that have implemented DRS systems tend to achieve relatively high c
200、ollection rates,typically above 80%as is shown in Figure 16.DRS STATUSEstablishedPolitical decision takenDRS in discussionCurrently unknownNot included within this studyPAGE 33EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYTo better understand a range of different approaches to DRS,representatives from
201、 five Member States were interviewed regarding the status and progress within their nation.In the following sections,Belgium,Estonia,Poland,Portugal,and Slovakia have been explored as case studies.During the interviews and subsequent additional research,the following topics were explored:Rationale b
202、ehind investigating DRS as an appropriate instrument for increasing collection and recycling rates for beverage PET;General attitude towards DRS;Challenges faced during initial discussions,scheme design,setup,and implementation;and Benefits experienced as a result of implementing DRS(if applicable).
203、The selected countries and their current status of DRS implementation can be seen in Figure 17 alongside current collection rates.65%83%86%86%86%88%92%92%95%96%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%NetherlandsIcelandCroatiaEstoniaSwedenNorwayFinlandLithuaniaGermanyDenmarkPET Collection RateCountryFIGURE
204、16:PET Collection Rates Across Countries with DRS Systems that Include PETSource:PRE30EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 34 BELGIUM DRS Status:DRS in discussion DRS implementation date:N/A PET collection rate:92%31 PET bottle deposit value:N/ABelgium is historically one of the best per
205、forming countries in terms of collection rates for PET bottles,with current rates at 92%.The suggested key to achieving these high collection rates is a uniform collection system across the whole country.With high collection rates,DRS had previously not been a serious consideration for Belgium.Howev
206、er,according to industry experts there is a strong push from recycling networks promoting it as a solution for addressing littering.Additionally,the Belgian government has committed in the Belgian federal coalition agreement,to launch an investigation into whether incorporating a deposit scheme with
207、in the packaging tax is desirable.32 In 2019,a pilot scheme collecting cans and plastics was implemented in Brussels.33Political urgency to implement DRS is currently relatively low.Whilst Belgium has been classified here as“DRS in discussion”,public conversations concerning its execution have been
208、minimal.This,coupled with the countrys already high collection rates,leave progress towards DRS in Belgium limited.Furthermore,PROs believe that the implementation of a new system may cause significant challenge whilst bringing little benefit.General attitudes among representatives is that existing
209、EPR systems are able to meet all relevant packaging waste targets.DRS NOT YET IN COSIDERATIONDRS IN DISCUSSIONPOLITICALDECISION TAKENDRS IMPLEMENTED1234BelgiumPortugalEstoniaPolandSlovakiaCollection rate:92%Collection rate:43%Collection rate:62%Collection rate:45%Collection rate:86%FIGURE 17:The Fou
210、r Generic Stages of DRS ImplementationSource:Eunomia;*Slovakias collection rate is measured prior to DRS implementationIn the following sections,the findings from the Member State interviews and supporting research have been explored and the key messages summarised.PAGE 35EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUR
211、OPE:STATE OF PLAY POLAND DRS Status:Political Decision taken DRS implementation date:2024 PET collection rate:43%34 PET bottle deposit value:TBCWith PET collection rates at 43%,Poland requires significant progress in order to meet the SUPD collection target of 90%.Whilst PET collection rates are low
212、 relative to many other Member States,Poland has successfully implemented effective collection systems for other material streams.For example,the countrys glass bottle DRS consistently achieves return rates of 95%.As a result of the need to improve PET collections,coupled with the success experience
213、d with glass DRS,Poland began discussion regarding PET DRS in 2017.A Deloitte report examined the economic impacts of implementing DRS,concluding that it would come with significant cost.35 As a result,DRS was originally labelled low priority for the Polish government.Following introduction of the E
214、U Single Use Plastic Directive,increased importance has been placed on the collection and recycling of PET.This appears to have caused Poland to re-examine DRS as a potential solution.According to our expert interviews,rPET producers in Poland have become increasingly interested in DRS to boost recy
215、cled content in bottles.The Polish government published its plans for a DRS recently,and provisions in law may be established as early as middle of 2022.The government recognises the need for an ample transition period,which means that the actual implementation of DRS may not be until 2024.While all
216、 stores will be required to charge a deposit,smaller(5%according to EFSA)would prevent rPET from being reused in food-grade PET applications.Under EPR,PROs in certain Member States are involved in the contracting of sorting plants.Examples include CITEO in France and Duales System Deutschland(DSD)in
217、 Germany.In this scenario,there is a greater opportu-nity to mandate a certain quality of output.Where possi-ble,common European quality standards should be agreed upon and implemented across industry.This would give recyclers the ability to refuse bales from collectors and sorters that do not meet
218、the required minimum standard.If,despite these actions,plastics cannot be sorted from other materials(e.g.,paper and glass)to the standard required to obtain high enough quality bales,industry should consider collection plastics for recycling separately from other materials.MARKET SUPPORTA COMMON AP
219、PROACH TO ASSESSING RECYCLABILITYSORTED PACKAGING BALE QUALITY STANDARDSPAGE 43EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYCERTIFICATION PROCESS FOR RECYCLED MATERIALFURTHER R&DResponding to consumer awareness,brands are making commitments to integrating recycled content into their products.There is
220、 currently no harmonised certification process in place to verify the claims made by brands and producers to guarantee the quality of recycled material they are incorporating.There is a need for greater certi-fication and traceability in the supply chain,the compo-nents of which should be:An EU-wide
221、 quality certification(comparable to an EN643 standard for paper)for recycled polymers;and A Chain of Custody(CoC)certification management system of an unbroken chain of organisations legal-ly owning the material throughout the supply chain,from the certified recycler output into the final product.T
222、his would allow brands and producers to meet internal targets or legislative requirements regarding recycled con-tent with confidence in the traceability of the material.It would also ensure that commitments to incorporate re-cycled content will create equivalent demand for certified recycled output
223、 from recyclers.EUCertPlast,created by PRE,EPRO,EuPC and Recovi-nyl,is an existing quality certification scheme based on the European Standard EN 15343:2007.It is recognised by German and Italian authorities and could form the basis for an EU-wide certification.54,55RecyClass has developed the Recyc
224、led Plastics Traceabil-ity Certification,a possible approach to measuring,trac-ing and verifying recycled content along the entire value chain of the material and which could provide the basis of a certification process if it finds acceptance by industry and policy makers.The certification approach
225、is based on the principles of CoC and the Recycled Plastics standards.One of the advantages of the certification process is that the process can easily be adopted by any company which plays a part in the value chain and holds custody of the re-cycled plastics including but not limited to compounders
226、,converters,blow moulders and brand owners.To continue to see progress in PET recycling,further in-novation and research and development are needed in al-most all stages of the value chain.The key requirements for R&D have been included here.To aid better sorting,producers and brands should con-side
227、r instigating a marker technology during the design of their product packaging.This could take the form of a digital watermark,chemical tracers,or another solu-tion capable of relaying key information pertaining to a packaging formats origin and application.If harmonised across industry,this could a
228、llow for targeted sorting of high-quality PET streams to enable circularity.For exam-ple,if a specific chemical tracer is used on all food con-tact packaging,the recycling value chain will be more able to single out such formats,processing them in a way that meets contamination requirements and allo
229、ws the resulting recyclate to once again be input into food con-tact applications.Alongside data information markers,the accuracy and efficiency of sorting could also be enhanced be the development and widespread uptake of automatic sorting technologies using visual data and machine learn-ing to imp
230、rove over time.To improve mechanical recycling,additional R&D is needed in all processing steps including hot washing,de-inking,liquid separation,composition measurement,fines filtration,and odour reduction.In addition,there is a need to further develop the use of additives to enhance processing and
231、 performance properties.Whilst market drivers,such as the need for circularity in food contact ap-plications,are instigating progress in each of these areas,further R&D remains necessary.Finally,significant developments in depolymerisation technologies are needed if PET products are to move to-wards
232、 100%recyclability.Depolymerisation has the po-tential to overcome current limitations of rPET associated with colour.EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 44Whilst this report goes some way to examining the state of the PET market,it has also identified a number of data gaps with regard
233、to the total PET supply chain and how it is changing over time.This data is needed to ensure that the EU27+3 continues to develop the appropriate capacity and technology to meet the demands of the changing packaging landscape.To understand the rapidly changing market for PET recycling,more transpare
234、nt data is needed at all points within the value chain.Furthermore,this should be regulated to some degree.It is possible that the revision to the PPWD may result in better data availability and robustness as measures may be introduced to harmonise EPR reporting requirement.In particular,a better re
235、solution of data is needed for:The amounts of PET packaging formats placed on the mar-ket,split into type,colour,and other design attributes affect-ing recyclability;The tonnages of PET packaging that is collected in each Member State,again split by format,application(e.g.,bever-ages)and other relev
236、ant distinguishers(e.g.,colour);The contents and quality in PET bales across different Member States;and Imports of material formats(bottles,flakes,pellets)into each stage of the recycling value chain.ROBUST DATA SOURCESPAGE 45EUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYFirstly,we would like to expr
237、ess our appreciation to the recyclers that re-sponded to PREs survey,and to PETCORE Europe,CPME,NMWE and UNESDA Soft Drinks Europe for contributing data and for your expert insights and thorough review of our findings.In order for progress to be made towards a circular economy within the PET industr
238、y and consumer demands and policy requirements to be met,robust data and forecasts on all actors in the PET value chain are needed.The ongoing efforts within industry such as industry collaboration may in future close existing data gaps across the value chain of PET.In the meantime,it is important t
239、hat European EPR schemes to gather and pub-lish the necessary data to aid the understanding of the state of the market.This in return will engage relevant actors within the PET value chain and allow forward planning,aid investment decisions,and ultimately keep as much PET as possible within the Euro
240、pean value as long as pos-sible.Finally,a push towards design for recycling might be achieved if PROs agree towards a common recyclability assessment.A FINAL NOTEEUNOMIA I PET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAYPAGE 46ANNEX1.The data included within this section is used in Section 3 to identify the key c
241、hallenges facing the recycling market based on the PET mass balance across the EU27+32.Viscosity number(VN)is the term used by Eurostat to distinguish between two streams of PET.Intrinsic viscosity(IV)is the term commonly used by the PET industry.VN can be used to calculate IV and vice versa,i.e.,th
242、ere is a linear relationship between the two.A VN of 78 ml/g is equivalent to an IV of approximately 0.70 dl/g.Therefore,throughout this report,“high viscosity”refers to PET with a VN of 78 ml/g and an IV of 0.70 dl/g.Typically,film,sheet,and bottle grade PET has an IV of 0.70 dl/g.Fibre grade PET t
243、ypically has an IV of 0.70 dl/g.3.UN Comtrade Labs,UN Comtrade Database last accessed 11/11/2021,available at:https:/comtrade.un.org/data/4.Eurostat,PRODCOM:Statistics on the production of manufactured goods last accessed 11/11/2021,available at:https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database5 PCI Wood M
244、ackenzie(August 2017)PET Recycle Survey West Europe 20166 PCI(2013)A review of the PET Collection Stream in West Europe in Relation to PET THEROFORMS7 Figure provided by PETCORE Europe8 Zero Waste Europe(2020)The Netherlands move one step closer to better separate collection of plastic available her
245、e:https:/zerowasteeurope.eu/2020/05/drs-the-netherlands/?mc_cid=1c97e1a50f&mc_eid=19d9c8ee9a9 Plastics Recyclers Europe,Petcore Europe,and EFBW(2020)PET Market in Europe-State of Play:Production,Collection and Recycling Data,202010 In Figure 12,as throughout the rest of the report,“lower viscosity P
246、ET applications”refers to applications using PET with a viscosity number 78 ml/g and“higher viscosity PET applications”refers to applications with a viscosity number 78 ml/g11 Note that,as has been highlighted in the previous sections,the scope of data differs and is dependent on what was available
247、at the time of writing12 Food Packaging Forum(2018)Global Definitions of Plastics Recyclability,available at:https:/www.foodpackagingforum.org/news/global-definition-of-plastics-recyclability13 European PET Bottle Platform(2019)Design Guidelines,available at:https:/www.epbp.org/design-guidelines14 P
248、ETCORE(2020)DfR Guidelines PET Thermoforming Trays,available at:https:/petcore-europe.org/images/pet/Design_for_Recycling_Guidelines_PET_Trays_Clear_Transparent_Jan_2020.pdf15 RecyClass(2021)Design for Recycling Guidelines,available at:https:/recyclass.eu/recyclability/design-for-recycling-guideline
249、s/16 https:/ec.europa.eu/environment/system/files/2021-12/Correspondents%27%20guidelines%20No%2012%20final%20Nov%202021%20corr1.pdf17 Any intra-EU shipment that does not conform to EU3011 would need to apply the EU48 code and any shipment of PET from outside the EU that does not comply with B3011 wo
250、uld need to apply Y48.Both EU48 and Y48 are so called“other waste”entries for which prior informed consent needs to be obtained from the country of dispatch,transit,and destination.Such prior informed consent is an additional lengthy administrative burden,but not a ban on shipments18 Naturally Susta
251、inable NMWE,accessed 11 January 2022,https:/naturalmineralwaterseurope.org/naturally-sustainable/19 Confidential interview with industry stakeholder,November 202120 Genossenschaft Deutscher Brunnen(2021)GDB Reuse System in Germany,Bonn/Brussels,2 March 202121 Alexander Dallmus(2021)Sind Glasflaschen
252、 besser als Plastikflaschen:Einweg oder Mehrweg?Welche Flaschen sind umweltfreundlicher?,accessed 13 December 2021,https:/www.br.de/radio/bayern1/inhalt/experten-tipps/umweltkommissar/flaschen-glas-einweg-mehrweg-pet-umwelt-100.html22 Wirtschaftsvereinigung Alkoholfreie Getrnke e.V.(2020)WAFG Aktuel
253、l-Erfrischungsgetraenke-LP 15/202023 Reloop The Vanishing Refillable,accessed 14 December 2021,https:/www.reloopplatform.org/beverage-sales-by-container-type-in-austria-16/24 refillables.grm.org Western Europes Experience with Refillable Beverage Containers Reduce,Reuse,Refill!,accessed 14 December
254、2021,https:/refillables.grrn.org/western-europes-experience-with-refillable-beverage-containers/25 Industry associations,such as PETCORE Europe,have specialised working groups looking into the benefits and challenges of reusable packaging systems.26 The dates included here are implementation dates.2
255、7 The dates included here are planned implementation dates.28 The Netherlands is currently undergoing an expansion of its DRS system.Smaller plastic bottles(i.e.,having a volume of 1 litre or less)were introduced in July 2021.29 EPA Network(2018)Deposit Return Schemes available at:https:/plonesaas.d
256、evel4cph.eea.europa.eu/epanet/reports-letters/reports-and-letters/ig-plastics_working-paper_deposit-return-schemes.pdf30 PRE(2020)PET Market in Europe:State of Play31 PRE,Petcore Europe,and NMWE(2020)PET Market in Europe-State of Play:Production,Collection and Recycling Data,202032 Zoete,T.(2020)Bel
257、gian coalition agreement Linking a deposit return system to the packaging tax is a smart decision,https:/recyclingnetwerk.org/2020/09/30/belgian-coalition-agreement-linking-a-deposit-return-system-to-the-packaging-tax-is-a-smart-decision/33 Bottlebill(2021)Current and Proposed Laws-Belgium,https:/ww
258、w.bottlebill.org/index.php/current-and-proposed-laws/worldwide/belgium34 Plastics Recyclers Europe,Petcore Europe,and EFBW(2020)PET Market in Europe-State of Play:Production,Collection and Recycling Data,202035 Deloitte(2019)Deposit-Refund System(DRS)FACTS&MYTHS36 Polish News(2021)Deposit for glass
259、and plastic bottles.The Ministry of Climate and Environment explains-when will the deposit system start in Poland?,accessed 13 December 2021,https:/polishnews.co.uk/deposit-for-glass-and-plastic-bottles-the-ministry-of-climate-and-environment-explains-when-will-the-deposit-system-start-in-poland/37
260、Plastics Recyclers Europe,Petcore Europe,and EFBW(2020)PET Market in Europe-State of Play:Production,Collection and Recycling Data,202038 TOMRA(2020)Deposit return system kicks off in Portugal with TOMRA for campus recycling,https:/ TOMRA(2020)Deposit return system kicks off in Portugal with TOMRA f
261、or campus recycling,https:/ Assembly of the Republic Law No.69/2018(System to Encourage the deposit and return of beverage packaging for plastics,glass,ferrous metals and aluminium)41 Plastics Recyclers Europe,Petcore Europe,and EFBW(2020)PET Market in Europe-State of Play:Production,Collection and
262、Recycling Data,202042 The Slovak Spectator(2019)Slovakia will introduce a deposit scheme for PET bottles and cans in 2022,https:/spectator.sme.sk/c/22210435/slovakia-will-introduce-deposits-on-pet-bottles-and-cans-in-2022.htm43 Plastics Recyclers Europe,Petcore Europe,and EFBW(2020)PET Market in Eur
263、ope-State of Play:Production,Collection and Recycling Data,202044 Reloop Platform Global Deposit Book 2020-An Overview of Deposit Systems for One-way Beverage Containers,https:/www.reloopplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2020-Global-Deposit-Book-WEB-version-1DEC2020.pdf45 Ellen MacArthur Found
264、ation(2020)HolyGrail:tagging packaging for accurate sorting and high-quality recycling46 Depolymerisation is the term used for chemical recycling of PET;in this case the term is used to describe depolymerisation of PET which is then used again in plastic production as a replacement of virgin PET.47
265、PETCORE Europe have released a position statement titled“PET recycling by depolymerisation Position Paper by PETCORE Europe Depolymerisation Working Group”which explains the European developments in depolymerisation.PETCORE Europe currently has eleven(11)member companies in Europe(EU27+3)developing
266、PET depolymerisation.Data has been collated under anti-trust rules to protect competitive activities.Individual company and innovator data has been collated by the auspices of the PETCORE-European Management Team under non-disclosure protection,https:/www.petcore-europe.org/pet-monomer-recycling-spe
267、cial-industry-group.html48 PETCORE Europe survey conducted with relevant members in late 2021.49 EFSA website,https:/www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications/PP50 European Bioplastics(2017)Bioplastics market data 2021,available here:https:/www.european-bioplastics.org/market/51 European Bioplastics(2017)B
268、ioplastics market data 2017,available here:https:/docs.european-bioplastics.org/publications/market_data/2017/Report_Bioplastics_Market_Data_2017.pdf52 As derived from the annual PET Recyclers Survey(PRE,2020)53 80%yield of rPET aligns with the high end of the recycling yield ranges provided by PRE
269、survey respondents.As more material is sourced from DRS collections and recyclability problems decrease,there is likely to be scope to increase yields further.54 Full scheme details available at https:/www.eucertplast.eu/downloads-links55 Bund/Lnder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Abfall(LAGA,https:/www.laga-on
270、line.de/)and Consorzio nazionale per la raccolta,il riciclaggio e il recupero degli imballaggi in plastica(COREPLA,http:/www.corepla.it/).PLASTICS RECYCLERS EUROPEAvenue de Broqueville 121150 Brussels-Belgium +32 2 315 24 60infoplasticsrecyclers.euwww.plasticsrecyclers.eu UNESDA SOFT DRINKS EUROPERu
271、e du Trne 14-161000 Brussels-Belgium+32 2 737 0130mailunesda.euwww.unesda.euPET MARKET IN EUROPE:STATE OF PLAY I 2022PETCORE EUROPEAvenue de Broqueville 121150 Brussels-Belgium+32 2 315 24 88infopetcore-europe.orgwww.petcore-europe.orgNATURAL MINERAL WATERS EUROPEPlace des Barricades 11000 Brussels-BelgiumTel+32 2 880 20 30Fax+32 2 880 20 35infonmwe.orgwww.naturalmineralwaterseurope.org