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1、The MobileEconomyChina 2023The GSMA is a global organisation unifying the mobile ecosystem to discover,develop and deliver innovation foundational to positive business environments and societal change.Our vision is to unlock the full power of connectivity so that people,industry and society thrive.R
2、epresenting mobile operators and organisations across the mobile ecosystem and adjacent industries,the GSMA delivers for its members across three broad pillars:Connectivity for Good,Industry Services and Solutions,and Outreach.This activity includes advancing policy,tackling todays biggest societal
3、challenges,underpinning the technology and interoperability that make mobile work,and providing the worlds largest platform to convene the mobile ecosystem at the MWC and M360 series of events.We invite you to find out more at Follow the GSMA on Twitter:GSMAGSMA Intelligence is the definitive source
4、 of global mobile operator data,analysis and forecasts,and publisher of authoritative industry reports and research.Our data covers every operator group,network and MVNO in every country worldwide from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.It is the most accurate and complete set of industry metrics available,com
5、prising tens of millions of individual data points,updated daily.GSMA Intelligence is relied on by leading operators,vendors,regulators,financial institutions and third-party industry players,to support strategic decision-making and long-term investment planning.The data is used as an industry refer
6、ence point and is frequently cited by the media and by the industry itself.Our team of analysts and experts produce regular thought-leading research reports across a range of industry Copyright 2023 GSMAContentsExecutive summary31The mobile industry in numbers102 Mobile industry trends262.1Operators
7、 home in on the 5G enterprise opportunity272.2Dedicated 5G momentum builds292.3Innovation underpins Chinas digital ambition312.4Fintech presents opportunities for mobile industry players332.5China shifts to a circular economy353Mobile industry impact383.1The mobile industrys impact on the SDGs393.2M
8、obiles impact on disaster management and response414Mobile industry enablers424.1Safeguarding 5G momentum and setting the stage for 6G evolution43Executive summary5G underpins Chinas digital ambitions Chinas economy is on the road to recovery,following the easing of Covid-19 restrictions from late 2
9、022.Mobile connectivity served as a lifeline throughout the pandemic and will play an even more crucial role in enabling the safe return to social interaction and the restart of many economic activities.To this end,authorities across China have outlined plans to integrate digital technologies,underp
10、inned by advanced mobile connectivity,into every aspect of society to sustain Chinas competitiveness in an evolving global economy.In 2022,mobile technologies and services generated 5.5%of Chinas GDP a contribution that amounted to$1.1 trillion of economic value added.5G will underpin future mobile
11、innovation and services,building on current deployments and adoption.The number of 5G base stations in China exceeded 2.3 million at the end of 2022,including approximately 887,000 built during the year.China will be the first market with 1 billion 5G connections,reaching the milestone by 2025.By 20
12、30,5G connections in China will reach 1.6 billion,accounting for nearly a third of the global total.The technology will add$290 billion to the Chinese economy in 2030,with benefits spread across industries.Authorities have outlined plans to integrate digital technologies,underpinned by advanced mobi
13、le connectivity,into every aspect of society 3/46Executive summaryKey trends shaping the mobile ecosystem 5G enterprise services to see greater commercial scale in 2023 Mainland China is the largest 5G market in the world,accounting for more than 60%of global 5G connections at the end of 2022.With s
14、trong take-up of 5G among consumers,the focus of operators is now increasingly shifting to 5G for enterprises.This offers opportunities to grow revenues beyond connectivity in adjacent areas such as cloud services a segment where operators in China have recently made significant progress.Dedicated n
15、etworks on the risePrivate and dedicated wireless network solutions are back in vogue,as 5Gs enhanced capabilities move deployments beyond low-profile,niche offerings.Manufacturing and mining are two sectors where demand for private and dedicated 5G networks in China looks particularly strong.A numb
16、er of use cases are currently in testing or live operation,including mobile robotics,automated guided vehicles(AGVs)and drones.For growth to continue,solutions need to become cheaper as well as easier and faster to install and operate.This will drive demand for pre-integrated solutions.Innovation un
17、derpins Chinas digital ambitionsChinas digital ambitions are driven by a combination of external and internal factors,notably a slowdown in growth of the real economy.The digital ecosystem,including start-ups,will be at the forefront of efforts to realise Chinas digital ambitions,with innovation and
18、 investments driving the creation of new solutions across the focus areas of Chinas 14th Five-Year Plan(20212025)and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.The mobile industry shifts towards circularity Across the telecoms ecosystem,sustainability has extended beyond corporate social respon
19、sibility(CSR)to become a core strategic priority.Industry players are increasingly adopting a model of production,service offering and consumption that involves sharing,leasing,reusing,repairing,refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible.This circular approach
20、 is important for networks to operate in a more sustainable and energy-efficient way,and for the industry to make progress towards realising its climate goals.Fintech presents opportunities for mobile industry players China has developed a lead in fintech services over the past decade,driven by inve
21、stments in an expanding portfolio of products and surging public demand for electronic payment options.As fintech innovators increasingly leverage emerging technologies(such as big data,AI and cloud computing)to enable more complex and customised solutions,operators have an opportunity to play a gre
22、ater role in fintech.Mainland China is the largest 5G market in the world,accounting for more than 60%of global 5G connections at the end of 20224/46Executive summaryPolicies for growth and innovation Spectrum availability and effective licensing are critical to encourage the investment required to
23、expand mobile access,meet growing demand for data services and enhance the quality and range of services offered.In 2023,all eyes will be on Dubai,where the ITUs World Radiocommunication Conference 2023(WRC-23)will take place in November/December.WRC-23 offers the chance to expand the availability o
24、f affordable 5G services and ensure future growth and innovation.It is an opportunity to build a spectrum roadmap into the 2030s,address the digital divide and ensure 5G can benefit billions of people.Successful spectrum licensing has always been about long-term planning.Putting in place the right r
25、esources for 6G is no different.The mobile industry is already studying how 6G will shape the future of mobile.For regulators,ministries,operators,vendors and researchers,spectrum policy for 6G is becoming increasingly important.2023 marks the beginning of a long journey,as new studies begin when th
26、e WRC-27 cycle starts.Spectrum availability and effective licensing are critical to encourage the investment required to expand mobile accessChina:key mobile industry milestones to 20301.3 bn mobile subscribers1 bn 5G connections70%5G adoption80%5G adoption 1.8 bn mobile connections2G&3G adoption fa
27、ll to near-zero1.3 bn mobile internet subscriptions4G adoption falls below 20%45%5G adoption1.65 bn smartphone connections4G adoption falls below 30%1.5 bn 5G connections85%mobile internet penetration1.2 bn 5G connections1.7 bn smartphone connections1.6 bn 5G connections5G adoption overtakes 4G65%5G
28、 adoption1.4 bn 5G connections88%5G adoption4G adoption falls below 50%90%smartphone adoption75%5G adoption1.73 bn smartphone connections202420252026202720282029203020235/46Executive summary1.29bn1.33bn1.74bn1.87bn2030202264%12%2030202220302022203020221.17bn1.33bnPenetration ratePercentage of popula
29、tionPenetration ratePercentage of population87%89%Penetration ratePercentage of population79%89%118%125%2022-20300.9%CAGR1.7%2022-2030CAGR0.4%2022-2030CAGRPercentage of connections(excluding licensed cellular IoT)203020222030202220302022Unique mobilesubscribersMobile internetusersSIM connections(exc
30、luding licensed cellular IoT)4GPercentage of connections(excluding licensed cellular IoT)5G203036%88%2022The Mobile Economy China2030202220302022203020221.17bn1.33bnPenetration ratePercentage of populationPenetration ratePercentage of population87%89%Penetration ratePercentage of population79%89%118
31、%125%Licensed cellularIoT connections$110bnPublic funding3 millionjobsEmploymentsupported indirectlyTotal connections1.8bn$1.3tnof GDPTotalrevenues5.5%$1.1tn3.6bn2030202281%93%20302023Operator capex$207bn$219bnMobile ecosystem contribution to public funding(before regulatory and spectrum fees)3 mill
32、ion jobsDirectly supported by the mobile ecosystem in 2022$291bn95%on 5GOverOperator revenuesand investmentSIM connections(excluding licensed cellular IoT)4GPercentage of connections(excluding licensed cellular IoT)5GSmartphonesPercentage of connections(excluding licensed cellular IoT)Mobile industr
33、ycontribution to GDP2022203036%88%2022*Percentage of total connections Note:Totals may not add up due to roundingMainland China87%81%Taiwan,Province of China95%85%96%96%Subscriber penetrationSmartphone adoption202220222030203072+28+Q4+96+QTechnology mix*28%96%72%4%2022203089%Macao,SAR China91%92%93%
34、94%Subscriber penetrationSmartphone adoption20222022203020304+95+1+Q5+95+QTechnology mix*1%95%4%96%5%20222030Hong Kong,SAR China94%86%94%93%Subscriber penetrationSmartphone adoption20222022203020304+96+QTechnology mix*96%4%203010+65+25+Q25%10%65%202293%Subscriber penetrationSmartphone adoption202220
35、222030203064+36+Q12+88+QTechnology mix*36%88%1%64%12%202220303G4G5G3G4G5G3G4G5G8/46Executive summary3G4G5G01The mobile industry in numbers Figure 1China:mobile subscribers and penetrationMIllion,percentage of populationSource:GSMA Intelligence20301,3501,3001,2501,20020222023202420252026202720282029U
36、nique mobile subscribers in China will total 1.33 billion by 2030Unique mobile subscriber growth is beginning to plateau in China as the mobile market approaches saturation.China will see an additional 41 million subscribers by 2030,taking the mobile penetration rate to 89%.Mobile adoption has large
37、ly peaked among the adult populations in urban areas.As a result,the majority of new subscribers in the coming years will be young users and rural populations subscribing for the first time.87%89%11/46The mobile industry in numbersFigure 2Mobile internet adoption by region,2022Percentage of populati
38、on*Excludes China Source:GSMA IntelligenceThere were 1.17 billion mobile internet subscribers in China in 2022,equivalent to 79%adoption The mobile internet usage gap in China has narrowed markedly in the last five years from 37%in 2017 to 20%in 2022.More people rely on the internet for many daily a
39、ctivities,especially in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic.The usage gap in China is greatest among the elderly,mainly due to low levels of digital skills.According to the China Internet Network Information Center(CNNIC),internet penetration among those aged 60 years and above was 43%in 2021.Video co
40、ntent and social media platforms,such as WeChat,are among the main services bringing the elderly online.ConnectedUsage gapCoverage gapGlobal EuropeNorth AmericaChinaCISLatin AmericaAsia Pacific*MENASub-Saharan Africa5%1%1%1%4%41%55%16%20%28%35%47%55%17%60%83%79%67%62%49%39%23%85%14%6%4%3%12/46The mo
41、bile industry in numbersFigure 3China:mobile adoption by technologyPercentage of total connections5G will overtake 4G in 2024 to become the dominant mobile technology in China 5G adoption continues to rise,following new network deployments and more affordable devices.Chinas 5G base stations exceeded
42、 2.3 million at the end of 2022,including around 887,000 built during the year.1 Chinese-made devices were among the 1,431 commercially available 5G devices globally as of the end of 2022.2 4G and 5G dominance in China means legacy networks(2G and 3G)are now being phased out.While most users have be
43、en migrated to 4G and 5G,legacy networks continue to support various IoT services.However,some estimates suggest that legacy networks could be almost entirely shut down in China by 2025.2022100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%202320242025202620272028202920304G3G 2G0%12%5G88%1.Chinas telecom industry re
44、ports steady expansion in 2022,January 2023 2.5G-Ecosystem January 2023 Member Report,GSA,2023 13/46The mobile industry in numbersChina to be among leading 5G markets globally,with 88%adoption by 2030 China will be the first market with 1 billion 5G connections,reaching the milestone by 2025.5G conn
45、ections in China will reach 1.6 billion by 2030,accounting for nearly a third of the global total.5G adoption in China will be considerably higher than the global average of 54%.Although 5G adoption in mainland China will marginally lag some of its peers by 2030,Hong Kong,Macau and Taiwan will have
46、similar adoption levels to the global leaders.Figure 45G adoption in 2030 Percentage of total connectionsSource:GSMA Intelligence5G connections(2030)89m392m61m118m85m168m65m1,647m5,285mGCC Arab States95%95%95%94%93%92%91%88%54%GermanyChinaUSJapanUKGlobal averageSouth KoreaFranceFigure 5Smartphone ad
47、optionPercentage of connections(excluding licensed cellular IoT)Source:GSMA IntelligenceSmartphone connections will total 1.73 billion in China by 2030,accounting for 93%of connections Industry data indicates that smartphone sales volumes contracted in 2022,partly due to Covid-19 controls and the re
48、sulting slowdown in the economy,as well as a global shortage of chips.However,the outlook is upbeat as China reopens and exits its zero-Covid policy.Over the period to 2030,China will record an additional 300 million new smartphone connections,taking the total to 1.73 billion.5G will be a key driver
49、 of new smartphone sales,as consumers upgrade from previous generations.20302022US84%89%UK85%91%Japan73%93%Germany82%93%China81%93%France86%94%South Korea86%96%15/46The mobile industry in numbersSmartphone data traffic in China to more than double over the period to 2028Mobile traffic growth in Chin
50、a is driven by a combination of factors,notably live video streaming,live e-commerce and online gaming.By June 2022,around 68%of internet users in China had used a live streaming service.3 5G is also a key growth driver of mobile data traffic,as evidenced by the technologys growing share of overall
51、mobile data traffic.According to a GSMA Intelligence survey,5G subscribers are more interested than 4G users in adding services and content to their mobile contracts.4 Figure 6Mobile data traffic per smartphoneGB per monthSource:GSMA Intelligence based on Ericsson Mobility Report November 2022North
52、America202217.4Increase3.2202855Western Europe202219Increase2.7202852China202218Increase2.6202847Global average202215Increase3.12028463.Statista4.Analysing the behaviour of early 5G users:10 things to know when planning consumer 5G strategies,GSMA Intelligence,202216/46The mobile industry in numbers
53、Figure 7China:licensed cellular IoT connectionsMillionSource:GSMA Intelligence4,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,0005000Licensed cellular IoT connections in China to double to 3.6 billion by 2030China recorded 1.84 billion cellular IoT connections in 2022,according to the Ministry of Industry and Infor
54、mation Technology(MIIT),making it the first major economy to record more cellular IoT connections than mobile users.NB-IoT accounts for the largest proportion of IoT connections in China.MIIT data shows that water meters,gas meters,smoke detectors and tracking each account for over 10 million connec
55、tions.Agriculture,streetlights and five other use cases have crossed the 1 million mark,while public services,connected vehicles,smart retail and smart home applications dominate end-user services,with a combined 1.4 billion connections.202220232024202520262027202820292030China will account for 67%o
56、f the global total in 2030.Europe and the US will jointly account for 21%17/46The mobile industry in numbersFigure 8China:mobile operator revenue and year-on-year growthBillionRevenue growth is set to moderate in China over the coming years as 5G adoption reaches maturityDiversification of services
57、has become a strategic imperative for operators amid slowing growth from core communications services.Gaming,financial services,cloud and security are among the leading areas in terms of operator activity.Chinas transition to enterprise digital services(cloud,data centres,digital transformation and
58、5G)has become a significant growth driver for operators,with China Telecom and China Mobile reporting digital enterprise and cloud services revenue growth of 17%and 40%,respectively,in the first nine months of 2022.202320222024202520262027202820292030$225$220$215$210$205$2008.0%-0.2%18/46The mobile
59、industry in numbersRevenue Annual growth(%)Figure 9China:mobile operator capex BillionSource:GSMA Intelligence2030202920282027202620252024202319/46The mobile industry in numbersOperators in China will spend$291 billion on their networks during 20232030,with most on 5G Following extensive 5G network
60、buildout over the last few years,resulting in record capex intensity in China,overall capex will begin to trend downwards in the coming years as operators turn their focus to generating returns on investment.CapexCapex as%of revenue$45$40$35$30$25$20$15$10$5$015%19%Figure 10Total economic contributi
61、on of the mobile industry in China,2022Billion,percentage of GDPSource:GSMA IntelligenceThe mobile sector added$1.1 trillion of economic value to the Chinese economy in 2022In 2022,mobile technologies and services generated 5.5%of GDP in China a contribution that amounted to$1.1 trillion of economic
62、 value added.The greatest benefits came from the productivity effects,which reached$720 billion,followed by the rest of the mobile ecosystem,which generated$160 billion.Mobile operatorsRest of mobile ecosystemIndirectProductivityTotal$120$160$100$720$1,100Mobile ecosystem5.5%3.6%0.5%0.8%0.6%Figure 1
63、2Employment impact of the mobile industry in China,2022Jobs(million)Note:Totals may not add up due to roundingSource:GSMA IntelligenceAt the end of the decade,mobiles economic contribution will reach$1.3 trillionBy 2030,mobiles contribution will reach approximately$1.3 trillion in China,driven mostl
64、y by the continued expansion of the mobile ecosystem and verticals increasingly benefitting from the improvements in productivity and efficiency brought about by the take-up of mobile services.Figure 11Economic impact of mobile in China BillionSource:GSMA IntelligenceThe mobile ecosystem in China su
65、pported 6 million jobs in 2022Mobile operators and the wider mobile ecosystem provided direct employment to around 3 million people in China in 2022.In addition,economic activity in the ecosystem generated 3 million jobs in other sectors.20302022$1,270$1,100DirectIndirectTotal3.15.92.921/46The mobil
66、e industry in numbersThe fiscal contribution of the mobile ecosystem reached$110 billion in 2022In 2022,the mobile sector in China made a substantial contribution to the funding of the public sector,with around$110 billion raised through taxes.A large contribution was driven by services,VAT,sales ta
67、xes and excise duties,generating$40 billion,followed by employment taxes and social security at$30 billion.Figure 13Fiscal contribution of the mobile industry in China,2022 BillionSource:GSMA Intelligence$110$30$20$20$40Services VAT,sales taxes and excise dutiesHandset VAT,sales taxes,excise and cus
68、toms dutiesCorporate taxes on profitsEmployment taxes and social securityTotal22/46The mobile industry in numbers5G will add almost$290 billion to the economy in China in 2030 5G is expected to benefit the Chinese economy by$290 billion in 2030,accounting for more than 22%of the overall economic imp
69、act of mobile.Much of the benefit will materialise over the next five years.Towards the end of the decade,5G economic benefits will level off as the technology starts to achieve scale and widespread adoption.Figure 14Annual global 5G contribution by industry in ChinaBillionSource:GSMA Intelligence$3
70、50$300$250$200$150$100$50$0203020292028202720262025202420232022Services(public administration,finance,healthcare,education)Utilities management,construction,oil and gas,agricultureManufacturingICT23/46The mobile industry in numbersManufacturing and services will benefit the most from 5G in 2030 5G i
71、s expected to benefit most sectors of the Chinese economy,depending on their ability to incorporate 5G use cases into their business.In 2030,57%of the benefit is expected to come from the manufacturing sector,and 23%from the services sector,driven by applications including smart factories,smart citi
72、es and smart grids.Figure 155G contribution by industry in China,2030 Percentage of total benefitSource:GSMA IntelligenceICT8%57%ManufacturingUtilities management,construction,oil and gas,agriculture12%23%Services(public administration,finance,healthcare,education)24/46The mobile industry in numbers
73、02Mobile industry trends2.1 Operators home in on the 5G enterprise opportunity Demand for 5G services continues unabated in China,with the number of 5G connections reaching 545 million(32%of total connections)at the end of Q3 2022.Mainland China leads the way on 5G adoption,closely followed by Taiwa
74、n and Hong Kong.The three markets rank among the top seven markets globally for 5G adoption.5G is also making progress in Macao,where the government issued 5G licences with eight-year terms to China Telecom and CTM at the end of 2022.With strong consumer adoption of 5G,the focus of operators in Chin
75、a is increasingly shifting to 5G for the enterprise.5G networks offer various benefits to enterprises,enabling a range of new use cases.Accordingly,operators are reshaping their enterprise strategies to better serve customers.This includes a shift in their 5G value propositions towards edge computin
76、g and network slicing as deployments of 5G standalone(5G SA)networks expand.27/46Mobile industry trendsConvergence of 5G and cloud provides opportunity to diversify revenuesGrowth in revenue sources beyond connectivity in China is being driven by cloud and other value-added services for enterprise c
77、ustomers.Almost a quarter of operators incremental revenue beyond connectivity in China came from cloud in 2020.As operators advance the use of cloud technologies in their 5G networks(a priority for 66%of operators according to the GSMA Intelligence Operators in Focus Network Transformation Survey 2
78、022),cloud offerings for enterprise customers will continue to grow.This will allow operators to build on their early success in the cloud market.For example,China Mobile had signed more than 3,500 major contracts for cloud services as of the end of June 2022.These generated revenues of over CNY13 b
79、illion ($1.9 billion).Revenue beyond connectivity as a percentage of total revenues varies significantly among operators globally,at 1540%.5 This is to be expected as there is no one size fits all in terms of strategy and timeline for diversification.In China,operators are making significant progres
80、s on revenue diversification.However,revenues beyond connectivity as a share of total revenues still rank among the lowest due to their large mobile businesses,which dominate the revenue mix.5G enterprise services to continue growth in 2023 In 2021,the MIIT launched the“Set Sail”Action Plan for 5G a
81、pplications,which outlined targets for Chinas 5G industry to reach by the end of 2023.This includes a goal of 3,000 dedicated 5G network deployments and a target for large industrial enterprises to reach 35%5G penetration.Fuelled by the governments ambition,operators in China have made strong progre
82、ss:China Mobile reported a 40%uplift in digital transformation revenue in H1 2022,underpinned by growth in 5G solutions for vertical sectors,mobile cloud and smart home services.The operator has signed agreements for more than 11,000 5G commercial projects,representing a contract value of CNY16 bill
83、ion($2.4 billion).China Telecom reported that its industrial digitalisation business,which includes cloud,data centre and smart solutions,grew 19%year-on-year to CNY59 billion($8.7 billion)in H1 2022.The new contract value for 5G B2B projects has grown 80%year on year,as the operator focuses on scal
84、able and replicable use cases in sectors such as 5G city,healthcare and manufacturing.China Unicoms enterprise revenue reached CNY37 billion($5.5 billion)for the first six months of 2022,representing a year-on-year increase of 32%.5G industry applications accounted for more than 10%of total enterpri
85、se revenues for the operator,driven by strong uptake of 5G virtual private networks.5.Operator revenue diversification:growth beyond core continues as Covid-19 spurs digitisation,GSMA Intelligence,202128/46Mobile industry trends2.2 Dedicated 5G momentum builds Private wireless networks are not new,h
86、aving been deployed on LTE spectrum for several years.However,until recently,installations have mostly been low-profile,niche offerings that lack the capabilities that 5G now offers.Private wireless solutions are back in vogue as they are a key means of monetising 5G in the enterprise segment.China
87、has been at the forefront of dedicated 5G developments globally.In May 2022,the MIIT claimed there were more than 5,300 dedicated 5G networks operating in the country.While this figure includes a range of deployment scenarios beyond dedicated private 5G networks(e.g.hybrid networks and mobile edge c
88、omputing),it demonstrates growing demand from enterprises in China for greater customisation,control and security with regard to connectivity.State support and collaboration between mobile operators and local equipment vendors(e.g.Huawei and ZTE)has underpinned growth in private 5G.To maintain momen
89、tum,solutions need to become cheaper as well as easier and faster to install and operate.This is driving demand for pre-packaged solutions that include service management tools and billing systems,edge and cloud integration,and mechanisms for handling data authentication and security.Key verticals,u
90、se cases and stakeholders Dedicated 5G networks can be deployed across a range of vertical industries.Manufacturers have been among those setting the pace in China,with factories and warehouses a natural setting for private wireless networks.This reflects the need in these locations for precision op
91、erations and data analytics that run across a densely linked network of localised assets.There has also been strong demand from the mining sector,which often requires connectivity in rural and hard-to-reach areas(such as underground).Multiple use cases involving dedicated 5G are currently in testing
92、 or live operation in China.These include mobile robotics(for site inspections),AGVs(for transporting goods),drones(for site survey)and 4K video streaming(for safety and security applications).AR-based software is also being considered because of its latency demands(sub-20 ms).As shown in Figure 16,
93、operators and network vendors have been the main contractors of dedicated 5G deployments in China.However,in November 2022,MIIT granted the first 5G private network licence in the country to Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China(COMAC),the manufacturer of the C919 the countrys first domestically
94、developed,single-aisle passenger jet.While spectrum set-asides offer the possibility of enterprises building their own private networks,the experience of operators and network vendors in this space means a collaborative approach between operators,vendors and enterprises that have their own spectrum
95、assets is the most likely deployment scenario.29/46Mobile industry trendsFigure 16Selected private 5G deployments in ChinaSource:GSMA Intelligence,GSMA 5G Transformation HubLocationSectorCustomerCompanies involvedPrimary use case(s)Jilin province,China AgricultureJilin CompanyChina Mobile,ZTEDrones
96、for monitoring the health of crops,and remote control of farm equipmentGuangdong,ChinaEducationGuangzhou Municipal Peoples GovernmentChina Unicom,HuaweiVideo conferencing,allowing students to access mobile academic resources Binjiang,ChinaManufacturing(consumer electronics)ZTEChina Telecom,ZTEAutono
97、mous mobile robots,and remote control of production process using 4K video streamingNingbo,China Manufacturing(packaging)Hotel StarChina Mobile,ZTEAutonomous mobile robots,and image recognition for quality inspection Yanjiahe Coal Mine,ChinaMining Shanxi Xiangning Coking Coal GroupChina Unicom,Huawe
98、iReal-time video streaming of underground HD cameras for risk identificationDahaize Coal Mine,China MiningChina Coal Group China Mobile,China Broadnet,ZTEAutonomous mobile robots for inspections,AGVs and smart wearables 30/46Mobile industry trendsFigure 17 Overview of the 14th Five-Year Plan and Lon
99、g-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 Source:GSMA Intelligence based on 2.3 Innovation underpins Chinas digital ambition Chinas 14th Five-Year Plan(20212025)and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 centre on innovation,and position technological independence as a strategic pillar of na
100、tional development.The goal is to promote the integration of the digital economy and the real economy,with modern,high-quality industrial development and technology-driven industrialisation,informatisation,urbanisation and agricultural modernisation.Chinas digital ambitions are driven by a combinati
101、on of external and internal factors.External factors revolve around a challenging global macro environment.Internally,the growth of the real economy is slowing,as evidenced by sluggish output in recent years across several major industries,such as manufacturing,agriculture and construction.In the co
102、ntext of slowing economic growth and sluggish growth in several major industries,accelerating industrial modernisation and digitalisation as well as promoting high-quality industrial development has become a strategic focus of the Chinese government.Figure 17 highlights the key focus areas of Chinas
103、 digital ambitions.PillarsExample focus areasImplement strategy to lead in manufacturing Technology leadership in areas such as AI,quantum computing,biotechnology and space research.Develop and expand strategic emerging industriesEnhanced manufacturing competitiveness in areas such as robotics,agric
104、ultural machinery and equipment,zero-emissions vehicles,and innovative medicine.Build a modern infrastructure systemModern infrastructure to support next-generation digital technologies,advanced biotechnology,and environmentally friendly energy and transportation solutions.Create new opportunities i
105、n the digital economyNew opportunities in cloud computing,big data,IoT,blockchain,AI,VR and AR.Accelerate the pace of digital society development Digital solutions in areas such as agriculture,transport,energy,manufacturing,tourism,public services and education.31/46Mobile industry trendsThe digital
106、 ecosystem,including start-ups,will be at the forefront of efforts to realise Chinas digital ambitions.China is a global hub for tech start-ups,with innovative solutions across a range of industries.Many of these have become unicorns,6 serving both the domestic and international markets.Although the
107、 US is home to more than half(54%)of the 1,205 unicorns tracked by research firm CB Insights,China is in second place with 14.3%,ahead of India(5.7%)and the UK(4.2%).China-based ByteDance,which operates content platforms such as TikTok and Toutiao,reached a peak valuation of around$400 billion in 20
108、21.In 2022,the US added 182 unicorns,accounting for more than half the worlds 330 new unicorns,followed by China with 74 new unicorns.7 Chinas number of unicorns grew during the year despite an overall fundraising slump amid economic headwinds,including pandemic-related supply chain disruption.Aroun
109、d 70%of Chinas new unicorns come from four areas:clean technology,renewable energy,healthcare and smart logistics.More than 10 semiconductor companies also made the list,while automotive transportation,smart manufacturing,gaming and the metaverse were among the other sectors represented.6.A unicorn
110、startup is a private company valued over$1 billion.7.China added 74 unicorns in 2022,maintaining steady pace of growth despite fundraising crunch,South China Morning Post,February 202332/46Mobile industry trends2.4 Fintech presents opportunities for mobile industry playersChinas economy is largely c
111、ashless,reflecting high levels of penetration of fintech services.China has developed a lead in fintech services over the past decade,largely driven by investments in an expanding portfolio of products and growing demand for electronic payment options.The Covid-19 pandemic served as a catalyst for t
112、he surge in digital services,including e-commerce,with fintech services supporting many online transactions.In China,mobile payments are not only used by the relatively tech-savvy urban population;they are increasingly used by those in rural areas too.Unsurprisingly,digital payments are the leading
113、market segment in terms of transaction value.However,several other product categories,such as asset management,insurance and inclusive finance,are beginning to gain traction.Meanwhile,China has been rolling out a central bank digital currency that has undergone several pilot programmes,including dur
114、ing the 2022 Winter Olympics,with the potential to drive innovation in new fintech products and services.In January 2022,the Peoples Bank of China released its second Fintech Development Plan for 20222025,which seeks to further develop Chinas fintech sector and drive the digital transformation of th
115、e finance sector.The plan builds on the Fintech Development Plan for 20192021 and is in line with the 14th Five-Year Plan and Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.The fintech plan focuses on a number of areas,including regulatory supervision,privacy and data protection,low carbon and green fi
116、ntech,and fair and inclusive growth.Other markets are also implementing initiatives to capture new opportunities in the domestic and international fintech markets.In Hong Kong,key stakeholders,including financial regulators and public agencies,are collaborating on efforts to enhance fintech infrastr
117、ucture,provide an enabling regulatory framework,encourage financial innovation and nurture talent:The Hong Kong Monetary Authority(HKMA)and Securities and Futures Commission(SFC)have introduced sandboxes to promote fintech development.The HKMA has launched its Fintech 2025 strategy to drive fintech
118、development,alongside other initiatives to position the city as the ideal platform for evolving and expanding fintech businesses.InvestHK,a department of the Hong Kong government responsible for attracting foreign direct investment,has a dedicated fintech team looking to attract the worlds top innov
119、ative fintech firms to set up and scale their business via Hong Kong into mainland China and Asia.In December 2022,InvestHK soft-launched the FintechHK Community Platform,a centralised fintech platform to connect local and global tech companies with corporate,investor and service champions to drive
120、growth of Hong Kongs fintech ecosystem.An important feature of the fintech landscape across China is the prevalence of B2B fintech and a high level of adoption among small to medium-sized enterprises(SMEs).In Hong Kong,66%of the 800+fintech companies8 in the market focus on the B2B segment.8.https:/
121、www.oases.gov.hk/en/strategic-industries.html 33/46Mobile industry trendsFigure 18 Main technologies used by Chinas leading fintech enterprises,2022 Source:StatistaBig dataAICloud computing Knowledge graphDeep learningBlockchainNatural language processingComputer identificationIoT5GRobot process aut
122、omationBiometricsVirtual/augmented realityEdge computing76%68%41%34%33%33%29%11%10%10%9%8%1%1%Opportunities for operators Connectivity is the primary enabler for fintech services.Furthermore,the ubiquitous nature of mobile networks and growing adoption of smartphones puts mobile connectivity at the
123、heart of many fintech solutions.Beyond basic connectivity,fintech innovators are increasingly leveraging a number of emerging technologies to enable more complex and customised solutions to serve customer needs.Figure 18 highlights the distribution of technologies among leading fintech companies in
124、China.Many of the technologies provide long-term growth opportunities for operators in China.Operators have invested extensively in core telecoms technologies(e.g.5G,IoT and edge computing),all of which can facilitate important fintech solutions,such as real-time transactions.However,a growing focus
125、 on adjacent areas,such as big data,AI,and cloud computing,is set to position operators to capture greater value from fintech.Some operators are also playing a more active role in the fintech space through direct investments and partnerships.For example,in January 2023,Next Commercial Bank,a digital
126、 bank backed by Chunghwa Telecom,launched its operations in Taiwan,with plans to register 300,000 customers within nine months of opening.In March 2022,China Mobile launched its own fintech subsidiary to expand its presence in the Chinese fintech sector.And in 2020,HK Telecom launched a fintech proj
127、ect with a variety of solutions,including mobile payments,merchant services and insurance packages.34/46Mobile industry trendsFigure 19 The concept of the circular economy Source:GSMA2.5 China shifts to a circular economy Adoption of 5G is rising more quickly than with any previous wireless technolo
128、gy.Demand for telecoms equipment and services is therefore greater than ever.Three of the top five biggest network operators by subscribers globally are based in China,and account for almost 1.7 billion connections.This means China is uniquely placed as one of the largest consumer markets for device
129、s as well as a leading country for telecoms equipment and device manufacturing.In view of the growing demand for telecoms equipment,the concept of a circular economy has been developed as a transformative model to reuse products,parts,components and materials in successive production cycles to reduc
130、e waste and pollution.Here,the guiding principles of reuse,recycle and refurbish are used to extend the life of a product and,consequently,reduce or eliminate waste in the production and usage cycle.Extraction and raw materialProduct manufacturingProduct distributionCustomer usageDisposalLandfill an
131、d greenhouse gas emissionsReuseRefurbishRecycle35/46Mobile industry trendsThe benefits of the circular economy and its necessity for telecoms equipment will take centre stage in 2023 and beyond.The shift towards sustainability requires all industries to examine how they use resources.This is particu
132、larly crucial for growing sectors,such as telecoms.Authorities in China recognise the importance of the circular economy and have incorporated its principles into the 14th Five Year Plan.The Development Plan for the Circular Economy,which fits into the broader framework of the 14th Five Year Plan,ai
133、ms to boost circularity across the economy with various initiatives,such as promoting recycling,remanufacturing,green product design and renewable resources.Chinese device and equipment vendors are involved in the shift to the circular economy.For example,as a member of the UN Global Compact,ZTE has
134、 committed to optimising waste management to support the circular economy and contribute to carbon neutrality.Meanwhile,Huawei promotes circularity in its network design in various ways,such as minimising the resources and raw materials used throughout the product lifecycle,using more renewable mate
135、rials,increasing product durability,easing disassembly and optimising products for recycling.Accelerating the journey to circularity:example initiatives from Huawei Reusing pallets to save plywood Plywood pallets have traditionally been used for product shipment and transport.However,these are not i
136、deal for long-term use in many complex logistics environments and require a considerable amount of wood.Huawei developed lightweight plastic-steel pallets for packaging 5G base station equipment and other products,and promoted the reuse of these pallets.Compared to traditional pallets,they can reduc
137、e the total weight transported,saving both wood and CO2 emissions.Recycling and reusing smartphones China produces 300500 million used phones every year.Device manufacturers can increase the scalability and serviceability of products by using more durable components and providing upgrade and mainten
138、ance services.Huawei has built a global recycling system that allows consumers to recycle their used electronics and reduce their environmental impact.The vendor has also scaled up its product trade-in programme and introduced a new online recycling programme that gives coupons to consumers in China
139、 in return for recycling.Multi-density cushioning process for lightweight packaging Huawei introduced an integrated moulding process for cushioning materials with different densities.This enables the seamless integration of materials with different densities in the same mould and has been applied to
140、 protect wireless base station equipment and servers.The process provides the same level of protection as traditional single-density foam but with 30%less packaging and 20%less weight,on average.Using the multi-density cushioning process for packaging of 5G MIMO equipment has shrunk the volume of pa
141、ckaging by 38%.36/46Mobile industry trends03Mobile industry impact 3.1 The mobile industrys impact on the SDGsAccording to the most recent analysis,the mobile industry accelerated its impact on the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in China,despite the challenges of global events.SDG 6(Clean Water&
142、Sanitation)and SDG 9(Industry,Innovation and Infrastructure)scored highest in 2021 thanks to growing mobile internet adoption and rising use of mobile-enabled services.Figure 20 Mobiles impact on the SDGs in China,2021Source:GSMA IntelligenceImproving quality of life and education SDG 6 focuses on e
143、nsuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.Mobile technology enables communication and payment channels that improve water delivery and sanitation provision.Increasing mobile internet adoption in China,with 81%of total connections based on smartphones,helps c
144、itizens directly connect with utilities and other public services.The mobile industry also facilitates the logistics of waste and sewage management and treatment of non-sewered sanitation services.For example,China Mobile undertook domestic waste and sewage treatment work for 306 villages under its
145、Seven rural digital-intelligence projects,implementing a national rural revitalisation strategy.Another of the seven projects promotes access to high-quality remote learning sources in rural areas,contributing to SDG 4.China Mobile created 5G online classrooms with its Hunan subsidiary,bringing the
146、curriculum to village schools via interactive live streaming.By the end of 2021,the 5G online classroom had offered 33 large lectures and more than 500 small classes,benefiting nearly 10 million primary and secondary school students in Hunan province.9Highest SDG scores9.Examples from China Mobile L
147、imited Sustainability Report 202139/46Mobile industry impactBoosting industry,innovation and infrastructure SDG 9 aims to build resilient infrastructure,promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation,and deliver affordable internet access for all.Mobile technology contributes significantly to i
148、nnovation and industrial development in terms of critical infrastructure and as a catalyst for other sectors.Connectivity enables industrial processes and manufacturing to utilise enhanced technological advancements such as AI,IoT and blockchain.5G technologies are expected to contribute significant
149、ly to the global economy,especially through countries with large manufacturing sectors such as China.5G can combine network capabilities with AI,cloud,machine vision and VR technologies.As an example,China Telecom has worked with various ecosystem partners to establish the Conch Group 5G Smart Manuf
150、acturing project.The project applies to the production process for cement,including raw material mining,production and shipment.It provides evidence of the important role played by 5G technology in the process manufacturing field.The combination of 5G,robotics and AI can improve productivity in manu
151、facturing plants by more than 10%.For example,Thundercomm,ThunderSoft,Qualcomm and Chinese mobile operators increased productivity by using 5G industrial transfer robots at an automobile plant in Beijing.105G supporting digital health services SDG 3(the fifth highest-scoring SDG in China)focuses on
152、ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all.Mobile technology contributes to this by optimising healthcare service delivery and providing frontline workers with the skills and infrastructure needed for early disease detection through analytics.Improving network performance and connectivi
153、ty with 5G and growing IoT deployments have advanced healthcare facilities in China.Examples include the following:China Unicom,Huawei and Hainan province launched the 5G Smart Healthcare Lights Up Hainan Healthy Island project.This is one of the largest 5G commercial applications in China and the f
154、irst provincial 5G-based remote diagnosis project in which all primary healthcare institutions are digitalised.A hierarchical diagnosis and treatment platform has been constructed to provide remote consultation and technical assurance for primary medical institutions.China Mobile,Huawei and other pa
155、rtners have jointly advanced 5G and smart healthcare projects in Shenzhen.Using a dedicated 5G network,they have developed remote emergency care,remote consultation,mobile diagnosis and treatment,community first-aid guidance,and smart ward applications based on efficient and safe information sharing
156、 among medical institutions in the district.1110.How 5G can boost industrial productivity,GSMA11.5G use cases for vertical China 2021,GSMA,202140/46Mobile industry impact3.2 Mobiles impact on disaster management and responseAs 5G infrastructure continues to expand across China,operators have been in
157、strumental in using it to deliver vital services for the benefit of society.Services cover a range of areas,including disaster response and management.China Mobile and Ericssons disaster management solution China Mobile Zhejiang and Ericsson have partnered to deploy a 5G-enabled solution for disaste
158、r management in Lishui City.The systems and equipment use 5G network slicing and edge computing to support a converged communication platform.The platform connects front-end mobile visualisation devices,such as IoT sensors,with communication channels,such as satellites and 5G drones,that monitor the
159、 progress of major disasters in real time.The platform includes features such as early warning of disasters,remote search and rescue,and real-time monitoring.As the city suffers from a range of natural disasters,the visualisation system serves as the basis for handling emergencies.Early warnings and
160、 large-scale search and rescue can help minimise casualties and support decision-making at crucial times.China Mobile and ZTEs solution for rapid response China Mobile deployed ZTEs All-in-One Nomadic 5G base stations in the flooded areas of Henan and at the earthquake-hit Luding County in Sichuan.T
161、he nomadic 5G base stations allowed the operator to continue providing wireless service to those affected,and increase the efficiency of the rescue and clean-up operations.At the earthquake site,the operator restored the 4G/5G networks for voice,SMS and data service in just an hour,improving communi
162、cations channels.In emergency scenarios,the rapid recovery of mobile communications is vital to connect vulnerable people to much-needed help and facilitate the activities of first responders.Beyond disaster relief,the All-in-One Nomadic 5G solutions come with explosion-proof mechanisms for deployme
163、nt in challenging scenarios across different sectors,such as mining and smart construction.With the required 5G functions defined by 3GPP,the solution supports IoT data collection,video surveillance and voice/SMS communication,allowing for uninterrupted connectivity in unstable environments.41/46Mob
164、ile industry impact04Mobile industry enablers 4.1 Safeguarding 5G momentum and setting the stage for 6G evolution Spectrum availability and effective licensing continue to be critical to encourage the investment required to expand mobile access,meet the increase in demand for data services and enhan
165、ce the quality and range of services offered.In 2023,all eyes will be on Dubai,where the ITUs World Radiocommunication Conference 2023(WRC-23)will take place in November and December.WRC-23 is a chance to expand the availability of affordable 5G services and ensure future growth and innovation.It is
166、 an opportunity to build a spectrum roadmap into the 2030s,address the digital divide and ensure 5G can benefit billions of people.The future of mid-band spectrumOf the three spectrum ranges low,mid-and high bands that are required for 5G,the mid-bands will deliver the most economic value.Ensuring t
167、here is enough capacity must therefore be a priority for all governments that want their countries to be competitive.To thrive,mobile requires 2 GHz of mid-band spectrum bandwidth to meet demand by 2030.The mobile industry is as agnostic as possible about how that mid-band demand can be met.However,
168、it has become increasingly clear that the 6 GHz band is the best option for meeting demand.Included on the agenda of World Radiocommunication Conference 2023(WRC-23)is the IMT identification of 64257025 MHz in ITU Region 1(Europe,the Middle East and Africa)and 70257125 MHz in all ITU regions.While t
169、he WRC-23 agenda discusses the entire 64257125 MHz band in only the EMEA region,there is growing support for this process throughout the world including in Asia Pacific,where 5G has grown strongly in parts of the region.A GSMA Intelligence study conducted cost-benefit analysis for different authoris
170、ation models for the 6 GHz band.The study implemented a supply and demand framework for the 20212035 period to determine where 6 GHz spectrum will have its most productive and efficient use,taking into account current and expected demand for 5G and Wi-Fi.Considering three policy scenarios,the report
171、 finds that assigning the full 6 GHz band for licensed IMT use would drive the largest socioeconomic benefit across most countries analysed.Failure to allocate any 6 GHz spectrum for licensed use could mean higher operator costs and/or lower network quality,and would make it impractical to deliver o
172、n the full characteristics of 5G(IMT-2020).The outlook for the 6 GHz IMT ecosystem is robust,according to the report from GSMA Intelligence.The report found there are no technical barriers to developing and commercialising 6 GHz IMT solutions.Device and infrastructure solutions can operate in the ba
173、nd,just like any other.Players in the device,component and network infrastructure ecosystems are also ready to develop 6 GHz IMT products in line with customer demand.From the start of development,ecosystem players expect to have solutions ready in 612 months.To safeguard 5G growth and innovation,th
174、e GSMAs global recommendations are as follows:64257125 MHz should be identified for IMT across regions and countries at WRC-23 64257125 MHz should be made available for licensed 5G by 2030 59256425 MHz should be considered for licensed 5G,or licence-exempt on a technology-neutral basis.Mobile requir
175、es 2 GHz of mid-band spectrum bandwidth to meet demand by 203043/46Mobile industry enablersThe GSMAs vision for the 6 GHz band is as follows:Mobile networks will need,on average,2 GHz of mid-band spectrum per country by 2030.This is challenging to achieve without 6 GHz.6 GHz capacity will be require
176、d to meet increasing customer demand at the required speeds of ITU IMT-2020 as 5G matures for both consumer and enterprise customers.Mobile networks are already highly densified,but 6 GHz can enable the growth of sustainable 5G capacity on existing sites to enable cost-effective deployments.Timely a
177、vailability of 6 GHz,at reasonable conditions and price,will drive cost-efficient network deployment,help reduce the broadband usage gap and support digital inclusion.600 MHz:expanding the benefits of 5GThe future of mobile connectivity,including applications such as massive IoT,still relies on the
178、wide coverage that low bands provide.Low bands(or UHF spectrum)are the cornerstone of digital equality and a driver of broad and affordable connectivity.The bands propagate further,making them a crucial national asset.Low bands can help ensure the impact of mobiles economic and social benefits is fe
179、lt across all communities.However,availability of low-band spectrum is limited.Today,regional assignments vary,but a maximum of only 295 MHz of mobile spectrum is available between 700 MHz and 1 GHz,with up to 20 MHz of supplemental downlink in some cases.Current proposals for more low-band spectrum
180、 in the 600 MHz band will allow for between 235 and 240 MHz of additional low-band capacity.This equates to an improvement in speeds of 3050%where low band is the only spectrum available.There are already commercial 600 MHz deployments in the US,and in Asia a new extended 600 MHz band plan is being
181、standardised at the 3GPP.This will offer additional capability for operators to reach more people and businesses with better quality 5G.5G innovation depends on mmWave access Mid-band spectrum,especially the C-band,has helped launch 5G.However,as capacity needs continue to grow and applications beco
182、me more advanced,mmWave spectrum is also needed.Gigabit speeds can be delivered by 5G mmWave in even the most densely populated hotspots.The wide bandwidth available in mmWave bands such as 26 GHz can help enable high-capacity eMBB applications for consumers in hotspots,on top of the existing capaci
183、ty provided by low and mid-band spectrum.mmWave can play a primary role in the deployment of networks at stadia and in factories.The range is a good fit for these environments due to the low risk of interference and the significant bandwidth available for traffic-intensive use cases.It is also a goo
184、d fit for applications where concurrent traffic is high and uplink requirements are particularly important,such as a high density of video cameras for computer vision,AR/VR applications and automated guided vehicles(AGVs).By 2030,an average of 5 GHz of mmWave spectrum per market will be needed to sa
185、tisfy demand and drive innovation.44/46Mobile industry enablersSetting the stage for 6GSuccessful spectrum licensing has always been about long-term planning.Putting in place the right resources for 6G is no different.The mobile industry is already studying how 6G will shape the future of mobile.For
186、 regulators,ministries,operators,vendors and researchers,spectrum policy for 6G is becoming increasingly important.2023 marks the beginning of a long journey as new studies begin when the WRC-27 cycle kicks off.6G is expected to become the primary mobile technology in the 2030s and will offer an enh
187、anced user experience over previous generations.It promises ultra-fast data rates with lower latency,significant energy efficiency improvements and greater reliability.6G comes with new spectrum considerations.Among these are the additional capacity and frequency ranges needed,from low to very high
188、bands,to support next-generation services.This entails research into the use of terahertz spectrum.A new frequency range under consideration for 6G is 724 GHz,with a special focus on 715 GHz.This direction is supported by the GSMA following discussions with the mobile community,and represents a potential solution for the WRC-27 study cycle at the ITU.The mobile industry is already studying how 6G will shape the future of mobile.45/46Mobile industry enablersGSMA Head Office1 Angel LaneLondonEC4R 3AB United KingdomTel:+44(0)20 7356 0600