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1、The Evolution of Energy Efficiency Policy to Support Clean Energy TransitionsThe IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil,gas and coal supply and demand,renewable energy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand side management and much more.Thro
2、ugh its work,the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability,affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries,11 association countries and beyond.This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,to
3、 the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory,city or area.Source:IEA.International Energy Agency Website:www.iea.orgIEA member countries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLit
4、huaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TrkiyeUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEAIEA association countries:ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaMoroccoSingaporeSouth Afr
5、icaThailandUkraineINTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCYThe evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|3 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Introduction Using energy more efficiently has proven to be an extremely successful and cost-effective way to reduce energy demand.Highly developed and well
6、 proven policy instruments already exist to deliver increased energy efficiency,such as Ecodesign in Europe and Japans Top Runner.These policy tools can also support fuel switching and better demand management,helping to integrate higher volumes of variable electricity supply.Japans Ministry of Econ
7、omy,Trade and Industry,as part of Japans Presidency of the G7,asked the International Energy Agency(IEA)to examine the evolution of energy efficiency policy in the context of clean energy transitions.The aim is to support discussions among G7 countries to provide insights and direction for the G7 en
8、ergy and climate agenda.This brochure outlines how traditional energy efficiency policy is evolving to address system-wide energy efficiency aspects such as grid flexibility and decarbonisation.It provides insights into policy developments in major economies and presents the possible impacts from tr
9、ansforming energy efficiency regulations,with examples in three main sectors:Demand flexibility in appliances and buildings.Vehicle fuel economy standards.Industrial energy and carbon reporting.This brochure is a draft for comment,and intended as a precursor to a longer report that will be published
10、 by the IEA later in 2023.The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|4 I EA.CC BY 4.0.The changing energy system Over the past few years,the global energy system has seen dramatic changes as it responds to the rebound from Covid-19 and increased supply pressur
11、es following Russias invasion of Ukraine.At the same time,energy systems are undertaking substantial transformations to fulfil government and society Net Zero climate ambitions.Under the IEAs Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario which provides a realistic yet challenging pathway to climate goals-incr
12、easing the energy efficiency of end-uses is a key component.In this scenario,energy efficiency efforts are front loaded,as they are based on proven technologies ready to be implemented at low cost.Demand side measures play a significant role in the IEA Net Zero Scenario,2021-2050 IEA.CC BY 4.0.Sourc
13、e:IEA(2021)Net Zero by 2050.Other demand side measures are also key to clean energy transitions,especially those that electrify end-uses,particularly vehicles and heat pumps for space and industrial process heating.In addition to mitigating climate change,reduced energy demand improves energy securi
14、ty and lowers bills for energy consumers.Clean energy transitions also involve the progressive replacement of fossil fuels by renewable electricity.Solar and wind energy are predicted to become the largest installed capacity source for global electricity grids within 5 years.By 2050,-60-40-200 20202
15、1---452046-50Gt COActivityBehaviour and avoided demandEnergy supply efficiencyBuildings efficiencyIndustry efficiencyTransport efficiencyElectric vehiclesOther electrificationHydrogenWind and solarTransport biofuelsOther renewablesOther powerCCUS industryCCUS power and fuel
16、 supplyNet emissions reductionDemandsidemeasuresNon-fossilrequirement onlarge energy usersThe evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|5 I EA.CC BY 4.0.under the Net Zero Scenario,these two technologies,driven by much lower installation and running costs,will be
17、 the worldwide dominant source of electricity.Changes in world electricity sources,IEA Net Zero Scenario,2010-2050 IEA.CC BY 4.0.Source:IEA(2022),World Energy Outlook.However,increased deployment of such renewable forms of energy will make electricity supply more variable,and therefore increased fle
18、xibility will be required to keep the grid operating effectively.This flexibility will be partly provided by reserve generation and storage;for example,batteries will provide close to a quarter of the flexibility needed in 2050 in advanced economies and only slightly less in emerging market and deve
19、loping economies.However,demand response will provide the greatest proportion of flexibility needed to ensure the grid operates effectively and efficiently.Demand response flexibility can be implemented more rapidly and at a lower cost than most other flexibility options.In summary,demand side polic
20、y,which includes energy efficiency policy,needs to evolve to help deliver clean energy transitions,through the promotion of:Fuel switching,especially from fossil fuel-based end-uses to electricity-based alternatives,with technologies such as EVs and heat pumps.Increased flexibility of electricity de
21、mand to better match variable supply.Being able to shift demand in time,without loss of service,will be a valuable contribution to energy system efficiency.Without demand response,clean energy transitions could adversely affect the integrity and stability of the electricity grid.However,traditional
22、energy efficiency policies are evolving to support fuel switching and make demand more flexible.0%20%40%60%80%100%202020302050OilUnabated natural gasUnabated coalFossil fuels with CCUSHydrogen basedNuclearOther renewablesHydropowerWindSolar PV0 5 10 15 20 25200402050Thousand TWhThe evolut
23、ion of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|6 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Regulations that were previously based on minimising energy use have changed over time to focus on reducing carbon emissions.For example,fuel economy standards are increasingly based on(tailpipe)greenhouse gas(
24、GHG)emissions rather than vehicle energy efficiency,providing incentives for electric vehicles(EVs).Similarly,energy efficiency policies are beginning to include and address flexibility and grid considerations.For instance,some US states have peak demand targets as part of their energy efficiency ob
25、ligations.Evolution of energy efficiency policies to support fuel switching and demand response Regulation Incentives Information Buildings Building codes Solar PV Demand response Smart EV charging MEPS for appliances Demand response Energy Efficiency Obligations Carbon-based obligations Peak demand
26、 targets Energy Performance Certificates Fuel to GHG Transport Fuel economy standards Fuel to GHG ICE phase-out EV bonus EV to Grid bonus Demand incentive schemes Subsidies directed to EVs EV charger subsidies Energy label Fuel to GHG EV to Grid bonus Industry Industry agreements Energy to GHG Elect
27、rification(e.g.,heat pumps)DR requirements Subsidies,grants Carbon-reduction based Energy and carbon reporting Adding GHG reporting DR reporting The following sections show examples in three areas:demand response requirements to improve grid flexibility for buildings,vehicle fuel economy-related reg
28、ulations in transport,and reporting systems in industry.The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|7 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Demand response requirements in buildings and equipment Regulators in a growing number of countries are contending with how best to include dema
29、nd response functional requirements into policies for products and buildings.Flexible demand,where customer end-uses are controllable and shiftable over time,makes the grid more secure and improves system-wide energy efficiency.To unlock this potential from flexible demand,appliances and buildings n
30、eed to enable demand response.Whether automated or remotely controlled,open communication protocols are necessary to allow different actors(such as distribution operators,suppliers,and energy service companies)to exchange information.While some simple approaches,such as radio teleswitches to control
31、 water heaters,have been common for some time,improved communication protocols and processes are now creating significant new opportunities at ever lower costs.Utilities or aggregators can communicate in real time with appliances,through an intermediate control device such as home energy management
32、systems or smart meters,either directly modifying its operation,or sending information(price signal,power carbon intensity)to prompt an action by the appliance.Ideally,demand-response ready equipment should be able to send and receive data using a standardised protocol,enabling interaction between d
33、ifferent technologies and manufacturers.This would allow consumers to choose control devices,connect them to each other easily and change them if needed.Several countries have already begun introducing policies to promote such control,both for energy-using products and buildings.Examples are listed
34、below,including countries that are at the forefront of exploring this issue,including Australia,European Union,the United Kingdom and the United States.The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|8 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Example of policy measures to promote demand res
35、ponse Country End-use Policy,description Status Type European Union Building EPBD-Smart Readiness Indicator.Quantifying the energy flexibility capability of buildings and representing it in a meaningful way for stakeholders.Planned Information United States,California Building 2022 Building Energy E
36、fficiency Standards Requirements to install demand response automated systems for heating and cooling,as well has lighting using OpenADR,a common open standard for two-way communication In force Regulation United Kingdom All appliances Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan.Mandate for large domestic-sc
37、ale appliances to be interoperable with DSR service providers.Planned Regulation European Union All appliances Code of Conduct for the energy smart appliances manufacturers.Aiming at developing of Interoperability requirements.Planned Regulation Australia Air conditioners GEMS.Requirements for room
38、air conditioners to publicly register if they are“demand response ready”.Separately,from July 2023,only air conditioners that meet the demand response capability requirements can be connected to the South Australian electricity distribution network.In force Regulation Australia Air conditioners Peak
39、Smart Air Conditioning.Electricity distribution network operators in Queensland offer rebates for customers who install an air conditioner with digital demand response controls.In force Incentive South Korea Buildings and appliances Energy Pause programme for residential demand response for small co
40、nsumers and individual households below 200kW.Various resources such as smart lighting and smart appliances have been participating in 2022.In force Incentive The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|9 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Policy developments which promote automat
41、ed demand response,such as the examples above,are dependent on underlying communication protocols and rules.A selection of key norms and standards to support control and demand response is listed below.The development of such standards is key to the uptake and deployment of flexible demand.Examples
42、of standards and norms to control and monitor equipment Region Name Description Type European Union Norm EN 50631-1:2020:European Norm Describes the necessary control and monitoring for household appliances.Norm United Kingdom PAS 1878:2021 Requirements and criteria for electrical appliance to be cl
43、assified as energy smart.Norm Australia AS 4755 Demand Response Standard Demand response capability and modes of appliances and smart device.Standard United States ANSI/CTA-2045 Specifies a modular communications interface to facilitate communications with residential devices for applications such a
44、s energy management.Standard International IEC 62746-10-1 Open automated demand response system interface between the smart appliance,system,or energy management system and the controlling entity.International Standard United States,California Senate Bill 49 The Flexible Demand Appliance Standards A
45、uthorises the Energy Commission to adopt standards for appliances to facilitate the deployment of flexible demand technologies.Bill The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|10 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Vehicle fuel economy-related regulations The transport sector plays
46、 its role in moving towards Net Zero through improved efficiency,decarbonised fuel and greater electrification.In the IEAs Net Zero scenario,electric cars make up 20%of all cars on the road in 2030 compared with 1%today.The adoption of electric cars is already rapidly increasing.In 2022,nearly one i
47、n eight every cars sold globally was electric,with unit sales doubling between 2020 and 2021.Currently,fuel economy standards for cars exist in over forty countries,covering more than 80%of new vehicle sales worldwide.Fuel economy standards,which have developed over time,have increasingly included p
48、rovisions to facilitate the uptake of EVs and vehicles using other alternative fuel sources.Regulatory approaches have included:Zero emission accounting EVs/hydrogen vehicles are treated as having zero(tailpipe)emissions.Additional counting each EV/hydrogen vehicle can be counted more than once usin
49、g multipliers/super credits(with terminology differing by country).Combining these two provisions increases their contribution to overall compliance,as the impact of an EV being counted as zero emissions is multiplied.In effect,the production of electricity/hydrogen vehicles therefore makes complian
50、ce with regulation relatively easier.The table below summarises the approaches used in selected countries.The mechanisms of zero emission accounting and additional counting(multipliers/super credits)have been used in six out of the seven G7 countries,with additional counting,being phased out over ti
51、me.Increasingly,there is a move to phase out conventional vehicles,and require that all new sales be zero emission vehicles.Broader accounting,for example recognising upstream electricity emissions(well-to-wheel)is used by two of the G7 countries.”Life Cycle Analysis(LCA)is a way to assess the envir
52、onmental impact of all stages of a vehicles life.Increased understanding of upstream and downstream impacts of products and fuels helps ensure that emission savings are optimised throughout the life cycle.LCA will increase in importance as vehicles and the fuel mix change.While ever more stringent r
53、egulations have resulted in vehicles becoming more efficient,gains have been offset by vehicles becoming larger and more powerful.Globally,these shifts have eroded up to 40%of improvements in fuel economy between 2010 and 2019.For electric vehicles,the increasing size of vehicles has implications fo
54、r batteries,with average battery sizes increasing by 60%between 2015 and 2021,having knock-on implications such as increased demand for metals used in batteries.The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|11 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Vehicle fuel economy-related regulatio
55、ns approaches used in selected countries Measures to achieve EV targets ZEV mandates or mandate style approaches Future State level State level Current/Historic Measures to capture impacts Accounting of(upstream)electricity related GHG emissions Future Current/Historic once cap reached once cap reac
56、hed Measures to facilitate EVs Inclusion of EVs has additional weighting Future (revision)Current/Historic EVs are treated as zero emissions/zero energy use Future limit limit Current/Historic Standard type GHG emission limits CO2 emissions Fuel efficiency standards top runner approach CO2 emissions
57、 Fuel economy standards and GHG emission limits Electric vehicle inclusion in regulation Canada EU(inc.France Gernamy Italy)Japan United Kingdom United States Source:IEA analysis based on ICCT(2018),Modernizing vehicle regulations for electrification.The evolution of energy efficiency policy to supp
58、ort clean energy transitions PAGE|12 I EA.CC BY 4.0.The greatest efficiency gains are achieved by policy packages that combine regulation,information and incentives.In France,fiscal incentives have contributed to CO2 emissions of new passenger cars sold being around 9%lower than the EU average.The b
59、onus-malus scheme was strengthened further in 2020,with the maximum penalty for consumers of new high emitting vehicles being doubled to EUR 20 000.In Germany,from 2020 vehicles with high CO2 emissions have been taxed more heavily.In Kenya,a combination of regulations(such as age limits on vehicle i
60、mports)and financial incentives has resulted in average vehicle efficiency being 25%higher compared to comparable countries.In New Zealand,registration shares of electric vehicles increased to highs of 5%to 15%after the introduction of a bonus-malus scheme.In Norway nearly 90%of vehicle sales are no
61、w electric,reflecting the use of broad range of incentives alongside regulatory and information approaches.In France,advertising of the most polluting vehicles will be banned from 2028.The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|13 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Industry repor
62、ting systems The industrial sector is challenging to decarbonise,with processes as diverse as the economy itself and each company guarding its proprietary methods.Solutions for energy efficiency and decarbonisation are subsequently highly individual.The challenge for policymakers is therefore to inc
63、entivise industrial decisions that set a path towards higher energy efficiency and decarbonisation without hurting competitiveness and innovation.A core requirement for any successful policy decision-making is reliable information.As large industries are among the biggest energy consumers in most ec
64、onomies,the influence and impact of industrial policy decisions is significant.For several decades,G7 countries have been using reporting systems where industries above a certain threshold must regularly report their energy consumption to a government body.This information helps ensure consistency,a
65、ccuracy,and reliability of national energy balances,and is used by governments to make informed decisions on policy.In the context of increasingly stringent measures to mitigate climate change,industry reporting has put a stronger focus on GHG emissions accounting to monitor improvement over time.Fu
66、rthermore,progressively more governments are putting in place public disclosure obligations that can increase transparency in company activities.Finally,the data collected can be used in a wider scope of policy design and decision making.For example,in the areas of energy security and climate impact
67、 where energy demand management and efficient use of energy,enabled through data led decisions,play a crucial role.Industrial reporting polices can include measures for capacity building in energy and emissions reporting,along with the reporting framework itself.This can help increase the reliabilit
68、y of the data collection and reporting,benefiting both the organisation,at site performance level,and the overall industrial sector,in terms of assessment,benchmarking and competitiveness.Japan is in the process of developing an updated industrial reporting scheme that features demand response provi
69、sions,explicitly addressing the challenges of peak electricity demand in industrial energy consumption.The following table provides an overview of major industrial reporting schemes in G7 countries and beyond.The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|14 I EA.
70、CC BY 4.0.Overview of industry reporting schemes in G7 countries and further examples Country Short name Start year Status Reporting threshold level*Threshold metric Metric reported Demand Response Provision Public Disclosure Site Organisation(National)Organisation.(Global)CO Energy cons.Energy prod
71、.CO Energy cons.Energy prod.Australia NGER 2007 In force No Yes Canada GHGRP 2004 In force No Yes Japan ECA 1993*In force Yes(revision)Yes Korea GHG-ES 2011 In force No Yes ECR 1980 In force No No United Kingdom SECR 2019 In force No Yes United States GHGRP 2009 In force No Yes California CA-GWSA 20
72、06 In force No Yes South Africa NGERs 2011 In force No No*:The start year of Japans ECA refers to the previous legislation.Japans updated industrial reporting scheme is currently under development and will feature a demand response provision.*:The threshold defines the level at which an organisation
73、 begins to be obligated by the reporting scheme.The evolution of energy efficiency policy to support clean energy transitions PAGE|15 I EA.CC BY 4.0.From Brochure to Full Report This brochure provides some examples of how energy efficiency policy is already evolving to support clean energy transitio
74、ns.It was drafted in advance of the G7 ministerial discussions in April 2023-a longer report will be developed and published later in 2023,which will:provide further examples,with suggestions as to which approaches are working well within its context,and within a policy package framework.summarise t
75、he benefits of further adoption on such policies which are increasingly optimising system-wide efficiency,beyond end-use efficiency.This longer report will also include direct comments and feedback from the G7 members.For further details and to provide comments,please contact energy.efficiencyiea.or
76、g.International Energy Agency(IEA).This work reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect those of the IEAs individual Member countries or of any particular funder or collaborator.The work does not constitute professional advice on any specific issue or situation.The IE
77、A makes no representation or warranty,express or implied,in respect of the works contents(including its completeness or accuracy)and shall not be responsible for any use of,or reliance on,the work.Subject to the IEAs Notice for CC-licenced Content,this work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attri
78、bution 4.0 International Licence.This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory,city or area.Unless otherwise indicated,all material presented in figures and tables is derived from IEA data and analysis.IEA Publications International Energy Agency Website:www.iea.org Contact information:www.iea.org/contact Typeset in France by IEA-April 2023Cover design:IEAPhoto credits:ShutterStock