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1、U.S.and Canada office fit out guideRContentsExecutive summary 3Report assumptions and methodology 5National averages 7Cost implications of 2023s top trends in office design 8How will construction costs change in the upcoming year?12Fit out cost benchmarks:in-depth 13Appendix A:Canada fit out costs 1
2、5Appendix B:Fit out costs by style 16Appendix C:Report methodology FAQ 192U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out Guide2U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideExecutive summary JLLs Office Fit Out Guide provides benchmark costs to build out a range of office types across major markets in the United States and Canada.Th
3、e data in this report is based on an analysis of thousands of construction projects managed by JLL Project and Development Services(PDS)teams across North America.Construction has retained exceptional momentum into 2023,led by industrial and manufacturing,keeping prices generally elevated and the la
4、bor market tight.However,the office market faces a more turbulent future.Elevated vacancies,flight to quality,and new hybrid workplace models have limited the overall scope of development of the sector and is impacting values,particularly for commodity office assets.Coupled with higher costs of capi
5、tal and tightening lending standards,office fit-out activity is increasingly selective.As such,the trends identified here are intended to highlight the components creating thriving,post-COVID office environments.These are big issues with broad implications across the future of office real estate for
6、 decades to come and this report is not intended to exhaustively cover them all.Instead,we focus on one critical piece:What does it cost to build offices capable of meeting the needs of tenants today?16.00%+14.1%+9%+4.9%+10.1%0%8.00%12.00%4.00%14.00%6.00%10.00%2.00%0.00%Hard costsSoft costsFF&ETenan
7、t factorsTotal costs3U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideFollowing record increases in 2021,cost growth in 2022 was lower but,at 10.1%,remained significantly above the historical average.Hard costs and FF&E increases,attributable to continuing supply chain issues,comprised the largest contributions to i
8、ncreases.Tenant factors,a major contributor to the prior year that includes AV equipment,IT hardware,move related costs,sound masking,and similar items,saw no year-over-year change.The total increase and contributing components,tracked closely with the average construction industry price increases f
9、or the year.Lead times and delays remain an issue as well,with average project duration up 26%from pre-COVID times.However,roughly 95%of the increase occurred from 2021 to 2022.Project durations largely stabilized over the course of 2022,albeit at a longer timeframe.These are logical continuations o
10、f the trends observed since the start of the pandemic,as the requirements of a responsive,reimagined built environment are emerging from the lessons learned.To explore these trends and their cost impacts,we have kept our proprietary cost matrix and continue to revise what goes into each benchmark le
11、vel to account for how office designs are changing.The three levels+20%+39%+22%+26%Initiate/PlanDesignConstructionTotalPDS engagement,handoff documentation,finalize scope of services,and project charter.Space planning,SDs,DDs,and CDs,and budget ACR/funding approval.Construction status,subcontractor
12、procurement,and punch list complete.First day of initiate to last day of construction.However,design trends played a major role in costs increases in 2022.Our report identifies three trends of increasing importance for 2023 that significantly contributed to cost growth:of design quality and complexi
13、ty,for every major market,allow users to use specific benchmarks that fit with their plans,while designs reflecting emerging trends allow users to better understand costs and other commitments necessary to facilitate an optimal return to office.Rather than just providing inflated costs for outmoded
14、designs,this challenges users to think critically about the future interactions between their employees,the built environment,and emerging patterns of work.Right-sizing for the future of workBetter baseline programmingCollaborative ESG implementation4U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideReport assumption
15、s and methodology This guide is a comprehensive data-driven reference that provides a comparison of average fit out costs across major U.S.and Canadian markets.This guide is not a cost estimating or cost of occupancy tool.Fit out costs can vary greatly based on the scope and requirements of the user
16、.This guide provides a holistic picture of how various geography and fit out decisions can affect your bottom line.How was it created?The benchmark costs in this report were developed using a robust data analysis and validation process based on thousands of real-world projects managed by JLLs Projec
17、t and Development Services(PDS)teams across North America.Why is it useful for you?The goal of this guide is to provide readers with cost transparency across office styles,build quality levels,and geographic markets,to enable them to make better and more informed real estate decisions.There are two
18、primary ways that we recommend you use this report:Early pre-project planning to get a sense of what different types of construction projects might cost across different markets Post-completion comparison to learn how costs for your completed projects compared to average projects around the country7
19、00+clients58local markets 3,800+projects5U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideAt a glance Below are four key points to understand the methodology used to develop this report.Much more detail about the methodology behind this Fit Out Guide can be found in the FAQ section at the end of the report.1.All cos
20、ts are sourced from the real world.This guide is based on the average cost of real JLL-managed projects across the United States and Canada.2.All costs assume an office fit out from a warm lit shell condition.Minor space modifications will generally be less expensive while ground up office projects
21、will generally be much more expensive that the costs in this guide.3.Costs represent averages in their respective quality tiers.“Base quality”and high quality space represents the average cost for that quality level and not the lowest or highest maximum spend possible,respectively.4.FF&E and tenant
22、factor costs are held constant across markets.As a result of wide variance in these costs based on tenant needs,we determined an appropriate average cost for each of the three levels of quality and complexity and have used them across all geographic markets.6U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideQuality a
23、nd complexityBaseMediumHighDesigned on a simple budget.Space contains basic technology and aesthetic design.Increased project complexity,taking in to account upgraded finishes and materials.Complex project design with emphasis placed on top quality finishes and space improvements.Office styleProgres
24、siveOpen office floor plan with 100%bench style space and no enclosed offices.Overall 50/50 split(or less)between office/workstations seats and collaborative space$220$249$303 ModeratePredominantly open office floor plan with small to medium size workstations(6x6 or 6x8).Less than 20%offices.Overall
25、 70/30 split between office/workstations seats and collaborative space$230$257$308 TraditionalOffice heavy plan with larger workstations(8x8)and may have varying sizes based on role hierarchy.Often with varying office sizes.1:1 seating for all employees with little amount of open collaboration space
26、 and lower conference room ratio$239$270$320 National averagesPricing matrix7U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideCost implications of 2023s top trends in office design Right sizing for the future of workWhere are we now?After three years of navigating work from home and now negotiating return to office,
27、occupiers are continuing to right size their space.For the vast majority,this has meant shedding square footage.Over the past two years,the average office fit out project performed by JLL has fallen 11%.The downward trend captures both a shrinking per square footage allowance per employee as well as
28、 a reduced expectation of daily in-office headcounts.Hybrid strategies vary across organizations but most firms are exploring new workplace models to meet the needs of their workforce,and examining new design strategies to enable workforce productivity in this new era.What are the cost implications?
29、With average square footages trending down,the immediate cost impact is loss of economies of scale.Higher densities of technology and FF&E within the footprint result in an increased cost per square foot,which may be more aggressive than increases in total project cost.We encourage readers to keep t
30、his in mind,noting that,by tapping into design zeitgeist,year-to-year comparisons are more complicated as the projects are inherently not apples-to-apples.How does the Fit Out Guide address this trend?The fit out guide costs incorporate the loss of economies of scale as the test fits have come down
31、from a roughly 30,000 square-foot range to a 20,000 square-foot range.The total cost increases are less aggressive and larger projects will see some economies of scale return.However,further reduced footprints will see further increases on a per square foot basis and potentially more compromises mad
32、e on programming due to costs and available space.JLLs 2022(left)and 2023(above)test fits:moving towards smaller and more supportive spacesOpen to BelowITCOMPUTERROOMMD.CONF.COPY GALLERYMD.CONF.SM.CONF.CAFEPHONEPHONEPHONE1:1 SEATING1:1 SEATINGSTORAGEOFFICEOFFICETEAMTABLECOPYGALLERYPHONEPHONEOFFICEOF
33、FICEOFFICEOPENCOLLABHUDDLEHUDDLEMOTHERSROOMOPENCOLLABMEDIA TEAMBOOTHPHONEPHONEGALLEY PANTRYMEDIA TEAMMEDIA TEAMMOTHERSROOMOFFICEOFFICEOFFICEHUDDLEHUDDLECOPY GALLERYOFFICELG.CONF.SM.CONF.BOOTHTEAMLOUNGESTORAGEGALLEYPANTRYSM.CONF.MEDIA TEAMTEAMLOUNGEGALLEY PANTRYBOOTHGALLEY PANTRYSTORAGECOPY GALLERYRE
34、CEPTIONBOARDROOMSM.CONF.HUDDLEHUDDLEHUDDLETEAMTABLETEAMTABLETEAMTABLEBOOTHELEVELEVELEVELEVELEVELEVELECCLOSTELJ.C.WOMENMENELECCLOSTRANSROOMSTAIR NO.1DNUPSTAIR NO.2DNUPDNUPDNUPDNUPDN120 SFOFFICE304 SFMEDIUM CONF120 SFOFFICE123 SFOFFICE123 SFOFFICE120 SFOFFICE123 SFOFFICE100 SFWELLNESSROOM94 SFIT/SERVE
35、RROOM150 SFSMALL CONF150 SFSMALL CONF119 SFOFFICE77 SFFOCUS77 SFFOCUS121 SFOFFICE127 SFOFFICE120 SFOFFICE21 SFCOATS250 SFELEVATORLOBBY123 SFOFFICE120 SFOFFICE121 SFOFFICE124 SFOFFICE412 SFLARGECONFERENCE40 SFPHONE40 SFPHONE40 SFPHONE40 SFPHONE94 SFHUDDLE304 SFMEDIUM CONF120 SFHUDDLE87 SFSTORAGE58 SF
36、STORAGE120 SFOFFICE160 SFSMALL CONF119 SFSTORAGE120 SFHUDDLE836 SFTOWN HALL/CAFE302 SFMEDIUM CONF302 SFMEDIUM CONF124 SFOFFICE1211 SFRECEPTION8U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideBetter baseline programmingWhere are we now?With flight to quality and more selective office utilization,JLL PDS has seen key
37、 elements of progressive design become increasingly common in moderate and traditional offices and across the quality spectrum.These include health and wellness programming like mothers rooms,more multi-use areas,and increasingly tech compatible furniture.These are broadly extensions of the trends i
38、dentified last year,where we noted the rising technological floor of office design shrinking the cost differences between finish levels.Employee health and wellness support is becoming less of a luxury addition to high-end spend project and more of a baseline expectation.What are the cost implicatio
39、ns?Dedicated wellness and community spaces carries a range of costs with them,especially if they require special MEP considerations.Additional supportive technology and other items can add onto the costs while increasing the required density of traditional working uses in a smaller footprint office.
40、However,the cost ultimately depends on the program.Popular items like multiuse rooms and outdoor amenities will vary significantly with MEP and design considerations.Costs of the two most commonly requested items are given here,priced as additional finishes and requirements above and beyond the buil
41、dout costs identified.How does the Fit Out Guide address this trend?We recognize the above programs are ultimately optional but note an increasing proportion of clients engaging JLL Design Solutions opted to have one or more of these programs,with wellness and mothers rooms being the most requested.
42、The increasing prevalence of additional features is part of the broader reimagining of the post-pandemic office,minimally supportive workspaces are no longer standard.Reflecting this,each test fit,regardless of design style,includes wellness or mothers rooms and multiuse space as a baseline.The prog
43、rams add a modest portion of the total project cost but represent a significant convergence of design requirements.Program premium(per instance)Cost rangeWellness/Mothers room$11,000-$15,000Gender neutral bathroom$18,000-$22,0009U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideCollaborative ESG implementationWhere a
44、re we now?Our prior fit out guide noted that 90%of the global economy is now attached to a net zero carbon(NZC)goal,with science-based standards to quantify progress.Sustainability and wellness objectives remain front and center for both occupiers and owners.As carbon and sustainability have become
45、primary metrics of value,effective tools for implementation are required.One tool that has made significant progress aligning historically split incentives between the two parties has been Green Leasing 2.0.Currently,34%of occupiers globally have adopted green leases and another 40%expect to do so b
46、y 2025 while statistics for investors are higher,at 42%already in place and 37%to implement by 2025.What are the cost implications?The value proposition of green leasing for owners and occupiers is both financial and in the partnership opportunity to achieve corporate Net Zero Goals.Occupiers can us
47、e green leasing to codify their commitments while owners can take proactive measures to retain value and meet evolving ESG regulations.Green leasing priorities are expanding and necessarily unique to the occupier,building,and region.Collaboration and careful execution can lead to significant cost an
48、d carbon savings:a recent estimate by the IMT places the potential annual energy savings if all leased office buildings had Green Leases at$3.3 billion.JLLs use of these strategies in our own office portfolios and client operations has proven their effectiveness and ability.Green Leasing 2.0 centers
49、 around Education,Engagement,and Equity to move from a compliance-based single leasing event to a transparent,ongoing collaboration between owners and occupiers to drive environmental and cost savings.There is a range of implementation for green leasing:Leading Market-leading clauses that will suppo
50、rt a 2030 mindset and beyond Progressive Clauses ensuring appropriate response to the current ESG expectations of the market for the next few years Minimum StandardsClauses that should be included in all leases,regardless of owner or occupier ambition:Sharing of energy,water and waste data Protectio
51、n of environmental performance rating/green certification10U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideProgramCommitmentsWinsJLL uses a multidisciplinary,full-service Work Dynamics team to ensure consistent standards for the operation and environmental management of all our occupied space.The program includes g
52、reen lease clauses that are aligned with our ESG commitments and bring sustainability into our workplace experience for 381 sites in 52 countries totaling 4.6M s.f.of leased space Submeters installed for new sites 10,000 s.f.and long-term holds Net Zero carbon emissions across all offices by 2030 Wa
53、ter management plans for sites in high water stress areas Reduce single-use plastics and 100%of sites have recycling Sustainability and wellness fit-out for sites 10,000 s.f.15%less energy use than standard code,saving an estimated US$2.0 M annually Office fit-outs have 25%less embodied carbon than
54、equivalent standard designsHow does the Fit Out Guide address this trend?Given the unique features and opportunities for each building provided by green leasing,this document cannot address every possible scenario.Instead,we provide energy savings for several levels of interventions that may be made
55、 as part of green leasing.We note that the baseline implementations that include services being delivered sustainably should not carry additional costs.Deeper levels of engagement,requiring sustainability consulting or operations work,come with expenditures and savings for both occupiers and owners.
56、Light Focus on performance optimizationMEP Deep retrofit on MEP equipmentWhole Deep retrofit on whole buildingOffice Energy Savings by intervention10%-15%30%-40%40%-60%JLLs internal green leasing engagements11U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideThis Fit Out Guide report is based on project data from the
57、 past 12 months and on cost estimating models completed in early 2023.The costs provided in this report are intended as annual benchmarks and are not designed for cost inflation adjustments over coming months or quarters.The estimates will not be updated until the next annual version of this report
58、in early 2024 and total costs vary based on market conditions and input costs on a monthly or even weekly basis.To provide context for these cost trends,we also release JLLs Construction Outlook report annually,which includes construction cost,labor,and material forecasts for the coming year.The 202
59、3 Construction Outlook identifies a complicated return to“normal”,with overall cost inflation falling towards historical averages after several years of extraordinary growth.Net construction cost savings are not anticipated as demand remains high for labor and materials across the nation and high pe
60、rforming commercial real estate sectors.Additionally,banking issues and continuing turbulence in office markets may make for a more complicated outlook for the sector and fit outs specifically.Adaptive reuse of distressed assets,flight to quality,and shifting utilization patterns will inform owner a
61、nd occupier decisions around long term investments and program selection.Beyond regular inflation in materials and labor prices,we expect these rapidly evolving design choices,which push the office to do more in less space,to continue putting pressure on fit out prices.How will construction costs ch
62、ange in the upcoming year?12U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideFit out cost benchmarks:in-depth Better baseline programmingOne of the largest factors in determining the ultimate cost of an office fit out project is the cost of construction labor,which varies more widely by geography than the cost of ma
63、terials.The chart below shows the average cost of building a moderate style,medium quality office in each U.S.region.These regional costs represent a simple average of the fit out costs for each market within the region included in this guide.Fit out costs by categoryThe chart at right represents an
64、 average breakdown of different categories for a moderate style medium quality office at the national average level.See appendix data for specific costs breakdowns in each market.Hard costsSoft costsFF&ETenant factors67%7%17%9%$300$200$100$250$150$50$276$274$254$241$236$225$222$0SoutheastCaliforniaS
65、outhwestNortheastMid-AtlanticCentralNorthwestAverage13U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideFit out costs by geography Fit out costs across the United States and Canada range widely from region to region and market to market.The map below shows average fit out costs per rentable square foot for a moderate
66、 style,medium quality office in each market.United StatesMexicoPhoenix$227Milwaukee$246Alexandria$231Philadelphia$269New York City$292Denver$230Washington,DC$239Los Angeles$269Richmond$222Anaheim$262San Diego$264Oakland$281Tampa$222Atlanta$226Houston$220Fort Worth$217San Antonio$216Nashville$226Char
67、lotte$222Chicago$274Cleveland$236Columbus$230Minneapolis$257Louisville$224Baltimore$234Suburban Maryland$227Newark$269Des Moines$233St.Louis$244Indianapolis$231Montreal(CAD)$353Montreal$258Toronto(CAD)$367Toronto$268San Francisco$293San Jose$282Las Vegas$252Jacksonville$218Austin$215Dallas$222Boston
68、$268Pittsburgh$246Raleigh$218Norfolk$222Cincinnati$226Detroit$245Portland$251Seattle$256Salt Lake City$228Miami$227Orlando$221Calgary$271Calgary(CAD)$371Vancouver$263Vancouver(CAD)$359Sacramento$26514U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideAppendix A:Fit out cost breakdownCanadaBase qualityMedium qualityHig
69、h qualityProgressive styleCalgary$314.88$357.69$433.71 Montreal$299.95$340.89$413.19 Toronto$311.29$353.64$428.77 Vancouver$304.86$346.41$419.93 Moderate styleCalgary$329.00$368.91$440.85 Montreal$313.19$351.40$419.88 Toronto$325.20$364.70$435.80 Vancouver$318.39$357.16$426.77 Traditional styleCalga
70、ry$343.31$388.21$458.28 Montreal$326.60$369.48$436.21 Toronto$339.29$383.70$452.97 Vancouver$332.09$375.63$443.47 In the rest of this report,all costs are shown in USD to allow a direct comparison between different markets.On this page,costs for the four major Canadian markets covered in this report
71、 are shown in CAD.This is intended to eliminate the need for Canada-based companies to convert the benchmarks to local currency and to simplify cost comparisons across Canadian markets.The exchange rate used in this report is 1 USD to 1.36 CAD,and additional details on currencies and exchange rate i
72、s provided in the Report methodology FAQ.15U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideAppendix B:Progressive office style fit out costsBaseMediumHighCityHard Cost Soft CostFFETenant FactorsTotalHard Cost Soft CostFFETenant FactorsTotalHard Cost Soft CostFFETenant FactorsTotalNational Average$145.90$16.08$38.00
73、$20.00$219.98$164.23$18.13$43.00$24.00$249.37$200.59$22.14$52.00$28.00$302.73 Alexandria$125.81$13.87$38.00$20.00$197.68$141.62$15.64$43.00$24.00$224.25$172.96$19.09$52.00$28.00$272.06 Anaheim$149.93$16.53$38.00$20.00$224.45$168.77$18.63$43.00$24.00$254.40$206.12$22.75$52.00$28.00$308.87 Atlanta$122
74、.38$13.49$38.00$20.00$193.87$137.75$15.21$43.00$24.00$219.96$168.25$18.57$52.00$28.00$266.82 Austin$113.54$12.52$38.00$20.00$184.06$127.81$14.11$43.00$24.00$208.92$156.10$17.23$52.00$28.00$253.33 Baltimore$128.37$14.15$38.00$20.00$200.52$144.50$15.95$43.00$24.00$227.46$176.49$19.48$52.00$28.00$275.9
75、7 Boston$154.28$17.00$38.00$20.00$229.28$173.66$19.17$43.00$24.00$259.83$212.10$23.41$52.00$28.00$315.51 Calgary$156.88$17.29$38.00$20.00$232.18$176.60$19.50$43.00$24.00$263.10$215.69$23.81$52.00$28.00$319.49 Charlotte$114.87$12.66$38.00$20.00$185.53$129.31$14.28$43.00$24.00$210.58$157.93$17.43$52.0
76、0$28.00$255.36 Chicago$159.26$17.55$38.00$20.00$234.82$179.28$19.79$43.00$24.00$266.07$218.96$24.17$52.00$28.00$323.13 Cincinnati$122.33$13.48$38.00$20.00$193.82$137.70$15.20$43.00$24.00$219.91$168.18$18.56$52.00$28.00$266.75 Cleveland$129.52$14.28$38.00$20.00$201.79$145.79$16.10$43.00$24.00$228.89$
77、178.06$19.65$52.00$28.00$277.71 Columbus$125.03$13.78$38.00$20.00$196.81$140.74$15.54$43.00$24.00$223.28$171.90$18.97$52.00$28.00$270.87 Dallas$118.99$13.12$38.00$20.00$190.11$133.94$14.79$43.00$24.00$215.73$163.59$18.06$52.00$28.00$261.65 Denver$125.17$13.80$38.00$20.00$196.97$140.90$15.56$43.00$24
78、.00$223.45$172.08$18.99$52.00$28.00$271.08 Des Moines$127.09$14.01$38.00$20.00$199.10$143.06$15.79$43.00$24.00$225.86$174.73$19.29$52.00$28.00$274.01 Detroit$136.38$15.03$38.00$20.00$209.41$153.52$16.95$43.00$24.00$237.47$187.50$20.69$52.00$28.00$288.19 Fort Worth$115.10$12.69$38.00$20.00$185.79$129
79、.56$14.30$43.00$24.00$210.87$158.24$17.47$52.00$28.00$255.71 Houston$117.21$12.92$38.00$20.00$188.12$131.93$14.57$43.00$24.00$213.50$161.14$17.79$52.00$28.00$258.92 Indianapolis$125.86$13.87$38.00$20.00$197.73$141.67$15.64$43.00$24.00$224.31$173.03$19.10$52.00$28.00$272.13 Jacksonville$116.15$12.80$
80、38.00$20.00$186.96$130.75$14.44$43.00$24.00$212.18$159.69$17.63$52.00$28.00$257.31 Las Vegas$142.24$15.68$38.00$20.00$215.92$160.11$17.68$43.00$24.00$244.79$195.55$21.58$52.00$28.00$297.14 Los Angeles$155.10$17.10$38.00$20.00$230.20$174.59$19.28$43.00$24.00$260.86$213.23$23.54$52.00$28.00$316.77 Lou
81、isville$120.78$13.31$38.00$20.00$192.09$135.95$15.01$43.00$24.00$217.96$166.04$18.33$52.00$28.00$264.37 Miami$119.54$13.18$38.00$20.00$190.72$134.56$14.86$43.00$24.00$216.42$164.34$18.14$52.00$28.00$262.48 Milwaukee$137.34$15.14$38.00$20.00$210.48$154.60$17.07$43.00$24.00$238.67$188.82$20.84$52.00$2
82、8.00$289.66 Minneapolis$146.13$16.11$38.00$20.00$220.24$164.49$18.16$43.00$24.00$249.65$200.90$22.17$52.00$28.00$303.08 Montreal$147.00$16.20$38.00$20.00$221.20$165.47$18.27$43.00$24.00$250.74$202.10$22.31$52.00$28.00$304.40 Nashville$121.69$13.41$38.00$20.00$193.10$136.98$15.12$43.00$24.00$219.11$1
83、67.30$18.47$52.00$28.00$265.77 New York City$172.45$19.01$38.00$20.00$249.45$194.11$21.43$43.00$24.00$282.54$237.08$26.17$52.00$28.00$343.25 Newark$155.19$17.11$38.00$20.00$230.30$174.69$19.29$43.00$24.00$260.98$213.36$23.55$52.00$28.00$316.91 Norfolk$119.13$13.13$38.00$20.00$190.26$134.10$14.81$43.
84、00$24.00$215.90$163.78$18.08$52.00$28.00$261.86 Oakland$164.21$18.10$38.00$20.00$240.31$184.84$20.41$43.00$24.00$272.25$225.75$24.92$52.00$28.00$330.67 Orlando$118.67$13.08$38.00$20.00$189.75$133.58$14.75$43.00$24.00$215.33$163.15$18.01$52.00$28.00$261.16 Philadelphia$155.19$17.11$38.00$20.00$230.30
85、$174.69$19.29$43.00$24.00$260.98$213.36$23.55$52.00$28.00$316.91 Phoenix$122.93$13.55$38.00$20.00$194.48$138.37$15.28$43.00$24.00$220.65$169.00$18.65$52.00$28.00$267.65 Pittsburgh$137.21$15.12$38.00$20.00$210.33$154.45$17.05$43.00$24.00$238.50$188.63$20.82$52.00$28.00$289.45 Portland$141.64$15.61$38
86、.00$20.00$215.26$159.44$17.60$43.00$24.00$244.05$194.73$21.49$52.00$28.00$296.23 Raleigh$116.29$12.82$38.00$20.00$187.11$130.90$14.45$43.00$24.00$212.36$159.88$17.65$52.00$28.00$257.52 Richmond$118.67$13.08$38.00$20.00$189.75$133.58$14.75$43.00$24.00$215.33$163.15$18.01$52.00$28.00$261.16 Sacramento
87、$151.85$16.74$38.00$20.00$226.59$170.93$18.87$43.00$24.00$256.80$208.77$23.04$52.00$28.00$311.81 Salt Lake City$123.34$13.59$38.00$20.00$194.93$138.84$15.33$43.00$24.00$221.16$169.57$18.72$52.00$28.00$268.28 San Antonio$114.60$12.63$38.00$20.00$185.23$129.00$14.24$43.00$24.00$210.24$157.55$17.39$52.
88、00$28.00$254.94 San Diego$150.94$16.64$38.00$20.00$225.57$169.90$18.76$43.00$24.00$255.66$207.51$22.90$52.00$28.00$310.41 San Francisco$173.77$19.15$38.00$20.00$250.93$195.61$21.60$43.00$24.00$284.20$238.90$26.37$52.00$28.00$345.27 San Jose$165.40$18.23$38.00$20.00$241.63$186.18$20.56$43.00$24.00$27
89、3.74$227.39$25.10$52.00$28.00$332.49 Seattle$144.89$15.97$38.00$20.00$218.86$163.10$18.01$43.00$24.00$248.11$199.20$21.99$52.00$28.00$301.19 St.Louis$135.51$14.94$38.00$20.00$208.45$152.54$16.84$43.00$24.00$236.38$186.30$20.56$52.00$28.00$286.87 Suburban Maryland$123.06$13.56$38.00$20.00$194.63$138.
90、53$15.29$43.00$24.00$220.82$169.19$18.67$52.00$28.00$267.86 Tampa$119.36$13.16$38.00$20.00$190.51$134.35$14.83$43.00$24.00$216.19$164.09$18.11$52.00$28.00$262.20 Toronto$154.50$17.03$38.00$20.00$229.53$173.92$19.20$43.00$24.00$260.12$212.42$23.44$52.00$28.00$315.86 Vancouver$150.25$16.56$38.00$20.00
91、$224.81$169.13$18.67$43.00$24.00$254.80$206.56$22.80$52.00$28.00$309.36 Washington,DC$131.85$14.53$38.00$20.00$204.38$148.42$16.39$43.00$24.00$231.80$181.27$20.01$52.00$28.00$281.28 16U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideAppendix B:Moderate office style fit out costsBaseMediumHighCityHard Cost Soft CostF
92、FETenant FactorsTotalHard Cost Soft CostFFETenant FactorsTotalHard Cost Soft CostFFETenant FactorsTotalNational Average$154.60$17.04$38.00$20.00$229.64$171.15$18.89$43.00$24.00$257.04$204.98$22.62$52.00$28.00$307.61 Alexandria$133.31$14.69$38.00$20.00$206.00$147.58$16.29$43.00$24.00$230.87$176.76$19
93、.51$52.00$28.00$276.27 Anaheim$158.87$17.51$38.00$20.00$234.38$175.87$19.42$43.00$24.00$262.29$210.64$23.25$52.00$28.00$313.89 Atlanta$129.67$14.29$38.00$20.00$201.97$143.55$15.85$43.00$24.00$226.40$171.93$18.98$52.00$28.00$270.91 Austin$120.31$13.26$38.00$20.00$191.58$133.19$14.70$43.00$24.00$214.9
94、0$159.53$17.61$52.00$28.00$257.13 Baltimore$136.03$14.99$38.00$20.00$209.02$150.59$16.62$43.00$24.00$234.21$180.36$19.91$52.00$28.00$280.26 Boston$163.47$18.02$38.00$20.00$239.49$180.97$19.98$43.00$24.00$267.95$216.75$23.92$52.00$28.00$320.67 Calgary$166.24$18.32$38.00$20.00$242.56$184.03$20.32$43.0
95、0$24.00$271.35$220.42$24.33$52.00$28.00$324.74 Charlotte$121.72$13.42$38.00$20.00$193.14$134.75$14.88$43.00$24.00$216.62$161.39$17.81$52.00$28.00$259.20 Chicago$168.76$18.60$38.00$20.00$245.36$186.82$20.63$43.00$24.00$274.45$223.76$24.70$52.00$28.00$328.46 Cincinnati$129.63$14.29$38.00$20.00$201.91$
96、143.50$15.84$43.00$24.00$226.34$171.87$18.97$52.00$28.00$270.84 Cleveland$137.24$15.13$38.00$20.00$210.37$151.93$16.77$43.00$24.00$235.70$181.97$20.08$52.00$28.00$282.05 Columbus$132.49$14.60$38.00$20.00$205.09$146.67$16.19$43.00$24.00$229.86$175.66$19.39$52.00$28.00$275.05 Dallas$126.09$13.90$38.00
97、$20.00$197.98$139.58$15.41$43.00$24.00$221.99$167.18$18.45$52.00$28.00$265.63 Denver$132.63$14.62$38.00$20.00$205.25$146.83$16.21$43.00$24.00$230.04$175.86$19.41$52.00$28.00$275.27 Des Moines$134.67$14.84$38.00$20.00$207.51$149.08$16.46$43.00$24.00$232.54$178.56$19.71$52.00$28.00$278.27 Detroit$144.
98、51$15.93$38.00$20.00$218.44$159.98$17.66$43.00$24.00$244.64$191.61$21.15$52.00$28.00$292.76 Fort Worth$121.96$13.44$38.00$20.00$193.41$135.02$14.91$43.00$24.00$216.92$161.71$17.85$52.00$28.00$259.56 Houston$124.19$13.69$38.00$20.00$195.88$137.49$15.18$43.00$24.00$219.66$164.67$18.17$52.00$28.00$262.
99、84 Indianapolis$133.36$14.70$38.00$20.00$206.06$147.63$16.30$43.00$24.00$230.93$176.82$19.52$52.00$28.00$276.34 Jacksonville$123.08$13.57$38.00$20.00$194.64$136.25$15.04$43.00$24.00$218.29$163.19$18.01$52.00$28.00$261.20 Las Vegas$150.72$16.61$38.00$20.00$225.33$166.85$18.42$43.00$24.00$252.27$199.8
100、4$22.06$52.00$28.00$301.90 Los Angeles$164.35$18.11$38.00$20.00$240.46$181.94$20.09$43.00$24.00$269.02$217.91$24.05$52.00$28.00$321.96 Louisville$127.98$14.11$38.00$20.00$200.08$141.67$15.64$43.00$24.00$224.31$169.68$18.73$52.00$28.00$268.41 Miami$126.67$13.96$38.00$20.00$198.63$140.22$15.48$43.00$2
101、4.00$222.70$167.95$18.54$52.00$28.00$266.48 Milwaukee$145.53$16.04$38.00$20.00$219.57$161.11$17.79$43.00$24.00$245.89$192.96$21.30$52.00$28.00$294.26 Minneapolis$154.84$17.07$38.00$20.00$229.91$171.41$18.92$43.00$24.00$257.34$205.31$22.66$52.00$28.00$307.97 Montreal$155.76$17.17$38.00$20.00$230.93$1
102、72.43$19.04$43.00$24.00$258.47$206.53$22.79$52.00$28.00$309.32 Nashville$128.95$14.21$38.00$20.00$201.16$142.75$15.76$43.00$24.00$225.51$170.97$18.87$52.00$28.00$269.84 New York City$182.73$20.14$38.00$20.00$260.87$202.28$22.33$43.00$24.00$291.62$242.28$26.74$52.00$28.00$349.02 Newark$164.44$18.13$3
103、8.00$20.00$240.57$182.04$20.10$43.00$24.00$269.14$218.04$24.06$52.00$28.00$322.10 Norfolk$126.23$13.91$38.00$20.00$198.14$139.74$15.43$43.00$24.00$222.17$167.37$18.47$52.00$28.00$265.84 Oakland$174.00$19.18$38.00$20.00$251.18$192.62$21.27$43.00$24.00$280.89$230.70$25.46$52.00$28.00$336.17 Orlando$12
104、5.75$13.86$38.00$20.00$197.61$139.20$15.37$43.00$24.00$221.57$166.73$18.40$52.00$28.00$265.13 Philadelphia$164.44$18.13$38.00$20.00$240.57$182.04$20.10$43.00$24.00$269.14$218.04$24.06$52.00$28.00$322.10 Phoenix$130.26$14.36$38.00$20.00$202.61$144.20$15.92$43.00$24.00$227.12$172.71$19.06$52.00$28.00$
105、271.77 Pittsburgh$145.39$16.02$38.00$20.00$219.41$160.95$17.77$43.00$24.00$245.71$192.77$21.28$52.00$28.00$294.04 Portland$150.09$16.54$38.00$20.00$224.63$166.15$18.34$43.00$24.00$251.50$199.00$21.96$52.00$28.00$300.97 Raleigh$123.22$13.58$38.00$20.00$194.81$136.41$15.06$43.00$24.00$218.47$163.38$18
106、.03$52.00$28.00$261.42 Richmond$125.75$13.86$38.00$20.00$197.61$139.20$15.37$43.00$24.00$221.57$166.73$18.40$52.00$28.00$265.13 Sacramento$160.90$17.74$38.00$20.00$236.64$178.13$19.66$43.00$24.00$264.79$213.34$23.55$52.00$28.00$316.89 Salt Lake City$130.69$14.41$38.00$20.00$203.10$144.68$15.97$43.00
107、$24.00$227.65$173.29$19.13$52.00$28.00$272.41 San Antonio$121.43$13.38$38.00$20.00$192.81$134.43$14.84$43.00$24.00$216.27$161.00$17.77$52.00$28.00$258.77 San Diego$159.93$17.63$38.00$20.00$235.56$177.05$19.55$43.00$24.00$263.60$212.06$23.40$52.00$28.00$315.46 San Francisco$184.13$20.30$38.00$20.00$2
108、62.43$203.84$22.50$43.00$24.00$293.34$244.14$26.95$52.00$28.00$351.09 San Jose$175.26$19.32$38.00$20.00$252.58$194.02$21.42$43.00$24.00$282.44$232.38$25.65$52.00$28.00$338.02 Seattle$153.53$16.92$38.00$20.00$228.46$169.97$18.76$43.00$24.00$255.73$203.57$22.47$52.00$28.00$306.04 St.Louis$143.59$15.83
109、$38.00$20.00$217.42$158.96$17.55$43.00$24.00$243.51$190.39$21.01$52.00$28.00$291.40 Suburban Maryland$130.40$14.37$38.00$20.00$202.77$144.36$15.94$43.00$24.00$227.29$172.90$19.08$52.00$28.00$271.98 Tampa$126.47$13.94$38.00$20.00$198.41$140.01$15.46$43.00$24.00$222.47$167.69$18.51$52.00$28.00$266.20
110、Toronto$163.72$18.05$38.00$20.00$239.76$181.24$20.01$43.00$24.00$268.25$217.07$23.96$52.00$28.00$321.03 Vancouver$159.21$17.55$38.00$20.00$234.76$176.25$19.46$43.00$24.00$262.70$211.09$23.30$52.00$28.00$314.39 Washington,DC$139.71$15.40$38.00$20.00$213.11$154.67$17.07$43.00$24.00$238.74$185.24$20.45
111、$52.00$28.00$285.69 17U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideAppendix B:Traditional office style fit out costsBaseMediumHighCityHard Cost Soft CostFFETenant FactorsTotalHard Cost Soft CostFFETenant FactorsTotalHard Cost Soft CostFFETenant FactorsTotalNational Average$163.41$18.01$38.00$20.00$239.43$183.03$
112、20.20$43.00$24.00$270.23$215.72$23.81$52.00$28.00$319.53 Alexandria$140.91$15.53$38.00$20.00$214.44$157.83$17.42$43.00$24.00$242.25$186.02$20.53$52.00$28.00$286.54 Anaheim$167.92$18.51$38.00$20.00$244.43$188.08$20.76$43.00$24.00$275.84$221.68$24.46$52.00$28.00$326.14 Atlanta$137.07$15.11$38.00$20.00
113、$210.17$153.52$16.95$43.00$24.00$237.47$180.94$19.97$52.00$28.00$280.91 Austin$127.17$14.02$38.00$20.00$199.19$142.44$15.72$43.00$24.00$225.16$167.88$18.53$52.00$28.00$266.41 Baltimore$143.78$15.85$38.00$20.00$217.63$161.04$17.78$43.00$24.00$245.82$189.80$20.95$52.00$28.00$290.75 Boston$172.79$19.05
114、$38.00$20.00$249.84$193.54$21.36$43.00$24.00$281.90$228.10$25.17$52.00$28.00$333.28 Calgary$175.72$19.37$38.00$20.00$253.08$196.81$21.73$43.00$24.00$285.53$231.96$25.60$52.00$28.00$337.56 Charlotte$128.66$13.00$38.00$20.00$199.66$144.10$14.00$43.00$24.00$225.10$169.84$17.00$52.00$28.00$266.84 Chicag
115、o$178.38$19.66$38.00$20.00$256.04$199.79$22.05$43.00$24.00$288.85$235.48$25.99$52.00$28.00$341.47 Cincinnati$137.02$15.10$38.00$20.00$210.12$153.46$16.94$43.00$24.00$237.40$180.87$19.96$52.00$28.00$280.83 Cleveland$145.06$15.99$38.00$20.00$219.05$162.48$17.94$43.00$24.00$247.41$191.50$21.13$52.00$28
116、.00$292.63 Columbus$140.04$15.44$38.00$20.00$213.47$156.85$17.31$43.00$24.00$241.16$184.86$20.40$52.00$28.00$285.27 Dallas$133.27$14.69$38.00$20.00$205.96$149.27$16.48$43.00$24.00$232.75$175.93$19.42$52.00$28.00$275.35 Denver$140.19$15.45$38.00$20.00$213.65$157.02$17.33$43.00$24.00$241.36$185.07$20.
117、42$52.00$28.00$285.49 Des Moines$142.35$15.69$38.00$20.00$216.04$159.43$17.60$43.00$24.00$244.03$187.91$20.74$52.00$28.00$288.65 Detroit$152.75$16.84$38.00$20.00$227.59$171.09$18.89$43.00$24.00$256.97$201.65$22.25$52.00$28.00$303.90 Fort Worth$128.92$14.21$38.00$20.00$201.13$144.39$15.94$43.00$24.00
118、$227.33$170.18$18.78$52.00$28.00$268.96 Houston$131.27$14.47$38.00$20.00$203.74$147.03$16.23$43.00$24.00$230.26$173.29$19.13$52.00$28.00$272.42 Indianapolis$140.96$15.54$38.00$20.00$214.50$157.88$17.43$43.00$24.00$242.31$186.08$20.54$52.00$28.00$286.62 Jacksonville$130.10$14.34$38.00$20.00$202.43$14
119、5.71$16.08$43.00$24.00$228.80$171.74$18.95$52.00$28.00$270.69 Las Vegas$159.31$17.56$38.00$20.00$234.87$178.44$19.70$43.00$24.00$265.13$210.31$23.21$52.00$28.00$313.52 Los Angeles$173.72$19.15$38.00$20.00$250.86$194.57$21.48$43.00$24.00$283.05$229.32$25.31$52.00$28.00$334.63 Louisville$135.27$14.91$
120、38.00$20.00$208.18$151.51$16.72$43.00$24.00$235.24$178.57$19.71$52.00$28.00$278.28 Miami$133.89$14.76$38.00$20.00$206.65$149.96$16.55$43.00$24.00$233.51$176.74$19.51$52.00$28.00$276.25 Milwaukee$153.83$16.96$38.00$20.00$228.78$172.29$19.02$43.00$24.00$258.31$203.07$22.41$52.00$28.00$305.48 Minneapol
121、is$163.67$18.04$38.00$20.00$239.71$183.32$20.24$43.00$24.00$270.55$216.06$23.84$52.00$28.00$319.90 Montreal$164.64$18.15$38.00$20.00$240.79$184.41$20.36$43.00$24.00$271.76$217.34$23.99$52.00$28.00$321.33 Nashville$136.30$15.02$38.00$20.00$209.32$152.66$16.85$43.00$24.00$236.51$179.93$19.86$52.00$28.
122、00$279.78 New York City$193.14$21.29$38.00$20.00$272.43$216.33$23.88$43.00$24.00$307.21$254.97$28.14$52.00$28.00$363.11 Newark$173.82$19.16$38.00$20.00$250.98$194.68$21.49$43.00$24.00$283.18$229.46$25.32$52.00$28.00$334.78 Norfolk$133.43$14.71$38.00$20.00$206.13$149.44$16.50$43.00$24.00$232.94$176.1
123、4$19.44$52.00$28.00$275.57 Oakland$183.92$20.27$38.00$20.00$262.19$205.99$22.74$43.00$24.00$295.73$242.79$26.79$52.00$28.00$349.58 Orlando$132.91$14.65$38.00$20.00$205.56$148.87$16.43$43.00$24.00$232.30$175.46$19.36$52.00$28.00$274.82 Philadelphia$173.82$19.16$38.00$20.00$250.98$194.68$21.49$43.00$2
124、4.00$283.18$229.46$25.32$52.00$28.00$334.78 Phoenix$137.68$15.18$38.00$20.00$210.86$154.21$17.02$43.00$24.00$238.23$181.75$20.06$52.00$28.00$281.81 Pittsburgh$153.67$16.94$38.00$20.00$228.61$172.12$19.00$43.00$24.00$258.12$202.86$22.39$52.00$28.00$305.25 Portland$158.65$17.49$38.00$20.00$234.13$177.
125、69$19.61$43.00$24.00$264.31$209.43$23.11$52.00$28.00$312.54 Raleigh$130.25$14.36$38.00$20.00$202.61$145.88$16.10$43.00$24.00$228.99$171.94$18.98$52.00$28.00$270.92 Richmond$132.91$14.65$38.00$20.00$205.56$148.87$16.43$43.00$24.00$232.30$175.46$19.36$52.00$28.00$274.82 Sacramento$170.08$18.75$38.00$2
126、0.00$246.82$190.49$21.03$43.00$24.00$278.52$224.52$24.78$52.00$28.00$329.30 Salt Lake City$138.14$15.23$38.00$20.00$211.37$154.73$17.08$43.00$24.00$238.81$182.36$20.13$52.00$28.00$282.49 San Antonio$128.35$14.15$38.00$20.00$200.50$143.76$15.87$43.00$24.00$226.63$169.44$18.70$52.00$28.00$268.14 San D
127、iego$169.05$18.63$38.00$20.00$245.69$189.35$20.90$43.00$24.00$277.25$223.16$24.63$52.00$28.00$327.79 San Francisco$194.63$21.45$38.00$20.00$274.08$217.99$24.06$43.00$24.00$309.06$256.93$28.36$52.00$28.00$365.28 San Jose$185.25$20.42$38.00$20.00$263.67$207.49$22.90$43.00$24.00$297.39$244.55$26.99$52.
128、00$28.00$351.54 Seattle$162.29$17.89$38.00$20.00$238.17$181.77$20.06$43.00$24.00$268.83$214.23$23.64$52.00$28.00$317.88 St.Louis$151.78$16.73$38.00$20.00$226.51$170.00$18.77$43.00$24.00$255.76$200.36$22.11$52.00$28.00$302.47 Suburban Maryland$137.84$15.19$38.00$20.00$211.03$154.38$17.04$43.00$24.00$
129、238.42$181.96$20.08$52.00$28.00$282.04 Tampa$133.68$14.73$38.00$20.00$206.42$149.73$16.53$43.00$24.00$233.26$176.47$19.48$52.00$28.00$275.95 Toronto$173.05$19.07$38.00$20.00$250.12$193.82$21.40$43.00$24.00$282.22$228.44$25.21$52.00$28.00$333.65 Vancouver$168.28$18.55$38.00$20.00$244.83$188.48$20.81$
130、43.00$24.00$276.29$222.15$24.52$52.00$28.00$326.67 Washington,DC$147.68$16.28$38.00$20.00$221.95$165.40$18.26$43.00$24.00$250.66$194.95$21.51$52.00$28.00$296.46 18U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideAppendix C:Report methodology FAQDetails on the methodology and data behind this report,presented in an F
131、AQ organized from least to most technical.1.What exactly is an office fit out?An office fit out includes designing,constructing and furnishing the physical workplace.Office fit outs can range widely in scope based on tenant needs and geography.For the purpose of this guide,we assume a baseline of a
132、second-generation space that is provided by the landlord as a warm lit shell that is in a condition ready for tenant improvements.An office fit out can also be called a fit up,build out or tenant improvement.2.Do these benchmark costs apply to any type of office space and office building?The cost be
133、nchmarks in this report are designed to apply to office fit outs in Class A buildings in each market.The specific quality of buildings varies by market,as a Class A building will be different in a gateway market compared to a secondary market.The costs provided here will generally apply for an offic
134、e in the 10,000-to 40,000-square-foot range.They can also apply to larger offices,but note that our benchmarks do not include the type of features common in large HQ offices,like auditoriums,large cafeterias,etc.All national averages listed in this report are based on the medium quality and complexi
135、ty and moderate style definitions.3.I know of example fit out projects that were either considerably cheaper or considerably more expensive than the costs listed in this guide.Why does this guide not cover everything?This report is designed to represent average costs in each of the categories listed
136、.It is very possible to build an office for much more or much less than any of the costs listed here.These cost benchmarks should not be viewed as the lowest or highest achievable numbers.4.Can I compare the costs in this guide to previous versions of the report from past years?No,the cost benchmark
137、s in this report should not be used for comparison to previous versions to determine construction cost inflation.Our JLL Construction Outlook reports include specific historical and future construction cost inflation data for that purpose.The benchmarks in this report change each year to cover the a
138、verage project at that time,and we tweak and improve the methodology with each cycle.Comparing to previous versions is not guaranteed to accurately represent true construction cost inflation.5.What kinds of costs go into the fit out benchmarks in this report?The fit out costs for each market depict
139、the average cost of building comparable office space across the country.While many aspects of an office fit out can affect the final budget,including materials selection,existing space conditions and layout design,these costs represent a midpoint scope and factor in:Hard Costs Soft Costs(Design and
140、Fees)Architecture,engineering,project management,consulting and additional fees Furniture,Fixtures,and Equipment(FF&E)Tenant Factors Audio/video installation,IT and technology costs,security costs and moving fees19U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out Guide6.How are the costs for FF&E and tenant factors determ
141、ined,and why are they the same across all the markets in this report?Due to the varying nature of tenant needs for FF&E and tenant factors(A/V,technology,security,moving),midpoints were determined from an analysis of the raw data.Average values were selected for each of the three categories of space
142、 quality and complexity.Those same benchmark values are kept equal across all cities and office styles.For example,all cost benchmarks for medium quality and complexity will have the same FF&E and tenant factor cost,regardless of geography and office style.If you know your standard FF&E and tenant f
143、actor costs,you are encouraged to use the data found in the appendixes and substitute your specific costs into those categories to create a more precise number for your needs.7.Are these costs based on union or non-union labor?The costs in this guide are not union or non-union specific.Instead,the c
144、osts represent the average cost of construction in each given market.If union labor is more common in one city,the resulting cost increase is included in the market cost numbers published in this guide.In other words,the project mix that was used to create the averages in this guide is reflective of
145、 the typical union versus non-union labor mix found in each market.If a project will require union labor in a market where union work is not the norm,or vice versa,the benchmark costs in this guide would likely need to be adjusted up or down to reflect that requirement.8.This report includes markets
146、 in both the United States and Canada.How do you adjust for currency differences?The benchmark costs shown throughout this report are all shown in USD,except for the Canadian appendix on page 27.All currency conversions in this report are at a 1 USD to 1.25 CAD exchange rate,which was the latest rat
147、e at the time of this writing in April 2022.The cost benchmarks in this report are based on local project data in each market,so any changes in the exchange rate would not directly change the cost benchmark in local currency in each market.However,it would change the relative affordability of Canadi
148、an cities from the perspective of U.S.-based companies.For clarity and to avoid any discrepancies as exchange rates change,the national average benchmark costs and analysis in this report reflect U.S.markets only.9.Are these cost benchmarks based on usable square footage(USF)or rentable square foota
149、ge(RSF)?All benchmark costs in this report are listed on a cost-per-rentable-square-foot basis.This guide is intended to be most useful from the perspective of a company looking to lease and occupy their own space.When considering options of space to lease,offices sizes are generally advertised and
150、listed in RSF,so this guide is designed to be easy to use without needing any conversions.20U.S.&Canada Office Fit Out GuideFor more information,contact:Project and Development Services(PDS):Todd BurnsPresidentProject&Development SBusiness Intelligence:Patrick LydenBusiness Intelligence LeadProject&
151、Development SElaine JohnsonBusiness AnalystProject&Development Services Research:Andrew VolzConstruction Research LeadAmericas RPaulina TorresResearch ManagerUS Sustainability&ESG RProject Controls:Kaushal ThakkarProject Controls Lead,NAbe SchainkerProject Controls Lead,Mid-Atlantic Sean BlonquistVP
152、 Project Controls,West RAbout JLLFor over 200 years,JLL(NYSE:JLL),a leading global commercial real estate and investment management company,has helped clients buy,build,occupy and invest in a variety of commercial,industrial,hotel,residential and retail properties.A Fortune 500 company with annual r
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156、 prior written authorization of Jones Lang LaSalle.All information contained herein is from sources deemed reliable;however,no representation or warranty is made as to the accuracy thereof.About JLL Research JLLs research team delivers intelligence,analysis and insight through market-leading reports
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