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1、1EV Charging Index Edition 4EV Charging Index Edition 4|2023RechargedThe electric vehicle and EV charging markets regain stability2EV Charging Index Edition 43EV Charging Index Edition 4After a turbulent first half of 2022,the electric vehicle(EV)and EV charging market returned to strong growth acco
2、rding to the latest edition of Roland Bergers EV Charging Index.Several key market indicators,such as EV sales and charging infrastructure developments,hit record highs,despite turbulent energy prices in some markets.The fourth edition of the Index,covering 30 markets in five regions Europe,China,Am
3、ericas,Middle East and Asia(other)and 31 indicators,is based on industry interviews,primary research and a survey of 16,000 participants from all regions conducted in the first half of 2023.In this report,we present the overall findings and focus on four topical areas.First,with global EV sales pene
4、tration reaching a record high in 2022,we look at how the factors affecting interest in EVs differ across the regions.Second,we assess the drivers behind the rapid expansion of public EV charging networks,from new technologies to convenience.Third,as the percentage of EV owners who report using publ
5、ic charging reaches 90%,we analyze changing customer behaviors and find that range anxiety is still a major problem.Lastly,we examine the emerging regionalization of OEMs strategies with regard to EV charging infrastructure,especially the different approaches applied in the United States and China.C
6、over photo Andrew Merry/Getty Images45EV Charging Index Edition 4EV Charging Index Edition 4All of the top five performers in the fourth edition of the Index increased or maintained their score compared to the previous edition,with all at record-breaking highs.China topped the rankings with a total
7、of 82(out of 100),followed by Germany(74),the United States(73)and the Netherlands(69).Norway(65)knocked the United Kingdom out of the top five by less than one point.The gaps between the top five narrowed considerably,with Germany and the United States,in particular,making ground on China.Scores an
8、d rankings:The pack closes on leader China,with improvements across the board Source:EV Volume;Roland Berger EV Charging Index53535454555556565757530304040505060607070808085QatarUAETurkeyThailandBelgiumBrazilIndiaFranceNorwayCanadaSaudi ArabiaIndonesiaIsraelEdition 2(April 2022)HungarySwi
9、tzerlandPortugalSwedenUKNetherlandsGLOBALGLOBALGLOBALGermanyUSAChinaSouth KoreaItalySingaporeJapanSpainQatarQatarVietnamVietnamUAEUAETurkeyTurkeyThailandThailandRomaniaRomaniaBelgiumBelgiumBrazilBrazilIndiaIndiaFranceFranceNorwayNorwayCanadaCanadaSaudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaIndonesiaIndonesiaMalaysiaMal
10、aysiaIsraelIsraelEdition 3(November 2022)Edition 4(May 2023)HungaryHungarySwitzerlandSwitzerlandPortugalPortugalSwedenSwedenUKUKGermanyGermanyUSAUSAChinaChinaSouth KoreaSouth KoreaItalyItalySingaporeSingaporeJapanJapanSpainSpainUAETurkeyCanadaItalySpainSouth KoreaSwedenBelgiumFranceGermanyNorwayNeth
11、erlandsChinaUKUSAEdition 1(November 2021)NetherlandsNetherlandsClosing the gap:While China again tops the rankings,the chasing pack of Germany,the US,the Netherlands and Norway are catching up6EV Charging Index Edition 47EV Charging Index Edition 4In fact,the improved performance of countries across
12、 the Middle East and Southeast Asia helped to drive up the average country score from 45 to 51 points.This indicates a healthy and growing global EV charging market.There was positive news at the other end of the table,too.Several countries showed a big improvement in their score,with Malaysia(41)an
13、d Indonesia(41)both jumping by 12 points,and even bottom-of-the-table Saudi Arabia jumping from 16 to 27 points.Source:Roland Berger EV Charging IndexGlobal growth:Improved scores in almost all 30 countries reflect across-the-board improvement in EV chargingBrazil456050-59.940-49.920-39.9Not include
14、d in the scopeEV CHARGING INDEX SCORING RESULTS total of 100 points from 31 ranking indicatorsPortugal46Switzerland58Italy51Turkey39Israel36UAE35India51Japan47Qatar42Saudi Arabia27Hungary34Spain58France64Belgium49Netherlands69Norway65Sweden60UK65USA73Germany74Canada49China82Indonesia42Malaysia41Sout
15、h Korea 63Thailand41Singapore48Romania39Vietnam308EV Charging Index Edition 49EV Charging Index Edition 41 To better reflect these and other developments,we adjusted some indicators of the customer survey in the fourth edition of the Index.We replaced several EV purchasing indicators with EV chargin
16、g experience indicators,including experience on charging speed and convenience of public charging.The aim is to better reflect customer satisfaction with the development of charging infrastructure.Several recent events in the EV market have helped drive this overall increase in scores.1 A key factor
17、 is that a price war has broken out.While the choice of higher-price-segment EV models has always been strong in global markets,the pickings in the lower-price segment have been slim.OEMs have been slow to fill this gap but are now acting.Tesla,for instance,is cutting prices on its existing models a
18、nd is exploring a low-cost option,while BYD is set to offer its basic Seagull model from USD 12,000 in China.Volkswagen is also considering a low-cost model for the European market.Developments in the charging market itself are also having an impact.For example,in late 2022 Tesla began exploring ope
19、ning up its much envied and fast expanding supercharger network to all EVs in more countries.California,one of the worlds biggest EV markets,announced it was investing USD 2.9 billion to more than double the US states number of public chargers to around 170,000.New partnerships also continued to spr
20、ing up.In October,Hertz announced a deal with energy giant BP to build an EV charging network in the United States to service the rental firms growing EV fleet.In addition,GM announced a push into holistic charging services through its new subsidiary,GM Energy.We are beginning to see the impact from
21、 of a series of new laws and investment in electrification by the US federal government,as billions in funding is starting to be disbursed.Its Inflation Reduction Act(IRA),National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure(NEVI)program and CHIPS and Science Act will together have a major impact on EV sales,ch
22、arging infrastructure and semiconductor capacity in the U.S.Global EV sales penetration rates(the share of EVs sold as a percentage of total vehicles sold)reached record highs in the second half of 2022,hitting 15%at the global level.The market therefore appears relatively resilient to external fact
23、ors,while consumer sensitivity to input energy costs and risks has receded since the last edition of the Index.European EV sales reboundThe fourth edition of the EV Charging Index shows that EV sales in major European countries rebounded in late 2022 after a downswing in the first half of 2022.The u
24、nderlying reason behind this dip was the energy crisis and EV drivers high level of price sensitivity our customer surveys in 2021 and 2022 showed that 42%and 59%of participants,respectively,regarded costs as a key concern for EV purchasing.Back on track:EV sales penetration rates leaped in H2 2022
25、as electricity prices returned to pre-Ukraine war levelsEV SALES PENETRATION RATES H2 2021 to H2 2022,%Source:EV Volumes;IHS;Roland BergerEV market:The sector remains resilientEuropeChina27%2021 H2 to 2022 H22021 overall2022 overall20%4%3%4%15%24%25%4%3%4%14%28%29%6%6%4%16%AmericasMiddle EastAsia (o
26、ther)Global overall2021 H22022 H12022 H223%26%16%27%3%5%2%4%3%4%13%15%10 EV Charging Index Edition 411EV Charging Index Edition 4Ukraine war still has global impact In the third edition of the Index(H1 2022),we asked our survey respondents about the impact of the war in Ukraine on their interest in
27、EVs.Globally,58%expressed concerns over fluctuating energy prices and the resulting diminishing EV total cost of ownership advantages.In the fourth edition,EV owners seem to have adapted to the effects of the conflict.Now,only 46%overall have concerns about the wars impact,although the degree of ada
28、ptation varies.Respondents in China and the Middle East now register the lowest levels of concern(16%and 38%)and saw the biggest drops since the previous edition.But while they also both recorded sharp falls,around half of respondents in Europe and the Americas still harbor concerns about the impact
29、 of the war on EV purchases.In Europe,this is most likely due to the proximity of the conflict and continued uncertainty over energy prices.European electricity prices soared to an unprecedented level in early 2022,significantly pushing up the cost of EV driving and undermining customers confidence
30、in EV ownership.However,once supply and demand conditions allowed some normalization of costs,the European EV sales and penetration rate in H2 2022 surged to 28%from 24%in H1 2022,higher than in H2 2021.Source:DIEM Platform;Roland BergerSource:2023 EV Charging Index Ed.4 customer survey;Roland Berge
31、rJAN 2022MAR 2022MAY 2022AUG 2022HIGHEST PRICEChange in%of affected participantsEV OWNERS FEELING NOT OR LESS AFFECTEDEV OWNERS STILL FEELING MILDLY MORE AFFECTEDAs energy prices fluctuate due to the event,it had some impactNo impact at allQ4 AVERAGEREDUCTIONNOV 2022493JAN 2023Global overallEuropeCh
32、inaAmericasMiddle EastAsia(other)MONTHLY AVERAGE ELECTRICITY WHOLESALE PRICES Euros per MWh,2022.01 to 2023.01The cost of war:While concerns about the impact of the war in Ukraine on EV adoption have fallen,almost half of our global respondents remain wary469364447190FranceGermanyNetherlandsUKSweden
33、Price back to Jan 22 level,before the Ukraine warHas the invasion of Ukraine affected your interest in EV adoption?4258-12%-3%-39%-13%-26%-19%5446495664623830704951US67%51%Netherlands51%50%UK50%44%Spain59%40%Germany48%53%France47%52%Sweden45%55%Italy44%55%Edition 3 resultEditio
34、n 4 resultGermanySwedenNetherlandsUKFrance469197-58%190141-26%447198-56%364122-67%493214-57%12 EV Charging Index Edition 413EV Charging Index Edition 4The recent boom in EV sales has given a huge boost to the global EV charging market.In particular,public charging networks have been rapidly expandin
35、g,while the ongoing rollout of fast-charging technology has transformed the structure of charging networks.According to our survey results,the combination of the two made charging EVs at public charging stations much more convenient in H2 2022 than before.In this section we take a closer look at fas
36、t charging and perceptions of public charging networks.Fast charging and the DC champions Fast chargers accelerate the charging process by converting AC power(from the grid)to DC power(required by the battery)at the charging station and delivering the DC power directly to the EVs battery.DC chargers
37、 are now growing faster than AC chargers in public charging.They are especially prevalent along highways,where drivers want to charge up rapidly before continuing their journey.Public charging:The rising share of fast chargers is boosting satisfaction levelsOur survey results show a growing global t
38、rend in public DC chargers as well as DC charger density more widely.China is leading the way in the rollout:Its share of DC chargers in public networks exceeded 42%in H2 2022,for example.Meanwhile,the Middle East is a rising DC star:Its DC charger share grew by 7%in 2022 to more than 21%,while its
39、DC charging density rose by 125%to 1.3 DC chargers per 100 kilometers of road.Both figures are set to grow rapidly.Customer perceptions about public and fast chargingUnsurprisingly,EV owners are responding positively to the expansion of public charging networks and DC fast charging.In our survey,res
40、pondents from all five regions showed higher levels of satisfaction with the convenience of EV charging.A total of 83%said that public charging networks were easier to access in H2 2022,compared with 67%in H1 2022.EV owners in China,the Americas and the Middle East recorded the highest levels of sat
41、isfaction.Powering ahead:All regions saw growth in fast DC charging share and density in 2022,with China leading the wayEase of access:The share of global survey respondents who think public charging has become easier to access grew by 16%between H1 and H2 2022Source:EV Volumes;desk research;Roland
42、BergerSource:2023 EV Charging Index Ed.4 customer survey;Roland BergerDC SHARE OF PUBLIC CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE%,2022 H1 to H2DC CHARGER DENSITY#OF DC CHARGERS PER 100 KM ROADWAYS#,2022 H1 to H2EuropeChinaAmericasMiddle EastAsia (other)Global overall20.4%21.5%19.3%19.5%40.5%42.3%18.5%22.3%14.5%21.4
43、%22.1%22.0%2.32.72.62.911.714.40.30.30.61.32.22.3+1.8%+22.9%+0.2%+13.4%+3.8%+25.5%+6.9%+125.0%-0.1%+5.2%The most sufficientThe most significant improve-ment2022 H12022 H2Do you think public charging has become easier over the past 6 months?results of 2022 H1 vs.2022 H2?PERCENTAGE WHO FEEL IT IS MORE
44、 CONVENIENT (much more convenient+a bit more convenient)Much more convenientOverall satisfaction rates:xx%=2022 H1 xx%=2022 H2A bit more convenientNo differenceMore difficultGlobal overallEuropeChinaAmericasMiddle EastAsia(other)67%61%74%70%76%76%83%78%93%88%89%87%35%27%51%41%48%39%23%20%21%26%30%30
45、%15%20%7%11%10%12%24%28%23%22%16%17%2%2%2%1%1%9%10%3%8%8%6%48%51%42%46%42%48%44%42%53%45%45%47%0%14 EV Charging Index Edition 415EV Charging Index Edition 4A key purpose of our Charging Index is to gauge and understand the shifting behaviors and preferences of EV owners.In this edition,we focus on c
46、ustomer preferences in public charging.Growing reliance on public charging networksGlobally,only 10%of EV owners never visit a public charging location.More than 30%of EV owners use public charging services three or more times a week.Chinese EV owners are particularly dependent on public charging ne
47、tworks.Thus,the penetration rate in China is 96%,with 17%of Chinese EV owners visiting public charging locations more than five times a week significantly higher than the global average.Customer behavior:EV owners are becoming increasingly dependent on public chargingWhen it comes to public charging
48、 speeds,EV owners in China and the Middle East are the most satisfied,with around two-thirds of respondents in both regions agreeing that speeds are sufficient.Across all regions,the majority of respondents are satisfied.Fast enough:More than half of EV owners think public charging speeds are suffic
49、ient,with Chinese respondents particularly satisfied Frequent visitors:The vast majority of global EV owners use public charging infrastructure at least once a week Based on your experience,are you satisfied with the charging speed of current public charging facilities?On average,how often do you ch
50、arge your EV via a public charging network?Source:2023 EV Charging Index Ed.4 customer survey;Roland BergerSource:2023 EV Charging Index Ed.4 customer survey;Roland BergerEuropeEuropeChinaChinaAmericasAmericasMiddle EastMiddle EastAsia (other)Asia (other)Global overallGlobal overallI dont have an op
51、inionNever or quite rarely1-2 times per week3-4 times per weekOver 5 times per weekYes,its generally fast enoughNo,theres major room for improvement on charging speed5%40%55%5%36%59%5%30%65%3%37%60%7%45%48%1%30%69%10%49%32%9%13%49%30%8%4%47%32%17%9%48%34%10%8%43%39%10%6%50%35%10%Chinese owners depen
52、d most on public charging16 EV Charging Index Edition 417EV Charging Index Edition 4Range anxiety still a significant problemDue to customer dependency on public charging and generally poor charger sufficiency,range anxiety stubbornly remains a problem for EV owners.For example,our survey showed tha
53、t more than half of customers expect EVs to manage at least 500 kilometers on a full charge.Overall,56%of respondents said their range anxiety was high or very high.Asian EV drivers tend to be the most anxious about range,Europeans the least.Room for improvement in public charging sufficiency Measur
54、ing the frequency of visits to public charging networks does not give us a full picture of public charging sufficiency.This is better done using the vehicle-to-public-charger ratio.Our survey shows poor sufficiency in regular public chargers but better sufficiency in public DC chargers.In China,the
55、ratios of both types of chargers increased in H2 2022,indicating that the expansion of public charging infrastructure in China is failing to keep up with the countrys soaring EV sales and car parc.Europe and the Americas managed to improve their ratios,albeit to a level still significantly behind Ch
56、ina.Ups and downs:While vehicle-to-public-charger and vehicle-to-DC-charger ratios are improving in Europe and the Americas,they are falling in the other regions Far from resolved:Range anxiety is a particular problem in Asian countries,with European EV drivers more relaxed about finding their next
57、charging stationSource:EV Volumes;Roland BergerSource:2023 EV Charging Index Ed.4 customer survey;Roland BergerBetter sufficiencyFormula=EV car parc/charger#1 Examples of range anxiety:very high owners demand EV range above 700 km,high 500-700 km,mild 300-500 km;other examples incl.EV owners satisfa
58、ction about public charger sufficiency,charging speedLower sufficiencyGlobal overall2022 H12022 H12022 H22022 H2VEHICLE-TO-PUBLIC-CHARGER RATIOVEHICLE-TO-DC-CHARGER RATIODEGREES OF RANGE ANXIETY AMONG GLOBAL EV OWNERS14.6118.315.9105.7EuropeChinaChina18.4149.817.6120.2China6.014.87.116.7Americas16.5
59、112.014.666.6Middle East9.4130.269.517.6192.0Asia (other)8.912.771.7The lower the ratio,the better the sufficiency79%Asia(other)South Korea70%Asia(other)Singapore70%AmericasUSA68%Middle EastQatar68%EuropeGermany59%EuropeFrance56%EuropeItaly55%EuropeUK35%EuropeNetherlands34%1%20%46%33%2%29%49%21%3%28
60、%46%24%4%28%46%22%8%24%37%31%5%36%41%18%5%38%41%15%7%38%38%17%18%46%27%8%18%49%27%7%of very high&highLowMildHighVery high118 EV Charging Index Edition 419EV Charging Index Edition 4Key differentiation between market challengers and market defendersGlobal sales of EVs are rising fast and the penetrat
61、ion rate is forecast to surpass 50%by 2030.Especially in the premium sector,the driving force behind this rapid expansion is a small group of EV manufacturers(NTOs new transformative or new technology OEMs)that have a three-year CAGR of around 71%.Meanwhile,conventional premium brands have unexpecte
62、dly fallen behind in terms of capturing market share.One of the main ways that NTOs differentiate themselves is by providing branded charging networks,giving customers a seamless charging experience.For example,Tesla now operates around 45,000 superchargers worldwide,while NIO has 13,000,plus 1,300
63、battery swap locations in China alone.Our survey results show that 42%of people who own NTO brands are satisfied with their current charging experience,compared to just 34%of those who own conventional premium-brand EVs.In addition,more than Branded charging:Increased regionalization of OEMs EV char
64、ging infrastructure strategyWhere people like to chargeIn terms of where to charge,destination public charging is the preferred option.According to our survey,workplace charging is the most popular overall choice of location(26%),followed by shopping centers(20%).Hotels and resorts(11%)are also gain
65、ing in popularity.Highway charging(15%)is the leading non-destination location.Location,location,location:Charging at so-called destinations(workplace,shopping centers,etc.)accounts for most public charging usageGrowing apart:The major conventional premium-brand OEMs are falling behind leading new t
66、echnology OEMs in global EV salesSource:RB online survey 2022Source:IHS;Roland BergerHow often do you use the following public charging locations (besides home charging)?Global overallEuropeChinaAmericasMiddle EastAsia (other)26%19%11%15%14%14%1%24%20%11%15%16%14%1%32%16%12%16%12%13%0%26%19%12%16%13
67、%13%1%27%17%12%17%13%13%1%26%16%12%15%14%15%1%Workplace(e.g.,parking lots near office)5 new technology OEMs (Tesla,Li Auto,NIO,XPENG,Rivian)CAGR 2020-22:71%13 leading conventional OEMs(BMW,Mercedes-Benz,Audi,Volvo,Land Rover,Cadillac,Infinity,.)CAGR 2020-22:39%Charging points along highwaysParking l
68、ots at shopping/retail centersMunicipal street-side charging areaParking lots of hotels/resortsOtherCommunity parking lots20200.6 0.620211.20.920221.81.22020-22,m units20 EV Charging Index Edition 421EV Charging Index Edition 4Ready to recharge70%of premium-brand EV owners say that the existence of
69、an own-brand network would significantly influence their decision to buy from that brand.The United States:Increased standardizationOEMs around the globe are pushing the EV transition and developing their own branded charging networks.However,we can observe different strategies in different regions,
70、driven by distinct customer demands and varying competitive dynamics,plus the fact that different regions are at different phases of the transition to electric vehicles.In the United States,for example,EV sales have grown fast,at around 55%in 2022,yet the penetration rate of EVs,at approximately 6.8
71、%,still lags behind that of Europe and China.US OEMs now see standardization of the charging technology as the key driver to speed up the EV transition and are addressing complaints from their clients about the poor-quality public charging network.The competition between the North American Charging
72、Standard(NACS)used by Tesla and the Combined Charging System(CCS),historically backed by other conventional OEMs,has reached a tipping point,with Ford and GM,and later OEMs such as Volvo,Polestar and Rivian,and CPO players including Blink and Electrify America,announcing agreements under which their
73、 vehicles will be able to access Teslas supercharger network.SAE International has also announced it will expedite the process for the NACS plug to become a standard by the end of 2023.This standardization will likely further drive up EV penetration in the United States.China:Differentiation in the
74、EV marketThe value proposition of branded charging is quite a different story in China,where EV penetration is relatively high,at around 28%and growing.For Chinese OEMs,branded charging can act as a key differentiating point in their EV strategy,enabling them to promote a unique EV brand image,offer
75、 exceptional customer experience and showcase cutting-edge technology,such as superfast charging.Leading NTOs in China offer a level of service in their branded charging network that has never been seen before,including various charging options(from fast charging to swapping),different locations(fro
76、m shopping centers and office buildings to highways)and premium services(from valet charging to discounts in nearby stores).Another common sales tactic is to offer users a free charging quota for a certain period of time in the branded charging network.To catch up with China,many global OEMs,includi
77、ng Audi and Porsche,are starting to build their own branded-charging network,allowing them to meet their customers demands with regards to convenience,diversity and a premium charging experience.There can be no doubt that its been a busy few months in the global EV charging market.But while striving
78、 to bounce back from the fallout of geopolitical tensions and energy price turbulence,the market has shown the resilience to fulfill the long-term vision of the EV transition.The perceived role of EV charging has been gradually transforming from simply meeting demand to more diverse values for both
79、EV OEMs and customers.In some markets,premium OEMs are betting on branded charging networks to boost sales and reinforce customer loyalty.On the other hand,customers are expecting charging anxiety to be relieved through sufficiency of charging points with fast charging and diverse coverage of locati
80、ons.With all of these positive signs highlighted in the fourth edition of the EV Charging Index,it seems the market is ready to recharge.We will continue to track it and see if the growing trends of scale,diversity and quality are sustained.22 EV Charging Index Edition 423EV Charging Index Edition 4
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83、business functions,we provide the best expertise to meet the profound challenges of today and tomorrow.Ron Zheng Senior PartnerShanghai Office +86 181 2101 1388Bob Zabors Senior PartnerChicago O+1 312 953 4741Jack Zhuang PrincipalShanghai O+86 156 0160 2410Erin Sowerby PrincipalDetroit O+1 619 564 9
84、041Tim Longstaff PartnerLondon Office +44 78 8020 2910Photos Roland Berger GmbHPublisher Roland Berger GmbHSederanger 180538 MunichGermany+49 89 9230-023_2077_FLYThis publication has been prepared for general guidance only.The reader should not act according to any information provided in this publication without receiving specific professional advice.Roland Berger GmbH shall not be liable for any damages resulting from any use of the information contained in the publication.2023 ROLAND BERGER GMBH.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.