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1、EfficientGrid-Interactive BuildingsFuture of buildings in ASEANThe IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil,gas and coal supply and demand,renewable energy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand side management and much more.Through its work,t

2、he IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability,affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries,13 association countries and beyond.This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,to the delimitat

3、ion of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory,city or area.Source:IEA.International Energy Agency Website:www.iea.orgIEA member countries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembou

4、rgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TrkiyeUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEAIEA association countries:Argentina BrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingapore South Afr

5、ica Thailand UkraineINTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCYEfficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Abstract Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|3 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Abstract A future with net zero emissions requires scaling up improvements in energy efficiency,electrification of end uses and renewable energy generation.F

6、or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN),a growing population and rising standards of living will massively increase future energy demand.Mitigating growing electricity demand and integrating renewable energy into electricity generation will therefore be paramount for the regions clean e

7、nergy transition and avoid lock-in of additional fossil fuel generation.The intermittent nature of variable renewable energy and increasing deployment of distributed energy resources are putting additional pressure on existing grids.In response to these challenges,this report explores the opportunit

8、ies and challenges for efficient grid-interactive buildings in the ASEAN region.Such buildings are becoming a crucial element for the global ambition to attain net zero emissions,as they can combine enhanced energy efficiency,advanced smart digital technologies and decarbonised electricity generatio

9、n.This integration creates the potential for buildings to shift from energy-intensive consumers to low-carbon prosumers,empowered by digital technologies that can offer flexibility benefits to the electricity grids.With the ability to produce,consume,store,sell and buy energy,buildings become active

10、 participants in the building-to-grid ecosystem.Drawing on relevant international trends and best practices,the current report lays out an analytical framework to assess a variety of factors that can enable a building to become energy efficient and grid-interactive.The framework is used to analyse t

11、he current situation in countries of the ASEAN region.The report provides policy-oriented recommendations and guidelines tailored to different stages of the process for adopting efficient grid-interactive solutions in buildings.These recommendations can support ASEAN policy makers in their policy de

12、velopment to create an energy-efficient and grid-interactive built environment,contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Acknowledgements Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|4 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Acknowledgements,contributors and credits This report w

13、as developed by the International Energy Agency(IEA)Energy Efficiency Division in the Directorate of Energy Markets and Security.It was authored by Ksenia Petrichenko,Andika Akbar and Ian Hamilton,with key contributions from Natalie Kauf and Silvia Laera.Melanie Slade,senior programme manager of the

14、 Emerging Economies(E4)programme,provided the overall guidance.Keisuke Sadamori,Director of the Energy Markets and Security Division and Brian Motherway,Head of the Energy Efficiency Division,provided strategic direction.Special thanks go to the IEAs Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks Initia

15、tive(3DEN)on electricity grid modernisation and digitalisation,particularly Vida Rozite,Brendan Reidenbach and Emi Bertoli for their invaluable feedback for the development of the analytical framework.Valuable inputs,comments and feedback were provided by several IEA colleagues in alphabetical order

16、):Heymi Bahar,Piotr Bojek,Clara Camarasa,Nicholas Howarth,Vida Rozite,Jonathan Sinton,and Anthony Vautrin.The work benefited from the expertise,collaborative support and stakeholder engagement provided by the ASEAN Centre for Energy(in alphabetical order):Vu Trong Duc Anh,Shania Esmeralda Manaloe,Ri

17、o Jon Piter Silitonga,Septia Buntara Supendi,and Beni Suriyadi.The authors would like to thank a number of international experts,including those from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)countries for their valuable inputs and support during the data collection process and review of the

18、report(in alphabetical order):Alam Awaludin(Perusahaan Listrik Negara PLN,Indonesia),Steven Beletich(Beletich Associates),Gnan Bora(Ministry of Mines and Energy,Cambodia),Andrew P.Catayong(Department of Energy,Philippines),Oum Chansophea(Ministry of Mines and Energy,Cambodia),Alex Chong Chia Chuan(N

19、anyang Technological University,Singapore),Hoang-Anh Dang(Hanoi University of Science and Technology,Viet Nam),Halil Haron(Tenaga Nasional Berhad TNB,Malaysia),Kartina Hasim(TNB,Malaysia),Chalermluk Jitrumpueng(Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency,Thailand),Daniel Collin Jorna

20、les(Department of Energy,Philippines),Myat Thet Khaing(Ministry of Electric Power,Myanmar),Agnes Koh(Energy Market Authority,Singapore),Regina Lee(Energy Market Authority,Singapore),Rodel S.Limbaga(Department of Energy,Philippines),Naing Naing Linn(Ministry Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Ackno

21、wledgements Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|5 I EA.CC BY 4.0.of Industry,Myanmar),Wisaruth Maethasith(Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency,Thailand),Kumareshan Mardappan(Energy Commission,Malaysia),David Morgado(Asia Development Bank),Sanjib Kumar Panda(National University o

22、f Singapore),Mohammad Asri bin Puasa(Department of Electrical Services,Brunei Darussalam),Kritika Rasisuddhi(Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand EGAT),Anouphanh Simmachanthavong(Electricit Du Laos,Lao PDR),Phonepasong Sithideth(Ministry of Energy and Mines,Lao PDR),Evi Wahyuningsih(independ

23、ent consultant,Indonesia),Radityo Cahyo Yudanto(Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,Indonesia).Special acknowledgement goes to the following members of the IEA Technology Cooperation Programme on Energy Buildings Communities for their feedback and inputs to the report provided under the guidanc

24、e of Malcolm Orme(in alphabetical order):Noel Chin(Building and Construction Authority,Singapore),Rongling Li(DTU Technical University of Denmark),Meli Stylianou(Natural Resources Canada),Stephen White(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CSIRO,Australia).Thanks also to the I

25、EA Communications and Digital Office(CDO)for their help in producing this publication,especially to Poeli Bojorquez,Curtis Brainard,Jon Custer,Astrid Dumond,Merve Erdil,Isabelle Nonain-Semelin,Clara Vallois,Therese Walsh.Thanks to Erin Crum for her work copy-editing this report.Efficient Grid-Intera

26、ctive Buildings Table of contents Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|6 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Table of contents Executive summary.7 Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem.16 Energy efficiency and energy flexibility are key for the clean energy transition.16 Modernisation of power systems is crucial for the c

27、lean energy transition.17 Grid-interactive buildings provide flexibility services and other benefits.18 Relevance of EGIBs for the ASEAN region.24 Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings.30 Energy efficiency.31 Decarbonisation.35 Smartness.39 Building-to-grid interactivity.45 Assessment of

28、 opportunities for efficient grid-interactive buildings in ASEAN.61 Improving energy efficiency of buildings requires stronger enforcement of energy performance requirements.65 MEPS for appliances need to increase stringency to drive energy efficiency.70 Decentralised solar systems offer opportuniti

29、es for the buildings sectors decarbonisation.72 Use of energy storage in buildings is very limited across the region.77 Smart sensors and controls are making their way into smart buildings pilot projects.78 Energy management and automation in buildings expand potential of energy efficiency.78 Smart

30、meter programmes are being rolled out across the region.81 Governments across the region are recognising the need for modernised and smarter grids 83 Lack of interoperability standards is one of the challenges for EGIBs.86 Countries are tapping into the potential of advanced metering infrastructure.

31、90 Pilot projects are demonstrating benefits of aggregating DERs.92 Demand response programmes are crucial for interactions between buildings and the grid.95 Dynamic tariff programmes reduce peak electricity demand of large consumers.98 Smart EV charging in buildings can help grids manage impacts of

32、 EVs uptake.99 Smart inverters are showing benefits for large buildings and facilities.103 The way forward for buildings in ASEAN.105 Recommendations to support the uptake of efficient grid-interactive buildings.106 Conclusions.123 Annexes.125 Abbreviations and acronyms.125 Units of measure.126 Effi

33、cient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|7 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Executive summary Efficiency and flexibility are key for the clean energy transition Energy efficiency is crucial for reducing emissions,enhancing the resilience and reliability of the energy system

34、,and improving the well-being of people in support of the clean energy transition.In the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)(Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,Lao PDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,the Philippines,Singapore,Thailand and Viet Nam),energy consumption has doubled si

35、nce 2000,fuelling a regional economy that is two and half times larger than it was in 2000 with a current population of over 660 million.Energy efficiency therefore has an important role to play in this region.In 2022,the global rate of energy efficiency improvement accelerated to just over 2%as the

36、 energy crisis increased costs and encouraged the improved management of energy.This followed several years of slowing global progress,including in the ASEAN region,where intensity improvements slowed from around 3%per year achieved between 2010 to 2015 to 1%per year from 2015-2020.However,to achiev

37、e global net zero emissions by 2050,global efficiency improvements need to double to 4%per year by 2030 with a tripling in annual efficiency-related investment.While the ASEAN average annual energy intensity is slightly below the world average,the slowdown in energy intensity improvements observed g

38、lobally over the second half of the last decade was also experienced in the ASEAN region,with an annual rate of 2.8%per year from 2010 to 2015 slowing to 0.9%from 2015 to 2020.In 2021,energy intensity in the region actually worsened,rising by half of a percentage point following exceptionally strong

39、 growth in industrial energy demand.Although increased access and use of electricity for clean cooking is reducing,the reliance on polluting fuels is still around 30%.Increasing energy access in Southeast Asia is crucial for improving the quality of life and reducing peoples exposure to pollution.A

40、future with net zero emissions also requires scaling up renewable energy such as wind and solar.These energy sources will,however,also increase intermittency within the electrical grid due to their variability and dependency on weather conditions.The grids will also be put under pressure by an incre

41、asing number of distributed energy resources,such as distributed solar PV and storage systems,electric vehicles(EVs),smart meters,and other connected equipment and devices.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|8 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Grid-interactive build

42、ings provide flexibility services and other benefits Buildings offer a unique place where many distributed energy resources could be installed and connected to the grid or rely on the off-grid electricity supply,particularly for ASEAN where electricity demand is expected to increase due to growth in

43、 electricity use for space cooling and other appliances.Efficient grid-interactive buildings are energy-efficient buildings that have high-performance building envelopes and design as well as efficient appliances and equipment.They are also smart,optimising energy performance through the use of sens

44、ors and controls and intelligent analytics.These buildings are equipped with sensors and meters that can send and receive signals to respond to the grid and are flexible,meaning that energy loads can be optimised through behind-the-meter generation,demand response and energy storage.Efficient grid-i

45、nteractive buildings:Technologies and demand flexibility benefits IEA.CC BY 4.0.Notes:kW=kilowatts;HVAC=heating,ventilation and air conditioning.Source:IEA(2022),Unlocking the Potential of Distributed Energy Resources.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEA

46、N PAGE|9 I EA.CC BY 4.0.These features,alongside smart solutions applied on the grids side,can help increase power system flexibility by taking advantage of power demand variation and greater input of variable renewable electricity generation.To be in line with pathway to net zero emissions,by 2030

47、the global power system flexibility needs to more than double and the availability of demand response in buildings to increase more than tenfold by that time.Adoption of efficient grid-interactive buildings can lead to significant energy savings and peak demand reductions.Global demand response avai

48、lability in buildings at times of greatest flexibility needed by 2030,within the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario IEA.CC BY 4.0.Notes:GW=gigawatts;TWh=terawatt-hours.Source:IEA(2023),Tracking Demand Response.This report presents a novel analytical framework developed by the IEA that assesses key

49、enablers for adoption of efficient grid-interactive buildings.This framework is intended to provide a methodology to assess the policy readiness of countries to enable efficient grid-interactive buildings and future-proof their buildings sector efficiency policy.While this methodology could be appli

50、ed to any country,the IEA applies this framework through this report to the example of ASEAN member states.ASEAN was chosen for this analysis because of the rate at which the Southeast Asian region is growing and developing the buildings sector as well as the regions high potential for energy effici

51、ency improvement.It was also chosen due to the IEAs long-standing partnership with ASEAN member states and regional institutions,as well as an in-depth expert knowledge of the region.The high-level recommendations and group-specific guidelines offered in this report are presented in the context of t

52、he ASEAN region;however,the Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|10 I EA.CC BY 4.0.framework is intended to be able to be used as a standalone global methodology,which could be applied to any jurisdiction.Efficiency,decarbonisation,smartness and bu

53、ilding-to-grid interaction are key for efficient grid-interactive buildings Within the framework for efficient grid-interactive buildings the identified enablers are grouped into four categories:energy efficiency,decarbonisation,smartness and building-to-grid interaction.The key enablers for energy

54、efficiency are i)high-performance building envelopes and ii)energy-efficient appliances and equipment.Building envelopes as well as the HVAC,water heating and lighting systems determine buildings energy demand and impact thermal comfort,indoor environmental quality and safety.Beyond building energy

55、codes,which address the efficiency of the building itself,improving the energy efficiency of appliances and equipment is key,including setting minimum energy performance standards and other supporting policies,spurring innovation,and investing in technology.The key enablers for buildings decarbonisa

56、tion are i)on-site or nearby renewable energy generation and ii)on-site energy storage.Distributed variable renewable energy generation can help to significantly decarbonise energy used in buildings.Buildings can also have energy storage,such as battery systems,to help integrate variable renewable e

57、nergy generation,and mitigate fluctuations in energy supply and demand.The key enablers for smartness are i)the internet of things;ii)building energy management and automation;iii)smart meters in buildings;and the development of iv)smart grids.The internet of things is a network of connected equipme

58、nt,sensors and devices in buildings that communicate with one another,collect and analyse data from key building equipment to optimise energy performance.The internet of things can be integrated using building energy management systems to control parameters of the indoor environment and a buildings

59、energy consumption.Smart meters can collect and store data on actual energy consumption in buildings on an hourly or more detailed basis.Smart meters can help to collect real-time data on energy use in buildings on a very detailed basis.Smart grids and their enabling solutions help optimise system o

60、perations,reduce costs and increase generation efficiency.The key enablers for building-to-grid interaction are i)two-way communication;ii)distributed energy resource monitoring and optimisation;and iii)load and frequency management.Building-to-grid interaction requires interoperability,meaning both

61、 sides can communicate with each other.Equipment and appliances Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|11 I EA.CC BY 4.0.need to be able to respond automatically to signals from the grid by changing electricity consumption or production.Open communic

62、ation protocols can help establish interoperability and automated control to manage voltage and quality fluctuations that could be caused by distributed energy resources.Advanced metering infrastructure can enable real-time data collection and analysis,demand response,and outage detection.Digital to

63、ols can help not only manage individual distributed energy resources but also aggregate them into a single entity controlled and operated as a unified system,such as a virtual power plant,which can monitor and manage electricity generation,consumption and storage across multiple sites.Load and frequ

64、ency management strategies can support this through demand response programmes,dynamic electricity tariffs and smart charging for EVs.Based on the assessment of a countrys context for each of the enablers,the country can be placed into one of the three groups:Explorers,Adopters and Innovators,depend

65、ing on the stages of adoption of efficient and grid-interactive technologies and policies.Assessment framework on enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings IEA.CC BY 4.0.Notes:DER=distributed energy resources;EGIBs=efficient grid-interactive buildings.Growing energy demand increases the need

66、 for efficiency and flexibility in ASEAN buildings Buildings operations account for close to one-third of the global final energy consumption and for 27%of total energy sector emissions.Electrification of end uses,e.g.space heating and transport,is driving electricity demand growth further.In the bu

67、ildings sector,improving energy efficiency of building envelopes and of appliances and equipment can significantly lower energy demand.In 2020,the ASEAN buildings sector represented around 4%of global buildings demand and emissions and around 5%of global electricity demand in buildings,though these

68、numbers are likely to grow.Energy efficiencySmartnessBuilding-to-grid interactionHigh-performing building envelopesEnergy-efficient appliances and equipment Two-way communication DER monitoring and optimisationLoad and frequency management Internet of things/smart sensors and controlsBuilding energy

69、 management&automation systemsOn-site renewable energy generationOn-site energy storageDecarbonisationSmart meters in buildings EnablersCategoryEvaluationcriteriaCountry groupsSmart gridsCountries that are in the beginning of the process of discovering and researching the opportunities for EGIBsExpl

70、orersCountries that have identified some opportunities for EGIBs and are implementing pilot projects and sandboxes to test their benefits and potentialAdoptersCountries that have been implementing various EGIB-related practices and solutions on a relatively wide scale and have integrated some of the

71、m into policy processesInnovatorsEfficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|12 I EA.CC BY 4.0.In 2022,ASEAN electricity demand grew by 5.5%and is expected to increase 4-6%per year until 2025,largely due to increasing standards of living alongside populat

72、ion growth and rapid urbanisation.Growth in buildings electricity demand represents almost 50%of total electricity growth in ASEAN by 2025 from 2020.Additional demand will largely be in the buildings sector and is likely to be met by fossil fuels.Higher appliance ownership and an increased demand fo

73、r cooling could drive up energy demand in Southeast Asia by 15%in 2030 and 60%in 2050.Space cooling will also account for almost 30%of peak electricity demand in the region by 2040,up from around 10%in 2017,and will require about 150 GW of additional generation capacity to meet the peak levels.Enabl

74、ers for efficient grid-interactive buildings are present in ASEAN,but need to be scaled up Several ASEAN member states have already adopted some form of building energy codes,but their implementation could be scaled up to achieve larger energy efficiency improvements.Buildings in ASEAN that were cer

75、tified with green building schemes demonstrated energy use intensities 20-70%lower than that of comparable uncertified buildings.All countries in the region now have some form of minimum energy performance standards and labelling policies for air conditioners and some other types of appliances eithe

76、r in force or under development.However,countries need to increase their stringency,scope and enforcement.Moreover,aligning with the recommended harmonised levels of minimum energy performance requirements for air conditioners in the region can drive more substantial energy savings and environmental

77、 benefits.ASEANs commercial and residential deployment of solar PV is estimated to almost triple from 2022 to 2027.However,to enable this deployment,countries must invest in grid infrastructure,simplify permitting procedures,create ambitious targets and attract international investment.The use of en

78、ergy storage in buildings is limited but there are some projects to that indicate potential for growth in several ASEAN countries,such as recent investments in battery storage in Singapore.In many ASEAN countries,electricity tariff structures are primarily flat with a fixed rate.However,dynamic tari

79、ffs,such as varying time-of-use tariffs,could help reduce peak demand and encourage consumers to reduce energy bills and even carbon emissions.Demand response programmes are increasing and are typically implemented by utilities offering financial incentives for specific groups of customers to reduce

80、 their consumption during peak hours.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|13 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Digital technologies and enablers are key for supporting the uptake of efficient grid-interactive buildings While there are not currently many policies mand

81、ating the use of smart digital technologies in buildings,some countries have taken initiatives to promote digitalisation of buildings through adoption of smart meters and smart grid pilots.Despite being in its infancy stage,the ASEAN building digitalisation market is expected to grow significantly.S

82、everal ASEAN countries are rolling out programmes to support the uptake of smart meters,mainly driven by the utilities,to improve data collection and accuracy of billing.In 2022,it is estimated that the total number of smart meters installed across ASEAN was around 30 million.The use of smart invert

83、ers for solar PV systems is currently limited;however,there are several pilot projects in the region under way.Smart charging for EVs in buildings could help reduce energy bills and carbon emissions while offering flexibility benefits to the grid,but it is rarely used across the region.ASEAN governm

84、ents are recognising the need for modernised grids and standards Improvements are needed for transmission and distribution infrastructure,including the expansion of high-voltage transmission lines and the development of smart grid technologies.Recognising this,many countries in ASEAN have developed

85、smart grid plans to improve their grid capacity and the reliability of electricity supply.The ASEAN Power Grid will establish cross-border transmission lines that interconnect the ASEAN member states.While building automation as well as communication protocols and technologies are increasingly being

86、 used,there are no policies to mandate their installation.Interoperability between buildings and the grid is currently very limited in the ASEAN region.Advanced metering infrastructure offers important potential for measuring,collecting,analysing and controlling energy distribution and usage,but is

87、not common for most ASEAN countries.A promising trend in the integration of distributed energy resources in the ASEAN region is the emerging deployment of virtual power plants and peer-to-peer solar energy trading projects,for example in Malaysia,the Philippines,Singapore,Thailand and Viet Nam.Grid

88、reliability of existing power systems creates challenges for consumers Power supply reliability,which can be defined as the ability of an electrical system to consistently provide electricity to consumers without interruptions or significant fluctuations in voltage or frequency,presents challenges f

89、or many ASEAN countries.Weather events,outages,electricity theft and affordability concerns all Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|14 I EA.CC BY 4.0.contribute to disruptions,increased and variable costs due to energy market changes,and compromis

90、ed living conditions for end users.Strengthening the power grids resilience through infrastructure upgrades,better monitoring tools and advanced analytics supported by digital solutions can reduce the frequency and duration of interruptions in power supply.ASEAN countries are exploring solutions for

91、 efficient grid-interactive buildings The assessment of status and opportunities for efficient grid-interactive buildings in ASEAN across the enablers has shown that most of the countries in the region have begun exploring different ways of improving energy efficiency in buildings and testing variou

92、s smart and digital technologies,while the implementation of building-to-grid interactive solutions remains limited and is taking place only in a few countries in the region and at a relatively small scale.This report is intended to provide a pathway for countries to be able to develop their own pat

93、hways to further enable efficient grid-interactive buildings in support of their energy transition objectives.While none of the countries assessed in this report fall into the Innovator category,this category provides an aspirational vision for ASEAN countries and may be applicable to other countrie

94、s globally that are more advanced in their implementation of enabling solutions for efficient grid-interactive buildings.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Executive summary Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|15 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Recommendations for ASEAN countries based on the assessment of enablers

95、for efficient grid-interactive buildings IEA.CC BY 4.0.Note:EE=energy efficiency;MEPS=minimum energy performance standards.To ensure robust policy making,the IEA recommends countries adopt a policy package approach for policy development that combines regulation,information mechanisms and incentives

96、.Countries should also create favourable conditions and support mechanisms for uptake of efficient grid-interactive buildings.These include investing in research and development,conducting data collection and analysis,developing training programmes and certification schemes for building professional

97、s,and updating public procurement policies.Furthermore,policy makers can support modernisation of the grids and encourage grid operators to better enable grid-interactive buildings by adopting solutions that support communication between the grid and buildings,as well as other distributed energy res

98、ources.Make regular updates and more stringent mandatory EE requirements in building energy codes and MEPSIntroduce voluntary requirements for grid-readiness which transition to mandatoryDevelop mandatory requirements for demand-response readiness in MEPS,scale up virtual power plant projectsAdopt a

99、nd implement smart buildings standards and requirements for smart solutions in large buildingsIntroduce mandatory requirements for onsite renewable generation and storageDevelop and implement building energy codes with mandatory EE requirementsIntroduce voluntary requirements for on-site solar PV in

100、 buildings Introduce MEPS and supporting policies for appliances(can be voluntary first)Promote battery storage systemsDevelop voluntary smart buildings standards and requirements for smart solutionsConduct feasibility study on open interoperability standards and grid-readiness requirements in build

101、ing energy codes and MEPSDevelop pilot projects for demand response and virtual power plantsEnergy efficiencyDecarbonisationSmartnessBuilding-to-grid interactionLao PDRBruneiDarussalamMyanmarCambodiaIndonesiaMalaysiaThailandSingaporeViet NamCountries that are in the beginning of the process of disco

102、vering and researching the opportunities for EGIBsExplorersPhilippinesCountries that have identified some opportunities for EGIBs and are implementing pilot projects and sandboxes to test their benefits and potentialAdoptersEfficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem

103、Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|16 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Energy efficiency and energy flexibility are key for the clean energy transition Energy efficiency is crucial for the clean energy transition through its ability to reduce carbon emissions,enhance resilience a

104、nd reliability of the energy system,and improve well-being of people and societies.In 2022,the global rate of energy efficiency improvement reached just over 2%per year twice the average over the previous five years due to the effect of global energy cost variations and high prices in addition to pr

105、ogress on policy development.Since the start of the global energy crisis,countries representing over 70%of the worlds energy consumption have introduced new or strengthened energy efficiency policies.However,in order to bring global greenhouse gas emissions close to net zero by 2050,which is needed

106、to limit the global warming to 1.5 C degrees,the global rate of efficiency improvement needs to double to around 4%per year on average this decade.This improvement will also require a tripling in annual efficiency-related investment,from USD 600 billion today to USD 1.8 trillion.A future in which th

107、ere are net zero emissions also requires scaling up utilisation of variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar.Southeast Asia has considerable renewable energy potential,but these fuel sources currently meet only around 15%of energy demand,mainly through hydropower and still-limited use

108、 of solar PV and wind.These energy sources,while providing clear decarbonisation benefits,will also increase intermittency within the electrical grid due to their variability and dependency on weather conditions.Electricity grids will also be put under pressure by an increasing number of certain typ

109、es of distributed energy resources(DERs),such as distributed solar PV systems and storage systems,electric vehicles(EVs)with no dispatch capability,and demands from heat pumps and other connected equipment and devices.Buildings,both residential and non-residential,offer a unique place where many DER

110、s could be installed and connected to the grid or off-grid electricity supply.This makes buildings a key player in the energy systems modernisation.Unmanaged deployment of DERs,however,can cause unintended stress on the power system,such as reverse flows in distribution feeders due to excess generat

111、ion or mass disconnections due to grid instability.The adoption of DERs Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|17 I EA.CC BY 4.0.connected to the grid can require grid reinforcements,increase uncertainty in net demand forecasts,a

112、nd present challenges for power system planning and operation,which can potentially impact operational viability.There are risks to electricity grids when there is a lack of appropriate planning and deployment tools for visibility,monitoring and management of large-scale DER deployment,which can exa

113、cerbate financial challenges for utilities.Modernisation of power systems is crucial for the clean energy transition The increase in electricity demand will surpass energy consumption,especially in emerging markets and developing economies,with a projected increase of over 2 600 terawatt-hours(TWh)b

114、y 2030,equivalent to five times Germanys current demand.Yet the global electricity systems face challenges such as inefficiencies,losses,congestion,outages and climate-related damage.For the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN),growth in buildings electricity represents almost 50%of total e

115、lectricity growth by 2025 from 2020.Therefore,the need to strengthen and modernise grids is urgent,particularly in emerging markets,where consumption is expected to grow three times faster than in advanced economies.The unprecedented rise in cooling demand further contributes to this trend.Clean ene

116、rgy sources,such as the uptake of wind and distributed solar PV systems,continues to increase across many grids,providing clear decarbonisation benefits.However,unmanaged PV deployment across the building stock can cause unintended stress on the local power system.EVs are a key part of decarbonising

117、 the transport system but increase pressure on the electricity grid and electricity use associated with buildings through on-site charging.In regions with robust grids,EVs can achieve a high level of penetration without adverse effects.However,in areas where transformers are already overloaded,even

118、low levels of EV uptake could cause disruptions.For example,adding an EV to a typical household of four people in Germany could increase the households peak electricity demand by 70%.Modernisation of power systems allows for the optimisation of energy use through the implementation of smart grids,1

119、advanced sensors and data analytics.This makes it possible to monitor and manage energy consumption in real time,identify and reduce energy losses,and minimise energy waste.Digital solutions can enhance electricity supply management,lower overall demand and optimise electricity use during peak times

120、.These technologies aid demand management and electrification,and minimise unnecessary grid expansion while ensuring grid 1 Smart grids are electricity networks that use digital technologies,sensors and software to better match the supply and demand of electricity in real time while minimising costs

121、 and maintaining the stability and reliability of the grid.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|18 I EA.CC BY 4.0.stability,affordability and avoiding localised outages amid rising cooling demands and increased air-conditioner

122、usage globally.Smart grids act to improve the efficiency of energy production by reducing transmission losses and integrating renewable energy sources through actively and intelligently matching generation with energy demand and matching producers with consumers.Modernising power systems can improve

123、 their resiliency and reliability by increasing their flexibility,enabling faster response times to outages,reducing curtailment of renewable energy and providing backup power during emergencies.This flexibility is particularly important in the face of extreme weather events,which are becoming incre

124、asingly frequent and severe due to climate change.In emerging markets and developing economies,frequent electricity outages result in reduced operational capacity for businesses,leading to additional expenses for backup power generation.Grid-interactive buildings provide flexibility services and oth

125、er benefits Managing electricity demand growth is increasingly challenging due to the rising level of urbanisation,economic development and improved living standards driving high energy demand,particularly for electricity,and especially in emerging economies and developing countries.Buildings,in ter

126、ms of their operations,account for close to one-third of the global final energy consumption and for 27%of total energy sector emissions.The ASEAN buildings sector represents around 4%of global buildings demand and emissions and around 5%of global electricity demand in buildings.Electrification of s

127、pace heating along with growing air conditioner and appliance ownership,particularly in emerging markets such as ASEAN,are key sources of increased electricity consumption.Cooling alone is expected to add 2 800 TWh to global electricity use by 2050.Due to the impacts of climate change,heatwaves are

128、expected to become more frequent and intense,further increasing cooling needs.By 2040,the increased demand for cooling could raise annual electricity demand by 10%,with a significant daily difference in air-conditioning load.Access to adequate cooling remains limited for most,with only 10%of househo

129、lds having air conditioners in India and Indonesia compared with over 90%in the United States and Australia.It is expected that increased urbanisation and rising standards of living will significantly raise the demand for space cooling in emerging markets in the coming years as well.In the buildings

130、 sector,improving energy efficiency of building envelopes as well as appliances and equipment can lower energy demand and reduce related GHG emissions.For example,almost half of the increase expected in the Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildin

131、gs in ASEAN PAGE|19 I EA.CC BY 4.0.electricity use for space cooling could be offset by energy efficiency improvements of the cooling equipment.Buildings offer opportunities for cost-effective demand-side management to help balance demand with supply over time,integrate variable renewable energy(VRE

132、)and optimise its use,and shift the electricity loads away from the times when the grid is the most stressed and the most expensive to operate and electricity generation produces the highest amounts of GHG emissions.Digitalisation,data management and other smart technologies(e.g.smart meters,smart s

133、ensors and controls)enable consumers to provide flexibility to the grid through controlling and adjusting buildings operations and energy usage in response to the signals from the grid,making buildings not only energy efficient but also grid-interactive.Efficient grid-interactive buildings Efficient

134、 grid-interactive buildings(EGIBs)are energy-efficient buildings with grid-connected smart technologies characterised by the active use of DERs to optimise energy use and energy flexibility for supporting grid services,occupant needs and preferences,and cost reductions in a continuous and integrated

135、 way.EGIBs can be characterised by the following attributes:efficient:includes high-quality building envelopes and windows,high-performance appliances and equipment,and optimised building designs and operation to reduce final energy consumption and peak demand smart:the ability to operate based on a

136、nalytics supported by sensing and optimised controls that are necessary to manage multiple behind-the-meter DERs in ways that are beneficial to the grid,building owners and occupants connected:the ability to send and receive signals that are required to respond to needs of the grid flexible:the abil

137、ity to dynamically shape and optimise building energy loads and through responsive operation,behind-the-meter generation,EVs,batteries,water storage tanks,building thermal mass and other forms of energy storage.A combination of improved energy efficiency with flexibility benefits and decarbonisation

138、 of electricity supply is making EGIBs an important aspect of a future with net zero emissions,presenting significant potential for buildings to transition from energy-intensive consumers to energy-efficient and low-carbon prosumers supported by digital technologies that can enable them to produce,c

139、onsume,store,sell and buy energy as a part of the building-to-grid(B2G)ecosystem.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|20 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Efficient grid-interactive buildings:Technologies and demand flexibility benefits IEA.CC BY

140、 4.0.Notes:kW=kilowatt;HVAC=heating,ventilation and air conditioning.Sources:IEA(2022),Unlocking the Potential of Distributed Energy Resources.Grid and building digitalisation provides the opportunity to optimise electricity production and consumption between buildings and the grid in an efficient a

141、nd integrated manner.B2G interactions create opportunities for buildings to generate new value streams with energy services,reduce energy costs through optimised use of resources,and alleviate congestion in the distribution grid through flexible energy operations.Well-established interactions betwee

142、n buildings and the grid enabled by digital tools for automated communication and control can optimise the use and generation of electricity at specific times and at different levels across numerous DERs,and provide demand flexibility to the grid,while still meeting occupants needs for comfort and p

143、roductivity as well as reducing their utility bills.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|21 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Demand flexibility Demand flexibility can be defined as a portion of the demand that could be reduced,increased or shift

144、ed during and/or for a specific period of time to provide flexibility benefits to the grid(can also be referred to as demand response)that may include:facilitate the integration of VRE by adjusting load profiles to match VRE generation reduce peak load and seasonality stabilise grid frequency reduce

145、 electricity generation costs.Utilisation of these benefits together with smart solutions applied on the grids side help increase power system flexibility,as the ability of the grid to respond in a timely(often hour-to-hour)manner to variations in electricity supply and demand is also crucial for th

146、e decarbonisation of the electricity generation in line with the IEA Net Zero Emissions by 2050(NZE)Scenario.Achieving net zero emissions at a global scale requires power system flexibility to more than double by 2030.Buildings accounted for about half of the demand response available in 2020 global

147、ly.By 2030 the amount of available demand response needs to increase more than ten-fold in order to be in line with NZE Scenario.Demand response programmes can be applied alternatively through implicit demand response methods such as adopting time-varying electricity tariffs to encourage peak-load r

148、eductions,energy bill reductions and even carbon emissions reductions.Generally,time-varying electricity tariffs,particularly those that offer significant price differences between peak and non-peak hours,can optimise the electricity cost savings for buildings occupants.Additionally,the time-varying

149、 tariffs can also reduce GHG emissions by applying higher rates when GHG emissions production is high and vice versa.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|22 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Demand-response availability at times of highest flexib

150、ility needs and share in total flexibility provision in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario,2020 and 2030 IEA.CC BY 4.0.Note:GW=gigawatt.Source:IEA(2023),Tracking Demand Response.Estimates for the United States show that the nationwide adoption of EGIBs could lead to power system cost savings in

151、 the range of USD 100 billion to USD 200 billion over the next two decades.Power system flexibility enabled by EGIBs could lead to CO2 emissions reduction of 80 million tonnes per year by 2030,which is equivalent to 6%of the United States total power sector CO2 emissions.The results of this analysis

152、 also show significant energy savings(in the range between 164 TWh and 401 TWh)and peak demand savings(42 GW to 116 GW)depending on the level of adoption of various efficient and grid-interactive solutions in buildings.Impacts on peak demand and energy savings in the United States by achievable leve

153、l of efficient grid-interactive buildings IEA.CC BY 4.0.Source:DoE(2021),A National Roadmap for Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings.0 100 200 300 400Low adoptionMid adoptionHigh adoptionTWhAnnual Energy Savings in the US by 20300 20 40 60 80 100 120Low adoptionMid adoptionHigh adoptionGWPeak Demand

154、 Savings in the US by 2030Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|23 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Cost savings from demand flexibility of the United States buildings sector are estimated at the level of USD 22 billion per year with the majority

155、 of potential savings coming from peak-load reduction and related marginal construction costs of more efficient buildings,as well as displacement of wholesale energy costs achieved through shifting flexible building loads away from peak hours.Strategies to enhance demand flexibility through EGIBs En

156、ergy efficiency of building envelopes and equipment helps reduce a buildings energy needs,which in turn lowers the costs of using fossil fuels and lowers demand for investments into additional generation capacity.Load shedding enables a temporary reduction or pause in electricity use in response to

157、signals from the grid while maintaining required comfort levels inside the building.Load shifting allows for control of the timing of electricity consumption,which can help reduce peak demand,lower energy costs for consumers as energy is often cheaper during the off-peak hours,and avoid curtailment

158、of renewable energy.Modulation helps balance power supply and demand,autonomously modulate power draw,maintain grid frequency,or control system voltage.It could reduce costs of ancillary services and improve integration of variable generation resources.Generation of renewable energy on a buildings s

159、ite for self-consumption and dispatch to the grid lowers(or even eliminates)the need for fossil fuels to satisfy occupants energy needs as well as large-scale electricity generation and reduces transmission and distribution(T&D)losses.Source:Adapted from DoE(2021),National Roadmap for Grid-Interacti

160、ve Efficient Buildings.There is an increasing amount of evidence(mainly in the United States)for energy and cost savings achieved through implementation of demand flexibility strategies in EGIBs.For example,load shedding strategies that involved an automated“pre-cooling”and“demand limiting”protocol

161、implemented in the Philadelphia United States Custom House and making use of a buildings substantial thermal mass as energy storage reduced its peak demand by approximately 20%and lowered the annual electricity bill by 14%(equivalent to approximately USD 100 000 per year).A renovation project of two

162、 public buildings in San Diego,California combined energy efficiency measures with 462 kW of solar PV systems on carports and rooftops as well as a battery energy storage system(BESS).The project achieved a 30%reduction in the total energy demand,notable peak demand reduction Efficient Grid-Interact

163、ive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|24 I EA.CC BY 4.0.(average reduction of 186 kW,a maximum reduction of 582 kW),energy cost savings achieved by discharging the BESS during peak times and recharging during off-peak times(monthly on-peak demand ener

164、gy cost reductions around USD 19/kW).Another building renovation project from Colorado demonstrated comparable energy cost reductions(USD 18/kW per month)through implementing energy efficiency measures,using BESS for peak-load shifting,and energy management with a control system for flattening the e

165、nergy demand.Large-scale application of EGIB measures(e.g.energy efficiency,solar PV,energy storage and load flexibility)to all public buildings owned by the General Services Administration in the United States is estimated to result in USD 70 million per year in societal value for grid users,achiev

166、ing 180 gigawatt-hours per year in energy savings,reducing energy peak demand by 165 megawatts and annual energy costs by more than 20%.An assessment for a large United States retail portfolio demonstrated that an optimised bundle of EGIB measures can lead to 37%energy cost savings and reduce electr

167、icity demand by 17%,while achieving reductions in energy peak demand that varies across modelled buildings depending on the equipment and its efficiency.Investments in grid-flexible systems for a Scottish residential block that are using electric resistance heating systems and electric water heaters

168、 have demonstrated notable benefits.The use of flexible load devices connected to the main heating systems allowed for heating demand to be adjusted and the dispatchable load to be sold back to the power markets.The flexibility triage was activated through a mechanism that interrupted electricity de

169、mands for heating by five to ten minutes and fine-tuned the system to limit the impact on occupants.The demonstration from the residential block delivered a maximum shiftable capacity of 99.6 kW,which resulted in energy shifting of around 3 600 kilowatt-hours(kWh)monthly and 100 kWh daily potential

170、flexible demand.The flexibility resulted in the building saving around 2.7 tonnes of CO2 during an 11-month period.Relevance of EGIBs for the ASEAN region About this report In 2022,the IEA published two regional policy documents:the Roadmap for Energy-Efficient Buildings and Construction in ASEAN an

171、d the Roadmap Towards Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Space Cooling in ASEAN,commissioned by ASEAN.The roadmaps were deliverables for the project as a part of the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation Phase II 2021-2025,funded by the ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program Phase II an

172、d supported by the ASEAN Secretariat,Energy Efficiency Sub-Sector and Conservation Network and ASEAN Centre for Energy.It aimed to help address increasing energy demand Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|25 I EA.CC BY 4.0.and

173、 emissions in ASEAN and improve collaboration among stakeholders in the region.Development of the roadmaps was accompanied by capacity-building webinar series on sustainable cooling and buildings,as well as a series of stakeholder consultations.During these stakeholder consultations a topic on syner

174、gies between energy efficiency and digitalisation in buildings emerged as a recurring area of interest for a majority of ASEAN member states.With growing electricity demand(and peak demand)in the region,along with regional and national targets for energy efficiency and renewable energy,grid-interact

175、ive buildings are seen as a follow-up work on the recently published roadmaps for buildings and construction and efficient space cooling.For the purpose of this report,data on policy landscapes and ongoing projects related to the topic were collected for each ASEAN country through desktop research,a

176、n online survey and online interviews with experts in each of the ASEAN member states to identify existing trends and practices that can be applicable to the regions context.Data analysis was structured around three main components:development of the analytical framework for enablers of efficient gr

177、id-interactive buildings in terms of technological solutions and supporting policy instruments analysis of the current state of play in the ASEAN buildings and electricity sectors related to energy efficiency,renewable energy,smartness and interaction with the grid identification of policy strategie

178、s to support the uptake of efficient,low-carbon,grid-interactive buildings in ASEAN.Examples of existing technology solutions and supporting policies for efficient,grid-interactive buildings in ASEAN,as well as relevant international best practices,were identified through desktop research and interv

179、iews.Selected examples were elaborated into case studies to serve as demonstrations of practical applications of solutions and their benefits.Energy demand in ASEAN continues to grow By 2025,Asia will account for half of the worlds electricity consumption.In the ASEAN member states,energy consumptio

180、n has doubled since 2000,fuelling a regional economy that is now two and half times larger than it was in 2000 with a current population of over 660 million people.ASEAN member states include Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,Lao PDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,the Philippines,Singapore,Thailand and Viet Na

181、m.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|26 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Although the buildings sector constitutes less than a quarter of the total final energy consumption in the ASEAN region,it contributes 1.4 exajoules or 46%of the potentia

182、l energy demand reduction in the Sustainable Development Scenario(SDS)spanning from 2020 to 2030.Enhanced air-conditioning efficiency can substantially contribute to lowering electricity demand,and eliminating traditional biomass for cooking could result in noteworthy advancements in overall energy

183、demand reduction within buildings.Energy demand by fuel and avoided energy potential,in the ASEAN region,in the Stated Policies Scenario versus the Sustainable Development Scenario IEA.CC BY 4.0.Notes:PJ=petajoule;STEPS=Stated Policies Scenario.Source:IEA(2022),Energy Efficiency.In 2022,electricity

184、demand in the region grew by 5.5%and is expected to continue increasing by 4-6%per year until 2025.Growth in buildings electricity represents almost 50%of total electricity growth in ASEAN by 2025 from 2020.Most of that additional demand is likely to be met by fossil fuels,with renewables meeting on

185、ly about a third of that demand growth.The increase in electricity consumption can be largely attributed to rising standards of living along with the population growth and rapid urbanisation.The buildings sector has led the increase in electricity consumption,with the number of people living in citi

186、es increasing by 70%since 2000 with more than half of the regions population living in urban areas in 2020.This growth of cities,along with increasing wealth,has led to a rapid use of air conditioners and other appliances in buildings,while the number of people with Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildi

187、ngs Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|27 I EA.CC BY 4.0.access to refrigeration has doubled since 2000.Space cooling is among the fastest growing end uses in the region given the hot and humid climate combined with rising incomes.Air-conditioner stock across AS

188、EAN is projected to grow from nearly 50 million units in 2020 up to 300 million units in 2040.As a result,electricity use for space cooling is projected to rise from 88 TWh in 2019 to 314 TWh by 2040 approximately equivalent to the total electricity consumption of Indonesia and Singapore combined.Al

189、most two-thirds of this is expected to come from residential buildings.Space cooling is also estimated to account for almost 30%of peak electricity demand in the region by 2040,up from around 10%in 2017,and will require about 150 GW of additional generation capacity to meet the peak levels.In additi

190、on to space cooling,increased access to and use of electricity and access to clean cooking are reducing the reliance on polluting fuels and raising the quality of life for many in Southeast Asia.Around 95%of households now have access to electricity and 70%use more efficient clean cooking technologi

191、es,such as liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)and improved cookstoves.Beyond buildings,electricity use is also extending to new enduse sectors,driven by targets to halt sales of internal combustion engine vehicles in Thailand by 2035 and in Singapore by 2040,and the aim of Indonesia is to achieve 2 million

192、 electric cars on the road by 2030.Combined,these factors translate to projections of increasing electricity demand in the region but also raise questions of how the existing grid infrastructure will be able to meet these needs,particularly at peak times.Inefficiencies in ASEAN existing power system

193、s create challenges for consumers Power supply reliability,which can be defined as the ability of an electrical system to consistently provide electricity to consumers without interruptions or significant fluctuations in voltage or frequency,presents challenges for a number of ASEAN countries.Severa

194、l factors have an impact on power supply reliability such as quality of the infrastructure,weather events(e.g.storms,hurricanes and extreme temperatures),reliability of T&D networks,and load management.These factors can damage power lines,transformers and other critical infrastructure,leading to pro

195、longed outages.These outages not only disrupt daily activities but can also pose risks to vulnerable populations,such as the elderly or those with medical conditions reliant on electricity-powered devices.Additionally,extreme temperatures can increase the demand for cooling,putting additional strain

196、 on the power grid and potentially leading to brownouts or blackouts.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|28 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Data on the System Average Interruption Frequency Index(SAIFI)2 and System Average Interruption Duratio

197、n Index(SAIDI)3 for ASEAN countries provide indications of how often and for how long an average customer experiences an interruption over the course of a year.While in a number of countries,outages do not cause long and frequent disruptions;in other cases(e.g.in Myanmar,Cambodia and Lao PDR)these i

198、ssues are more prominent.Data on SAIFI and SAIDI in ASEAN countries in 2020 Country SAIFI SAIDI Brunei Darussalam 0.3 0.4 Cambodia 15.4 20.8 Indonesia 2.2 2.8 Lao PDR 22.7 4 Malaysia 0.5 0.5 Myanmar 26.4 30.3 Philippines 2.2 3.6 Singapore 0.1 0.1 Thailand 0.7 0.4 Viet Nam 1.6 2.1 Notes:SAIFI is the

199、average number of service interruptions experienced by a customer in a year.SAIDI is the average total duration of outages(in hours)experienced by a customer in a year.Source:World Bank(2021),DataBank:Doing Business.Moreover,the interplay between power supply issues and inefficiency can create a vic

200、ious cycle.In areas where power supply is unreliable or intermittent,end users may resort to using backup generators,further straining the energy infrastructure.These backup solutions are often less efficient and more polluting,exacerbating environmental concerns and perpetuating the cycle of ineffi

201、ciency.Another issue affecting end users is electricity theft.Illegal connections or tampering with power meters can lead to revenue losses for utilities and imbalances between power supply and demand.Electricity theft can result in inadequate power supply to legitimate users,leading to outages and

202、voltage fluctuations.The burden of these disruptions falls on end users who suffer from unreliable power supply.In 2018,electricity theft in Indonesia cost Perusahaan Listrik Negara(PLN),Indonesias state-owned utility,USD 72 million.In Lao PDR,such electricity theft in the first three months of 2023

203、 cost more than USD 5 million in the capital city alone.2 SAIFI is the average number of service interruptions experienced by a customer in a year.3 SAIDI is the average total duration of outages(in hours)experienced by a customer in a year.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Buildings and the grid

204、 as an ecosystem Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|29 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Power supply issues and inefficiency in the buildings sector can have profound impacts on end users.Weather events,outages,electricity theft and affordability concerns all contribute to disruptions,increased costs and compromised l

205、iving conditions for end users.Strengthening the power grids resilience through infrastructure upgrades,better monitoring tools,and advanced analytics,supported by digital solutions in combination with improving energy efficiency buildings and equipping them with solutions enabling the interactions

206、with the grid,can reduce the frequency and duration of interruptions in power supply.There are various ways to make buildings more efficient and grid-interactive.The next chapter presents key enablers that can be help in this process.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-i

207、nteractive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|30 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings The previous chapter demonstrated that efficient grid-interactive buildings(EGIBs)can offer a number of benefits to end users and the energy system.This chapter explores key att

208、ributes(hereafter,“enablers”)that can enable a building to become efficient and grid-interactive.Such enablers should be supported by respective policies as well as adoption of technological solutions.Presence and adoption of enablers for EGIBs could be evaluated for any given country.In this report

209、,the enablers are placed into four main categories based on a function in the energy system that EGIBs can perform,namely:i)efficiency;ii)decarbonisation;iii)smartness;and iv)building-to-grid interaction.Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings IEA.CC BY 4.0.Note:DER=distributed energy reso

210、urce.Energy efficiencySmartnessBuilding-to-grid interactionHigh-performance building envelopesEnergy-efficient appliances and equipment Advanced metering infrastructure EV smart charging in buildings Smart invertersAggregation of distributed energy resourcesEquipment levelDemand-response programmesB

211、uilding-to-grid levelInternet of things Building energy management and automationDynamic electricity tariffsOn-site renewable energy generationOn-site energy storageDecarbonisationBuildings levelSmart gridsSmart meters in buildings EnablersCategoryTwo-way communicationLoad and frequency management D

212、ERs monitoring and optimisationEfficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|31 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Energy efficiency Energy efficiency plays a crucial role in bringing global emissions towards net zero.Accelerating energy efficie

213、ncy efforts beyond current policies could help avoid around onequarter of the excess energy demand by 2030 and just over onehalf of it in 2050.However,to bring the emissions from the global buildings sector towards net zero by mid-century,electrification of buildings end uses and decarbonisation of

214、electricity will play an important role.Fuel switching,largely from fossil fuel space heating to electric heat pumps,can shave a further one-fifth from this energy demand gap.The remainder could be avoided through behavioural changes and digitalisation of energy-related building operations,notably f

215、or space heating,space cooling and water heating.It is important to improve energy efficiency of the whole building in this report,two separate enablers are considered:high-performance building envelopes and energy-efficient appliances,as they are typically covered by different policies.High-perform

216、ance building envelopes The design of the building envelope plays a crucial role in determining the energy demand for heating and cooling,as well as ensuring comfort,indoor environmental quality and safety.Additionally,the structural aspects of the building envelope have a significant impact on its

217、embodied carbon footprint.Improving the energy performance of building envelopes involves various measures,and building regulations(such as building energy codes)play a significant role in promoting and regulating these improvements:Envelope insulation:Building energy codes typically specify minimum

218、 insulation requirements for walls,roofs and floors.These codes often outline insulation material types,thicknesses and installation standards,ensuring that buildings meet a certain level of thermal resistance to reduce heat transfer and improve energy efficiency.Windows and glazing:Energy codes oft

219、en include criteria for window performance,such as U-factor and solar heat gain coefficient.These requirements promote the use of energy-efficient windows with low-emissivity(low-E)coatings,multiple glazing layers and insulating frames to minimise heat loss or gain through windows.Air sealing:Buildi

220、ng energy codes often address air leakage by setting standards for airtightness.These codes may require air barriers,proper sealing of joints and penetrations,and mandatory blower door tests to ensure buildings minimise uncontrolled air infiltration and exfiltration,reducing energy loss and improvin

221、g comfort.Compliance and enforcement:It is important that building energy codes establish compliance and enforcement mechanisms to ensure that the energy efficiency requirements are met during the design,construction and operation phases of a Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficie

222、nt grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|32 I EA.CC BY 4.0.building.This can include inspections,energy performance certifications and penalties for non-compliance.In order to align with the IEA Net Zero Emissions by 2050(NZE)Scenario,it is essential for all countries to estab

223、lish building energy codes with the vision to transition to zero-carbon-ready buildings.Additionally,the existing building floor area must be renovated to meet a zero-carbon-ready level of energy efficiency.This will require more than doubling the annual energy efficiency renovation rates globally,f

224、rom the current level of less than 1%to 2.5%by 2030.Zero-carbon-ready buildings are highly energy-efficient and resilient buildings that either use renewable energy directly or rely on a source of energy supply that can be fully decarbonised,such as electricity or district energy.The zero-carbon-rea

225、dy concept includes both operational and embodied emissions.Building energy codes play a vital role in driving energy efficiency improvements in buildings.They provide a framework of mandatory requirements and standards that developers,architects,builders and contractors must adhere to.By setting mi

226、nimum energy performance requirements within building energy codes,these codes help raise the baseline of building energy efficiency,promote the adoption of energy-saving technologies,and contribute to overall energy conservation and sustainability goals.It is important to note that building energy

227、codes can vary across jurisdictions and may be influenced by local climate conditions,building types and energy policy priorities.Regular updates and revisions to the codes ensure that they keep pace with advancements in building technologies and energy efficiency practices.As of 2022,there were 80

228、countries that already had fully operational building energy codes,with an additional 31 countries in emerging and developing regions actively working on developing new building codes.Among these,69 countries have mandatory requirements in place,while 11 countries rely on performance standards such

229、as voluntary codes,model codes or city-based standards.However,approximately 85 countries currently lack established building codes or ongoing development efforts.The transition to net zero requires electrification of the buildings sector that presumes moving from fossil fuel-powered buildings to el

230、ectric-powered buildings.End-use equipment and devices inside a building for space heating and cooling,water heating,cooking,etc.,offer various flexibility opportunities through digital technologies,as described above.However,in order to realise such opportunities to a full extent,buildings themselv

231、es need to be“prepared”at the design stage or Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|33 I EA.CC BY 4.0.upgraded during the renovation process.To ensure that buildings can accommodate all necessary electric connections,

232、buildings regulations need to include certain“electric-ready”requirements.In the United States,for example,several states have made progress on such requirements.In California,50 jurisdictions have passed policies to phase out gas appliances in new construction and 37 of them specify all-electric re

233、quirements in new residential buildings.Seattle and New Jersey also adopted plans and related regulations to electrify the majority of their buildings.Other states,such as Maine and Colorado,are accelerating electrification of space heating through accelerating the deployment of heat pump installati

234、ons.Californias 2022 Energy Code,United States The California 2022 Energy Code includes electric-ready requirements for newly constructed and renovated buildings starting in 2023 in compliance with the states electrification strategy,which encourages the adoption of highly efficient electric applian

235、ces.The mandatory requirements for electric-ready buildings envisage heat pump space heater,electric cooktop and electric clothes dryer readiness.For instance,for systems using gas or propane furnaces and cooktops to serve individual dwelling units,a dedicated 240 volt branch circuit wiring shall be

236、 installed within three feet of the furnace or the cooktop and be rated at 30 amps minimum.In addition,a space shall be reserved on the main electrical service panel to allow for the future installation of both heat pumps and electric cooktops.The main electrical service panel must also have the spa

237、ce for the installation of a double-pole circuit breaker for a future solar electric installation.As for electric vehicle(EV)charging stations,they have been included among the electrical loads for which minimum requirements for separation of electrical circuits to allow electrical energy monitoring

238、 are envisaged.Efficient appliances Improving the energy efficiency of appliances and equipment,including heating,ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC),water heating and lighting systems,can be done through establishing efficiency standards for products through a variety of policy instruments and s

239、trategies.These approaches aim to influence manufacturers,consumers and the market as a whole to prioritise energy and resource efficiency:Building energy codes:Energy codes often prescribe efficiency standards for lighting and HVAC systems,promoting the use of energy-efficient fixtures,lamps Effici

240、ent Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|34 I EA.CC BY 4.0.and controls;establishing minimum requirements for equipment efficiency,insulation of ductwork and proper system sizing;and commissioning to improve overall system per

241、formance and reduce energy consumption.Mandatory minimum energy performance standards(MEPS):Governments can set legally binding minimum efficiency requirements that products must meet to be sold in the market.Products failing to meet these standards are not allowed for sale,promoting the adoption of

242、 more efficient technologies.MEPS contribute to the market transformation by gradually phasing out less efficient appliances from the market.They also help drive technological advancements by setting higher efficiency targets.Manufacturers are incentivised to develop and produce appliances that surp

243、ass the minimum requirements,leading to the introduction of more energy-efficient technologies and designs.Energy labels:Energy labels provide consumers with information about energy efficiency of appliances.These labels often use an energy rating system,such as star ratings,to indicate the relative

244、 efficiency of different models.Clear and standardised labels enable consumers to make informed choices and select appliances with higher energy efficiency.Financial incentives:Governments could provide financial incentives(tax credits,rebates,subsidies or low-interest loans)to both manufacturers an

245、d consumers for adopting more efficient products.Information and education campaigns:Governments launch campaigns to educate consumers about the benefits of choosing efficient products and provide tips for reducing energy consumption.This raises awareness and influences purchasing decisions.Research

246、 and development(R&D):Governments can allocate funds to support R&D of new technologies and product designs that improve efficiency.MEPS encourage manufacturers to invest in R&D to improve energy efficiency of their appliances.This includes innovations in components,materials and manufacturing proce

247、sses that enhance efficiency without compromising performance or functionality.International harmonisation and co-operation:Governments can collaborate with international organisations and other countries to develop consistent efficiency standards and align policies.Harmonisation facilitates trade a

248、nd encourages manufacturers to design products for global markets.Combining these policy instruments and strategies can create a comprehensive approach to establishing efficiency standards that drive market transformation,encourage innovation and contribute to sustainable development goals.Establish

249、 mechanisms to monitor the market and gather feedback from manufacturers,consumers and other stakeholders,using this information to refine and update efficiency standards over time.Out of these instruments,MEPS are identified as the single most cost-effective measure in driving energy efficiency imp

250、rovements in appliances.By setting Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|35 I EA.CC BY 4.0.mandatory efficiency requirements,these standards ensure that appliances sold in the market meet a certain level of energy per

251、formance.They spur innovation;guide consumer choices;and contribute to energy savings,cost reductions and environmental benefits.Regular updates and reviews of these standards are necessary to keep pace with advancements in technology and to continuously raise the bar for energy efficiency in applia

252、nces.More than 100 countries around the world have implemented mandatory MEPS and/or energy labels for commonly used appliances.MEPS for residential refrigeration and freezers are currently implemented in approximately 80 countries,providing coverage for around 80%of the total energy consumed worldw

253、ide in residential refrigeration.However,the application of MEPS for other appliances is more limited.For instance,washing machines are covered by MEPS in just over 50 countries,accounting for 78%of energy consumption.Similarly,televisions have MEPS in fewer than 50 countries,covering almost 75%of e

254、nergy usage,while monitors have MEPS in fewer than 40 countries,accounting for 43%of energy consumption.Decarbonisation Distributed variable renewable energy(VRE)technologies can help to significantly decarbonise energy used in buildings.These technologies also reduce the need for long-distance tran

255、smission lines and large-scale infrastructure investments.Solar PV systems are increasingly common in buildings around the world,promoting energy independence,reducing reliance on fossil fuels,allowing consumers to participate in utility programmes,and supporting local economic development through i

256、nstallation and maintenance jobs and upskilling of workers.Buildings can also be equipped with energy storage,primarily battery systems,to help integrate VRE generation,bridging the timing differences between energy supply and demand.On-site renewable energy generation Distributed VRE technologies r

257、efer to the use of renewable energy sources,such as solar and wind power,by individual consumers or businesses on a distributed basis,rather than relying on centralised power plants.In the buildings sector,the most common VRE technologies are solar PV systems of different sizes and capacity installe

258、d on the buildings site.Distributed VRE systems are often located close to the communities they serve,and thereby can help to reduce the need for long-distance transmission lines,which are often vulnerable to weather events and other disturbances.Distributed VRE systems connected to the grid enable

259、the possibility to feed the electricity Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|36 I EA.CC BY 4.0.output into storage systems or the grid when generation exceeds the needs of the local community or an individual buildin

260、g.In 2022,the overall addition of renewable energy capacity globally experienced a significant increase of nearly 13%,reaching approximately 340 gigawatts(GW).Among the various renewable technologies,solar PV stood out by setting a new deployment record with an impressive net addition of nearly 220

261、GW,marking a 35%growth compared with 2021,with distributed applications,such as residential and commercial solar systems,accounting for almost half of global PV expansion.Renewable electricity net annual capacity additions,2017-2022 IEA.CC BY 4.0.However,rapid adoption of distributed VRE technologie

262、s without proper management could put pressure on electricity grids,heighten operational intricacies and jeopardise the stability of transmission networks.The potential for reverse power flows in distribution feeders could trigger widespread disconnections during grid instability,potentially leading

263、 to blackouts.To avert such operational challenges and related revenue losses,system operators should proactively plan,devise processes and implement tools that enable the monitoring,management and control of large-scale distributed VRE integration.Such strategies can help enhance overall system eff

264、iciency and electricity security.In Australia,for instance,the market operator implemented a digital registry to oversee distributed energy resources that improves visibility and control,providing insights into installations,and emergency disconnect mechanisms to prevent cascading blackouts.Large-sc

265、ale deployment of distributed VRE technologies might also necessitate grid reinforcements and entail addressing uncertainties in net demand forecasts,thereby complicating grid planning and operation.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buil

266、dings in ASEAN PAGE|37 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Policies for promoting the uptake of distributed VRE(e.g.various renumeration schemes and direct incentives for PV installation,such as tax rebates and soft loans)are an essential tool for decarbonisation of buildings and can help to improve grid resiliency and

267、reliability taking the need for modernisation of power grids into account.Distributed solar PV remuneration schemes Buy-all,sell-all:All PV generation is deemed to be sold to the utility,usually at a fixed price.The remuneration of PV electricity can be above,equal to or lower than the retail rate,w

268、hile PV owners buy all electricity at the retail price to cover their demand.Net metering:PV owners can self-consume the electricity they generate,which reduces their consumption from the network.PV owners receive an energy credit for any excess generation exported to the network during a specific t

269、ime period.This energy credit can be deducted from network electricity consumed on future bills at another time.Real-time self-consumption models:PV owners can generate electricity for self-consumption and sell excess to the network.While this appears similar to net metering,there are two main diffe

270、rences.First,energy accounting is done in real time(at hourly or less-than-hourly intervals).Second,PV owners are paid for each unit of electricity exported,rather than earning energy credits towards future bills.The price paid for exported electricity varies by jurisdiction and can be from zero to

271、above the retail rate.In these models,remuneration rates range from wholesale to retail prices.Source:Adapted from IEA(2019),Renewables Such policies can also help to promote energy independence and local economic development through jobs.This is particularly true if distributed VRE systems are owne

272、d and operated by local communities or individual building owners,which can promote energy security and independence.For example,the Sosai Renewable Energies Company is a community-based renewable energy project in Nigeria that has connected over 80 households and businesses to a microgrid to suppor

273、t clean energy access and local industry and jobs.A Global Environment Facility(GEF)funded project with the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency has shown that households and businesses have increased their income and productivity through both home industry and study hours due to access to ele

274、ctricity generated by solar PV.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|38 I EA.CC BY 4.0.On-site energy storage Distributed energy storage plays a vital role for the energy system,which is integrating an increasing amou

275、nt of VRE generation.Storage facilitates the integration of renewables by bridging the timing differences between energy supply and demand.This empowers residential and commercial buildings with on-site solar electricity generation to actively participate in the electricity distribution system.It em

276、powers consumers to have control over their electricity usage,allowing them to avoid high charges during peak times or periods of increased demand.When combined with distributed generation such as rooftop solar PV,distributed energy storage can lead to energy independence for buildings.Additionally,

277、distributed energy storage is instrumental in modernising the broader energy system by providing smart grid services.If used to increase reliance on renewables,it can yield significant climate benefits.The most common type of storage is(usually lithium-ion)battery systems installed in buildings.Ther

278、mal energy storage,such as water tanks,passive thermal mass of the building and phase-change materials,could also be used to store renewable energy and participate in load shifting.Currently,distributed battery storage in buildings is primarily implemented on a small scale,mainly due to high costs.H

279、owever,there is a shifting trend as battery prices decrease,and utilities seek alternatives to costly infrastructure upgrades in response to growing demand.By 2030,the costs associated with installing battery storage systems are estimated to decrease by 50%to 66%.This reduction in costs will have a

280、transformative effect on the affordability of storage for supporting ancillary services such as frequency response or capacity reserve.These cost reductions are expected to be driven by the optimisation of manufacturing processes,improved material combinations and reduced material usage.As battery t

281、echnology continues to advance,battery lifetimes and performance will improve,further contributing to the cost reduction of energy storage services.Battery storage can participate in utility programmes in order to provide flexibility to the grid.In bring your own device(BYOD)initiatives,customers ca

282、n register their batteries to either supply stored electricity to the grid or adjust their electricity consumption to avoid peak demand or emergency situations.They may also have the option to participate in fast-response ancillary service markets through aggregators,such as frequency regulation,vol

283、tage support or load-following reserves.The recharging of batteries can be timed to take advantage of off-peak hours,when electricity costs are low,or synchronised with periods of high renewable energy generation.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings

284、Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|39 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Decentralised renewable energy generation in Ukraine Decentralised solutions based on renewable energy can play a key role in ensuring access to electricity,especially in times of emergency.In April 2022 the Energy Act for Ukraine Foundation was fo

285、unded to supply renewable energy equipment to war-affected communities in Ukraine.The aim of the initiative is to install solar stations(PV and storage systems)in 100 schools within the next five years that could cover 30-50%of the annual electricity consumption of schools,while ensuring a backup po

286、wer supply in case of outage for about three to five hours.Fifty hospitals are also expected to be equipped with solar stations within the next five years.As of February 2023,17 installations had been completed through the collaboration of the Energy Act for Ukraine Foundation with the Polish PV dis

287、tributor Menlo Electric.Smartness Smart interactive technologies used in buildings,in addition to conventional energy efficiency measures,can add a time dimension to the energy efficiency of a building and make it more dynamic.Some common modern interactive technologies that can be used within a bui

288、lding include:smart meters,building automation systems,building load and energy management systems including smart sensors and controls for buildings equipment,and appliances that allow two-way communication between the utility or grid operator and the building.Internet of things The internet of thi

289、ngs(IoT)is a network of connected equipment,sensors and devices in buildings that communicate with one another and collect and analyse data from key building equipment such as HVAC and lighting systems,to initiate actions that would optimise energy performance of a buildings operations.Sensors and c

290、ontrollers can either be wired or connected wirelessly(e.g.technologies such as Zigbee,Bluetooth Low Energy)to collect actionable data from various building equipment(e.g.occupancy detections and numbers,temperature,humidity,lighting,and energy use).Integration of cloud and fog computing architectur

291、es with smart metering,sensors and controllers could enable the real-time energy management of IoT devices in buildings,optimising the performance of the system and improving the overall energy efficiency of smart building infrastructure.Internet-connected thermostats,for example,are demonstrating a

292、n increasing adoption.In the United States and Canada they are linked to heating and cooling Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|40 I EA.CC BY 4.0.systems of about 30%of homes and around half of annual thermostat sa

293、les,helping to achieve up to 20%of energy savings.They allow users to remotely set their homes temperature and monitor occupancy,humidity and other parameters.Smart thermostats can also“learn”patterns of occupants behaviour and determine an optimal energy-saving schedule automatically.Building energ

294、y management and automation In order for IoT devices to communicate with one another within the building,they can be integrated using open standard or proprietary protocols into building energy management systems(BEMS),energy management systems(EMS)or building automation systems(BAS)to control and a

295、djust parameters of the indoor environment(e.g.temperature,CO2 levels,lighting)and the buildings energy consumption.For residential dwellings,such systems are called home energy management systems(HEMS).A BEMS and HEMS can be defined as an integrated system of software,hardware and services that con

296、trols energy use through information and communication technology.Automated data collection ensures a continuous flow of data from a buildings equipment to a centralised database,which together with intelligent analytics provides visibility of the overall system and helps identify any issues,abnorma

297、lities or needs for adjustments to increase energy efficiency of the whole building.From the point of optimising energy use,the data analysis helps to identify operational inefficiencies,reduce energy losses in buildings,and make electricity billing more accurate.Data analysis of energy consumption

298、patterns and historical and real-time data across various parameters according to predefined smart rules helps to forecast a buildings energy demand(and on-site electricity generation,if the building is equipped with a solar PV panel,for example)at any given time,which is particularly important for

299、load management and demand response.Smart meters in buildings Smart meters are digital electricity meters that collect and store data on actual energy consumption in buildings on an hourly or even more detailed basis.Smart meters are crucial for increasing the visibility of behind-the-meter demand.S

300、mart meters are capable of remote communication and can record electricity use at a very granular level(usually every 15-30 minutes).This can enable customers to buy electricity through smart pricing mechanisms and provide incentives to purchase more energy-efficient appliances and equipment.Access

301、to detailed real-time data enables customers to dynamically adjust their energy consumption and achieve energy cost savings(e.g.through time-dependent Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|41 I EA.CC BY 4.0.automatic

302、billing),while grid operators get an opportunity to assess the situation in the grid(e.g.supply interruptions,inefficient voltages,faulty connections)in a more efficient and accurate manner,better match electricity demand and supply at any given moment(e.g.reduce peak demand),and optimise network op

303、erations(e.g.avoid congestions).Smart meters are also indispensable for integrating distributed VRE generation,(e.g.from on-site PVs in buildings)into the main grid.As of 2020,there were over 1 billion smart meters installed globally with more than two-thirds of them in Asia Pacific.In the United St

304、ates,around four in five households already have smart meters,while in Europe they are installed in about half of the properties.By 2030,this global number is estimated to exceed 1.6 million.Cumulative smart meters installations by region,2010-2030e IEA.CC BY 4.0.Note:e=estimated.Source:IEA analysis

305、 based on IEA(2023),Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2023 and BloombergNEF(2017).Wide-scale utilisation of smart meters raises the question of data privacy,and customers must consent to the wireless communication of their smart meter data in accordance with the local regulations.There is no single pol

306、icy that supports smart meter roll-out it usually requires a combination of mandates for utilities to roll out smart meters,incentives for consumers to install them,awareness-raising and consumer engagement on 0 200 400 600 8001 0001 2001 4001 6001 8002 00020001620172018e2019e2

307、020e2021e2022e2023e2024e2025e2026e2027e2028e2029e2030emillionAsia and the PacificEuropeU.S.&CanadaAfrica and Middle EastLatin America&CarribeanEfficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|42 I EA.CC BY 4.0.real-time data man

308、agement,regulations on data privacy and security,etc.Most existing policies,however,are focused on rolling out smart meters and not advanced metering infrastructure(for further details see section on Advanced metering infrastructure),which limits the opportunities for interactions between buildings

309、and the grid.For example,the European Union(EU)set a non-binding target or an aspirational benchmark for all the member states back in 2014 to install smart meters in 80%of the buildings by 2020.As of 2021,several EU countries(e.g.Sweden,Finland and Denmark)have surpassed their requirements and prog

310、ressed on to a second phase of upgrades.However,a number of countries in the region showed much slower progress or abandoned the commitment altogether.In the United Kingdom,the government has mandated that energy suppliers offer smart meters to all households and small businesses by 2024.The governm

311、ent has set a target for 85%of households to have a smart meter by 2024,with the remaining 15%to be offered an alternative solution.The United States government has not mandated the installation of smart meters at the national level,but many states,for example California,have introduced regulations

312、that require energy suppliers to offer smart meters to customers.The Australian Energy Market Commission has put forward recommendations to achieve 100%smart meter uptake in Australia by 2030.The state of Victoria mandated smart meters in 2006 for all households and small businesses(with the install

313、ation costs applied to them)and achieved universal adoption in 2015.The Japanese government introduced regulations that require energy suppliers to install smart meters for all households and small businesses by 2024.The Energy Market Authority(EMA)in Singapore has mandated the installation of advan

314、ced metering for all households and businesses by 2024.The EMA has set a target of installing 1.4 million advanced meters by that time.The Indian government introduced regulations that require energy suppliers to install smart meters for all households and businesses by 2025,aiming to reach 250 mill

315、ion smart meters by that time.Countries in Latin America,such as Brazil and Mexico,are also investing in smart grid infrastructure.However,in Brazil,programmes for smart meters are voluntary with Enel establishing local production of smart meters in So Paolo and installing 300 000 of them,and Copel

316、rolling out a large programme on deployment of smart meters and other technologies to automate its distribution networks.In Mexico,the government set a goal of installing 30 million smart meters(79%penetration)by 2025.Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive build

317、ings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|43 I EA.CC BY 4.0.The Connected(Smart)Neighborhoods,Birmingham,Alabama,United States The Reynolds Landing Smart Neighborhood by Alabama Power,Alabama,United States,is an initiative that is focused on enabling energy-efficient homes and systems,smart and connect

318、ed devices,and a microgrid for community energy systems including solar panels,battery storage and backup gas generators.The programme at Reynolds Landing included the construction of 62 new energy-efficient homes that included smart wall outlets such as those using standardised smart communication

319、protocols(e.g.Z-Wave)to control appliances alongside traditional plugs.The homes include triple-pane low-E glazing,heat pump water heaters,ventilation energy recovery,variable capacity heat pumps and wall insulation.It includes a data monitoring centre,smart home control panels,and smart and energy-

320、efficient white good appliances.In addition,the neighbourhood includes a microgrid that generates around 600 megawatt-hours(MWh)of energy a year from solar PV panels,gas generators and battery storage.Alabama Power operates the microgrid to interact with the homes hot water and heating/cooling and v

321、entilation system to optimise the use of renewables(i.e.330 kilowatt kW alternating current AC solar array)and battery systems(600 kilowatt-hours kWh of battery storage)and backup generators(400 kWh of natural gas).The initiative between the utility and research groups analyses the value to the grid

322、 of operating microgrids with controllable loads,developing control algorithms for load shapes,evaluating the price/incentive signals within a controllable grid,and developing scalable system control architecture.Analysis from the initial demonstration shows that homes are typically 35-45%more effic

323、ient than Alabamas typical newly constructed dwellings and that demand load shifting for cooling offers energy savings for around four hours of comfort.Smart grids A smart grid is an electrical network employing digital and advanced technologies for overseeing and regulating the transmission of elec

324、tricity from diverse generation sources to fulfil the fluctuating electricity demands of end consumers.These intelligent grids harmonise the requirements and capacities of generators,grid operators,end consumers and participants in the electricity market.Their aim is to optimise the entire systems o

325、peration with utmost efficiency,reducing costs and environmental impacts and integrating VRE sources,while simultaneously bolstering the systems reliability,adaptability and stability.Use of supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)systems within smart grids can enable the remote monitoring an

326、d control of transmission and distribution systems.SCADA systems can continuously collect data(voltage Efficient Grid-Interactive Buildings Enablers for efficient grid-interactive buildings Future of buildings in ASEAN PAGE|44 I EA.CC BY 4.0.levels,current flows,equipment status and other critical p

327、arameters)providing a comprehensive view of the grids current conditions.SCADA can also enable remote control of various grid devices,such as substations,transformers,and circuit breakers and rapidly detect abnormal conditions or faults and provide alerts to grid operators.SCADA can also integrate l

328、oad-shedding and load-shifting strategies during peak demand periods and manage distributed energy resources,demand response programmes and other flexible assets.SCADA can be integrated with other advanced technologies such as advanced metering infrastructure,distributed energy resources management

329、systems and demand response platforms to create a holistic smart grid ecosystem.By integrating digitally enabled demand response into smart grids,the curtailment of VRE sources could be decreased by over 25%by 2030.This would enhance system efficiency,leading to lowered expenses for consumers.Moreov

330、er,improved supply and demand forecasting can bolster decarbonisation efforts,allowing for integrated energy planning and offering enhanced visibility and flexibility in electricity demand.Governments and grid utilities can develop smart grid plans that act as a comprehensive strategy for the modern

331、isation and transformation of a traditional electrical grid into a smarter,more efficient and technologically advanced system.This plan encompasses a wide range of initiatives,technologies and policies aimed at enhancing grid reliability,optimising energy use,integrating renewable energy sources,and

332、 enabling new services and capabilities.The primary goals of a smart grid plan usually include improving energy efficiency,reducing carbon emissions,enhancing grid resilience and accommodating the evolving electricity systems landscape.In order to stay on the pathway towards net zero emissions by 20

333、50,investments in smart grids need to more than double through to 2030,especially in emerging market and developing economies.Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks initiative Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks(3DEN)is an IEA initiative supported by the Italian Ministry for the Environment and Energy Security.It provides analysis and policy guidance on how digital tools can support pow