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1、Authors:Cornelis P.Bald,Ruediger Kuehr,Tales Yamamoto,Rosie McDonald,Elena DAngelo,Shahana Althaf,Garam Bel,Otmar Deubzer,Elena Fernandez-Cubillo,Vanessa Forti,Vanessa Gray,Sunil Herat,Shunichi Honda,Giulia Iattoni,Deepali S.Khetriwal,Vittoria Luda di Cortemiglia,Yuliya Lobuntsova,Innocent Nnorom,No
2、mie Pralat,Michelle Wagner Image:Muntaka Chasant for Fondation CarmignacTHE GLOBAL E-WASTE MONITOR 2024Copyright and Publication InformationContact InformationFor enquiries,please contact the corresponding author,Cornelis P.Bald,at baldeunitar.org.Required CitationCornelis P.Bald,Ruediger Kuehr,Tale
3、s Yamamoto,Rosie McDonald,Elena DAngelo,ShahanaAlthaf,Garam Bel,Otmar Deubzer,Elena Fernandez-Cubillo,Vanessa Forti,Vanessa Gray,SunilHerat,Shunichi Honda,Giulia Iattoni,Deepali S.Khetriwal,Vittoria Luda di Cortemiglia,YuliyaLobuntsova,Innocent Nnorom,Nomie Pralat,Michelle Wagner(2024).International
4、 Telecom-munication Union(ITU)and United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR).2024.Global E-waste Monitor 2024.Geneva/Bonn.Pdf version:978-92-61-38781-5Epub version:978-92-61-38791-4Mobile version:978-92-61-38801-0United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR)-Sustainable
5、Cycles(SCYCLE)Programme Since January 2022,Sustainable Cycles(SCYCLE)has been a programme under the United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR)Division for Planet.SCYCLEs mission is to promote sustainable societies.Its activities focus on the development of sustainable production,cons
6、umption and disposal patterns for electrical and electronic equipment(EEE),as well as for other ubiquitous goods.SCYCLE leads the global e-waste discussion and advances sustainable e-waste management strategies based on life-cycle thinking.SCYCLEs vision is to enable societies to reduce the environm
7、ental load of production,usage and disposal of their day-to-day goods to sustainable levels through independent,comprehensive,and practical research that provides facts for more thorough policy development and decisi-on-making.Key for SCYCLE is also the transition of research findings into appropria
8、te trainings.www.unitar.org;www.scycle.info.International Telecommunication Union(ITU)ITU is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of ICTs.Its mandate is to develop programmes in response to the challenges of climate change and the growing quantities of e-waste globally.It is involved i
9、n circular economy and climate change activities such as research,capacity building and developing international standards.Its strategic plan for 2024-2027 sets a target(2.5)of“significant improvement of ICTs contribution to climate and environment action”,as measured by concrete indicators,includin
10、g the global e-waste recycling rate,the number of countries with an e-waste legislation and the contribution of telecommunications/ICTs to global greenhouse gas emissions.For more information on ITU Telecommunication Deve-lopment Sector environmental work,see https:/www.itu.int/itu-d/sites/environme
11、nt.Fondation Carmignac The Fondation Carmignac was founded in 2000 by Edouard Carmignac,a French entrepreneur,CEO and Chairman of asset management company Carmignac.Today,it is structured around 3 main pillars which developed one after the other:The Carmignac Collection,the Carmignac Photojournalism
12、 Award and the Villa Carmignac in Porquerolles.Since 2009,the Carmignac Photojournalism Award has been funding the production of an investigative photo reportage on human rights violations and geo-strategic issues and allows photographers to conduct long-term fieldwork.The 13th edition of the Carmig
13、nac Photojour-nalism Award is dedicated to Ghana and the ecological and human challenges associated with the transboundary flow of e-waste.The 3 laureates-investigative journalist and activist Anas Aremeyaw Anas and photojournalists Muntaka Chasant and Bndicte Kurzen(NOOR)-spent 9 months documenting
14、 an incredibly ambiguous and complex ecosystem in a transnational approach.Their photographs taken in Ghana and in parts of Europe are featured throughout this report.From European ports where Ghanaian exporters from the diaspora export their merchandise,to the many informal scrapyards peppered arou
15、nd southern Ghana,and back to repair shops where e-waste is recycled,Anas,Muntaka and Bndicte dive deep into the rami-The Global E-waste Monitor 20242Copyright and Publication Informationfications of e-waste trafficking and reveal the opacity of this globalized circle.They highlight the embedded par
16、adox of the e-waste economy,which is both a crucial opportunity for thousands of people in Ghana and has a considerable human and environmental impact.2024 International Telecommunication Union and United Nations Institute for Training and ResearchDisclaimersSome rights reserved.This work is availab
17、le under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO;https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo),unless otherwise indicated in the work.For any uses of this work that are not included in this licence,please seek permission from ITU.For any
18、 use or repro-duction of the photographs in the work,please seek permission from the Fondation Carmignac.Within the scope and under the terms of this licence,you may copy,redistribute and adapt the work,with the exception of the photographs contained in the work,for non-commercial purposes,provided
19、the work is appropriately cited,as indicated below.In any use of this work,there should be no suggestion that the International Telecommunication Union(ITU),the United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR)or Fondation Carmignac endorses any specific organization,products or services.Th
20、e unauthorized use of the ITU,UNITAR or Fondation Carmignac names or logos is not permitted.If you adapt the work under this license,then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence.If you create a translation of this work,you should add the following disclaimer
21、along with the suggested citation:This translation was not created by the International Telecommunication Union(ITU),the United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR)or Fondation Carmignac.Neither ITU,UNITAR nor Fondation Carmignac are responsible for the content or accuracy of this tra
22、ns-lation.The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition.Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization(http:/www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules).Third-pa
23、rty materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party,such as tables,figures or images,it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder.The risk of claims resulting from infr
24、ingement of any third party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ITU or UNITAR concerning the legal status of
25、any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of th
26、e authors;they do not neces-sarily reflect those of ITU,UNITAR or Fondation Carmignac.The mention of specific companies,products or services does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ITU,UNITAR or Fondation Carmignac in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Er
27、rors and omissions excepted;the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by ITU,UNITAR and Fondation Carmignac to verify the information contained in this publication.However,the published material is being distributed with
28、out warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader.In no event shall ITU,UNITAR or Fondation Carmignac be liable for damages arising from its use.The Global E-waste Monitor 20243Copyright and Publication Informa
29、tionTable of ContentsAcknowledgements.5Foreword.7Executive Summary.10Chapter 1:What is EEE and E-waste?.18Chapter 2:Methodology.22Chapter 3:Key Global Statistics.26Chapter 4:Transboundary Movements.38Chapter 5:Legislation.42Chapter 6:Recovery of Valuable and Critical Metals.44Chapter 7:Treatment Tec
30、hnology Innovations.48Chapter 8:Environmental Impact.50Chapter 9:Economic Assessment.52Chapter 10:Improvement Outlook from 2022 to 2030.56Africa.62Americas.68Asia.76Europe.94Oceania.100Global E-waste Statistics Partnership.104About the Authors.105Annex 1:Methodology Details.106Annex 2:Datasets.116Re
31、ferences.138The Global E-waste Monitor 20244Table of ContentsAcknowledgementsThe Global E-waste Monitor 2024 is funded,and prepared in part-nership,by the UNITAR SCYCLE Programme,ITU and Fondation Carmignac.The authors would like to thank the United Nations Environment Programme for the additional f
32、inancial contribution,the cooperation with data collection and the overall support towards the development of this Monitor.Overall coordination was provided by Dr.Cornelis P.Bald and Professor Ruediger Kuehr of UNITAR and Vanessa Gray of ITU.The following persons contributed to the report in varying
33、 capacities(their affiliations are included for identification purposes):Dr.Cornelis P.Bald(UNITAR),Professor Ruediger Kuehr(UNITAR),Tales Yamamoto(UNITAR),Elena DAngelo(UNITAR),Vittoria Luda di Cortemiglia(UNITAR),Dr.Otmar Deubzer(UNITAR),Elena Fernandez-Cubillo(UNITAR),Vanessa Forti(UNITAR),Giulia
34、 Iattoni(UNITAR),Vanessa Gray(ITU),Garam Bel(ITU),Dr.Rosie McDonald(ITU),Nomie Pralat(ITU),Dr.Shahana Althaf(Aligned Incentives),Professor Sunil Herat(Griffith University),Dr.Shunichi Honda(UNEP),Dr.Deepali S.Khetriwal(international expert),Yuliya Lobuntsova(CSD Center),Professor Innocent Nnorom(Abi
35、a State University),Michelle Wagner(WEEE Forum).For more details,see About the Authors.The authors would like to thank Professor Maria Holuszko(University of British Columbia),Ekaterina Poleshchuk(UNEP),Dr.Ulrich Kral(Environment Agency Austria),Professor Colin Fitzpatrick(University of Limerick),Si
36、mon van Walle(Umicore),Kristine Sperlich(German Environment Agency)and Professor Sutha Khaodhiar(Chulalongkorn University)for reviewing the manuscript,Terry Collins for support in the launch of the publication and media campaign and Dr.Ludgarde Coppens(UNEP)and Takahiro Nakamura(UNEP)for their suppo
37、rt in the development of this Monitor.Muntaka Chasant for Fondation CarmignacThe Global E-waste Monitor 20245AcknowledgementsAbbreviationsABBREVIATIONFULL NAMEBasel ConventionBasel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their DisposalBamako ConventionBamako Conv
38、ention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within AfricaCFCChlorofluorocarbonsEACOEast African Communications OrganisationEEEElectrical and Electronic EquipmentEPRExtended Producer ResponsibilityEUEuropean UnionEU WEEE Dir
39、ectiveDirective 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE)(recast)(Text with EEA relevance)EU RoHS DirectiveDirective 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use
40、of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment(recast)(Text with EEA relevance)EU Waste Framework DirectiveDirective 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives(Text with EEA relevance)GEFGlobal Enviro
41、nment FacilityGESPGlobal E-waste Statistics PartnershipHFCHydrochlorofluorocarbonsHS codeHarmonized System CodeABBREVIATIONFULL NAMEICTInformation and Communications TechnologyITUInternational Telecommunication UnionLCDLiquid Crystal DisplayLEDLight-Emitting DiodeNGONon-Governmental OrganizationOECD
42、Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPOMPlaced On MarketRotterdam ConventionRotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International TradeSDGsSustainable Development GoalsStEP InitiativeSolving the E-waste Problem I
43、nitiativeStockholm ConventionStockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsSCYCLESustainable Cycles ProgrammeUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNEPUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNIDOUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNITARUnited Nations Institute for Training and R
44、esearchUNUUnited Nations UniversityWEEEWaste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentThe Global E-waste Monitor 20246AbbreviatonsThe world is experiencing significant electronification,including a digital transformation,with technologies profoundly changing the way we live,work,learn,socialize,and do bus
45、iness.Many people own and use multiple electronic devices,and the increasing interconnectivity of urban and remote areas has led to a rise in the number of devices and objects linked to the Internet.This growth has seen a concomitant surge in the amount of EEE and e-waste.At the same time,the global
46、 e-waste collection and recycling rate is not keeping pace with this growth.The Global E-waste Monitor finds that by 2022,the world generated 62 billion kg of e-waste,or an average of 7.8 kg per capita.Only 22.3 per cent(13.8 billion kg)of the e-waste generated was documented as properly collected a
47、nd recycled.In 2010,the world generated 34 billion kg of e-waste,and that amount has increased annually by an average of 2.3 billion kg per year.The documented formal collection and recy-cling rate has gone up as well,growing from 8 billion kg in 2010 at an average rate of 0.5 billion kg per year.Th
48、e rise in e-waste generation is therefore outpacing the rise in formal recycling by a factor of almost 5.The Monitor highlights that growing amounts of EEE are being sold for the first time in developing countries;however,much of the equipment is originally used in developed countries and shipped fo
49、r further use due to the subsequent relatively lower prices of devices.Monitoring e-waste quantities and flows is essential for evaluating developments over time,for setting and assessing targets,and for gauging the extent to which electronics can help reduce the impacts of climate change and minimi
50、ze resource scarcity.When used to augment sound collection and recycling,appropriate data and laws can be extremely effective in accelerating environmental protection and the retention of valuable materials.However,without a compre-hensive and representative picture of the global e-waste challenge,t
51、he true extent of this waste stream,and the negative externalities it creates,will remain unknown.On the other hand,for industry and poli-cymakers to truly exploit the positive circular economy potential of the electronics sector,reliable data must be freely available to inform decision making.Munta
52、ka Chasant for Fondation CarmignacForeword The Global E-waste Monitor 20247ForewordUniversal and meaningful connectivity are prerequisites of digital trans-formation,which among other things,includes the development and use of information and communication technology(ICT),applications and services a
53、nd the closing of the digital divide.However,there are still 2.6 billion people worldwide without a connection to the Internet.In recent years,the rapid digitalization of economy and society,a significant shift to e-mobility and an evident transition to green and renewable energy solutions,have led
54、to concerns by policymakers over the continued availability of rare-earth elements and critical raw materials to feed these transitions.While the digital,transport and energy sectors increasingly compete for similar raw materials of high importance,global supply chains have become progressively more
55、 sensitive to global pandemics and political tensions over resources.E-waste is a special waste stream due to its varied nature which includes a complex composition of materials and components,a broad array of product types and a rapidly evolving product stream which increasingly comprises miniaturi
56、sed parts,embedded elec-tronics in traditional equipment,clothing,and toys etc.,and more and more interoperable products having the ability to connect to the Internet.At the same time,electrical and electronic equipment-anything with a plug or a battery-holds enormous potential for the transformatio
57、n of societies,through photovoltaics,solar energy and heat pumps,electric vehicles,smart houses,smart clothes and smart cities,intelligent logistics,smart agriculture,Artificial Intelligence,and the Internet of Things.Natalia Catalina/SThe Global E-waste Monitor 20248ForewordITU and UNITAR have join
58、ed forces in the Global E-waste Statistics Partnership(GESP).The GESP collects data from countries in an internationally standardized way and ensures that this information is publicly available via its open-source global e-waste database (www.globalewaste.org).Since 2017,the GESP has substantially b
59、oosted national and regional capacities to produce e-waste statistics in various countries.Ultimately,it supports national efforts to compile e-waste statistics that are useful for national policy-making using an internationally recognized,harmonized measurement framework.It is our pleasure to prese
60、nt to you The Global E-waste Monitor 2024.The fourth edition is an indispensable reference tool for policymakers and industry,that shows us the world where we stand in terms of the global e-waste challenge.Mr.Nikhil SethUnited Nations Assistant Secretary-General,Executive Director,United Nations Ins
61、titute for Training and Research(UNITAR)Dr.Cosmas Luckyson ZavazavaDirector,Telecommunication Development BureauInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU)Rajan ZaveriThe Global E-waste Monitor 20249ForewordExecutive SummaryThe world is experiencing significant electro-nification,including a digital
62、transformation,with technologies profoundly changing the way we live,work,learn,socialize and do business.Many people own and use multiple electronic devices,and the increasing inter-connectivity of urban and remote areas has led to a rise in the number of devices and objects linked to the Internet.
63、These include the usual computers and phones,but also a growing list of objects such as household appliances,e-bikes and e-scooters,health monitors,environmental sensors,electronics embedded in furniture and clothes,more and more toys and tools,and energy-saving equipment such as LEDs,photovoltaics
64、and heat pumps.This growth has seen a concomitant surge in the amount of EEE and e-waste.When EEE is disposed of,it generates a waste stream that contains both hazardous and valuable materials,collectively known as e-waste,or waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE).The Global E-waste Monitor
65、 has been the foremost source of reporting on this pressing issue since 2014,providing the most up-to-date overview of global e-waste data,statistics,and progress in policy and regulation since 2014.It also provides a look at what the future holds if things change or stay the same.In 2022,a record 6
66、2 billion kg of e-waste was generated globally(equivalent to an average of 7.8 kg per capita per year);22.3 per cent of this e-waste mass was docu-mented as formally collected and recycled in an environmentally sound manner.In 2010,the world generated 34 billion kg of e-waste,an amount that has sinc
67、e increased annually by an average of 2.3 billion kg.The documented formal collection and recycling rate has increased as well,growing from 8 billion kg in 2010 at an average rate of 0.5 billion kg per year to 13.8 billion kg in 2022.The rise in e-waste generation is therefore outpacing the rise in
68、formal recycling by a factor of almost 5-driven by technological progress,higher consumption,limited repair options,short product lifecycles,growing electronification and inadequate e-waste management infrastructure-and has thus outstripped the rise in formal and environ-mentally sound collection an
69、d recycling.Muntaka Chasant for Fondation Carmignac62 billion kg of e-waste generated globally in 2022.7.8 kg per capita.22.3%of this e-waste was documented as formally collected and recycled in an environmentally sound manner.Since 2010,the growth of e-waste generation is outpacing the formal colle
70、ction and recycling by almost a factor of 5.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202410Executive SummaryThe e-waste generated in 2022 contained 31 billion kg of metals,17 billion kg of plastics and 14 billion kg of other materials(minerals,glass,composite materials,etc.)A
71、n estimated 19 billion kg of e-waste,mainly from metals like iron which is present in high quantities and has high recycling rates in almost all e-waste management routes,were turned into secondary resources.Plati-num-group metals and precious metals were among the most valuable metals but present i
72、n much lower quantities;nonetheless,an estimated 300thousand kg were turned into secondary resources through formal and informal recycling practices.The share of patent applications for e-waste management rose from 148 per million in 2010 to 787 per million in 2022.Most of those applications were re
73、lated to technologies for cable recycling,with hardly any signs of an increase in the number of patents filed for technologies related to critical raw materials recovery.Although rare earth elements have unique properties that are crucial for future technologies,including renewable energy generation
74、 and e-mobility,the world remains stunningly dependent on the production chains of a few countries.The recycling of such elements remains economically chal-lenging,even in the case of devices with a higher content.Consequently,recycling activities are taking only around 1 per cent of the current dem
75、and for the recycling of rare earth elements.The market price for rare earth elements is still too low to support larger-scale commercial recycling operations.Most e-waste is managed outside formal collection and recycling schemes.As a result of non-com-pliant e-waste management,58 thousand kg of me
76、rcury and 45 million kg of plastics containing brominated flame retardants are released into the environment every year.This has a direct and severe impact on the environment and peoples health.31 billion kg of metals17 billion kg of plastics14 billion kg of other materialsComposition of GlobalE-was
77、te in 202262 billion kg of e-waste in 2022 have the following characteristics:13.8 billion kg of e-waste is documented as formally collected and recycled in an environmentally sound manner.16 billion kgof e-waste is estimated to be collected and recycled outside of formal systems in high-and upper-m
78、iddle-income countries with developed e-waste management infrastructure.18 billion kgof e-waste is estimated to be handled in low-and lower-middle-income countries with no developed e-waste management infrastructure,mostly by the informal sector.14 billion kgof e-waste is estimated to be disposed of
79、 as residual waste,the majority of which is landfilled globally.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202411Executive SummaryDocumented formal collection and recy-cling rates vary significantly across regions,with Europe boasting a rat
80、e of 42.8 per cent.Nevertheless,EU Member States have made little progress towards reaching their own legally binding collection targets.African countries generate the lowest rates of e-waste but struggle to recycle it;their recy-cling rates are below 1 per cent.Countries in Asia generate almost hal
81、f of the worlds e-waste(30 billion kg)but have made limited advances in e-waste management;moreover,relatively few of them have enacted legis-lation or established clear e-waste collection targets.In 2022,the regions that generated the highest amount of e-waste per capita were Europe(17.6 kg),Oceani
82、a(16.1 kg)and the Americas(14.1 kg).Since these are the regions with the most advanced collection and recycling infrastructure,they also have the highest documented per capita collection and recycling rates(7.53 kg per capita in Europe,6.66 kg per capita in Oceania and 4.2 kg per capita in the Ameri
83、cas).Bndicte Kurzen/NOOR for Fondation CarmignacAmount of E-waste Generated and Collected 202205101520E-waste generation per capita in kgE-waste generation per capita in kgE-waste generated per capita in kgE-waste generated per capita in kgE-waste documented to be collected and recycled per capita i
84、n kgE-waste documented to be collected and recycled per capita in kgEuropeEuropeOceaniaOceaniaAmericasAmericasAsiaAsiaAfricaAfricaAnnual average formal collection and recycling rateAnnual average formal collection and recycling rate17.67.5342.8%16.16.6614.14.26.40.762.50.01841.4%11.8%30%0.7%Minor in
85、consistencies may have occurred due to rounding of values during the calculations.Around one-third(20 billion kg)of the worlds e-waste takes the form of small equipment such as toys,microwave ovens,vacuum cleaners and e-cigarettes,yet recy-cling rates for this category of equipment remain very low,a
86、t only 12 per cent globally.Another 5 billion kg of e-waste are made up of small IT and telecommunication equipment,which include laptops,mobile phones,GPS devices and routers;only 22 per cent is documented as formally collected and recycled.Typically,collection and recycling rates are highest for h
87、eavier and bulkier equipment categories,such as large equipment,temperature exchange equipment,and screens and monitors.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202412Executive SummaryThe growth rate of countries implementing e-waste policy,legislation or regulation is decele
88、rating,according to June 2023 data.In all,81 countries(42 per cent of all coun-tries worldwide)have adopted e-waste policies,covering 72 per cent of the global population.Between 2019 and 2023,the number of countries with such legislation increased slightly,from 78 to 81.Of those 81 coun-tries,67 ha
89、d a legal instrument governing Bndicte Kurzen/NOOR for Fondation Carmignace-waste management containing provi-sions promoting the environmental policy principle of extended producer responsi-bility(EPR).Countries having such a legal instrument tend to have a wide network of collection points for the
90、 separate collection of e-waste,financing mechanisms to properly manage e-waste,and better documentation and e-waste management infrastructure.However,the enforcement of e-waste policy,legislation and regulation remains a genuine challenge globally,and the stagnation of the global e-waste collection
91、 and recycling rate is likely exacerbated by the fact that only 46 countries have collection rate targets and only 36 have recycling rate targets.Overall,the level of awareness about e-waste remains low and there are few appropriate disposal options.Moreover,the gap between awareness and actual acti
92、on and implemen-tation remains huge,as many high-income countries have experienced.While there are limited e-waste disposal options and an ecological footprint from production,there is a momentum to promote the extended use of EEE products through their repair and refurbishment.However,clear limitat
93、ions remain in terms of environmentally sound recycling practices,owing to the low collection rates and limited recycling infrastructure in many parts of the world.To address this,greater investment in infrastructure deve-lopment,more promotion of repair and reuse,capacity building,and measures to s
94、top illegal shipments of e-waste are crucial.81 countries have adopted e-waste policy,legislation or regulation.67 countries have legal provisions on EPR for e-waste.46 countries have provisions on e-wastecollection rate targets.36 countries have provisions on e-wasterecycling rate targets.Source:Th
95、e Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202413Executive SummaryThe economic value of the metals contained in the e-waste generated globally in 2022 is estimated at USD 91 billion.Valuable secondary raw materials are copper(USD 19 billion),gold(USD 15 billion)and iron(USD 16 billion).
96、These metals can be effi-ciently reclaimed with high recycling rates using current e-waste management tech-nologies,implying that improved collection rates could substantially increase current value recovery rates.Currently,e-waste management generatesUSD 28 billion worth of secondary raw materials
97、out of the maximum of USD 91 billion.Most losses occur due to inci-neration,landfilling or substandard treatment.The current secondary raw material production avoids extraction of 900 billion kg of ore.This highlights the importance of a circular economy to create more secure and sustai-nable value
98、chains.Moreover,urban mining is essential to further reduce environ-mental degradation.E-waste management globally prevents 93 billion kg of CO2-equi-valent emissions in the form of refrigerants in temperature exchange equipment(41 billion kg)and through the lower green-house gas emissions obtained
99、by recycling metals versus mining(52 billion kg).In addition,urban mining constitutes a more sustainable approach to resource use,as it conserves natural resources,reduces the environmental impact and land disturbance compared to primarymining activities,saves energy,diverts e-waste from landfills,c
100、reates local economic opportunities and enhances supply chain security.According to current economic assess-ments,e-waste management in its current status has economic benefits(e.g.the recovery of metals)but also costs(e.g.e-waste treatment and hidden externa-lized costs for society).The overall ann
101、ual economic monetary cost of e-waste management is estimated at USD 37 billion worldwide.The main costs consist of USD 78 billion in externalized costs to the population and the environment,stemming from lead and mercury emissions,plastic leakages and contributions to global warming,particularly in
102、 cases where hazardous substances are not properly managed.Additional costs arise from the treatment of e-waste and amount to USD 10 billion;the largest share is paid by producers in countries with EPR regula-tions.Environmentally sound treatment costs consist primarily of compliant e-waste recy-cli
103、ng to depollute and manage hazardous substances,and administrative cost.The benefits are estimated to be USD 28 billion of recovered metals that are brought back into the circular economy and have a positive market value,and USD 23 billion representing the monetized value of avoided greenhouse gas e
104、missions.-37 billion USD10 billion USDassociated to the cost for treatmentof e-waste.23 billion USDof monetized value of avoided greenhouse gas emissions.BenefitsAnnual economic monetary impact of e-waste management globally.CostsOverall Economic Impact ofE-waste Management in 2022BenefitsCosts78 bi
105、llion USDin externalized costs to the population and the environment.28 billion USDworth of recovered metals brought back into the circular economy.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202414Executive SummaryWhile the twin green and digital tran-sition could be of tremend
106、ous benefit for humanity,policy-makers must also ensure that they reinforce each other and address any adverse environmental impacts.Efforts to achieve universal connectivity and shift from fossil fuels to cleaner energy production will ultimately generate more e-waste.It must be borne in mind that
107、several of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),notably Goals 7(affordable and clean energy)and 13(climate action),stress the importance of sustainable and environ-mentally responsible energy practices for a sustainable future.E-waste from photovoltaic panels,for example,is expected to quadruple
108、from 0.6 billion kg in 2022 to 2.4 billion kg in 2030;its management is an important aspect when it comes to the adoption of clean and renewable energy sources.A total of 5.1 billion kg of e-waste were shipped across borders in 2022.Of this,an estimated 3.3 billion kg were shipped from high-income t
109、o middle-and low-income countries through uncontrolled and undo-cumented transboundary movements,accounting for 65 per cent of the total transboundary movement of e-waste globally.Most controlled transboundary flows take place within and into Europe and East Asia.However,many subregions face specifi
110、c hurdles;for example,countries in Africa,Latin America and the Caribbean have concerns about transboundary movements and illegal shipments.One of the primary challenges in controlling the transboundary movement of e-waste is distinguishing between waste and used EEE(which is not waste).Illegal ship
111、ments can take advantage of the fact that international trade codes do not diffe-rentiate between new and used equipment;this opens the door to misclassification and misdeclarations,and to the mixing of legal used EEE and illegal e-waste items.Projected to grow by 4 times within 8 yearsGlobal E-wast
112、e Generated from Photovoltaic Panels0.6 billion kgof e-waste from photovoltaic panels.202220302.4 billion kgof e-waste from photovoltaic panels.5.1 billion kgof e-waste is shipped across borders.3.3 billion kgof e-waste is shipped through uncontrolled and undocumented and transboundary movements.65%
113、Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024Source:Adapted from Global Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor 2022The Global E-waste Monitor 202415Executive SummaryA total of 3 distinct scenarios have been developed which include business as usual and progressive and aspirational scenarios.It is projected th
114、at 82 billion kg of e-waste will be generated in 2030.In a business as usual scenario based on previous growth in docu-mented formal collection and recycling,such rates will decline to 20 per cent in 2030.With documented formal collection and recycling rates at 22.3 per cent in 2022,the world would
115、not be able to meet the 30 per cent target for 2023 set by ITU.E-waste management is projected to lead to losses amounting to USD 40 billion in 2030.The primary costs consist of USD 93 billion in externalized costs to the population and the environment,stemming from lead and mercury emissions,plasti
116、c leakages and contributions to global warming,particularly in cases where hazardous substances are not properly managed.Additional costs arise from the treatment of e-waste and amount to USD 15 billion,primarily for compliant e-waste recycling.The benefits are USD 42 billion of metals recovered fro
117、m e-waste and USD 26 billion representing the monetized value of avoided greenhouse gas emissions.E-waste management remains a cause for concern and requires immediate attention and action,as the amount of e-waste has grown 5 times faster than compliant collection and recycling since 2010.Despite th
118、is,there is room for optimism if action is undertaken by all countries to set up e-waste management infrastructure and regulate the management of e-waste.In a progressive scenario,the global collection and recycling rate would increase to 38 per cent by 2030.The overall economic assessment indicates
119、 this to be close to net zero.This could be realized if high-income countries with e-waste management infra-structure and legislation attain collection rates of 85 per cent by 2030(the target set in EU legislation on e-waste)and if other countries take action to collect and manage e-waste at a rate
120、of 10 per cent in an environmentally sound manner.In an aspirational scenario,the global collection and recycling rate would increase to 60 per cent by 2030.The overall economic assessment indicates that the benefits would then be greater than the costs and amount to over USD 38 billion.The main rea
121、sons are lower externalized costs for the population and the environment,positive monetized contributions to global warming,and higher value of recovered resources.In this scenario,all countries with e-waste management infrastructure boost their collection rates to 85 per cent(the EU targets);upper-
122、middle and high-income countries with no formal e-waste management infrastructure start to divert e-waste from landfills;and low-and lower-middle-income countries improve the working conditions of the informal sector with a view to collecting and managing 40 per cent of their e-waste in an environme
123、ntally sound manner,with further collaborative efforts between the low-income and high-income countries leading to increased treatment of imported used EEE.82 billion kg of e-waste generated in 2030.2030 Projections andFuture Scenarios20%2030 Business as Usual38%2030 Progressive60%2030 AspirationalE
124、-waste formally documented to be collected and recycled by 2030Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202416Executive SummaryAny substantial increase in the collection and recycling of e-waste will require significant cooperation betwee
125、n the formal and informal sectors,and major improvements to/formalization of the work of the informal sector.This includes prioritizing source sepa-ration of e-waste in high-income countries lacking specific e-waste legislation and the establishment of effective collection schemes.The separately col
126、lected e-waste is then transferred to environmentally sound e-waste recyclers.National governments with existing recy-cling systems should prioritize increasing collection rates through targeted interventions and setting appropriate collection rates.At the same time,ideally all imported EEE that is
127、used should be used and then collected in low-and middle-income countries.Substantial investments in e-waste management capacity will drive demand for recycled materials,resulting in higher prices for both informal recy-clers and formal waste managers and leading to a further increase in the e-waste
128、 collection and recycling rates.In addition,repair and refurbishment should be supported,and smarter designs developed,to extend the lifetime of EEE.The easiest solution for all e-waste issues is still not to generate any e-waste in the first place.Bndicte Kurzen/NOOR for Fondation CarmignacThe Glob
129、al E-waste Monitor 202417Executive SummaryChapter 1.What is EEE and E-waste?EEE refers to all products with circuitry or electrical components and a power or battery supply.1EEE encompasses a wide range of products used by households and businesses.It comprises electrical appliances such as refriger
130、ators,stoves,washing machines and hairdryers,but also electronic devices such as mobile phones,wireless headphones and tablets.Much of the world is currently in the process of electronification and digital transformation,with electronics and digital technologies profoundly changing the way we live,w
131、ork,learn,socialize and do business.According to recent global data,for every 100 people there are 108 mobile phone subscriptions.2 The data used in this issue of the Global E-waste Monitor shows that high-income countries have,on average,109 items of EEE(excluding lamps)per capita.That figure is mu
132、ch lower in low-income countries,at only 4 items per capita.Muntaka Chasant for Fondation CarmignacThe Global E-waste Monitor 202418Chapter 1.What is EEE and E-waste?EEE comprises a wide variety of products,each with its unique material content,form of disposal and recycling approaches,and each caus
133、ing unequal harm to the environment and human health if not managed in an environmentally sound manner.In this publi-cation,EEE is classified by function,material composition,average weight and end-of-life attributes into 54 distinct product-centric categories known as the UNU-KEYs.3 EEE becomes e-w
134、aste(or WEEE)once it has been discarded by its owner as waste without the intent of reuse.4The full list of UNU-KEYs can be found in Annex 1.The 54 EEE product categories are further grouped into 6 general categories that broadly correspond to their waste management characteristics(Figure 1).This ca
135、tegorization is in line with both the EU WEEE Directive and the internationally endorsed framework for e-waste statistics outlined in the E-waste Statistics Guidelines.51.TEMPERATURE EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT:More commonly referred to as cooling and freezing equipment,this category comprises items such as
136、refrigerators,freezers,air conditi-oners and heat pumps.4.LARGE EQUIPMENT:This category typically includes washing machines,clothes dryers,dishwashers,electric stoves,large printers,copying equipment and photovoltaic panels.2.SCREENS AND MONITORS:This category typically includes televisions,monitors
137、,laptops,note-books and tablets.5.SMALL EQUIPMENT:This category typically includes vacuum cleaners,microwave ovens,toasters,electric kettles,electric shavers,electronic scales,calculators,radios,video cameras,electrical and electronic toys,small electrical and electronic tools,small medical devices,
138、small monitoring and control instruments,and e-cigarettes.3.LAMPS:This category typically includes fluorescent,high-intensity discharge and LED lamps.6.SMALL IT AND TELECOMMUNI-CATION EQUIPMENT:This category typically includes mobile and other phones,personal computers,GPS devices,routers and printe
139、rs.Figure 1.Equipment CategoriesSource:Adapted from E-waste Statistics-Guidelines on Classification Reporting and IndicatorsThe Global E-waste Monitor 202419Chapter 1.What is EEE and E-waste?It is important to understand what is not EEE.Batteries and other electricity storage devices are not EEE,and
140、 most legislation globally recognizes them as separate waste streams,mainly because they require different end-of-life treatment.When EEE is designed for and installed in an automotive apparatus,it is also not categorized as EEE because it lacks functionality as a stand-alone device and can only wor
141、k as part of the automotive apparatus.Examples include built-in audio and entertainment systems,or satellite navigation units installed in cars,boats or airplanes.However,in coun-tries where e-waste legislation is still in the pipeline and electric vehicles are being rolled out,there may be opportun
142、ities to reassess the regulatory boundaries between batteries and e-waste.Items that protect a countrys security,such as arms,munitions and items for military use only,are also not considered EEE in legal terms and are exempt from asso-ciated regulations.This usually has to do with the act of mainta
143、ining national security.Furthermore,emerging waste streams such as space waste/debris containing EEE also currently fall outside of current regulatory frameworks.For example,the European Space Agency is developing a plan to make recycling in space a reality and intends to become space debris-neutral
144、 by 2030.6What is not electrical and electronic equipment?Pixel-Shot/Adobe StockVanderWolf Images/Adobe StockThe Global E-waste Monitor 202420Chapter 1.What is EEE and E-waste?Although e-waste is relatively well defined,the distinction between waste and non-waste remains a major concern,including fo
145、r economic and policy decisions.Not every-thing that is technically reusable has a market value,often because it is outdated.On the other hand,not everything discarded by its owner is unusable;some equipment remains functional,while some non-functional equipment can be repaired.The political concern
146、 to distinguish between waste and non-waste is crucial because specific inter-national regimes or national laws regulate the transboundary shipment of products.In cases where equipment can be repaired and reused,transboundary movements should be promoted to expand the lifespan of EEE and reduce its
147、environmental footprint.However,declaring products as repairable and/or reusable when they are not,or shipping equipment someplace where no consumer market exists,has led to an increase in the amount of e-waste worldwide,especially in regions lacking proper infrastructure for appropriate repairs,upg
148、rading and follow-up recycling and treatment.Muntaka Chasant for Fondation CarmignacWhat is electrical and electronic equipment?The Global E-waste Monitor 202421Chapter 1.What is EEE and E-waste?Chapter 2.MethodologyComprehensive monitoring and analysis of e-waste quantities and flows play a vital r
149、ole in assessing the progress of e-waste management over time,establishing and evaluating e-waste management goals,and implementing essential policy corrections or adjustments.It is important to collect accurate and up-to-date data about e-waste in order to develop effective policy and legal framewo
150、rks that enable policy-makers to make informed decisions and formulate appropriate strategies.By understanding the amounts,characteristics and pathways of e-waste,we can also establish a solid foun-dation for effectively monitoring,controlling and ultimately preventing illegal activities such as una
151、uthorized shipments,improper disposal and inadequate treatment of e-waste.This knowledge allows us to detect and address instances of illegal dumping and ensures that e-waste is managed in a responsible,appropriate and environmentally sound manner.Bndicte Kurzen/NOOR for Fondation CarmignacInsight i
152、nto the composition of e-waste,including specific components and materials,leads to targeted resource recovery efforts.Efficient extraction of valuable resources from discarded electronics facilitates circu-larity of materials while reducing reliance on mining activities and the environmental impact
153、 associated with extracting raw mate-rials from the Earths crust.For example,in 2023,the European Union introduced the Critical Raw Materials Act to safeguard the resources needed for technologies like renewable energy and battery power.The Act calls on the Union to step up domestic production and r
154、educe its reliance on critical raw materials from non-EU/EFTA countries by 2030.7The Global E-waste Monitor 202422Chapter 2.MethodologyThe SCYCLE Programme,working with the Task Group on Measuring E-waste of the United Nations Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development,has developed an inter-natio
155、nally standardized methodology for measuring e-waste.The initial version of the E-waste Statistics Guidelines,which focuses on classification,reporting and indicators,was published in 2015 by UNU-SCYCLE,Eurostat,the OECD,ITU,UNCTAD,UNEP(Basel,Rotterdam and Stockholm Conven-tions Secretariats)and the
156、 United Nations Economic(and Social)Commissions for Asia and the Pacific,Western Asia and Africa,following a global consultation process.8 The Guidelines were subsequently updated in 2018 by the UNU SCYCLE Programme.9 This updated edition was endorsed by the United Nations Statistics Commission and
157、is now applied to monitor the SDGs using specific e-waste indicators under SDG 12,on sustai-nable consumption and production practices and the creation of inclusive and sustainable societies.This internationally recognized metho-dology plays a crucial role in harmonizing the measurement framework an
158、d indicators used for e-waste.It represents a significant milestone towards the establishment of an integrated and comparable global measu-rement framework for e-waste.The principles and concepts outlined in the Guidelines also serve as the foundation for the development of the global,regional and n
159、ational e-waste monitor series.Notably,this methodology has been integrated into Regulation EU/2017/699 as the common methodology for calculating the collection targets of the recast EU WEEE Directive.The Global E-waste Monitor 202423Chapter 2.MethodologyThe measurement framework employed in the E-w
160、aste Statistics Guidelines effectively captures and assesses the fundamental aspects of a countrys e-waste in relation to the dynamics of EEE and e-waste flows and stocks(Figure 2).Once e-waste is discarded by its owner(e-waste generated),its management process begins.This typically involves collect
161、ion,pre-treatment(mainly depollution,dismantling,shredding,sorting,or cleaning and repairing)and final treatment(preparation for reuse,recycling or other recovery).The first step-collection of e-waste-is crucial for its further management,and therefore 4 main e-waste management routes are considered
162、,to produce the e-waste statistics provided in this issue.Route 1:Formal e-waste collection and recycling-the preferred e-waste management route(see Figure 6);Route 2:Disposing of e-waste in residual waste-a less-than-optimal solution (see Figure 11);Route 3:E-waste collection and recycling outside
163、formal systems with developed e-waste management(see Figure 12);Route 4:E-waste collection and recycling outside formal systems with no developed e-waste management(see Figure 13).Route 1E-waste formally collectedRoute 2E-waste in waste binRoute 3E-waste collected outside of formal systems in countr
164、ies with a developed(e-)waste management infrastructureRoute 4E-waste collected outside of formal systems in countries with no developed(e-)waste management infrastructureLife-timeProduction and tradeEEE placed on marketUse phase,including items in hibernationE-waste generatedFigure 2.E-waste Statis
165、tics FrameworkSource:Adapted from E-waste Statistics-Guidelines on Classification Reporting and IndicatorsThe Global E-waste Monitor 202424Chapter 2.MethodologyEconomic impact has been researched by analysing the broader cost and benefits of global e-waste management.The benefits are the value of me
166、tals recovered using viable technologies and the monetized long-term value of avoided greenhouse gas emissions.The direct costs of treating e-waste(split into environmentally sound(compliant)treatment costs,treatment of e-waste in residual waste,treatment costs of e-waste mixed with metal waste,and
167、treatment costs in the informal sector)and the indirect externalized costs to society resulting from releases into the environment,which lead to costs elsewhere in society and are not included in the direct pricing mechanisms.These indirect costs are estimated based on the environmental and health d
168、amage caused by emissions of mercury,lead,plastics and greenhouse gases stemming from e-waste that is part of mixed residual waste,where it is not specifically separated for proper management and is collected outside formal systems.Policy,legislation and regulation refers to the number of countries
169、having specific e-waste policy,legislation or regulation.Resources in e-waste are calculated for the total of metals in e-waste.This is disag-gregated into currently viable recovery and currently non-viable recovery of metal resources.Viable recovery is defined as the resources that are currently re
170、covered as The SDGs monitoring framework has 3 e-waste indicators:total e-waste generated(unit:kg);e-waste formally collected and managed(unit:kg);and e-waste collection ratei,which is calculated by dividing the amount of e-waste formally collected and managed(indicator 2)by the amount of e-waste ge
171、nerated(indicator 1)times 100 per cent(unit:per cent).10The Global E-waste Monitor 2024 has 6 building blocks in support of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The core block is“e-waste statistics”,which quantifies time series of EEE placed on the market,e-waste generation,transboundary move
172、ments and e-waste management by country.E-waste statistics are instrumental for quantifying 3 indicators related to SDG 12,on sustainable consumption and production practices and the creation of inclusive and sustainable societies,and to SGD 11,on sustainable cities and communities.They are a prereq
173、uisite for estimating the 5 other building blocks:“Resources in e-waste”(related to SDG 12);“Economic impact”(related to SDG 8,on decent work and economic growth);“Environmental impact”(related to SDG 3,on good health and well-being,SDG 13,on climate action,and SDG 15,life on land);“Innovations for
174、e-waste treatment”(related to SDG 8);“Legislation”(related to SDG 17,on part-nerships for the Goals).For a more detailed explanation of the metho-dology,see Annex 1.secondary resources.Non-viable recovery is interpreted as the resources that are lost in the e-waste management process as a result of
175、inefficiencies and losses that occur during waste management.Environmental impact discusses the relation to climate change,the release of hazardous materials(mercury,lead and brominated flame retardants)and the avoided extraction of minerals from the Earths crust thanks to the viable recovery of met
176、als.E-waste management technology has been researched through patent applications on e-waste recycling,and disaggregated as denoted or expressed by several keywords.UNITARi The three indicators are set out in SDG targets 12.5.1 and 12.4.2.The wording used in the SDGs is slightly different,but the de
177、finitions and datasets are the same as those used in the Global E-waste Monitor.To report on these indicators,the custodian agencies UNEP and the United Nations Statistics Division use the datasets and methodologies developed by the co-custodians UNITAR-SCYCLE,the Global E-waste Statistics Partnersh
178、ip and the United Nations Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development.The relevant data sources are set out in Annex 1.The Global E-waste Monitor 202425Chapter 2.MethodologyChapter 3.Key Global StatisticsIn only 12 years,the amount of e-waste generated per year worldwide almost doubled,to 62 billio
179、n kg in 2022.Driven by technological progress,increased consumption,limited repair options,short lifecycles and inadequate e-waste management infrastructure,the growth in the amount of e-waste is outpacing growth in documented formal collection and recycling.Globally,the amount of EEE placed on mark
180、et(POM)grew from 62 billion kg in 2010 to 96 billion kg in 2022.It is projected to increase to 120 billion kg in 2030(Figure 3).During the same period,the amount of e-waste generated annually grew from 34 billion kg to a record 62 billion kg.It is projected to increase to 82 billion kg by 2030.Altho
181、ugh some advances have been made in the amount of e-waste being documented as formally collected and recycled,rising from 8 billion kg in 2010 to 14 billion kg in 2022,this achievement is overshadowed by the rapid growth in the amount of e-waste overall.iiThe detailed datasets are presented in Annex
182、 2.For further information,please contact the corresponding author.Figure 3.Headline Figures(2010-2030)1.55 million trucks that carry 62 billion kg of e-waste would wrap around the Earths Equator62 billion kg e-waste=1.55 million trucks40 t truck average capacity40,075 km=Earths Equator40,075,000 mE
183、arths Equator25 mtruck lengthE-waste in billion kg 200300100602013.8E-waste generation862YearEEE placed on marketE-waste documented as formally collected and recycledii The authors have reconstructed previous time series using novel data from countries,including data
184、 from new countries and revisions of existing time series.Therefore,the collection rates indicated in the previous E-waste Monitors are not directly comparable with the time series presented here.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202426Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsSm
185、all equipment,such as video cameras,toys,microwave ovens and e-cigarettes(see Box 1),constitutes the largest category of e-waste in terms of mass,accounting for 20 billion kg in 2022,or almost one-third of the worlds total e-waste.The second largest category is large equipment,excluding photo-voltai
186、c panels(15 billion kg in 2022).After photovoltaic panels,the smallest category is lamps(2 billion kg).Screens and monitors currently represent 10 per cent of e-waste generated(5.9 billion kg).Small IT and telecommunication equipment-such as mobile phones,GPS devices,routers,personal computers,print
187、ers and telephones-totaled 5 billion kg in 2022(Figure 4).Figure 4.Total E-waste Generated by Type of EEEFigure 5.Total E-waste Generated from Photovoltaic PanelsThe green transition and the connecting of off-grid communities will lead to a quadrupling of waste from photovoltaic panels from 0.6 bill
188、ion kg in 2022 to 2.4 billion kg in 2030.Photovoltaic panels(on-and off-grid)play a critical role in the green energy transition,providing off-grid communities with elec-tricity.Categorized as“large equipment”,they are shown separately as they deserve a separate mention.While the waste gene-rated(bo
189、th on-and off-grid)remains low for the time being,at 0.6 billion kg annually,it is expected to grow fourfold,to 2.4 billion kg,by 2030,based on a lifespan of 22 years(Figure 5).There is some concern about the signi-ficant rise in the use of small-scale off-grid solar products with relatively short l
190、ifespans(typically 3 to 4 years)in low-and middle-income countries,and such devices should therefore be repaired rather than disposed of.11Box 1.Major E-waste Contributor:VapingVaping,or the use of flavored e-cigarettes,is also on the rise.The market,valued at over USD 22 billion in 2022,is expected
191、 to grow by 31 per cent annually until 2030.a It is estimated that over 844 million vapes were sold in 2022.At an average weight of 50 g,this amounts to more than 42 million kg of e-cigarettes(including the weight of the batteries),many of which are disposable and become instant waste.Vapes are e-wa
192、ste as they contain not only plastic but also lithium-ion batteries,a heating element and a circuit board.E-cigarettes produced in 2022 contained various metals,including roughly 130 thousand kg of lithium in the batteries,and it is obvious that recycling them will be critical to addressing the e-wa
193、ste challenge.a Grand View Research.2023.E-cigarette and Vape Market Size and Share Report,2030.Grand View Research Market Analysis Report,p.139.06121824E-waste generation in billion kg(2022)E-waste generation in billion kg(2022)Small EquipmentSmall Equipment20.420.415.115.113.313.35.95.9Large Equip
194、ment excluding Photovoltaic PanelsLarge Equipment excluding Photovoltaic PanelsTemperature Exchange EquipmentTemperature Exchange EquipmentScreens and MonitorsScreens and MonitorsSmall IT and Telecommunication EquipmentSmall IT and Telecommunication EquipmentLampsLampsPhotovoltaic PanelsPhotovoltaic
195、 Panels4.94.91.91.90.60.6E-waste generation in billion kg2003013220250Year0.62.4Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202427Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsIn 2022,the world produced 62 billion kg of e-waste(7.8 kg per capita
196、),of which 13.8 billion kg(1.7 kg per capita)were docu-Verena Radulovicmented as formally collected,for a global formally documented collection and recy-cling rate of 22.3 per cent.SMALL EQUIPMENT20.4 billion kg2.4 billion kg(12%)LARGE EQUIPMENTS(EXCLUDING PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS)15.1 billion kg5.1 bill
197、ion kg(34%)TEMPERATURE EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT13.3 billion kg3.6 billion kg(27%)SCREEN AND MONITORS5.9 billion kg1.5 billion kg(25%)SMALL IT AND TELE-COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT4.6 billion kg1 billion kg(22%)LAMPS1.9 billion kg0.1 billion kg(5%)PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS0.6 billion kg0.1 billion kg(17%)TOTAL62 bill
198、ion kg13.8 billion kg(22.3%)Total e-waste generated.E-waste documented as formally collected and recycled.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202428Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsPick-up servicesMunicipal collection pointsSpecialized treatment facilitiesRetailers13.8 bil
199、lion kg of e-wasteis collected separately.1 billion kg of metalslost during formal e-waste recycling.6 billion kg of metalsbrought back into the economy through recycling.Preparation for reuse.Dismantling of hazardous and valuable fractions to separate treatment(depollution)and/or material recovery.
200、The remainder is shredded,then separated,before going for energy and material recovery.Figure 6.Route 1:Formal E-waste Collection and Recycling-The Preferred E-waste Management Routeare managed in an environmentally sound way(6 billion kg of metals in 2022).Any resi-duals are either incinerated or d
201、isposed of in controlled landfills(in 2022,this led to the loss,or non-viable recovery,of 1 billion kg of metals during formal e-waste recycling).This approach(see Figure 6)currently represents the most efficient and environmentally sound way to treat e-waste;the main challenge lies in establishing
202、effective collection systems and increasing collection rates,as to date only 22.3 per cent of total global e-waste is managed in this way.“Formal”collection activities are managed in line with national e-waste legislation in the 81 countries that have legal instruments in place.Designated organisati
203、ons,producers and/or the government are responsible for collecting e-waste via retailers,municipal collection points or pick-up services(in 2022,13.8 billion kg of e-waste were collected).Once collected,the e-waste is sent to speci-alized treatment facilities where valuable materials are recovered i
204、n an environmentally controlled manner and hazardous substances Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202429Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsIn 2022,Europe was the region that gene-rated the most e-waste(17.6 kg per capita)and had the highest documented collection and recycl
205、ing rate(7.5 kg per capita),recycling 42.8 per cent of the e-waste generated.African countries had the lowest rate,with less than 1 per cent of e-waste being documented as formally collected and recycled(Figure 7).Figure 7.E-waste Generated and Documented as Formally Collected and Recycled by Region
206、In 2022,the regions that generated the highest amount of e-waste per capita were Europe(17.6 kg),followed by Oceania(16.1 kg)and the Americas(14.1 kg).Since these are also the regions with the most advanced collection,treatment and recycling infrastructure,they had the highest per capita collection
207、rates(7.5 kg in Europe,6.7 kg in Oceania and 4.2 kg in the Americas).Muntaka Chasant for Fondation Carmignac05101520E-waste generation per capita in kgE-waste generation per capita in kgEuropeEuropeWorldWorldOceaniaOceaniaAmericasAmericasAsiaAsiaAfricaAfrica17.67.87.531.7516.16.6614.14.26.40.762.50.
208、01822.3%42.8%41.4%30%11.8%0.7%E-waste generated per capita in kgE-waste generated per capita in kgE-waste documented to be collected and recycled per capita in kgE-waste documented to be collected and recycled per capita in kgAnnual average formal collection and recycling rateAnnual average formal c
209、ollection and recycling rateMinor inconsistencies may have occurred due to rounding of values during the calculations.2022Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202430Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsFigure 9.E-waste Generated and Documented as Formally Collected and Recycled
210、 by RegionRegional comparisons reveal significant diffe-rences in e-waste management;these are often linked to several factors.1.Income level and purchasing power There is a link between a regions per capita purchasing power and the amount of e-waste it generates.iii Generally,higher-income regions
211、tend to generate more e-waste as they consume more goods and have greater access to EEE(Figure 8).2.E-waste legislation and regulationCountries that regulate and enforce e-waste management with legally binding instruments setting collection and recycling targets,or with e-waste legislation or polici
212、es,have an average documented formal collection and recycling rate of 25 per cent.Coun-tries that have no such legislation in place,not even in draft form,have collection rates equal to 0 per cent(Figure 9).Comparisons also highlight differences in disposal beha-viours between citizens in a continen
213、ts different regions and subregions.In several low-income regions,the informal sector plays an important role in e-waste management.While the informal sector contribution can be significant,it is not generally reflected in official data or monitored by governments.Too often,informal recycling result
214、s in very low resource-efficiency rates and thus does not meet environmental or health and safety standards.3.Maturity of e-waste management systemsCountries with well-established and forma-lized e-waste management systems tend to have higher collection rates.However,it is worth noting that informal
215、 e-waste collection,while not always documented,can also be efficient and contribute significantly to overall collection efforts.Each dot is a country in:E-waste generation per capita in kg(2022)Purchasing power parity in USD per capita030k501060k90k120k15253020AfricaAmericasAsiaEuropeOceaniaEach do
216、t is a country in:Doucmented formal collection and recycling rate(2022)AfricaAmericasAsiaEuropeOceaniaCountries with no legislation020Countries with legislation40801006025%average0%averageFigure 8.Linking E-waste and Income:E-waste Generation and Purchasing Power Parityiii Purchasing power is the va
217、lue of a currency expressed in terms of the number of goods or services that one unit of money can buy.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202431Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsItems with a high unit weight,such as large equipment,tem
218、perature exchange equipment,screens and monitors,feature the highest collection rates.Documented formal collection rates are generally higher(34 per cent)for items with a high unit weight,such as large equipment(washing machines,dishwashers,large printers,photocopiers,etc.),followed by temperature e
219、xchange equipment(refrige-rators,freezers,air conditioners,and heat pumps),which has a recycling rate of 27 per cent(Figure 10).One of the reasons why products with a higher unit weight are more often recycled may be that suppliers in some parts of the world are obliged to pick up,for example,discar
220、ded temperature exchange equipment,screens and monitors when they sell/deliver new ones.Because of the weight and size of such appliances,consumers are less likely to hoard or store them.12Photovoltaic panels are also large,but typi-cally have lower documented collection and recycling rates(17 per c
221、ent)than other large equipment.This may be because steps have only recently been taken to collect them and their management is not yet as developed as for other types of equipment.In addition,photovoltaic panels can be a challenge to recycle as the cost of proper recycling is high,they contain hazar
222、dous metals and the technologies for their recycling are still being developed.Smaller e-waste items must be returned to the retailer or dropped off at special collection points;they can more easily end up either languishing in peoples cupboards for years or in normal household bins.While small equi
223、pment(toys,vacuum cleaners,microwave ovens,radios,etc.)are the largest category of e-waste in terms of mass,the recycling rates for this category remain low,at only 12 per cent.Lamps are the least recycled category of e-waste,with only 5 per cent collected for recycling,even though they contain valu
224、able resources such as rare earth elements,metal and glass,along with hazardous resources like mercury.Incre-asing the recycling rate of lamps would bring additional benefits for the environment and society.13 This highlights the importance of convenience in ensuring that consumers do their part in
225、the take-back system.Figure 10.Documented Formal E-waste Collection and Recycling Rates by Category(2022)Small IT and telecommunication devices,despite their size,have documented formal collection and recycling rates of 22 per cent,which is higher than other types of small equipment or lamps.It coul
226、d be that more countries have legislation on this category of e-waste than on lamps and small equipment,and that such devices have valuable compo-nents and that their collection is therefore prioritized by compliant e-waste managers.Their documented collection and recycling rates are nevertheless lo
227、wer than for other equipment,possibly because small IT devices contain personal data and consumers may therefore be reluctant to give them back.Bndicte Kurzen/NOOR for Fondation CarmignacTotal22.3%Temperature exchange equipment27%Photovoltaic panels17%Small equipment12%Small IT and telecommunication
228、 equipment22%Screens and monitors25%Lamps5%Large equipment excluding photovoltaic panels34%Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202432Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsLandfillIncineratorResidual waste bins14 billion kg of e-wasteimproperly disposed of in residual waste bins
229、.7 billion kg loss(non-viablerecovery)of metals.80 million kg viable recovery of metals.Recycling Some high income countries may use methods like magnetic separation or recycling the bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration to extract metals.Figure 11:Route 2:Disposing of E-waste in Residu
230、al Waste -A Less-Than-Optimal SolutionSome high-income countries use methods such as magnet separation,or recycle the bottom ash from municipal solid waste inci-neration to extract metals.According to the Global E-waste Monitor datasets and modelling,an estimated 80 million kg of metals are recovere
231、d in this way.The vast majority of metals(7 billion kg)are nevertheless lost and not recovered during incineration or at landfills.Merely disposing of e-waste is not a suitable method of e-waste treatment,owing to the potentially negative environmental impact and high resource losses,and is hence fo
232、rbidden in most e-waste legislation.It is estimated that 14 billion kg of e-waste were improperly disposed of worldwide in 2022 in normal waste bins,alongside other household waste,mostly in high-and upper-middle-income countries.Typically,smaller items of e-waste,such as lamps,small IT devices and
233、small equipment,are disposed of together with the residual waste(Figure 11).They are therefore treated as regular mixed household waste,while larger items are collected as bulky waste and potentially incinerated or dumped in landfills with no material recycling,depending on the coun-trys waste manag
234、ement infrastructure.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202433Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsFigure 12.Route 3:E-waste Collection and Recycling Outside Formal Systems with Developed E-waste Managementtraded through various channels(Figure 12).It may be destined for meta
235、l or plastic recy-cling,but hazardous substances are likely not properly depolluted.It may also be exported as uncontrolled e-waste or used EEE to other low-and lower-middle-income coun-tries with inadequate e-waste management infrastructure.Unfortunately,this route is of limited efficiency and lead
236、s to resource loss and environmental harm.An estimated 16 billion kg of e-waste were collected outside formal systems in 2022 in countries with a developed(e-)waste management infrastructure.An estimated 16 billion kg of e-waste are managed worldwide by individual waste dealers or companies performi
237、ng collection activities outside formal schemes,mostly in high-income and upper-middle-income countries.The e-waste is collected and Individual waste dealersWaste companies6billion kgviable recovery of metals.16 billion kg of e-wasteis managed by individual waste dealers or companies outside of form
238、al systems.Uncontrolled exportto other low-and lower-middle-income countries.Plastic recycling in which hazardous substances are likely not depolluted properly.2billion kgloss(non-viable recovery)of metals.800million kguncontrolled export.Metal recyclingin which hazardous substances are likely not d
239、epolluted properly.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202434Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsFigure 13.Route 4:E-waste Collection and Recycling Outside Formal Systems with No Developed E-waste ManagementThis“backyard recycling”lacks proper treatment standards,leading to h
240、armful emissions of acids,dioxins,furan,etc.This route is the least preferred:it is not efficient,leads to significant resource loss and high environmental pollution,and poses health risks for workers and the local community.In some cases,valuable fractions are sold to e-waste recyclers in high-inco
241、me coun-tries and hence only the valuable fraction is treated in environmentally sound conditions.The amount of viable recovered metals is estimated to be 7 billion kg of the 18 billion kg of e-waste managed.In many low-and middle-income coun-tries,a significant number of self-employed individuals a
242、re involved in informal e-waste collection and recycling.They collect used EEE or e-waste from households,businesses and public institutions door-to-door and sell it for repair,refurbishment or dismantling(Figure 13).Dismantlers manually break down the equipment into marketable components and materi
243、als.Recyclers use burning,leaching and melting techniques to convert e-waste into secondary raw materials.Manual dismantlingSelf-employed individualsDISPOSALUNCONTROLLEDRECOVERYAcid leaching and burning of cables and plasticsFor precious metal recovery.7 billion kg viable recovery of metals.2 billio
244、n kg loss of(non-viable recovery)of metals.Formal facilities Handed over by the informal collector.Recovery of components.Disposal of e-wasteUncontrolled disposal of hazardous and or worthless fraction.Without protection and only cherry picking of valuable components.18 billion kg of e-wastemanaged
245、by self-employed individuals involved in informal e-waste collection and recycling.Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202435Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsFigure 14.Number of Countries with E-waste Legislation,Policy or RegulationBndicte Kurzen/NOOR for Fondation Carmig
246、nacWorldwide,81 countries(or 42 per cent)currently have an e-waste policy,legis-lation or regulation.This falls short of the ITU target of 50 per cent(97 countries)by 2023.As of June 2023,81 of the 193 countries analysed had either a policy,legislation or regulation pertaining to e-waste(Figure 14).
247、The fact that 72 per cent of the worlds popu-lation was therefore covered can be attributed mostly to the populous countries of India and China,both of which have e-waste legislation.While the number of countries adopting legal instruments to regulate e-waste has grown steadily since 2014,only 3 new
248、 countries have adopted such instruments since 2019,meaning that 112 countries remain without any form of legal instrument for the management of e-waste.In 2018,the highest policy-making body of the ITU,the Plenipotentiary Confe-rence,set a global non-binding target for 2023,to increase the number o
249、f countries with an e-waste legislation to 50 per cent.That target had not been met as of June 2023,as only 42 per cent of countries(81)were covered by a national e-waste policy,legislation or regulation.Number of countries020002020280120160193ITU target(50%of countr
250、ies,97)61677881YearSource:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202436Chapter 3.Key Global StatisticsOf the 81 countries covered by a national e-waste policy,legislation or regu-lation,most(67)also applied EPR.In countries where legislation included collection targets,the average
251、 collection rate was much higher at 35 per cent compared to 22.3 per cent worldwide.In the 81 countries with instruments in place,one of the most frequently applied principles is EPR,which underpinned their respective national e-waste management system(Figure 15).EPR aims to ensure that a producer-w
252、hich in the many cases where there is no registered manufacturer in a country also refers to the importer or distributor-is responsible for a product up to and including the post-con-sumer stage of its lifecycle.67 of the 81 countries had legislation on EPR,62 had legis-lation that referred to natio
253、nal or international environmental,health and safety standards,46 had enshrined national e-waste collection targets in their regulations and 36 had done so for e-waste recycling targets at the national level.It is essential to legislate such targets in order to monitor progress and stimulate the col
254、lection and recycling of e-waste.Countries with such legislation had an average documented formal e-waste collection and recycling rate of 25 per cent,compared to 0 per cent for countries that had no such legislation.The collection and recycling rate in countries applying the EPR principle was 27 pe
255、r cent,compared to 10 per cent for coun-tries that had legislation but did not apply the EPR principle.Countries that had enshrined collection targets in their e-waste legislation had a documented formal collection and recycling rate of 35 per cent.While these figures show what items to include in l
256、egis-lation to improve collection rates,they also show that collection and recycling targets Figure 15.Status of E-waste Legislation and Specific Provisions for all Countries0255075100Number of countriesNumber of countriesCountries with an e-waste legal instrument containing EPR provisionsCountries
257、with an e-waste legal instrument containing EPR provisions67Countries with an e-waste legal instrument containing collection targetsCountries with an e-waste legal instrument containing collection targets46Countries with an e-waste legal instrument containing recycling targetsCountries with an e-was
258、te legal instrument containing recycling targets3681Countries covered by an e-waste policy,legislation or regulationCountries covered by an e-waste policy,legislation or regulation62Countries with provisions on environmental,health and safety standardsCountries with provisions on environmental,healt
259、h and safety standards2023are not a panacea.The rates are also higher in countries with long-standing and well-es-tablished e-waste management systems and hence a good level of e-waste management infrastructure).Source:The Global E-waste Monitor 2024The Global E-waste Monitor 202437Chapter 3.Key Glo
260、bal StatisticsChapter 4.Transboundary MovementsAround 5.1 billion kg of used EEE/e-waste are shipped from one country to another annually.Of that total,3.3 billion kg(65 per cent)are uncontrolled transboundary movements of used EEE/e-waste from high-to middle-andlow-income countries.The uncontrolled
261、 shipments may be made up of 33 to 70 per cent e-waste declared as used EEE goods.Most controlled trans-boundary movements occur within and to Europe and East Asia(Figure 16).Transboundary movements of hazardous and other wastes,including e-waste,pose signi-ficant global challenges:they have an adve
262、rse impact on the environment and human health when not managed properly in countries lacking adequate infrastructure and capacity for managing e-waste in an environmentally sound manner.In some cases,transboundary movements of e-waste or its components are necessary to recover high-value mate-rials
263、(the transportation of waste printed circuit boards to specialized recycling faci-lities or of e-waste from regions where no e-waste management systems exist).Hence the importance of putting in place rules and procedures to distinguish between illegal and legal transboundary movements.Figure 16.Glob
264、al E-waste Flows(2019)Adapted from C.P.Bald,E.DAngelo,V.Luda O.Deubzer,and R.Kuehr(2022),Global Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor-2022,United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR),Bonn,Germany.Available at:https:/ewastemonitor.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Global-TBM_webversion_jun
265、e_2_pages.pdf.!Uncontrollede-waste used-EEEMovement of hazardous e-waste with priorinformed consent under Basel ConventionPrinted circuitboard wasteFlow withinthe regionNorthern AfricaSouthern AfricaSouth AmericaCentral AmericaNorthern AmericaNorthern EuropeCarribeanMiddle AfricaWestern AsiaSouthern
266、AsiaCentralAsiaEasternAsiaSoutheastAsiaMelanesiaPolynesiaMicronesiaAustralia andNew ZealandEasternAfricaWestern EuropeSouthern EuropeEastern EuropeWestern AfricaUN Clear MapThe Global E-waste Monitor 202438Chapter 4.Transboundary MovementMonitoring transboundary movements of e-waste is challenging,s
267、ince the movements are frequently conducted illegally and the e-waste being moved declared as used EEE.Additionally,there are no global registries or reporting obligations for used EEE,14 and no international regime dealing with shipments of used equipment.Furthermore,national reporting on hazardous
268、 waste under the Basel Convention is not mandatory.In 2022,91 out of 187 countries(less than 50 per cent)submitted a report,and discrepancies and inaccuracies in reporting data are very common.Moreover,e-waste movements often involve illegal activities;those involved are therefore reluctant to provi
269、de information and the movements are extremely difficult to track.The Global Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor represents a major effort to improve the global statistics on licit and illicit e-waste movements.In 2019,5.1 billion kg of e-waste were moved across countries,with 3.3 billion kg(65 per
270、cent)considered uncontrolled,meaning its treatment is unknown and likely not managed in an environmentally sound manner.15One of the primary challenges in these uncontrolled transboundary shipments is distinguishing between e-waste and used EEE.Illicit shipments falsely declare used EEE instead of e
271、-waste,exploiting the fact that used EEE is not covered by the Basel Convention or any other international regime and therefore more easily avoids controls.The illicitly shipped items can make up between one-third of the weight(as quan-tified in the 2017 person-in-the-port project in Nigeria)16 and
272、77 per cent(the percentage of items identified as e-waste based on the criteria stipulated in the Basel Convention technical guidelines,including improper packaging,absence of functionality certifi-cates,essential parts missing,damaged or outdated technologies,in a similar 2021/2022 person-in-the-po
273、rt project conducted in the United Republic of Tanzania).17Box 2.The Basel Convention Prior Informed Consent Procedure and the Amendment on E-waste(2022)The Basel Convention,which was adopted in 1989 and has been in force since 1992,is a multilateral environmental agreement that reflects and guides
274、global government efforts to control transboundary movements of hazardous waste,which includes e-waste.It has been signed to date by 187 countries.Under the Basel Convention,transboundary movements of hazardous and other wastes must follow a Prior Informed Consent procedure whereby the competent aut
275、hority in the exporting State needs to notify the competent authorities of the importing State(and any transit State).National reporting,which is carried out voluntarily by Parties to the Convention,currently stands at less than 50 per cent of signatories.Moreover,the Prior Informed Consent procedur
276、e remains administratively burdensome.a The fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Basel Convention,held in June 2022,adopted amendments to Annexes II,VIII and IX of the Convention aimed at increasing the control of transboundary movements of e-waste and making all electronic and
277、electrical waste,including non-hazardous waste,subject to the Prior Informed Consent procedure.The main objective of the e-waste amendment,jointly proposed by the Governments of Switzerland and Ghana,is to improve international monitoring and recoding of e-waste shipments,with a view to maximizing r
278、esource recovery and minimizing the negative effects of environmentally unsound e-waste management in recipient countries.However,private sector and other entities raised concerns regarding the system and stressed the need for reforms to avoid slowing down cross-border movements of products,particul
279、arly those containing non-hazardous components of potential significance in terms of promoting the implementation of a circular economy.ba PREVENT Waste Alliance and StEP.2022.Practical Experiences with the Basel Convention:Challenges,Good Practice and Ways to Improve Transboundary Movements of E-Wa
280、ste in Low and Middle Income countries.Bonn,Germany.b Basel Convention Secretariat.2023.Basel Convention E-waste Amendments.Geneva,Switzerland.Bndicte Kurzen/NOOR for Fondation CarmignacThe Global E-waste Monitor 202439Chapter 4.Transboundary MovementThe remaining 1.86 billion kg(35 per cent of tota
281、l transboundary move-ments)are shipped in the form of controlled movements,most of them falling under the Basel Convention Prior Informed Consent procedure(see Box 2).iv However,only a small fraction of illegally traded e-waste exported from the European Union,estimated at 2 to 17 million kg,has bee
282、n seized by port authorities,suggesting that the actual numbers are likely much higher.This also reflects the fact that port authorities are potentially limited by their means and training to properly detect illegally traded e-waste.From a regional perspective,Europe,East Asia and North America have
283、 the capacity to effectively manage hazardous e-waste,making these regions the primary global importers.At the same time,these same regions are also the main exporters of e-waste,with Africa,South-east Asia,and Central and South America being the main recipient regions.Unfortunately,these recipient
284、regions often have low recycling rates and a high presence of informal workers in the domestic sector.Similar patterns are observed in all other regions.Eastern Europe,which receives e-waste primarily from Western Europe,and South-east Asia,which receives e-waste mainly from East Asia and North Amer
285、ica,are experiencing increasing flows of e-waste,mirroring intercontinental trade patterns.Overall,transboundary movements occur both inter-continentally and within continents:the higher the e-waste material value per mass,the further it can be transported.v Bndicte Kurzen/NOOR for Fondation Carmign
286、aciv For additional information on the methodology used to calculate the different e-waste transboundary movements,see Bald et al.,2022,note 16,pp.20-25.v For further information on quantities imported and exported at regional level,see Bald et al.,2022,note 16,pp.30-33.The Global E-waste Monitor 20
287、2440Chapter 4.Transboundary MovementMuntaka Chasant for Fondation CarmignacMoreover,trade codes(see Box 3)still do not differentiate between new and used EEE,making it even easier to avoid scrutiny.Mixing legal and illegal items is one of the main strategies used by criminal parties illegally shippi
288、ng e-waste.Misclassification,misde-claration and fraud are among the most prevalent strategies used to mix the items for illegal transboundary movements of waste in general,and e-waste in particular.Conducting further pilot projects to inves-tigate the actual composition of used EEE received in expo
289、rting and importing coun-tries could lead to significant enhancements in the global monitoring of e-waste ship-ments.Such initiatives would facilitate a more accurate assessment of the volume of e-waste entering low-income countries,which is often mixed with other types of waste and not properly dec
290、lared.As anticipated,East Asia,which is a major producer of EEE and has the capacity to recycle and process e-waste,receives substantial shipments of e-waste,mainly from Western Europe(34.8 million kg),North America(29 million kg),Northern Europe(11.6 million kg)and South-east Asia(9.9 million kg).D
291、espite this,Asia faces constraints with regard to its processing capacities for critical components.North America also has some level of intraregional e-waste flows(52.7 million kg).The driving force behind such transboundary movements is most often commercial,as the demand for cheaper second-hand u
292、sed EEE is high in the recipient countries.For example,large quantities of ICT equipment and accessories are being imported into low-and lower-middle-income countries as substandard and counterfeit devices.Type approval,conformity and interoperability procedures carried out by telecommuni-cation reg
293、ulators aim to address these issues for new models by verifying that imported ICT equipment conforms to functional stan-dards(e.g.power levels and frequencies),in order to ensure that the EEE does not simply Box 3.The World Customs Organization Harmonized SystemIn 2022,countries started using the ne
294、w Harmonized System(HS)code adminis-tered by the World Customs Organization specifically for e-waste(HS 8549).As of June 2023,data available from the United Nations Comtrade databasea indicated that approximately 1 per cent of e-waste generated is moved across borders.The results of the analysis are
295、 mainly influenced by the fact that not all countries are yet reporting under this new code.Currently,the highest trade flows are intraregional,particularly within Western Europe(100 million kg)and Northern Europe(80 million kg).These movements primarily involve the proper treatment of e-waste in th
296、e recycling faci-lities of the respective regions.For this purpose,these shipments are assumed not to contravene the Basel Convention and the EUs Regulation(EC)No.1013/2006 on shipments of waste.a The analysis uses the following 6-digit HS codes:854991 waste and scrap,n.e.c.in heading no.8549;854999
297、 waste and scrap,n.e.c.in item no.8549.91;854921 electrical and electronic waste and scrap,of a kind used principally for the recovery of precious metal,containing primary cells and batteries,electric accumulators,mercury switches,glass from cathode ray tubes or other activated glass,or electrical;8
298、54929 waste and scrap,of a kind used principally for the recovery of precious metals,n.e.c.in item no.8549.21;854931 electrical and electronic waste and scrap,electrical and electronic assemblies and printed circuit boards,other than those used principally for the recovery of precious metal,containi
299、ng primary cells and batteries,electronic accumulators,mercury-switch;854939 waste and scrap;electrical and electronic assemblies and printed circuit boards,other than those used principally for the recovery of precious metal,n.e.c.in item no.8549.31.become redundant.Ultimately,the lifecycle of coun
300、terfeit devices is short,which is likely to result in the product becoming e-waste quicker.In many low-and lower-middle-income countries,distributors and outlets should be subject to periodic inspections,so as to dissuade them from stocking and distri-buting any EEE without a type-approval and/or ac
301、ceptance certificate.These recipient countries are often situated in South-east Asia(from East Asia)and in Africa(from Europe).The Global E-waste Monitor 202441Chapter 4.Transboundary MovementChapter 5.LegislationEfficient and effective regulation of e-waste is essential to curb the ever-in-creasing
302、 undocumented flows of this waste stream,to protect the environment,society and human health,but also to secure future supply chains by recovering the resources contained in e-waste.Regulation encourages a level playing field that enables the environmentally sound management of e-waste through respo
303、nsible collection,transportation,sorting,depollution,dismantling,pre-treatment,management of problematic(i.e.hazardous)fractions and export of materials and components to advanced treatment facilities.As stated earlier(see Key Global Statistics from 2010 to 2022),as of June 2023,81 of 193 countries
304、analysed had a policy,legislation and/or regulation pertaining to e-waste.Ultimately,however,the quality of e-waste legislation and its enforcement is as important as the number of countries covered by legal instruments.A substantial number of existing legal instruments and tools do not set targets
305、for the collection and recycling of e-waste or may not cover all 6 types of EEE.While targets can help elevate waste management ambitions higher up the waste management hierarchy from disposal to recycling,the preferred options(see Figure 17)leading to waste prevention,such as repair and reuse targe
306、ts,are currently not set out in specific e-waste policy,legislation and regu-lation.This hinders the transition to a circular economy,instead focusing on keeping the consumption/waste generation/collection/recycling model intact.With respect to the methodology for measuring waste prevention,targets
307、based on e-waste generated in the denominator,instead of targets based on EEE POM in the denominator,are preferred18,as they reflect the amount of e-waste in a country and allow it to engage in better forward-looking planning and management.For many years,the overall perception of policy-makers has
308、been that they cannot influence the design of EEE with a view to extending its lifetime;the environmental footprint of the production phase remains enormous.There is nevertheless mounting evidence of new policy developments in several parts of the world that encourage the right to repair.For example
309、,in the United States of America19 many states have begun working on specific legislative proposals,while in the European Union,the European Commission has published a proposal for a directive on common right-to-repair rules.20 The aim is to prioritize repair over replacement and to give consumers t
310、he right to have faulty products repaired by manufac-turers.In the European Union,plans are being made,under the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation(Directive 2009/125/EC),for an obligatory digital product passport that would enhance transparency and unlock circularity aspects by sharing p
311、roduct information across the entire value chain,including data about raw material extraction,production and recycling.21Muntaka Chasant for Fondation CarmignacInterestingly,most policies,legislation and regulations focus on collection and recycling;hardly any include targets for recovering critical
312、 raw materials,including rare earth elements.As a result,the focus is on the easier process of recovering materials occurring in large quantities(steel,plastics,iron,copper,gold,silver,etc.),to the detriment of critical raw materials such as hafnium,indium,lithium and rhodium,and the recycling rate
313、for rare earth elements contained in e-waste is only around 1 per cent(see Recovery of Valuable and Critical Metals).Figure 17.The Waste Hierarchy and Considerations for E-waste TargetsPreventionReuseRecyclingDisposalThe targets based on e-waste generated indirectly capture waste prevention and are
314、preferable in target setting.Specific targets on reuse and repair often do not exist.Most targets are weight-based and do not reflect recycling targets for critical raw materials,which may require additional funding.Moving up the waste hierarchy towards recycling and minimizing environmental risks i
315、s the focus of most e-waste legislation.RecoverypreferredThe Global E-waste Monitor 202442Chapter 5.LegislationPolicy measures on the supply of critical raw materials are being considered in various parts of the world,with the ultimate aim of strengthening the supply of such materials.The measures a
316、lso aim to bolster economic resilience by reducing dependency,incre-asing preparedness and promoting supply chain sustainability and circularity,however,the broader transposition of this worldwide,in national e-waste policy,legislation and regulation,and the fruits of its implemen-tation,remain to b
317、e ascertained.The challenge facing policy-makers is the constantly growing diversity of EEE being made available to consumers,in the form,for example,of e-cigarettes,e-vehicles and invisible EEE(smart clothes with a heating function,smart furniture with a massage function,etc.).These latest technolo
318、gical developments lead to the use of products of variable composition,requiring different end-of-life treatments and posing special and possibly new requirements in terms of appropriate collection techniques.Moreover,the complex composition of EEE also makes it necessary to align e-waste-specific r
319、equi-rements with other less specific legislation that is nevertheless of relevance for appro-priate e-waste treatment,supporting the shift towards a circular economy.According to an OECD report,about 400 EPR systems exist for various waste streams worldwide.22 According to the StEP Initiative,a pro
320、ducer is any natural or legal person who is established in the country and manufac-tures EEE under their own brand name or trademark,or has EEE designed or manu-factured and markets it under their name or trademark within the country;is established in the country and places imported new or used EEE
321、on the market for sale or personal use;or is not established in the country and is registered with a locally,legally approved authorized representative and sells EEE by means of distance communication in the country.23The majority of countries with e-waste legislation also apply EPR,and expecta-tion
322、s are high that this combination will lead to a well-financed e-waste management system.This will only work,however,if each producers share of e-waste is appropri-ately monitored,documented,collected and administered-data availability and acces-sibility remain major weaknesses in most countries.In a
323、ddition,a pool of funding does not automatically lead to a well-functioning,state-of-the-art e-waste management system.Funds may be misappropriated,used corruptly or set aside for the administrative costs of managing funds and operations,discouraging producers from investing more.In essence,the deve
324、lopment of an appropriate and well-functioning e-waste management system requires substantial and longer-term financial investment.The provi-sions dictating,for example,what exactly has to be financed and what producers are responsible for,must be clear and strict.Otherwise,only the minimum will be
325、done.When it comes to e-waste legislation,steps are being taken in the right direction by countries in all regions of the world.However,governments simply lack the institutional capacity to implement and enforce legis-lation.This means that even if targets are enshrined in the legislation,compliance
326、 may not be enforced,and even if the legislation provides for a financial mechanism,the funds may not be collected or may be used inef-ficiently.Furthermore,even if the legislation clearly and succinctly defines EEE producers,efforts by governments to track-and in many cases to register-these produc
327、ers may be woefully understaffed and under-resourced.Hence the need for different approaches to financing,target setting and enforcement.Governments may find it very challenging to track producers placing EEE on the market in a given jurisdiction,given the varied defi-nitions of“producer”and the opp
328、ortunities for free riding.Information about producers is first captured at customs and at the point of registration with the government.To improve the success rate of tracking and enforcement of e-waste legislation,it is important to know who the producers are and where to find them easily.Business
329、es that place EEE on the market are required by law to register with the authorities for other purposes,i.e.,to be authorized to do business,to operate licensed premises,to pay tax,to register EEE products for health and safety,for environ-mental efficiency purposes,etc.If the relevant registration
330、processes were stream-lined into one service that grouped similar requirements,the authorities would be better equipped to track and prevent free riding much more efficiently.Online retailing and marketplaces present another enforcement challenge,where cross-border sales are affecting the way tradit
331、ional national regulations function,whereby consumers have more access to overseas sellers but these sellers fail to comply with EPR requirements in the countries where their products are sold.In essence,e-waste legislation should at a minimum comprise clear provisions on stake-holder definitions,ro
332、les and responsibilities,product scope,enforcement measures and penalties for non-compliance,the financing mechanism and,if it includes EPR,the orga-nizational mechanism(s)for EEE producers,along with clear terminology on who covers the cost of e-waste management.24UNITARThe Global E-waste Monitor 2
333、02443Chapter 5.LegislationChapter 6.Recovery of Valuable and Critical MetalsIn 2022,all e-waste worldwide contained 31 billion kg of metals,of which an esti-mated 19 billion kg were viably recovered and brought back into circulation.The metal most successful recovered was iron,which is known for its high recycling rates.Other metals,such as zinc and lead,had much lower viable recovery rates.Precio