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1、NATURE HIRES: How Nature-based Solutions can power a green jobs recovery October 2020 Workers from the “Working for Water” programme removing invasive species to restore native vegetation on Table Mountain, South Africa. WWF ILO REPORT: NATURE HIRES Editors-in-Chief Maikel Lieuw-Kie-Song (ILO) and V
2、anessa Prez-Cirera (WWF) Contributors Diego Portugal Del Pino, Jeff Opperman, Arjette Stevens, Chris Weber, Christo Fabricius, Ninel Escobar, Elizabeth Aceituno, Ghislaine Llewellyn, Cristianne Close, Samantha Putt Del Pino, Helena Wright, Pablo Pacheco, Philip Leonard, Marek Harsdorff, Maria Teresa
3、 Gutierrez, Mito Tsukamoto, Vanessa Morales. About WWF World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an independent conservation organization, with over 30 million followers and a global network active in nearly 100 countries. Our mission is to stop the degradation of the planets natural environment and to bu
4、ild a future in which people live in harmony with nature, by conserving the worlds biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Find out more at panda.org About ILO The International Labou
5、r Organization (ILO) was founded in 1919, in the wake of a destructive war, to pursue a vision based on the premise that universal, lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social justice. The ILO became the first specialized agency of the UN in 1946 and remains the only tripartite UN
6、 agency, bringing together governments, employers and workers of 187 member States. The main aims of the ILO are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues. The ILOs main activities are to set labour
7、standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men. Find out more at www.ilo.org NOTE: The responsibility for opinions expressed in this publication and the selection of cases rests solely with the authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement
8、 by the International Labour Organization or the World Wide Fund for Nature of the opinions expressed in them. Publication date: October 2020 Design by 1tightship.co.za Copyright 2020 World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund), Gland, Switzerland and International Labour Organization,
9、 Geneva, Switzerland. Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the above-mentioned publishers as copyright owners. Text 2020 WWF-International, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 364 9111 Fax +41 22 364 0332. For contact details and further information
10、, visit our international websites at www.panda.org or www.ilo.org Cover photography: Mito Tsukamoto TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 INTRODUCTION 5 GROWING PRESSURES ON NATURE 6 DEFINING NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS 7 II. NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AS INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR MULTIPLYING PUBLIC DIVIDENDS 8 A
11、. NATURE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS 9 B. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 10 C. CLIMATE CHANGE 12 D. FOOD SECURITY 14 E. WATER SECURITY 17 F. HUMAN HEALTH 20 III. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 22 1. LEVERAGING SUSTAINABLE FINANCE 22 2. CREATING A MORE CONDUCIVE POLICY AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 23 3. BOOSTING CROS
12、S-SECTORAL COLLABORATION 23 4. IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE 23 IV. ANNEX: JOB INTENSITY AND JOB RETURNS OF NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AND RELATED ACTIVITIES AND INVESTMENTS 24 V.REFERENCES 26 3 FOREWORD As we entered 2020, the dual global crises of climate and nature loss were in the public eye as never
13、 before. Within weeks, the COVID-19 pandemic had triggered a third crisis, plunging countries around the world into recession as governments struggled to halt the spread of the novel coronavirus and prevent health systems becoming overwhelmed. That third crisis, and the economic disruption and loss
14、of employment it has brought with it, is further increasing global inequality, and threatening prosperity around the world. It is also contributing to the first two crises, as efforts to address climate change are deprioritized, and as desperate communities lean more heavily on the natural systems o
15、n which they depend. These natural systems play a vital role in supporting employment. Some 1.2 billion jobs in sectors such as farming, fisheries, forestry and tourism are dependent on the effective management and sustainability of healthy ecosystems. Half of the worlds Gross Domestic Product is, t
16、o a greater or lesser degree, dependent on nature. Stressing or destroying vital ecosystems will have enormous economic as well as environmental and social costs. Too often, nature and the economy are placed in opposition where there is believed to be a trade-off between human well-being and a healt
17、hy planet. But while this trade-off may seem real in the short term, it is also obvious that, over the long term, it is false; there will be no decent jobs on a dead planet. Instead of a trade-off, the interdependence of economic well-being and nature can present an enormous opportunity. A range of
18、Nature-based Solutions exist that can help address the crises of nature and climate on the one hand whilst creating jobs and prosperity on the other. Whether it is restoring forests, building green infrastructure, protecting mangroves, practising agroecology or planting urban forests, practical and
19、implementable Nature-based Solutions can be deployed to protect and enhance nature while creating, sustaining or enhancing decent employment, and contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As governments respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, they have an opportunity to
20、design stimulus packages that integrate Nature- based Solutions, simultaneously supporting nature, creating employment and increasing resilience. This report offers examples of Nature-based Solutions that have been successfully deployed around the world that can provide inspiration and guidance for
21、governments as they do so. Nature-based Solutions are not, of course, a panacea. Many of our problems cannot be addressed using such approaches, and the misapplication of Nature-based Solutions techniques can harm nature and human well-being. The aim of this publication is to map out the societal ch
22、allenges where Nature-based Solutions can be effective, how they have been used, and provide evidence and examples as to show how they integrally support the achievement of the SDGs. We are delighted that the ILO and WWF were able to collaborate on this publication and combine our respective experti
23、se on nature and employment. We hope it will contribute to greater awareness and shifts in policy that will allow for more widespread use of these approaches. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal Chair, Nature-Based Solutions Steering Committee WWF International Sangheon Lee Director of the Employment Policy Departm
24、ent International Labour Organization WWF is working with ILO on creating awareness around nature and employment. WWF ILO REPORT: NATURE HIRES4 Globally, we are witnessing job losses of unprecedented magnitude with as many as 1.6 billion workers, nearly half the global workforce, at risk of losing t
25、heir livelihoods. COVID-19 risks accelerating the crises of climate change and nature loss that humankind faced before the onset of the pandemic, while its resulting economic impacts are exacerbating inequality and poverty. There is an urgent need to address these two crises in the unprecedented res
26、ponse measures that governments are deploying to primarily address the economic impacts of COVID-19. Some multilateral development banks are already recognizing that the economic recovery from COVID-19 is an opportunity to both tackle the climate crisis and build higher societal resilience through n
27、ature. A growing range of Nature-based Solutions exist, for which real-world experience and expertise are available, that could eff ectively be harnessed to create employment while simultaneously protecting nature, mitigating climate change, and making human societies safer, healthier and more resil
28、ient. Nature-based Solutions often provide cost-eff ective approaches that could contribute to achieving a number of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those relating to poverty, food and water security, human health and climate action. Some of the most job-intensive activities that are
29、 an integral part of many Nature-based Solutions include reforestation, ecosystem or watershed rehabilitation and restoration, management of invasive species and the use of agroecological approaches in food production. For recovery packages to be sustainable, they should: Improve human well-being wi
30、thout harming nature; Aim for setting the foundations for the transformation of sectors and systems Use existing institutional arrangements and proven measures; Adopt multi-level and cross-sectoral approaches. Recovery packages that focus on synergies between development, climate and nature are more
31、 likely to increase national well-being; and Maximize the creation of decent jobs. POLICYMAKERS NEED TO URGENTLY EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL OF NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS, AND SEEK TO INTEGRATE THEM IN THEIR RESPONSES TO COVID-19. KEY MESSAGES: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 5 I. INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has sho
32、wn just how vulnerable countries and global systems are to major shocks. The response of many governments to the pandemic social distancing and the closure of large parts of the economy has triggered an economic crisis, with rapid and unprecedented job losses. While the effects of the pandemic on ec
33、onomies and labour markets are still unfolding, indications so far are dire. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that as many as 1.6 billion workers, nearly half the global workforce, are at risk of losing their livelihoods. During the second quarter of 2020, there was an estimated
34、 17 per cent drop globally in hours worked, equivalent to the loss of 495 million full-time jobs (ILO 2020a and ILO 2020b). As women workers are over-represented in some of the economic sectors worst affected by the crisis, such as accommodation, food, sales and manufacturing, it is also anticipated
35、 that they will be more severely impacted. At the same time, crises that pre-dated the COVID-19 pandemic have not gone away. The informal economy accounts for more than half the global workforce, with the share of those working in the informal economy defined as poor likely to have risen from 26 per
36、 cent to 59 per cent in the first months of the crisis (ILO 2020a). Despite a likely short-lived dip in greenhouse gas emissions, global average temperatures continue to rise and the loss of natural habitats and the biodiversity they shelter continues relentlessly (see Figure 2). In response to this
37、 economic catastrophe, many governments have introduced job retention or social protection measures for their citizens at an unprecedented scale while also pushing forward with massive economic stimulus or recovery measures. At present, COVID-19 stimulus packages are five times bigger than climate f
38、unding on an annualized basis, opening opportunities to invest in greening economies. There have been promising signs (for example the European Union see Figure 1), but, in general, most spending is being directed towards conventional solutions, with limited job sustainability impact. Most current p
39、ackages are pushing towards grey recoveries, while only 4 per cent of COVID-19 stimulus can be categorised as green (Vivid Economics, 2020). Figure 1. Size and greenness of stimulus packages. Source: Vivid Economics, using a variety of sources, updated on 28 August 2020. Total Stimulus (US$ Billion)
40、 Greeness of Stimulus Index 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Japan USA South Korea Italy Spain Canada Australia Brazil South Africa Mexico India Indonesia Russia Argentina Saudi Arabia Turkey China Germany France UK European Union WWF ILO REPORT: NATURE HIRES Figure
41、2. The Global Living Planet Index: 1970 to 2016. The average abundance of 20,811 populations representing 4,392 species monitored across the globe declined by 68%. The white line shows the index values and the shaded areas represent the statistical certainty surrounding the trend (range: -73% to -62
42、%). Source: WWF/ZSL (2020) However, multilateral development banks (MDBs) such as the Asian Development Bank are showing leadership, recognizing that the economic recovery from COVID-19 is an opportunity to both tackle the climate crisis and build resilience, including through natural and hybrid inf
43、rastructure projects and Nature-based Solutions (ADB, 2019). In order for these recovery packages to be sustainable, they should: 1. Improve human well-being without harming nature, recognizing that nature constitutes the foundation of any prosperous socio-economic development. 2. Aim for setting th
44、e foundations for the transformation of sectors and systems, prioritizing actions that support the transition to climate and nature-positive economies that support climate and nature goals and long-term sustainable growth in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Accord. 3.
45、 Use existing institutional arrangements and proven measures, leveraging proposals with current frameworks and legislations aimed at propelling climate and nature goals. For example, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) or National Biodiversity Strategy and Adaptation Plans (NBSAPs) could be e
46、nhanced using Nature-based Solutions. 4. Adopt multi-level and cross-sectoral approaches. Recovery packages that focus on synergies between development, climate and nature are more likely to increase national well-being. 5. Maximize the creation of decent jobs. The response to COVID-19 should priori
47、tize the immediate creation of decent jobs with a focus on investments in sectors which can easily absorb workers who have lost jobs and income while supporting sustainable growth and aim to follow the ILOs Guidelines on a Just Transition to environmentally sustainable economies and societies for al
48、l (ILO, 2015).1 Growing pressures on nature The current global recession risks increasing the severity of global inequality through unprecedented job losses and loss of income. It is disproportionately affecting low-income communities who are already most vulnerable to pressures from climate change
49、and biodiversity loss as they are often dependent on local natural resource systems for water and food as well as their livelihoods. Meanwhile, these severe social impacts may in turn deepen the dual crises of biodiversity loss and climate change by increasing human pressures on nature and prompting the resort to conventional and polluting solutions, which are more accessible in the short-term. Ecosystem degradation is now also c