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1、 The Covid-19 pandemic has been a painful wake-up call to our fractured relationship with nature. That cost is revealing itself in terrible ways: from the mounting loss of life and untold suffering of families, to the global economic shock thats destroying jobs and livelihoods. The longer the crisis
2、 continues, the greater the threat will be to global peace, security and stability. The crisis has also exposed systemic weaknesses in our societies and economies all around the world, deepening poverty and inequalities and hampering progress towards the achievement of the Agenda 2030 and its Sustai
3、nable Development Goals. The crises of climate change and biodiversity loss add to the high costs that most vulnerable and marginalised groups and communities already pay and highlight the need to tackle them in a systematic and integrated way. Zoonotic diseases are driven by the same activities tha
4、t cause nature loss: illegal wildlife trade, the trade and consumption of high-risk wild animals, deforestation, habitat loss, and large-scale land conversion for food and livestock production. Environmental degradation increases the risk of future pandemics and weakens our resilience against climat
5、e change and other disasters. The pandemic has also highlighted the crushing weight of inequality in our societies. The global economic system, underpinned by extractive business and financial models and weak labour rights, has left millions of formal and informal workers unable to meet their basic
6、needs. Unequal access to essential services such as healthcare, nutritious food, clean water, sanitation, hygiene, and safe housing, has exacerbated the impact of the pandemic and left public authorities unable to effectively respond. The Covid-19 crisis is a reminder that everything is connected. O
7、ur health, our economies, and the natural environment are all interlinked. Tackling problems in siloes is no longer an option. Back in December 2019, the European Commission set out the principles and ambitions of the European Green Deal, which should guide all policy and decision making of the Euro
8、pean Union going forward, such as achieving climate neutrality, preserving biodiversity, as well as fulfilling the international commitments in line with the Paris climate agreement, biodiversity goals and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These principles must also guide EU Delegations (EUD
9、s), European External Action Service (EEAS) and DG International Cooperation and Development (DEVCO) in their programming process of the EU instrument for the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation (NDICI) for the period 2021- 2027, as well as the economic recovery from Covid-19 of
10、 partner countries outside Europe. This paper lays out the principles and recommendations of WWF for prioritising and mainstreaming the environment and climate in the NDICI programming at country, regional and global level. The objective is to deliver on the ambitions of the European Green Deal. It
11、builds on recommendations from a joint NGO paper Making the European Green Deal work for International Partnerships1 and a joint NGO statement European Green Deal must strengthen partner countries recovery from the Covid-19 crises2. It is also aligned with WWF European 1 2 https:/wwfeu.awsassets.pan
12、da.org/downloads/ngo_statement_on_covid_19_crisis.pdf Policy Office paper Building resilience: WWF recommendations for a just sustainable recovery after Covid-193 but is tailored to development cooperation. The European Green Deal can offer a framework for the EU to draw up the NDICI priorities in a
13、 way that helps tackle social inequalities, climate and environmental breakdown, and the need to improve long-term resilience, by taking a consistent approach across the board, and aiming clearly at a green, equitable, socially just and resilient development and recovery plans in partner countries i
14、n the Global South. The recommendations in this paper are structured around the key programmatic areas which have been announced by the DG DEVCO under the external dimension of the European Green Deal: Biodiversity and wildlife Forests Food systems Freshwater Oceans Climate and sustainable energy Gr
15、een and Smart cities Circular Economy Sustainable finance and investments 3 Promoting the green and digital transition in the post-Covid recovery is among the top priorities for the EUs action, both internally and in cooperation with partner countries. This report lays out a set of key principles an
16、d recommendations for NDICI programming, which will help the EU translate the objectives of the European Green Deal in its external action instruments. Overall, it is critical to mainstream and prioritise the EGDs climate and biodiversity objectives throughout the NDICI programming process. Further,
17、 the NDICI funds must comply with the EGDs Do no harm oath, by excluding support to any environmentally and socially harmful activities. A human rights-based approach must underpin all EU development interventions, and the NDICI programming should comply with and strengthen human rights and natural
18、resources rights. This must include a recognition and empowerment of Indigenous People and local communities (IPLCs). These principles must be operationationalised by strengthening environmental expertise and capacity of EU delegations, and providing them with clear guidance on conducting environmen
19、tal and climate screenings for all programmes, and on achieving genuine mainstreaming. Equally, the capacity of governments in partner countries should be enhanced, as they have the ultimate responsibility for mainstreaming biodiversity and climate action into their national systems and programmes.
20、WWFs recommendations for NDICI programming touch on a broad range of environmental policy areas. Biodiversity support adaptation and be climate-resilient. The NDICI must not support any environmentally and socially harmful activities such as fossil fuel production, overfishing and unsustainable anim
21、al farming, industrial agribusiness, or commodity production and imports which cause deforestation, biodiversity loss, or land and water grabs. To fulfil the “do no harm” principle, the programming instructions should include clear guidance on how to conduct environmental and climate screenings (enc
22、ompassing mitigation and adaptation) and a rights-based assessment for any programmes financed under the NDICI. The EU should consider using and adapting existing screening tools such as EIAs, SEAs and the EU Taxonomy which has clear do no harm thresholds for climate (and will contain thresholds for
23、 biodiversity, freshwater and marine etc. by the end of 2021) and foresee clear exclusion criteria for fossil fuels and other harmful activities in line with the forthcoming NDICI regulation, similar to the exclusion lists for InvestEU4. Women and girls are more exposed and vulnerable to the impacts
24、 of biodiversity loss and climate change, as well as to inequalities and inequity. Women, girls and womens organisations are often at the forefront of defence and sustainable management of natural resources, first responders in climate disasters and they play a key role in ensuring food security5. A
25、nd yet, the knowledge, skills and decision-making tactics of both women and men are currently absent from discourse on natural resource management and adaptation to climate change. Levelling the playing field between genders has already proven beneficial for environmental conservation, sustainabilit
26、y and gender equality, and womens rights are and should remain a high priority in EU development cooperation, as reflected in the Consensus for Development and the EU Gender Action Plan. In line with the EUs Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy, a human rights based approach should be promoted
27、and upheld at all levels of the programming process and throughout implementation. Strengthening human rights in partner countries is the pathway to better environmental outcomes. Strong social and environmental safeguards, along with the “do no harm” principle should apply to the NDICI, in order to
28、 counteract potential adverse human rights impacts on people in the Global South, as already exemplified by biofuels and commodity imports, which cause deforestation and land and water grabs. The NDICI programming should comply with and strengthen human rights and natural resources rights, including
29、 the right of local communities and indigenous peoples to Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). Increased support should be directed to environmental defenders and community-led solutions. Strong social and environmental safeguards, as well as effective monitoring and complaint mechanisms should
30、apply to all programmes and investments funded by the EU in partner countries, including blended finance operations and budgetary guarantees signed in the context of the EFSD+. The EU should also adopt robust and binding rules on corporate accountability for human rights violations and environmental
31、 degradation, and should engage constructively in the negotiations for a UN Treaty on Business and Human Rights A significant increase in the area of land and sea under effective and inclusive conservation and sustainable use is required as part of efforts to bend the curve of nature loss and mitiga
32、te climate change. This can only be achieved by recognising the important role that Indigenous 4 https:/ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-403-F1-EN-ANNEX-5-PART-1.PDF 5 https:/wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_genderequalityandfisheriespolicybrief.pdf People and local com
33、munities (IPLCs) as nature custodians have played for generations and continue to play in safeguarding most of the planets remaining biocultural diversity. An estimated 65% of the world is under some form of community governance and/or management (RRI, 2015); some estimate this coincides with areas
34、holding 80% of the planets biodiversity. However, IPLCs hold effective legal rights to only a fraction of the lands and territories they have used and conserved for generations. The EU, as a global donor and actor, can play an important role in working with governments, civil society and private sec
35、tor to advocate and promote the recognition of those IPLCs who have been custodians of their lands and territories over generations and intend to conserve these areas effectively for the long-term (indigenous and community conserved areas-ICCAs, or territories of Life), support their efforts to secu
36、re rights to their ICCAs, and strengthen the governance systems of their territories, lands and waters, their culture and to build sustainable economies. Recognition and empowerment will better enable IPLCs to restore and defend these areas against encroachment of unsustainable development activitie
37、s and become champions of sustainable, holistic development and equitable conservation. Dialogue and consultations with civil society should be ensured throughout the programming process - and beyond -, by supporting the timely and meaningful participation of a broad and diverse group of civil socie
38、ty organizations, including youth and womens organizations, environmental defenders and climate activists, Indigenous Peoples, and other marginalized groups. The process should be fully transparent and information readily available to ensure all views are shared and taken into account in determining
39、 future cooperation strategies. During implementation, significant and predictable funding should be available to civil society organizations, to safeguard civic space and enable CSOs participation to democratic life. Funding should also be made available to CSOs to support their right of initiative
40、 and run their own programmes. Capacity and expertise of EU Delegations (EUDs) should be strengthened as well as those of governments in partner countries who have the ultimate responsibility for mainstreaming in their national systems and programmes. As the volume of funding programmed and managed
41、by EUDs will increase under the NDICI, the Commission services should offer clear guidance, technical support and improvements to available tools and guidelines on Climate and Biodiversity mainstreaming, to ensure a more systematic and effective use of screening tools, such as Environmental Impact A
42、ssessments and Strategic Environmental assessments. It should be mandatory for all EUDs to employ climate and environmental experts in order to pursue green alliances and lead the green diplomacy efforts tailored to the needs of partner countries, and offer technical assistance. Global biodiversity
43、loss is driven by unsustainable human activities such as illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade, poorly planned infrastructure development, deforestation and ecosystem conversion from agricultural supply chains. Evidence shows that these drivers are also linked to the emergence of zoonotic disease
44、s, such as Covid-19, and increase the likelihood of future pandemics with devastating consequences for peoples health, wellbeing, livelihoods and cost to the global economy6. Connectivity of landscapes is also at stake, undermining the ability of wildlife to migrate or disperse to feed and breed, an
45、d of ecosystems to function properly. Transformative action is needed to halt and reverse nature loss, and the EU should continue to play a leading role in shaping and adopting an ambitious post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, and commit to provide adequate finance for its implementation while f
46、ollowing through on the global aspects of the new EU Biodiversity Strategy. Through the NDICI programming process, the EU should in particular work with partner countries to: 1. Promote integrated and inclusive landscape approaches that ensure ecological connectivity to deliver multiple benefits for
47、 local communities and biodiversity Initiatives such as NaturAfrica should be developed by involving all relevant stakeholders, especially Indigenous Peoples and local communities, and take a holistic and systemic approach to tackle all drivers of biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. App
48、ropriate and far reaching solutions should be put forward including: Support for well managed and sufficiently funded protected areas, which also ensure solutions for shared-governance models based on full respect of IPLCs rights, promote their involvement and empowerment and opportunities for devel
49、oping alternative livelihoods; Extending support beyond PAs to conserved areas and other critical ecosystems to secure the structural and functional connectivity between them, which is necessary to ensure long-term resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to deliver socio- economic benefits7, noting that ecological connectivity can be effectively strengt