1、Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country ModelsI N S I G H T R E P O R TJ A N U A R Y 2 0 2 3In collaboration with Bain&CompanyContentsImages:Getty Images 2023 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any mea

2、ns,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a coll

3、aborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.ForewordExecutive summary1 The leadership imperative:country-led transitions in f

4、ood,nature and health1.1 Food systems are no longer fit for purpose they need transforming1.2 What defines good food systems?2 Catalysing food systems transformation2.1 Early movers transform traditional and informal agriculture sectors2.2 Ethiopia:strengthening country transformation capacity2.3 Un

5、leashing the power of the“hidden middle”:India,Vietnam and Ghana3 How to build sustainable,healthy,productive food systems3.1 Fostering innovation to improve productivity,nutrition security and sustainability3.2 Scaling-up adoption of nature-positive,climate-smart food production 3.3 Towards healthi

6、er and more sustainable diets 4 A roadmap for multi-stakeholder action and investmentContributorsEndnotes346 7 81314 1518 2829 33 38455253Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models2ForewordGlobally,the food and agribusiness industry represents 35%of all jobs and close to 10%of GDP.

7、1,2 Food and agriculture collectively account for more than 30%of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions and over 80%of tropical deforestation and biodiversity loss.3,4,5 Transforming food systems is essential to meeting net-zero,nature-positive goals by 2030,providing dignified livelihoods and contrib

8、uting to improved nutrition and health for the earths 8 billion people.It is incontrovertible that we need to transform our food systems.Now is the time to focus on the“how”.Since the first United Nations(UN)Food Systems Summit in 2021,117 countries have committed to transform their food systems in

9、line with the UNs Sustainable Development Goals.6 While this is important progress,so far,few countries have translated those commitments into specific,integrated roadmaps.The pace and scale at which change is happening is simply not enough to meet global goals by 2030.This report offers insights in

10、to the actions and investments that can accelerate a countrys transition towards food systems that deliver a stronger economy,better livelihoods for a more inclusive set of people,greater nutritional security and improved health,while causing a lower impact on the climate and nature.These insights a

11、re drawn from successful transformations observed over a few decades in a handful of diverse countries.They are not perfect illustrations of food systems transformation,of course.Any real-world example is going to be messy.And to cover a broad scope of different types of transformation across differ

12、ent countries in a relatively brief report,some details and issues are only touched on briefly or left unexplored.But these examples do offer profiles of progressive leadership in developing and emerging countries that outperformed on most if not all dimensions.These transformations often started as

13、 primarily agricultural productivity transformations aimed at improving food security and catalysing a broader economic transformation.In developed markets,the picture is murkier,as no single country has outperformed on multiple key dimensions of food systems without areas of underperformance.Nevert

14、heless,select areas of success in these markets highlight key learnings for others.The lessons highlighted can inform actions,investments and collaboration,but peer countries should not necessarily try to follow the exact same pathway.With time running out,the scope and complexity of the challenges

15、facing food systems demand that plans for transformation carefully consider the inter-relations and tensions between different dimensions of these systems and concurrently apply the transformation levers most relevant for the food system at hand.These levers include government policy and related too

16、ls,public-private partnerships,technology innovation,financing,action by companies and enterprises,and multi-stakeholder coalitions.Though they differ in detail,the country examples share common elements,which include the following:The important role governments play in establishing clear,long-range

17、 roadmaps and in creating a strong environment that enables inclusive,sustainable growth The dynamic interplay of public and private financing,and how greater coordination of such financing and other support can unlock capital flows The power of private enterprise to innovate and build scalable busi

18、ness models that can anchor more resilient food systems Insights into how innovations can only take hold when supported by strong ecosystems centred around farmer adoption.This report owes much to the substantial research that already exists on food systems transformation.It was created in collabora

19、tion with the World Economic Forums Centre for Nature and Climate,whose mission is to galvanize multi-sectoral leadership to advance global insight and policy,to support collective corporate action,and to leverage innovation,finance and technology to accelerate systems transformations to meet the ne

20、eds of profit,people and planet.The report also draws on Bain&Companys ongoing partnership with the Forums Food Action Alliance and Food Innovation Hubs,as well as its client work in the private,social and public sectors.We hope this report will contribute to the collective dialogue on country-led f

21、ood systems transformation and motivate key stakeholders to work in coordinated ways to support farmers,consumers and the planet.The ideas in this report will be presented to business and government leaders,beginning in 2023 at the World Economic Forums Annual Meeting in Davos,Switzerland.These lead

22、ers can accelerate food systems transformation by collaborating through platforms such as the Food Action Alliance and CEO Alliance on Food,Nature and Health,among others.Our ambition is that this community will bring these ideas to life,helping create demonstration models of effective public-privat

23、e partnership that can accelerate food systems transitions in specific countries.Vikki Tam Partner and Head of Global Social Impact Practice,Bain&CompanyFood,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country ModelsJanuary 2023Sean de Cleene Head,Food Systems Initiative;Member of the Executive Committ

24、ee,World Economic ForumTania Strauss Head,Strategy and Global Projects,Food Systems Initiative,World Economic ForumFood,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models3Executive summaryWhen food fails,everything fails.We must work to transform our food systems to be resilient,sustainable and

25、 healthy.Geraldine Matchett,Co-Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer,Royal DSM,NetherlandsHigh-performing food systems provide healthy and nutritious diets.They create dignified livelihoods for producers and benefit the economy.They mitigate and adapt to climate change,and safeguard na

26、ture and biodiversity.Today our food systems fall far short of these goals,leading to both hunger and obesity,low resilience to external shocks,and negative impacts on climate and nature.Food systems are highly interdependent and involve a broad set of stakeholders.This report focuses on the urgent

27、and complex transformations required at the most relevant unit of change:the country.At a high level,the transformation pathways and levers are well known:the global community must implement climate-smart and nature-positive food and agricultural practices,change how and what we consume,innovate,foc

28、us public policy,take new approaches to financing,and collaborate across public and private sectors.How these levers accelerate the pace and scale of change at a country level is less broadly understood.To answer that question,the report defined a set of key food systems outcomes(for which authorita

29、tive data is available across most countries)and selected seven“early mover”countries whose performance has been comparatively strong and whose examples and lessons are widely relevant.Their stories of transformation identify common,repeatable elements,including the most critical actions and investm

30、ents for driving change and how they should be coordinated.Collectively,these success stories can inform faster,more holistic,country-led transitions to better food systems.Chapter 2 looks at food systems transformations in Ethiopia,India,Vietnam and Ghana.Ethiopias example,which began as an agricul

31、tural transformation,illustrates how developing countries can take a systematic approach to evolving their food systems and strengthening their transformation capacity,through targeted public investment,enabling policies and institutional innovation.The transformation successes of strategic sectors

32、in India,Vietnam and Ghana show how countries can evolve their food systems to improve a broad set of outcomes,by unlocking the potential of small and medium enterprises(SMEs),particularly those that are farmer-allied and operating in local food chains.Chapter 3 looks at how countries are using inno

33、vation to improve outcomes in productivity,sustainability and nutrition.For example,Algeria has improved food security in the face of significant constraints on water availability,while Vietnam has sustainably intensified its rice production.Case studies from Canada and New Zealand illustrate ways t

34、o scale-up adoption of nature-positive and climate-smart food production,particularly by focusing on the case for an economic advantage for producers.The chapter draws on pockets of success in a number of countries to suggest an emerging model for shifting consumption towards healthier and more sust

35、ainable diets,by using pricing interventions from public and private actors,introducing clearer consumer communication and engagement,and increasing access to and availability of healthy and sustainable foods.These early mover country profiles show how multiple actors coordinate and employ the varie

36、d levers available to enable large-scale change.They also show the challenges.Success has not been universal across all food system dimensions and trade-offs were made in each transformation effort.However,taken together,the profiles demonstrate the potential for these levers,when applied concurrent

37、ly and with urgency,to accelerate country-led food systems transformation.Chapter 4 presents a roadmap for multi-stakeholder actions and investments.It includes five critical,urgent and concurrent stakeholder actions,and outlines how governments,capital providers,companies,entrepreneurs and NGOs can

38、 support them.Roadmap for action1.Every country needs to develop and implement an integrated food systems transformation roadmap.Such a roadmap needs to include mid-and long-term target outcomes across food system dimensions,detail a holistic set of public investments and policy interventions,and le

39、verage public-private partnerships to accelerate action.Countries need to invest in building transformation capacity and leverage catalytic financing,including donor,blended and innovative financing.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models42.Prioritize high-potential,farmer-allie

40、d enterprises in transformation plans,programmes and investments.Such enterprises operating in the middle of food value chains particularly in developing and emerging markets can,when scaled-up,anchor more resilient local food systems and help deliver and sustain positive outcomes across all food sy

41、stem dimensions.Efficient aggregator models that can enable more local sourcing and affordable nutrition also deserve more attention.3.Coordinate public and private financing and greater amounts of blended capital to unlock capital flows.Countries should increase the availability of affordable debt,

42、coordinate financial and technical de-risking mechanisms,and leverage patient,risk-tolerant capital to fuel innovation especially innovation targeted at smallholder farmers.4.Scale-up change faster through technology and innovation ecosystems.New technologies and practices can help producers improve

43、 productivity while minimizing their impacts on the climate and nature,and adapting to the changing context.Collaboration between actors must focus on creating the necessary conditions(especially economic incentives)for farmer adoption and using“multipliers”to scale-up that adoption.Multipliers may

44、include financing,policy,technology,corporate action and pre-competitive collaboration(which further reduces investment risk).5.Mobilize the next generation of action-oriented,multi-stakeholder partnerships and coalitions.These must include the right partners and ensure alignment on target outcomes,

45、with an emphasis on building context-specific,scalable and replicable demonstration models of collaboration and mobilizing broad-based,cross-industry leadership to set standards and shift how food is produced and consumed.Delivering on the full potential of public-private and multi-stakeholder coord

46、ination and collaboration will be key to accelerating transition towards better food systems.This will require strengthening the capacity at individual,institutional and country levels to understand,assess and manage the trade-offs involved in complex food systems transformations,and to navigate and

47、 build coalitions around possible change.If countries can set clear ambitions and build integrated roadmaps for more inclusive,sustainable,healthy and resilient food systems,and if all key food system stakeholders can collectively step up and work together,it will be possible to evolve food systems

48、in ways that nourish growing populations,build greater resilience,and enable farmers and all those engaged in these systems to live with dignity,while restoring the planet for future generations.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models5The leadership imperative:country-led transi

49、tions in food,nature and health 1While challenges to subnational food systems are important and diverse,this reports fundamental premise is that countries at a national level must be the locus of transformation.They are the most relevant unit of change.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable C

50、ountry Models6Food systems are complicated combinations of interrelated and interdependent social,economic,environmental and political systems.As defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),“food systems encompass the entire range of actors and their interlinked value

51、-adding activities involved in the production,aggregation,processing,distribution,consumption and disposal of food products”.7 Those products originate from agriculture,forestry and fisheries and are a critical part of their broader economic,societal and natural environments.Globally,the food and ag

52、ribusiness industry represents 35%of all jobs and close to 10%of GDP,with the worlds farmers producing enough food to feed up to 10 billion people.8,9 Yet despite this apparent success,there is a strong consensus that food systems are increasingly susceptible to shocks and less and less fit for purp

53、ose.Food and agriculture collectively account for more than 30%of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and over 80%of deforestation and biodiversity loss around the world.10,11,12 An estimated one-third of all food is wasted,yet up to 2.3 billion people face moderate or severe food insecurity,a figure exace

54、rbated by recent crises.13,14,15 At the same time,more than one billion people are obese and diet-related diseases are the leading risk factor for death in most countries in the world.16,17 Two-thirds of working adults living in poverty rely on agriculture for their livelihoods.18 Despite their chal

55、lenges,food systems,when transformed,can help solve some of the worlds toughest problems,from climate change to resilient livelihoods.Food systems encompass a wide range of food types across land and ocean,and it is possible to evolve these systems to provide food and nutrition security to our growi

56、ng global population,expected to be almost 10 billion by 2050.19 Advances such as regenerative farming have the potential to sequester within soils a significant share of global GHG emissions between 9%and 23%according to a 2017 FAO estimate.Transformed food systems could help build resilient commun

57、ities and create opportunities to improve lives and livelihoods,including for women,youth and Indigenous peoples.20With fewer than eight annual planting cycles left to build more sustainable,inclusive and healthy food systems by 2030 in line with the targets in the Paris Agreement and the UNs Sustai

58、nable Development Goals(SDGs)a growing number of countries are heeding the leadership imperative to act now.Since the first UN Food Systems Summit in 2021,117 countries have committed to transform their food systems to meet the UNs SDGs.21 Transforming global food and land use systems will require$3

59、00-350 billion of investment per year until 2030.22 This report aims to highlight where and how to prioritize those investments by answering three key questions:1.Which common set of key outcomes should countries focus on to effectively set goals,measure progress and prioritize action?2.How can leve

60、rs both actions and investments work together to unlock faster progress towards target outcomes for different types of countries?3.How can multi-stakeholder partnerships collaborate,innovate and scale-up to make maximum progress on their shared goals with the biggest returns on investment?In explori

61、ng these questions,the report deploys a deliberately data-driven approach,by:Compiling a two-decade data set on the performance of 150 countries against a set of metrics that,taken together,provide for a relatively comprehensive range of food system outcomes Identifying early mover countries that ha

62、ve demonstrated consistently strong often exceptional performance on the key outcomes most relevant to their countrys specific context Analysing these national food system success stories to identify the key levers that had the greatest impacts on transformation and then to build three repeatable mo

63、dels based on a combination of those levers working in alignment(see Figures 6,11 and 14)It is worth noting that many of the transformation success stories profiled in this report have been decades in the making.Most were not launched as holistic food systems transformations,but were instead focused

64、 on the specific dimensions viewed as the most pressing challenges at the time.Several began before the impacts of climate change were broadly recognized or keenly felt.This history does not make them any less relevant as examples of countries achieving large-scale change towards better food systems

65、.But the greater urgency and complexity of todays food system challenges require greater resourcefulness and ambition.Whereas countries may have once activated change levers consecutively such as government policy,public-private partnerships,financing,innovation,corporate action and multi-stakeholde

66、r coalitions they must now deploy these strategies concurrently.And while the early mover examples profiled by the report are country-specific,they should be viewed as an integrated set of insights and models that are relevant to any country.Food systems are no longer fit for purpose they need trans

67、forming1.1 Food and agriculture collectively account for more than 30%of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and over 80%of deforestation and biodiversity loss around the world.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models7What defines good food systems?1.2Successful food systems can look di

68、fferent in different countries and even within countries but they all lead to positive economic,environmental,nutrition and health outcomes.Establishing a universal definition of successful food system outcomes will help countries set the right targets,prioritize their actions and measure progress t

69、owards true food systems transformation.Although there is no single,accepted definition today,there is a significant effort underway to develop a common set of metrics to serve that purpose,known as the Food Systems Countdown Initiative.23 Until that standard is published,this report offers a defini

70、tion of food system success centred on five key dimensions(see Figure 1):1.Economy and production2.Livelihoods,poverty and equity3.Nature and biodiversity4.Climate adaptation and mitigation5.Nutrition,diet and healthFive dimensions of food system successFIGURE 1Economy and production Productivity gr

71、owthEfficient value chains Resilience to food shocks Focused export growthLivelihoods,poverty and equity Dignified livelihoods for all stakeholdersGender inclusion Youth opportunity Support engagement with Indigenous peoplesNature and biodiversity Land,soil and ocean healthSustainable water use and

72、management Biosphere integrityClimate adaptation and mitigation Resilience to climate change impactsReduction in greenhouse gas emissionsNutrition,diet and health Local food securityHealthy diets Healthy communitiesDigital/data and technology innovationPolicy and enabling environmentPublic and priva

73、te financingFood systems and key enablersResearch and technologyAgriculturalproductionFarm inputsProcessingDistribution,transport,tradeFood retail/serviceEatingWaste and disposalSources:World Economic Forum,Bain&Company.This approach,grounded in data,allows objective comparisons of country outcomes.

74、The metrics for measuring progress against each of the five dimensions of food system success are presented in Figure 2(see row entitled“Current metrics”).These were selected from a wide range of available metrics and data points across countries,because they best meet the following five criteria:Im

75、portant metrics by themselves(i.e.not just drivers of other outcomes)Non-redundant Widely accepted Available from authoritative sources Consistently measured and reported across countries and over timeThere are additional worthwhile metrics that can be added to this dataset,once they are tracked mor

76、e widely across countries and more systematically over long time periods(see Figure 2 row entitled“Recommended metrics for future use once available”).Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models8Illustrative metrics to track five dimensions of food system success FIGURE 2Notes:*indi

77、cates data for a point in time,indicates data measuring a change over time.Cost of nutrient adequacy is defined as the“minimum cost of using locally-available foods to obtain enough of all essential nutrients needed for an active and healthy life”by Herforth et al.24 Healthy diets includes e.g.diet

78、quality indicators,such as the Healthy Diet Indicator or Global Dietary Recommendations Score from World Health Organization(WHO).Sources:World Economic Forum,Bain&Company.Livelihoods,poverty and equity Poverty headcount ratio at$5.50 per day,2011 purchasing power parity*Youth employment in agricult

79、ure*Percentage of rural population below the countrys living income threshold*Female employment in the food sector*Youth employment in the food sector*Economy and production Food production per capita*Value addition in food manufacturing,per capita*Vegetable loss,post-harvest and pre-consumer*Afford

80、ability of a healthy diet*Food supply adequacy Cereal import dependency ratio*Pre-and post-harvest food loss*Food waste*Cost of nutrient adequacy*Extend to include change over time:Value addition in food manufacturing,per capitaNature and biodiversity Forest area Share of land degradation*Eutrophica

81、tion from diet,per capita*Agricultural water-use efficiency*Ocean Health Index food provision score*Ocean Health Index biodiversity score*Share of cropland under various nature-positive practices*Health of fish stocks(e.g.%at healthy level)*Extend to include change over time:Share of land degraded E

82、utrophication from diet,per capita Share of other natural land types(e.g.wetlands,peatlands)Climate adaptation and mitigation Farm gate GHG emissions per unit of production,crops*Farm gate GHG emissions per unit of production,livestock*GHG emissions from consumption,per capita*GHG emissions per unit

83、 of production,blue foods*Pre-and post-production GHG emissions(for crops,livestock and blue foods)*Resilience to climate change(e.g.damage and loss metric from FAO)*Extend to include change over time:GHG emissions from consumption,per capitaNutrition,diet and health Moderate to severe food insecuri

84、ty*Prevalence of undernourishment*Adult obesity rate*Stunting rate for children under-5*Prevalence of diabetes*Healthy diets*Prevalence of non-communicable diseases attributable to diet*Current metricsRecommended metrics for future use once availableFood,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Coun

85、try Models9To compare countries and identify meaningful trends,this report has classified countries into five types of food systems,as developed by the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition(GAIN)and Johns Hopkins University in their Food Systems Dashboard(see Figure 3).25 Critically,these five type

86、s do not correspond to stages in a linear progression for food systems.Food Systems Dashboards five country classificationsFIGURE 3TypesCharacteristicsRural and Traditional Smallholder farms,low yields of staple crops Short supply chains and fragmented,informal markets;supermarkets are rare Rapid gr

87、owth in rural non-farm employment Higher productivity due to use of inputs(seeds and fertilizer)with some medium-and large-scale farms Modern supply chains emerging;supermarkets expanding but informal markets still dominate Increased number of medium-and large-scale commercial farms with many small-

88、scale farms Processed foods are common in urban areas and can be found in many rural areas High productivity with mechanization and input-intensive practices;higher food waste and spoilage National distribution chains allow for diverse food consumption of fresh and processed foods Small number of la

89、rge,input-intensive farms with high market consolidation and long supply chains High supermarket density and luxury optionsInformal and ExpandingEmerging and DiversifyingModernizing and FormalizingIndustrialized and ConsolidatedSource:Food Systems Dashboard,Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition(GAI

90、N)and Johns Hopkins University,2020.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models10Data on a critical subset of key outcome metrics across the five dimensions of food system success economy,livelihoods,nature,climate and nutrition shows clear differences in performance between differe

91、nt country types.Insights from this short list of outcome metrics are summarized below and shown in Figure 4,using data from 2019(or,when not available,the most recent year prior to 2019).Historically,food systems development has started with productivity gains.Those gains lead to improvement in eco

92、nomic outcomes(e.g.declining rates of poverty)and nutrition outcomes(e.g.reduced malnourishment).Although this type of development reduced emissions intensity,today a more integrated food systems approach must be taken from the outset,to avoid encountering challenges now seen in developed markets su

93、ch as eutrophication,higher total emissions and obesity(see next page).As food systems develop further,they often focus on adding more value by processing raw agricultural output into higher margin products,(e.g.converting milk into dairy products,or maize into flour and porridge).Value-added growth

94、 sustains and accelerates improvements in related food system outcomes,such as productivity gains,better livelihoods and reduced undernourishment.With more developed food systems,new issues emerge,including more extensive eutrophication of soils from fertilizer use,higher total GHG emissions from in

95、creases in crop production due to greater fertilizer and on-farm energy use,a shift towards more GHG-intensive diets that are rich in meat and processed foods,and a shift from hunger to obesity.Every country,of whatever type,struggles to balance competing priorities.They may need to reduce malnouris

96、hment and obesity simultaneously,or grow production for nutrition security while at the same time reducing use of natural resources.The most developed food systems have pressing challenges relating to health,climate and nature.However,common to all countries is the need to pursue transformation leve

97、rs concurrently to accelerate the transition to better food systems.Common to all countries is the need to pursue transformation levers concurrently to accelerate the transition to better food systems.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models11Current outcomes against the five dim

98、ensions of success,by food system typeFIGURE 4Production/productivity&value addition drive economic&nutrition outcomesPoverty declines as economic outcomes improvePoverty headcountCrop production emissions/tonLivestock production emissions/tonGHGs from diet,per capitaDeveloping countries use water l

99、ess efficiently;more developed countries higher input intensity also impacts natureWith more efficient&sustainable production,livestock emissions intensity drops;similar trends not observed for crops.As countries develop,dietary shifts lead to greater per capita emissionsAs countries develop,challen

100、ges shift from hunger to obesity some countries need to address both simultaneouslyFive dimensions of food system successEconomyLivelihoodsNatureClimateNutrition%population below poverty line($5.50),avg.2014-19Tons CO2e emitted from crops/tons crop produced,2019Tons CO2e emitted from animal products

101、/tons produced,2019Kg CO2e emitted from food consumed/population,2019Value addition per capitaNet value of ag.(output value input costs)/population,avg.2013-18Agricultural water-use efficiencyEutrophica-tion per capitaValue-added of ag.sector/vol.water used($/cu.m),avg.2017-19PO43-eq.g in water and

102、soil/person,2019Prevalence of under-nourishment%of population undernourished,2019Adult obesity rate%of 18+population obese,2019Higher is betterFood production per capitaKg agricultural production/population,2018Higher is betterHigher is betterLower is betterLower is betterLower is betterLower is bet

103、terLower is betterLower is betterLower is better0050060070080090000.20.40.60.811.21.402,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,0000%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%0R&TI&EE&DM&FI&CR&TI&EE&DM&FI&C50000%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%00500025003000

104、35004000450000.20.10.30.40.50.60.7R&TI&EE&DM&FI&CR&TI&EE&DM&FI&CR&TI&EE&DM&FI&CR&TI&EE&DM&FI&CR&TI&EE&DM&FI&CR&TI&EE&DM&FI&CR&TI&EE&DM&FI&CR&TI&EE&DM&FI&CRural and TraditionalInformal and ExpandingEmerging and DiversifyingModernizing and FormalizingIndustrialized and ConsolidatedKey outcome metricsS

105、ources:FAO,UN Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO),World Bank,World Wide Fund for Nature(WWF),Euromonitor.Note:Markers represent the median among countries in each of the five food system types(on x-axis)for which data is available.26These patterns illustrate how the challenges and priorities

106、of food systems transformation evolve as countries develop and industrialize.The data also highlights that a countrys performance on one dimension affects its performance on others.By pursuing key transformation levers in tandem,these inter-relations can be leveraged and trade-offs minimized,acceler

107、ating progress towards more sustainable,inclusive and healthy food systems.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models12Catalysing food systems transformation2Developing and emerging countries can catalyse broader food systems transformation by investing in their transformation capa

108、city and unlocking farmer potential and enterprise growth throughout the value chain.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models13Early movers transform traditional and informal agriculture sectors2.1Food systems in countries classified as Rural and Traditional or Informal and Expan

109、ding(see Figures 3 and 4)are dominated by smallholder farms,typically no larger than two hectares.They are characterized by relatively low productivity and,consequently,see higher levels of poverty and food insecurity.The median productivity in Rural and Traditional countries is 40%of what is observ

110、ed in the most developed markets,with roughly 90%of the population living on less than$5.50 a day.Therefore,their food systems transformation is first and foremost an economic one and it must start with the sustainable intensification of agriculture,done in a way that minimizes land-use change and e

111、nvironmental degradation.Increasing farm output and productivity this way can lead to greater food security at reduced emissions intensity.When paired with fair farm gate prices,it can not only improve farmer livelihoods but also serve as a stepping-stone to broader rural transformation.With greater

112、 commercialization and marketable surpluses,output markets develop and the economic value associated with activities beyond the farm gate increases.Private enterprises become an important force for the economic development and transformation of a country,further improving farmer livelihoods and crea

113、ting jobs while providing more affordable nutrition for the local population.While what starts out as agricultural development can come to benefit multiple food system dimensions,an emphasis on scaling-up,as later country profiles will show,can come at the expense of climate and nature outcomes.It i

114、s therefore important for countries to consider all outcomes early on in integrated transformation plans in order to avoid such unintended negative consequences that can also include a rapid uptake in ultra-processed foods and significant growth in unhealthy diets.Productivity improvement and expans

115、ion of value addition can take place in parallel and are often mutually reinforcing.The early mover profiles below spotlight the successes of selected countries in catalysing food systems transformation starting with remarkable growth in production and productivity.These profiles are followed by thr

116、ee country examples of value addition transformation,all of which follow a similar repeatable model.Each profile includes a summary of the countrys performance on key outcome metrics,with comparisons against countries of the same food system type(unless otherwise noted),based on the Food Systems Das

117、hboard.These summaries generally show over-performance on many but not all outcome metrics,indicating areas of trade-offs or lack of focus.It should also be noted that these metrics will reflect the effectiveness of actions and investments in food systems but may not always be fully accounted for by

118、 them.What starts out as agricultural development can come to benefit multiple food system dimensions.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models14Ethiopia:strengthening country transformation capacity2.2Twenty years ago,Ethiopia began a remarkable transformation of its agricultural

119、 sector.Between 2002 and 2018,food production per capita grew 63%compared to the median of 12%among its peer countries in the Rural and Traditional category.27,28 The yield of cereals such as teff,maize and wheat grew by 102%,29 bringing meaningful declines in undernourishment and the percentage of

120、people living in poverty.30,31 This agricultural transformation has been an important contributor to Ethiopias 7%annual GDP per capita growth during this period,well above the 3%of its peers.32 Ethiopia numbers at a glanceFIGURE 5Economy63%increase in food production per capita(vs.12%median increase

121、 in Rural and Traditional countries)Livelihoods22%decline in poverty rate(vs.17 percentage point median decrease in Rural and Traditional countries)Nature20%lower value created in agriculture per unit of water(than median of Rural and Traditional countries)26%lower eutrophication per capita(than med

122、ian of Rural and Traditional countries)Climate31%decrease in crop emissions intensity(vs.10%median decrease in Rural and Traditional countries)25%increase in livestock emissions intensity(vs.1%median decrease in Rural and Traditional countries)Nutrition16%under-nourishment rate(vs.22%median in Rural

123、 and Traditional countries)Ethiopia1of 3African countries to exceed CAADP recommendation of 10%government expenditure on agriculture8%annual growth in agricultural GDP (vs.3%in other African CAADP countries)10 xROI on Agricultural Transformation Agency(ATA)initiativesSources:FAO,33 World Bank,34 WWF

124、,35 UN Statistics Division.36Notes:Food production per capita growth is from 2002-2018,using trailing 3-year average.Poverty rate decline is from 1999-2016,using trailing 3-year average;poverty rate=$3.65/day with 2017 PPPs.Water usage efficiency uses average values($per m3)for agriculture from 2017

125、-2019.Eutrophication is for 2019.Crop and livestock emissions intensity measures tonnes of CO2 equivalent per tonne of production from 2002-2018.Undernourishment rate is for 2019.Government expenditure is from 2005-2019.Annual growth in agriculture,forestry and fishing GDP is from 2005-2019.CAADP st

126、ands for the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme.Return on investment(ROI)on ATA initiatives is from 2013-2019.Three critical levers disproportionately accounted for Ethiopias success in catalysing its food systems transformation:Sizeable and targeted public investment to enable

127、 sustainable intensification A strong enabling policy environment that evolved with food systems priorities Investment in institutional innovation that built its capacity to transform Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models15Sizeable and targeted public investment to enable sust

128、ainable intensificationIn 2003,the African Union created a set of strategies and goals for agricultural transformation,food security and prosperity called the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme(CAADP).37 Almost 20 years later,the great majority of African governments have yet to

129、meet the CAADP goal of spending 10%of their budgets on agriculture.In 2020,only 3.2%of total government expenditure on the continent was directed towards agriculture,according to data from the UN Statistics Division.38 Ethiopia illustrates how government resolve and persistent investment can dramati

130、cally alter the trajectory of a countrys agricultural development and,in turn,its economic growth.Between 2005 and 2019,Ethiopia was one of three African countries to consistently spend more than 10%of its government budget on agriculture,averaging 12%over the period.39 During that time,Ethiopia ave

131、raged over 8%growth per year in agricultural GDP,above the 6%threshold the African Union says can drive agriculture-led economic development.40,41 Had other African countries met the recommended 10%allocation of government expenditure on agriculture starting in 2008 and subsequently realized 6%agric

132、ultural GDP growth each year Africa could have achieved an incremental 3.3%growth in GDP from 2008-2019,raising the continents cumulative GDP by more than$800 billion.42,43,44In addition to the level of spending,the nature of that spending was important.Ethiopias government made targeted programmati

133、c and infrastructure investments intended to improve productivity through sustainable intensification.Crucially,it supported affordable access to inputs by scaling-up local production of seeds which were broadly distributed,along with increased imported fertilizer,through farmer cooperatives and far

134、m services centres.45,46 A national Input Voucher System facilitated the extension of credit to farmers.47 The impact of these enhanced inputs was amplified by strategic infrastructure investments,notably in soil and groundwater mapping,that enabled production and productivity to grow in a more sust

135、ainable and climate-smart way.Using soil infrared spectrometry and satellite imagery,the countrys EthioSIS initiative developed 22 soil property maps that were used to create targeted fertilizer recommendations based on the nutrient needs and soil characteristics of each region.48,49 Experts researc

136、hed shallow ground water as an irrigation method to address rainfall concerns,identifying irrigatable land and efficient methods and technology.50 The government also invested in its human infrastructure,building one of the largest extension agent networks in the world(with a 1:500 ratio)to train fa

137、rmers on good agricultural practices.51 It launched a farmer hotline that supports 5 million registered users.52 Ethiopias success with its TIRR package(Teff,Improved seed,Reduced seed rate and Row planting)illustrates how combined investments in inputs and extension can lead to significant improvem

138、ents in productivity.TIRR was introduced in 2011 and in just four years reached an estimated 2.2 million farmers,increasing their yields by up to 70%.53A strong enabling environment that evolved with food systems prioritiesIn Ethiopia,successive national food and agriculture transformation programme

139、s from 2005 onwards have established the policy framework and strategic plan required to set priorities and guide investment towards a fully integrated food systems transformation.A greater focus on agricultural commercialization and market development reinforced the economic incentives needed to en

140、courage farmers to adopt sustainable,productivity-enhancing practices.To grow private sector activity in agriculture,Ethiopias 2015 Growth and Transformation Plan II(GTPII)addressed gaps in infrastructure by expanding irrigation access,extending road coverage and increasing the skill of the labour f

141、orce.54 In addition,GTPII expanded special economic zones with fiscal and trade policy incentives to attract domestic and foreign investment,and to develop value chain-based partnerships with multinational corporations.From 2015-16,the government introduced the Agricultural Commercialization Cluster

142、s initiative,which focused on priority crops across the four major agricultural regions of Ethiopia.This initiative led to 32%higher productivity(measured by quintals per hectare)than the national average for these crops,achieved by providing inputs and extension services to smallholder farmers,and

143、coordinating the efficient aggregation and transport of their produce to end markets.55,56 Beyond multi-year roadmaps,the government has also adapted its policy and regulations to address system bottlenecks this has proved a key success factor.For example,the government passed legislation granting d

144、uty free status to key agricultural mechanization,irrigation and feed technologies.This has helped jumpstart and expand inclusive and affordable access for smallholder farmers to these productivity-enhancing technologies.57 Ethiopia illustrates how government resolve and persistent investment can dr

145、amatically alter the trajectory of a countrys agricultural development and,in turn,its economic growth.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models16Investment in institutional innovation that built its capacity to transform Ethiopias Agricultural Transformation Agency(ATA)was establ

146、ished in 2010 as a nodal agency outside of the existing government bureaucracy and directly reporting to a Transformation Council chaired by the Prime Minister.Its mission was to catalyse the countrys agricultural transformation.The ATA was a technocratic organization with a strong analytics capabil

147、ity that informed its policy and programme design.Initially,the agency focused on conducting studies,but within a few years of its founding it had begun to launch projects such as EthioSIS,ground water mapping and a farmer hotline.58 By 2018,the agency was also acting as a systems integrator for pol

148、icy decisions and programme design,coordinating across ministries and sector stakeholders.59 The stable yet adaptive nature of the ATA helped it stay focused on the countrys transformation agenda over a long period of time,while evolving its capacity to address new needs and challenges.This was larg

149、ely made possible by the flexible funding provided by outside donors,including The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,which provided the catalytic funding to establish the ATA.Over time,the ATAs funding sources became more distributed to include several bilateral government donors for example,the Dut

150、ch and Danish governments contributed almost half the funding,in addition to the Ethiopian government.While funding from the Ethiopian government for the ATA peaked at 25%during the launch of the Agricultural Commercialization Clusters,on average it contributed roughly 10%of the agencys budget durin

151、g the first 10 years.This distinctive funding model that combines external donor and national government support has given the country the wherewithal to build its transformation capability.60 According to an FAO evaluation of the ATA in 2020,the agencys work contributed$1.7 billion to Ethiopias GDP

152、 between 2013 and 2019 10 times the amount of funding deployed and its interventions have increased private consumption by$1.3 billion.61 Building a fully integrated food systems strategyEthiopias food systems transformation continues today.Led by the ATA and the Ministries of Agriculture and Health

153、,the governments Vision 2030:Transforming Ethiopian Food Systems aims to address systemic challenges around nutrition,sustainable consumption,nature-positive production,equitable livelihoods and resilience to shocks.62 The vision is also designed to align with other key national programmes,including

154、 the governments 10-year development plan,A Pathway to Prosperity,published in 2020.To shift consumption patterns,Ethiopia is targeting improvements in dietary diversity and nutrition literacy.Vision 2030 also highlights the contribution that agricultural interventions will make towards achieving a

155、64%reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and commits to promoting agricultural technologies and innovation that increase productivity and reduce post-harvest loss.The country is also increasing its investment in data,with the Ministry of Innovation and Technology building the first nationally hosted cl

156、oud facility to store data related to health and agriculture,among other sectors.Critically,in a move underpinned by the Agricultural Commercialization Clusters initiative,Ethiopia has committed to further strengthen markets and market access,while actively engaging the private sector as a key partn

157、er in its transformation,similar to successful private sector engagements highlighted in the following chapter.Ethiopia key takeawaysBOX 1 Ethiopias government catalysed the countrys food systems transformation and agriculture-led economic growth by consistently allocating a high share of government

158、 spending towards agriculture(10%as per CAADP recommendations).Targeted government investments in enhanced inputs were amplified by infrastructure investments(notably in soil mapping and extension)that enabled production and productivity to grow in a more sustainable and climate-smart way.Investment

159、 in institutional innovation by donors and the Ethiopian government,in the form of the Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency(ATA),helped build the transformation capability required to support policy design,programme implementation,and the integration of solutions across sectors and ministrie

160、s.The governments Vision 2030:Transforming Ethiopian Food Systems lays the groundwork for a more integrated food systems transformation roadmap covering broader outcomes on nutrition,nature-positive production,equitable livelihoods and resilience.As part of the vision,the government commits to inves

161、ting in data and innovation,as well as strengthening markets and private sector engagement,underpinned by the Agricultural Commercialization Clusters launched in 2015-16.The distinctive funding model for Ethiopias Agricultural Transformation Agency combined external donor and government funding,givi

162、ng the country the wherewithal to build its transformation capacity.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models17Unleashing the power of the“hidden middle”:India,Vietnam and Ghana2.3The development of well-functioning output markets,and by implication the expansion of the midstream

163、and downstream of food value chains,is essential to sustaining and accelerating farmer productivity and livelihood improvement.It is also key to creating jobs and meeting the greater demand for food that comes with a growing population,urbanization and rising incomes.In developing and emerging marke

164、ts,small-and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)play a critical role in this value-addition transformation.In Africa,SMEs account for 80%of the enterprises in the midstream of the value chain an area that the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa(AGRA)has termed the“hidden middle”as it is often exclu

165、ded from mainstream policy and investment programmes.63 In early mover countries,government action and financing have increasingly focused on unlocking private sector investment in developing small-and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs),in particular midstream businesses including aggregators and logist

166、ics players,processors and vertically integrated brands.The most successful SMEs have become anchors of more resilient and profitable value chains by achieving meaningful scale and building inclusive sourcing models that improve the livelihoods and enhance the capacity of their smallholder farmer su

167、ppliers.With enough of these well-functioning“farmer-allied intermediaries”,as they are termed in a 2020 Bain&Company report,a country has far greater potential to deliver and sustain better outcomes across multiple food system dimensions.64 The food system success stories profiled next illustrate h

168、ow the transformation of strategic commodity sectors has contributed to each countrys economic growth and led to improvements in livelihoods and nutrition.In India,for example,a multi-decade programme grounded in support for smallholder farmers and dairy enterprises has helped transform dairy into I

169、ndias largest agricultural commodity,accounting for roughly one-third of rural incomes and 10%of total caloric intake in 2019.65,66 This transformation began with public programmes supporting the formation of village-level cooperatives,extension services and credit.In time it evolved to cultivate a

170、domestic industry that has a number of successful,tech-enabled,vertically integrated enterprises with farmer-allied sourcing models.Sector transformations in Vietnam and Ghana have followed much the same path.Each countrys transformation includes four repeatable elements that can be referenced by ot

171、her developing and emerging countries(see Figure 6):Strategic sector focus Enabling policy and regulatory environment Mutually reinforcing public and private investments Enterprise growth and innovationWhile these repeatable elements are commonly observed in food systems transformation successes in

172、developing and emerging countries,the way these elements play out and interact differs based on the countrys specific political,economic,social and environmental contexts.Importantly,rather than playing out sequentially,these elements more often interact in dynamic and mutually reinforcing ways that

173、 accelerate the pace and scale of change.By building an integrated approach to food systems transformation into wider economic strategy,countries can support a healthy and sustainable development pathway that avoids the significant societal and environmental costs that can come with the industrializ

174、ation of the food system.In emerging markets,small-and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)play a critical role in the midstream of the value chain an area termed the“hidden middle”as it is often excluded from mainstream policy and investment programmes.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Countr

175、y Models18Repeatable model#1:Success factors in commodity sector transformations FIGURE 6Early mover profile:India In India,dairy is the single largest agricultural commodity,accounting for 5%of GDP and an important foundation of nutrition.67,68 India is now the worlds largest milk producer69 and 70

176、%of its milk is produced by its 80 million smallholder farmers with herds of fewer than 10 animals.70 As the country continues to urbanize,city dwellers are spending more on dairy and consuming more processed dairy products that carry higher margins.71 Between 2002 and 2021,the sectors value additio

177、n doubled,registering nearly$15 billion in 2020.72 4repeatable success factors in commodity sector transformations in developing and emerging economiesNote:*Recommended but not yet commonly observed in early mover profilesSelect set of commodities prioritized at country level based on:Significant va

178、lue volume/smallholder farmer reach and impact Relative competitive advantage vs.other countries Large latent demand(domestic and export)Focus evolves over time from staples to higher marginGreater focus on“hidden middle”(especially SMEs)and increasingly agritechNational strategies setting long-term

179、 sector priorities Upfront integrated food systems planning and policy alignment*Greater focus on supporting enterprise development and growth,especially financing for agricultural SMEsInterventions focusing on increasing competitiveness,stimulating demand and promoting output market developmentCont

180、inued public spending aimed at inclusive,sustainable sector development;physical,digital and human infrastructure investmentsExpanded commercial lending often de-risked by public actors supporting enterprise growthCatalytic development and philanthropic funding;impact-oriented growth capitalCrowding

181、-in of more return-oriented investment capitalGrowth of SMEs leading to increased local sourcing and expansion of value addition beyond farm gateScaled(farmer-allied)enterprise models anchoring food systems:Vertically integrated models Aggregator models Agritech(especially digital input and output a

182、ggregation platforms)Strategic sector focusEnabling policy and regulatory environmentMutually reinforcing public and private investmentEnterprise growth and innovationFood,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models19India numbers at a glanceFIGURE 7Economy19%increase in food production

183、per capita(vs.12%median increase in Rural and Traditional countries)103%increase in value addition(vs.76%median increase in Rural and Traditional,and Informal and Expanding countries)Nature311%greater value created in agriculture per unit of water(than median of Rural and Traditional countries)Clima

184、te47%decrease in livestock emissions intensity(vs.1%median decrease in Rural and Traditional countries)Nutrition15%under-nourishment rate(vs.22%median in Rural and Traditional countries)IndiaWorlds#1 producer of dairySector is 5%of national GDP15%of worlds agritech startups10 x funding growth vs.3x

185、globallySources:FAO,73 World Bank,74 Invest India,75 NASSCOM,76 IHS Markit.77 Notes:Food production per capita growth is from 2002-2018,using trailing 3-year average.Value addition in$millions(2015)is from 2002-2021.Water usage efficiency uses average values($per m3)for agriculture from 2017-2019.Li

186、vestock emissions intensity measures tonnes of CO2-equivalent per tonne of production from 2002-2018.Undernourishment rate is for 2019.15%of worlds agritech startups is for 2019.Agritech funding growth is from 2018-2021.DairyAgritechThe development of Indias dairy sector has been more than four deca

187、des in the making.Between 1970 and 1996,the government systematically developed the dairy industry through a programme called Operation Flood.It began by linking supply to key markets,then focused on organizing farmers,setting up and extending credit to farmer cooperatives,and growing the milkshed n

188、etwork.78 In the mid-1980s,the government began the next phase,focused on expanding facilities,strengthening infrastructure and providing extension services.79 With a combined investment of$3 billion from 1970-1996 from both the Indian government and international institutions,Operation Flood helped

189、 to create$337 billion in value through incremental milk production according to World Bank estimates.80 This value does not include positive externalities beyond the value of the raw milk itself.For example,this report estimates that a 1.6 percentage point reduction in stunting from 1989 to 1997 ca

190、n be attributed to the increase in milk production enabled by Operation Flood,which translates to roughly$13 billion in incremental GDP during this time period.81The enabling financing policy framework set by the government has been another critical support.Dairy has benefitted from Priority Sector

191、Lending put in place by the government in 1985,which requires commercial banks to lend at least 18%of their adjusted net bank credit(ANBC)to agriculture and 40%overall to nine priority sectors.82,83 Any bank having a shortfall in lending to priority sectors pays the difference as a contribution to t

192、he Rural Infrastructure Development Fund(RIDF)or other funds as decided by the Reserve Bank.84 Thirty years later,the requirement that smallholder farmers must account for 8%of ANBC was added.85 Additionally,the selective use of import restrictions has protected domestic dairy prices and helped the

193、dairy sector prosper.86Government investment in rural electrification has been essential to increasing the efficiency and profitability of Indias dairy value chain.It has reduced post-harvest loss and enabled the increased production of yogurt,ghee,cheese and other value-added,higher-margin dairy pr

194、oducts.Through a loan from the National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development,the government has funded roughly$1.1 billion of Dairy has benefitted from Priority Sector Lending put in place by the government in 1985,which requires commercial banks to lend at least 18%of their adjusted net bank c

195、redit(ANBC)to agriculture.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models20investment(Rs 8,004 crore)to strengthen local cold chains by,among other things,subsidizing loans to cooperatives that upgrade their milk chilling and processing plants and offering interest subsidies to investor

196、s in that initiative.87,88 With private capital investment encouraged by dairys priority lending status,the number of dairy processing plants grew by over four times from roughly 700 in 2002 to more than 3,000 plants in 2019,of which nearly two-thirds were privately owned.89,90 The expansion of the

197、private sector accelerated milk production from 66 million metric tons in 1995 to 191 million metric tons in 2019.91,92 Most recently,Indias Dairy Investment Accelerator founded in 2021 by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying,which received$1.9 billion(Rs 15,000 crore)in funding for its A

198、nimal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund offers micro-,small-and medium-sized enterprises one-stop assistance across the investment cycle.The accelerator supports enterprises with evaluation,government applications and engaging state departments,as well as links to financial support,including

199、 3%interest subsidies,extended repayment periods,loan moratoriums and credit guarantees.93,94,95,96One of the dairy industrys biggest entrepreneurial success stories is Dodla Dairy,which sources from more than 220,000 smallholder farms.97 Founded in 1995 and based in Hyderabad,Dodla generated$290 mi

200、llion in revenue in 2020.It has built itself into an efficient,vertically integrated processor and marketer of a variety of quality dairy products over the past 25 years.98,99 It has raised at least$150 million in capital,including$50 million in equity invested by TPGs Rise Fund.In 2021,it went publ

201、ic and had a market capitalization of more than$350 million as of December 2022.100,101,102,103 Dodla has also developed a farmer-allied engagement model,subsidizing farmer access to high-quality agricultural inputs,including cattle feed and services,such as veterinary support and selective breeding

202、,as well as linking farmers in need of financing to collaborating banks.Today,farmers supplying Dodla earn more than twice the earnings of the average Indian smallholder farmer,with yields that are up to 25%higher than the national crossbred average.104 In recent years,innovative digital models have

203、 emerged in Indias dairy sector as well.Stellapps,an internet-of-things start-up working to digitize the dairy supply chain,collects data through sensors placed in milking systems,chilling equipment and even animal wearables,and sends relevant analytics and data science outcomes back to farmers over

204、 mobile devices.105 Currently tracking 450,000 livestock,the company says it has the potential to increase milk yields by 20%and cut animal health costs by as much as half.106 Stellapps is one of many agritech start-ups to emerge in India over the last decade with the potential to further improve pr

205、oductivity,efficiency,inclusivity and sustainability in Indias food systems.While the transformation of Indias dairy sector has been decades in the making,its agritech explosion has happened relatively recently and very quickly.The Indian governments approach to supporting the agritech sector,facili

206、tated by its$1.3 billion Digital India initiative,is following a similar approach.107,108,109 In 2016,the government launched a National Agriculture Market(e-NAM).It is designed to connect 7,000 state government-established and regulated marketing agencies and help farmers to get fair prices for the

207、ir goods on a digital,unified,national agricultural commodity market.110 The goal is to provide farmers with access to multiple markets,buyers and service providers,increase price transparency,enable more dynamic market pricing through bidding functionality and facilitate timely online payments.111

208、Today farmer cooperatives are allowed to act as aggregators on e-NAM and trade online from their collection centres,unlocking digital markets for a much larger group of farmers.112 In 2014,the government began collecting data from farmers and the agricultural sector and,in 2021,initiated partnership

209、s with mega-cap tech companies to analyse the data in order to provide tailored farmer solutions and sector improvements,such as access to credit,input quality,marketing methods,price discovery and waste reduction.113This large-scale investment in digital infrastructure and data commons has helped a

210、ttract additional private investment.Private equity and venture capital investment in the sector grew from$91 million in 2017 to$329 million in 2020 and helped to fund more than 450 agritech start-ups in all stages of the agricultural value chain,from inputs and services to harvesting,processing and

211、 distribution.114,115 One of the most successful of these start-ups is DeHaat,which has raised over$250 million from investors including Sequoia Capital and RTP Global.116,117 The company serves as an input and output marketplace,providing high-quality inputs to farmers and facilitating harvest trad

212、ing and offtake procurement through digital platforms and farmer aggregation.DeHaat manages 2,000 agri-input orders per day and has procured 220,000 metric tons of product to date.118 The company also leverages artificial intelligence to provide predictive agriculture insights and farming advice spe

213、cific to crop,climate and region.Its innovative,farmer-allied digital aggregator platform shows early promise for how similar models,if effectively scaled-up,can anchor more resilient country food systems.The governments large-scale investment in digital infrastructure and data commons has helped at

214、tract additional private investment.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models21India key takeawaysBOX 2 Prioritization of the dairy sector and committed,multi-decade investments in related infrastructure,farmer capacity building and market linkages underpinned a broader country fo

215、od systems transformation.Priority Sector Lending provided the essential policy framework to unlock commercial lending and private investment to support the growth of private dairy enterprises.Government investments in digital infrastructure and data commons created enabling conditions for explosive

216、 growth in agritech start-ups and inflow of private equity and venture capital investments.Scaled-up,farmer-allied enterprise models from vertically integrated dairy processors to digital input and output marketplaces contributed to a broad range of food systems outcomes,including economic growth,sm

217、allholder farmer livelihoods,food loss reduction and access to nutritious foods.Early mover profile:VietnamIndias dairy and agritech sector transformation shows how government infrastructure investments and policy initiatives can unlock private sector investments and enterprise growth to achieve bro

218、ad-based food systems outcomes.While Vietnams food systems successes follow a largely similar repeatable model,the public and private sectors have interacted in different and interesting ways.In Vietnam,there has been a greater use of blended financing(interest subsidies,for example).International f

219、inancing from development banks and investors has played a greater role,as have public-private partnerships,exemplified by the establishment of the Partnership for Sustainable Agriculture in Vietnam(PSAV).PSAV set in motion partnerships between the public and private sectors across multiple commodit

220、ies including fisheries,rice,and fruits and vegetables with working groups promoting value-chain linkages and scaling-up sustainable practices.There has been early promise in the coffee sector too,where such collaboration has resulted in growth in production,productivity and exports,while subsequent

221、 efforts to address negative externalities have increased fertilizer efficiency and halved emissions intensity.119 Perhaps the most powerful illustration of the repeatable sector transformation model in Vietnam is from the seafood sector.With its long coastline,abundant coastal waterways and tropica

222、l climate,Vietnam enjoys a natural advantage in fishery production.120 In the mid-2000s Vietnam prioritized seafood in particular pangasius(a type of catfish,often sold as swai or basa)and shrimp.Domestic demand was strong Vietnamese consume 27kg of seafood per person each year,compared to 9kg in th

223、e US 121,122 but the country focused on exports,123 with opportunities flowing from Vietnams membership of the World Trade Organization(WTO)in 2007 and high demand for seafood coming from the European Union(EU),United States and Japan.Improving the quality and traceability of Vietnamese products wou

224、ld prove essential for producers to meet stringent standards and gain market access,while improving quality for domestic consumers as a bonus.124,125 Through a combination of smart government policy,mutually reinforcing public and private investments,and the growth of vertically integrated enterpris

225、es,Vietnam grew aquaculture production 11.6%per year and seafood processing 9.7%per year from 2000 to 2020.126,127 The country is now the worlds number one exporter of pangasius,and today the seafood industry accounts for 5%of Vietnams GDP.128,129 Vietnam grew seafood sectors through a combination o

226、f smart government policy,mutually reinforcing public and private investments,and the growth of vertically integrated enterprises.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models22Vietnam numbers at a glanceFIGURE 8Economy30%increase in food production per capita(vs.24%median increase in

227、 Informal and Expanding countries)427%increase in value addition(vs.67%median increase in Informal and Expanding countries)Nature83%greater value created in agriculture per unit of water(than median of Informal and Expanding countries)3rdhighest eutrophication per capita(of Informal and Expanding co

228、untries)Climate25%decrease in crop emissions intensity(vs.16%median decrease in Informal and Expanding countries)Nutrition11%reduction in undernourishment(vs.8 percentage point median decrease in Informal and Expanding countries)VietnamSector is 5%of national GDPWorlds#1 exporter of pangasius (a typ

229、e of catfish)Worlds#3 exporter of shrimpSector is 3%of national GDPWorlds#3 exporter of riceSources:FAO,130 World Bank,131 IHS Markit,132 Observatory of Economic Complexity(OEC),133 WWF.134Notes:Increase in food production per capita is from 2002-2018 using trailing 3-year average.Value addition in$

230、millions(2015)is from 2002-2021.Water use efficiency uses average values($per m3)in agriculture from 2017-2019.Eutrophication uses 2019 data.Crop emissions intensity is from 2002-2018 and measures tonnes of CO2 equivalent per tonne of production.Undernourishment rate is from 2002-2019.Seafood contri

231、bution to GDP is in 2016.No.1 exporter of pangasius is in 2020.No.3 exporter of shrimp is in 2020.Rice contribution to GDP is in 2021.No.3 rice exporter is in 2020.SeafoodRiceThe government created a strong enabling environment to support the sustainable growth of the seafood sector.The 10-year nati

232、onal strategy in 2005 laid out a clear roadmap to grow the sector by boosting aquaculture,exports,product diversification and better processing technology.135 Fishery laws set out regulations for the sustainable development of fisheries as well as provisions for marine conservation.Over the same per

233、iod,certification regimes focused on improving the quality and safety of seafood products,and domestic standards were harmonized with international ones to facilitate adherence by domestic producers and strengthen export competitiveness.136,137,138 Mutually reinforcing public and private financing h

234、ave been critical.Concessionary lending programmes were put in place instructing local commercial banks to provide credit at below market rates to domestic companies working in high-tech agriculture.139 In 2012,the national government allotted$210 million to support banks offering loans at preferent

235、ial rates to pangasius farmers experiencing input price spikes.140,141 In 2017,the Ho Chi Minh City government committed to subsidize 80%of interest payments for 12 months on bank loans for investment in aquaculture projects.142 From 1999 to 2005,the World Bank invested$148 million in infrastructure

236、 systems to support irrigation,flood protection and salinity prevention in the Mekong Delta,the most productive fisheries region.143 Then building on these efforts,the Vietnamese government spent$11.3 billion between 2016 and 2020 to upgrade the Mekong Deltas transport,agriculture and fisheries infr

237、astructure.144,145 This primed foreign investment and,by 2019,international investors had put more than$11 billion into over 700 food processing projects.146 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Banks recent agreement to lend more than$26 million for aquaculture in

238、frastructure in the Mekong Delta over the next three years is expected to crowd in further government and private investment.147Amidst this broad government support and expanded financing,a number of vertically From 2016-2020,the Vietnamese government spent$11.3 billion to upgrade the Mekong Deltas

239、transport,agriculture and fisheries infrastructure.This primed foreign investment which,by 2019,totalled more than$11 billion into over 700 food processing projects.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models23integrated seafood companies have become national champions,spurring Viet

240、nam to emerge as the worlds third largest shrimp exporter with a 13%share of the global market.148,149 One such champion is Minh Phu,now Vietnams largest shrimp processor with$644 million in export revenues.150 Today Minh Phu owns the entire value chain from hatcheries through to processing and tran

241、sportation,often integrating key capabilities through joint ventures such as Grominh(with Grobest of Taiwan)to produce shrimp feed and Mekong Logistics(with Gemadept Logistics of Vietnam)to provide a cold storage and transportation network.151,152,153 The company is leading the digital transformatio

242、n of seafood processing,using artificial intelligence to feed shrimp more efficiently and measure water quality in ponds.154 In 2019,Japanese conglomerate Mitsui&Co invested$100 million for one-third ownership of the groups Minh Phu Hau Giang affiliate financing that contributed to the construction

243、of a breaded shrimp processing plant with a 40,000-ton annual capacity.155 This vertical integration has improved traceability and supported financially beneficial long-term purchase guarantee contracts.156 Farmer-allied behaviours that have improved livelihoods include guaranteeing offtake for smal

244、l-scale producers under contract farming arrangements to provide price certainty and,in turn,supporting their investment in inputs.157 Vinh Hoan,another leading vertically integrated player,is the worlds top pangasius producer with$276 million in revenue.158 It also provides technical support and di

245、sease control guidance to its small-scale producers,helping them achieve GlobalG.A.P.Certification.159,160While the aquaculture industry continues to grapple with sustainability issues,these vertically integrated companies are innovating.Minh Phu is investing in organic shrimp farming,building a was

246、tewater treatment plant,integrating shrimp and rice farming,and building social housing for its employees.161 Vinh Hoan is bringing its circular economy model to pangasius,making productive use of fish by-products through,for example,extracting collagen from fish skin for beauty and pharma products

247、and turning processing offcuts into fish meal.162Vietnams support and investments in the seafood sector represent a qualified success,as it has come with some trade-offs across the broader system.Increased activity in the Mekong has had an environmental cost with Vietnams per-capita eutrophication t

248、he third highest among its peer countries.163 And while Vinh Hoan does generate approximately 16%of its sales domestically and the growth of this sector did support 5.6%growth in domestic per capita consumption of shrimp and fish(by weight)from 2010 to 2020,much of the economic growth has come from

249、export expansion.164,165 Due in part to the performance of its seafood processing industry,Vietnam has had 9%compound annual growth in value addition in food manufacturing over the last two decades.166 As this report will show in Chapter 3,the countrys efforts in rice,while still oriented around imp

250、roving productivity,have more explicitly focused on additional food systems dimensions,including farmer livelihoods,nutrition security and the environment.Vietnam seafood key takeawaysBOX 3 Infrastructure investments,long-range roadmaps and a comprehensive regulatory framework(encompassing quality s

251、tandards,sustainability practices and marine conservation)have created a strong enabling environment which can provide a path for the sustainable development of Vietnams seafood sector,especially in exports.Use of blended financing(e.g.concessional lending,interest subsidies)have unlocked local comm

252、ercial lending.Catalytic international development financing has helped crowd-in additional public and private investments.Scaled-up,farmer-allied,vertically integrated seafood companies have helped propel Vietnam to leading global exporter status,driving economic growth and innovation in digital an

253、d sustainability practices(e.g.supply chain traceability,AI-powered precision feeding and circularity).Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models24Early mover profile:GhanaGhanas food systems transformation model shares repeatable elements with those of India and Vietnam.But Ghanas

254、 journey is distinctive in its outsized focus on growing small-and medium-sized enterprises within the hidden middle as key to improving outcomes across multiple food system dimensions.The government initially focused on staple crops such as cassava,yams,maize and rice,but more recently it has added

255、 higher-margin commodities like horticulture,putting a particular focus on SMEs that act as aggregators,distributors,processors and packagers throughout the value chain.Under the 2007 Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy II(FASDEPII),Ghanas government shifted to a value-chain approach that

256、 prioritized specific commodities and private sector engagement.This focus has helped double the growth rate of Ghanas per capita food production and supported the development of strong processing enterprises that are creating new levels of economic contribution through value-added horticultural pro

257、ducts such as juices and cut fruit.167,168,169,170,171 Overall,growth in food production over the last 20 years has more than halved undernourishment,which is down seven percentage points from 2002-2019.172,173 However,there are trade-offs.For example,Ghana lags its African peers on water-use effici

258、ency in agriculture.Meanwhile the GHG emissions intensity of its crops increased by 3%from 2002 to 2018 a period when the countrys peers saw a 23%reduction.174,175Ghana numbers at a glance FIGURE 9Economy36%increase in food production per capita(vs.18%median increase in African Informal and Expandin

259、g countries)73%increase in value addition(vs.64%median increase in African Informal and Expanding countries)Nature7%lower value created in agriculture per unit of water(than median of African Informal and Expanding countries)Climate3%increase in crop emissions intensity(vs.23%median decrease in Afri

260、can Informal and Expanding countries)Nutrition5%increase in obesity rates(same as median increase in African Informal and Expanding countries)7%reduction in undernourishment(vs.4 percentage point median decrease in African Informal and Expanding countries)Ghana73%growth in number of food and agricul

261、tural businesses#1in ease of doing business rankings in West Africa for 10 straight yearsReceives 25%of impact investment capital deployed in West Africa,despite only representing 5%of its GDPSources:FAO,176 World Bank,177 Ghana Open Data Initiative,178 IHS Markit,179 Global Impact Investing Network

262、,180 Euromonitor.181 Notes:Growth in food production per capita is from 2002-2018,using trailing 3-year average.Value addition in$millions(2015)is from 2002-2021.Water usage efficiency is using average values($per m3)in agriculture from 2017-2019.Crop emissions intensity increase is from 2002-2018 a

263、nd measures tonnes of CO2 equivalent per tonne of production.Obesity rate growth is from 2002-2019.Undernourishment rate decrease is from 2002-2019.Growth in food and agriculture businesses is from 2015-2018.No.1 West Africa ease of doing business ranking is from 2010-2019 looking at 16 countriesusi

264、ng the World Banks Doing Business report rankings.Impact investment data is from 2015.Growth in food production in Ghana over the last 20 years has more than halved undernourishment.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models25FASDEP II and successive government policies and program

265、mes have focused on creating an enabling environment aimed at increasing the economic value captured domestically and doing so,importantly,through the growth of SMEs.The 1 District 1 Factory(1D1F)programme,launched in 2017 and run by the Ministry of Trade and Industry,exemplifies this approach.182,1

266、83 With value-added food manufacturing among its top priorities,1D1F aims to increase the capacity for“Made in Ghana”goods by putting one factory in each of Ghanas 216 districts,catering to the comparative economic advantages of each locale.184 As of 2021,232 1D1F factories are at various stages of

267、implementation in 154 districts.185,186,187 The programme provides support services to businesses,such as coordinating access to financing from financial institutions,subsidizing interest rates for certain projects,and infrastructure support.The success of these efforts is evident in Ghanas consiste

268、ntly high performance in the World Banks ease of doing business index,where it ranked first among 16 West African countries from 2010-2019.188Government financing has contributed significantly to the enabling environment.The Ghanian government has directed public funding towards improving farmer pro

269、ductivity through enhanced inputs such as seeds and fertilizer,irrigation,subsidized mechanization and extension services.The resulting increases in crop production,combined with efforts to create a more conducive business environment,have helped catalyse growth in SME lending,with both domestic ban

270、ks and international institutions extending financing access to Ghanas agricultural sector.Over the past 11 years,Ghanas Agricultural Development Bank(ADB),for example,has increased agriculture-based lending by nearly 300%.189 1D1F has contributed to this growth by de-risking project financing throu

271、gh its support services,including interest subsidies valued at$52 million between 2017 and 2021 for loans from various domestic institutions,including the ADB.190,191 Alongside this growth in domestic lending,Ghana has received significant development financing from international institutions.Some$4

272、50 million in grants and low-interest loans in 2020 and 2021 from the International Development Association and the European Investment Bank helped fund the set-up of the Development Bank of Ghana,which now aims to increase its share of loans to small businesses from 9%today to 15%by 2024.192,193,19

273、4,195 In addition,public and private collaborations such as the Venture Capital Trust Fund,a quasi-public group bringing together funding institutions to facilitate SME access to long-term credit,have further promoted private sector growth.196Fuelled by these increases in access to credit and a stre

274、ngthened enabling environment,Ghanas agricultural sector has seen an explosion in SME growth,with the number of registered businesses in Ghana associated with food and agriculture up 73%from 2015 to 2018.197 This growth has coincided with a demonstrated increase in domestic value addition.The percen

275、tage of processed fruit and vegetable goods on the retail shelf that were produced by a Ghanian enterprise increased thirty percentage points to 51%from 2015 to 2021.198,199Similar to the entrepreneurial success stories in the Indian dairy and Vietnamese seafood sectors,one of Ghanas most successful

276、 enterprises is a vertically integrated,farmer-allied company called Blue Skies,founded in Ghana but now operating internationally.Blue Skies,which sources pineapples,coconuts and other local fruit from smallholder farmers,generates more than$100 million in revenues and employs over 3,000 people in

277、West Africa.200,201,202,203 The company processes the fruits locally to ensure that value addition takes place domestically and estimates that its practice of“adding value at the source”allows the origin country to retain 75%of the value of the finished product,versus 15%when inputs are exported and

278、 processed overseas.204 In addition to providing consistent demand,Blue Skies reduces barriers for smallholder farmers selling their products into Europe by developing the local cold chain and managing supplier export standards.The companys other farmer-allied practices include providing farmer trai

279、ning to increase production,offering advance payment and loans,and providing agronomic support to farmers battling bacterial black spots.205,206 Alongside vertically integrated companies in horticulture,SME aggregators with promising farmer-allied sourcing models have emerged in lower-margin output

280、markets.For example,Farmer Pride,supported by initial donor funding from the Market Development Programme for Northern Ghana(MADE),has built a commercially viable business in selling high-quality seeds and other inputs to smallholder farmers of maize,soya and groundnuts,while providing harvesting as

281、sistance as well as post-harvest support services such as crushing and aggregating products for buyers.The company works with 2,500 smallholder farmers of lower-margin commodities in eight districts.The scaling-up of these kinds of aggregation models could unlock greater local sourcing and more prof

282、itable growth for processors operating in lower-margin output markets serving domestic consumers.Ghanas progress is promising,but financing remains a challenge for small-and medium-sized enterprises across Sub-Saharan Africa due to high interest rates and collateral requirements.According to a recen

283、t report from ISF Advisors and CASA(Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness),83%of agricultural SME financing needs in Sub-Saharan Africa some$74.5 billion remain unmet.207 This financing gap reflects the high degree of systemic risk inherent in African smallholder agriculture and t

284、he firm-level risk that is often due to suboptimal management,financial and technical expertise in smaller enterprises.Unleashing the power of the hidden middle,The scaling-up of farmer-allied aggregation models could unlock greater local sourcing and more profitable growth for processors operating

285、in lower-margin output markets serving domestic consumers.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models26especially farmer-allied enterprises,as linchpins of broad-based food systems development will require much greater coordination between public and private actors and significantly

286、 expanded use of blended financing mechanisms such as credit guarantees and concessionary lines of credit,interest subsidies,first-loss vehicles and technical assistance facilities.Ghanas transformation story to date has focused on economic growth and nutrition security.As with the country profiles

287、shared above,it remains a work in progress.As climate change threatens farmers livelihoods and increases the systemic risks faced by agricultural SMEs,the need for innovation will be greater than ever especially innovation in the inputs,technologies and practices that will help farmers to adapt whil

288、e growing production,and in the financing instruments and insurance mechanisms that can mitigate risks for both farmers and the enterprises that source from them.Innovation and the public-private collaboration that help innovation ecosystems thrive will be key to building more resilient food systems

289、.Meanwhile,given that undernourishment declined while obesity rates rose to 10.6%in 2019(compared to an African median of 8.6%),208,209 Ghana will need to shape healthier consumption patterns while continuing to improve nutrition security.These subjects are addressed in the next chapter.Ghana key ta

290、keawaysBOX 4 While continuing its investment in productivity improvement,the government is increasingly focused on growing SMEs in the hidden middle of food value chains as key to driving economic growth.International development grants and concessionary financing played a catalytic role in expandin

291、g SME credit access and supporting enterprise development;blended financing(e.g.interest subsidies and provision of business support services)unlocked greater domestic lending.Scaled-up,farmer-allied,vertically integrated and aggregator models promise to increase local sourcing and anchor more resil

292、ient food systems.Aggregator models can be particularly relevant in low-margin output markets that serve domestic consumers.In Sub-Saharan Africa,enabling more of these high-potential,farmer-allied enterprises to scale-up will require closing the massive agricultural SME financing gap.This,in turn,w

293、ill require much greater public-private coordination and expanded use of blended financing as de-risking mechanisms.Incentive models supporting more holistic food systems transformation can complement sector growth to ensure more balanced outcomes.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Countr

294、y Models27How to build sustainable,healthy,productive food systems3The urgency of global food systems challenges from climate and biodiversity to food security and nutrition requires concurrent implementation of transformation levers.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models28Inno

295、vation and investment in the food systems of more developed economies have historically focused on increasing productivity and expanding midstream and downstream activities beyond the farm gate.As these agricultural sectors and economies have developed,rising pressures on natural resources like land

296、 and water,combined with the recognition of substantial agriculture-related GHG emissions,have slowly begun to push food systems towards more sustainable practices.However,while many developed countries are now among the most agriculturally productive with high value addition per capita,they remain

297、some of the biggest GHG emitters and users of natural resources.Similarly,as incomes in these countries have grown,diets have shifted towards higher consumption of total calories,sugar and processed foods,leading to an increase in diet-related health issues.Diets have also shifted towards excess con

298、sumption of animal proteins,particularly red meat,which carry a significant resource and greenhouse gas footprint.This sequential approach to transformation cannot be repeated if the world hopes to accelerate progress towards food systems that are truly better for people and planet.Developing and em

299、erging countries need to find ways to improve productivity and food security while simultaneously adapting to and mitigating their impacts on climate and nature.At the same time,developed countries must work harder and faster to address and reverse the negative externalities in health,environment an

300、d livelihoods associated with their food systems.This chapter presents two emerging countries Algeria and Vietnam that,through innovation,have optimized both productivity and sustainability to achieve economic growth,improved livelihoods and a positive impact on climate and nature,while at the same

301、time improving food security and nutrition.The chapter also profiles how innovation ecosystems in Canada supported the large-scale adoption of conservation tillage practices,a subset of regenerative agriculture.The three countries share common factors that successfully drove farmer adoption,but also

302、 illustrate how innovation ecosystems can emerge in different ways.This chapter closes by arguing that large-scale shifts in food production and consumption will only be possible with the concurrent activation of multiple levers including:Public policy,regulations and related tools Innovation and in

303、novation ecosystems Public and private investments Corporate action and aligned multi-stakeholder coalitionsFostering innovation to improve productivity,nutrition security and sustainability 3.1Innovation in agricultural practices and technologies(including inputs)is how developing and emerging coun

304、tries can balance productivity and economic growth with improved outcomes in nutrition security,environmental impact,climate resilience,inclusion and livelihoods.In the two examples below,one country faces acute natural resource constraints,while the other faces the fact that production of a priorit

305、y crop entails significant GHG emissions and impact on nature.Both have successfully managed this balancing act but the more surprising of the two stories comes from north-west Africa.Developing and emerging countries need to find ways to improve productivity and food security while simultaneously a

306、dapting to and mitigating their impacts on climate and nature.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models29Overcoming resource scarcity through innovation in Algeria and the Maghreb Situated in the Maghreb,Algeria is the largest country in Africa by area.Most of its population lives

307、 along the countrys northern Mediterranean coast.210 Low rainfall leaves just 17%of its land suitable for agriculture and desertification is affecting many of the countrys south-western regions bordering the Sahara.211,212 Only 3%of Algerias agricultural land is irrigated and poorly maintained infra

308、structure wastes up to 30%of the already-limited water during transportation and piping.213,214Algeria numbers at a glance FIGURE 10Economy114%increase in food production per capita(vs.5%median increase in Emerging and Diversifying countries and 9%median increase across Africa)Nature#1highest value

309、created in agriculture per unit of water (vs.other Emerging and Diversifying countries in Africa)Climate51%decrease in crop emissions intensity(vs.15%median decrease in Emerging and Diversifying countries and 10%median decrease across Africa)Nutrition#1lowest undernourishment in AfricaAlgeriaSources

310、:FAO,215 World Food Programme.216Notes:Growth in food production per capita is from 2002-2018,using trailing 3-year average.No.1 highest water use efficiency is from 2017-2019,measured in$per m3 for agriculture.Crop emissions intensity measures tonnes of CO2 equivalent per tonne of production from 2

311、002-2018.Lowest undernourishment in Africa is from 2019.Yet against this unpromising sounding backdrop,Algeria has scored some notable food system successes,catalysed by government programmes and enabled by farming innovations.The country has more than doubled its per capita food production since 20

312、00.217,218 Undernourishment dropped from 8%of the population in 2001 to less than 3%in 2019 the lowest in Africa.219 At the same time,Algeria has the highest water-use efficiency in agriculture anywhere in Africa and has meaningfully reduced crop emissions intensity relative to countries with simila

313、r food systems in Africa.220,221Between 2000 and 2020,21%of Algerias GDP came from oil.222 In order to reduce its dependence on imports and create food security independent of fluctuations in global oil prices,the government took a series of actions starting with the National Agricultural and Rural

314、Development Program in 2000 to boost domestic agricultural production.Most significant was the Agricultural and Rural Renewal Program launched in 2010,incentivizing farmers to switch to higher-yielding varieties of staple crops like wheat and increasing fertilizer subsidies to 50%of cost.223 Bonuses

315、 were given to farmers who achieved large harvests of short-cycle crops such as tomatoes that satisfy local demand and require little water to achieve high yields.In some cases,the government has limited the import of products that can be produced locally such as tomato paste.224 Building on its exi

316、sting land allocation systems,the Ministry of Agriculture began granting additional land to farmers who switched to high-value food crops that are expensive to import,like bananas.225 A crucial complement to this government support was the introduction of innovative irrigation systems.In the El Oued

317、 desert region,for example,rotating Since 2000,Algeria has more than doubled its per capita food production,while undernourishment has dropped from 8%of the population to less than 3%the lowest in Africa.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models30sprinklers that draw from water ta

318、bles beneath the desert(a modern version of the traditional“Ghout”irrigation technique)are used in areas with full sun that are ideal for growing fruits and vegetables.226,227 For its part,the Ministry of Agriculture has deployed several satellites and 100 drones to identify irrigation needs.228 The

319、 government has also encouraged private sector investment by removing most foreign ownership restrictions and has sought to further boost agricultural production by lifting bans on the import of agricultural equipment.229 In the desert city of Touggourt,Algerias National Office of Irrigation and Dra

320、inage collaborated with Spanish company Alcantara Systems on a$10.3 million public-private partnership to build a complex of horticultural greenhouses.230 Powered by fully renewable geothermal energy,the greenhouses are expected to increase yields significantly,while keeping water use,energy costs a

321、nd emissions low.231 Other parts of the Maghreb are similarly pursuing innovation to balance productivity,food security and sustainability.The government of Moroccos Agricultural Development Agency is working to attract outside funding for projects that boost agricultural resilience to climate chang

322、e.232 Research into smart farming conducted at Mohammed VI Polytechnic University has prompted farmers in the dry Rhamna province to switch crops from wheat to more drought-tolerant quinoa and to experiment with drones to detect pests,water stress and crop nutrient deficiencies on farms.233 Tunisias

323、 National Gene Bank collects and catalogues traditional and indigenous seeds,that are typically more resilient to disease and the impacts of climate change,from local farmers and global seed banks.Using these seeds,farmers have reported higher yields with less pesticide use.234 Algeria key takeaways

324、BOX 5 With only 17%of land suitable for agriculture,Algeria invested in innovative irrigation systems to boost productivity,improve food security and maximize water-use efficiency.Multi-year government programmes from farmer incentives and land grants to the removal of barriers to foreign ownership

325、and equipment imports have focused on boosting the production of staple and higher-margin crops and reducing the countrys dependence on food imports.More broadly in the Maghreb,innovations in among other things crop choice,seed varieties,greenhouses and drone technology are being actively pursued to

326、 improve productivity and food security,while minimizing emissions and resource use,and adapting to the impacts of climate change.4As of Adoption a repeatable model for balanced growthInnovation in horticulture and other commodities in the Maghreb illustrates how countries and regions can expand pro

327、duction while driving broader food systems outcomes,by improving food security,adapting to climate change and managing demands on limited natural resources.Such an approach has also enabled Vietnam to achieve balanced outcomes while becoming a major producer and exporter of a priority commodity rice

328、.Importantly,Vietnam has been able to secure significant adoption of sustainable food production by following a farmer-centric model that promotes the adoption of new practices.The experience of Vietnam and other examples in the section above points to a repeatable model that encourages and enables

329、farmers to adopt and scale-up climate-smart and nature-positive practices and technologies the“4As of Adoption”(see Figure 11):Awareness:Farmers must know about climate-smart and nature-positive practices and technologies,and have the technical expertise and support to implement them.Advantage:Farme

330、rs must have confidence that adopting new practices and technologies will provide an attractive rate of return.Access:The right inputs,equipment and methods must be available to farmers when and where they need them.Affordability:Upfront costs for farmers must be reasonable,with affordable financing

331、 available to support initial investments.Vietnam has been able to secure significant adoption of climate-smart and nature-positive food production by following a farmer-centric model that promotes the adoption of new practices.Food,Nature and Health Transitions Repeatable Country Models31Repeatable

332、 model#2:The 4As of Adoption to scale-up climate-smart,nature-positive productionFIGURE 11Nature-positive,climate-smart rice farming in Vietnam and Southeast AsiaLike Algeria,Vietnam must balance multiple food system dimensions,including agricultural and economic expansion,food security,and nature a

333、nd climate impacts.While Vietnams seafood sector development has led to strong economic outcomes(see section 2.3),its efforts in the rice sector similarly critical to the Vietnamese diet and economy have focused more explicitly on nature and climate impacts.In Vietnam,rice supplies 66%of dietary calories,as well as generating livelihoods for 15%of the population and 3%of GDP.235,236,237 But farmin