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1、Quantum Economy Blueprint I N S I G H T R E P O R TJ A N U A R Y 2 0 2 4In collaboration with IBM and SandboxAQImages:Getty Images 2024 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recordi
2、ng,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and end
3、orsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.ContentsForeword 3Preface 5Executive summary 6Introduction 71 Themes and building blocks 151.1 Theme 1:Transformative
4、capabilities 161.2 Theme 2:Access to hardware infrastructure and the supply chain 201.3 Theme 3:Open innovation and commercialization 261.4 Theme 4:Creating awareness 301.5 Theme 5:Workforce development 321.6 Theme 6:National and economic security 361.7 Theme 7:Cybersecurity and privacy 371.8 Theme
5、8:Governance,responsible innovation and standardization 421.9 Theme 9:Sustainability 462 Blueprint in practice 492.1 Responsibility-based who initiated the strategy?502.2 Geographic-scope-based:regional vs national vs state 52Conclusion and next steps 55Appendix 56Contributors 58Endnotes 60Quantum E
6、conomy Blueprint 2ForewordThe mission of IBM is“to bring useful quantum computing to the world”and“to make the world quantum safe”.It is important that global users of this new technology embrace constructive values of scientific reciprocity and collaboration,fair trade,and honour the rule of law wi
7、th respect to intellectual property and contractual agreement.As quantum technology matures and enters the era of utility-scale quantum computing,it becomes increasingly important for regional,national,and industrial consortia to develop strategies for using quantum capabilities that incorporate and
8、 supportthese values.As of December 2023,24 countries have some form of national initiative or strategy to support quantum technology development.Many of these governments explicitly acknowledge a need to guide the ethical,social,legal and economic implications of quantum technologies,including the
9、impact on cybersecurity and the global financial system,blunt the potential for monopolization or militarization by certain countries or multinationals,and promote the active discussion of data privacy and equity.This blueprint outlines the key elements for establishing value-led strategies that are
10、 inclusive and supportive of democratic access to quantum computing resources.It provides guidance that enables the next step after adopting the established Quantum Computing Governance Principles.It allows policy-makers to put the core values and principles into practice by defining their implement
11、ation as part of a coherent regional ornational strategy.Quantum technologies can transform entire industries,advance human society and tackle some of our worlds biggest challenges.The innovations these technologies will bring to healthcare,technology,energy production,finance,cybersecurity and more
12、 will benefit everyone and should be shared for the betterment of society,the sustainability of the planet,and the welfare of future generations.SandboxAQ is proud to collaborate with the World Economic Forum on its blueprint for building national quantum ecosystems.SandboxAQs mission is to help cor
13、porations,governments and research institutions harness the power of artificial intelligence(AI)and quantum technologies to deliver breakthrough solutions to unique and complex challenges.Quantum technologies go well beyond quantum computers to include quantum sensing,quantum networking,quantum-safe
14、 cyber and quantum simulation.Many of these areas are having an impact right now,well ahead of fault-tolerant quantum computers.AI and quantum tech are synergetic technologies.AI,for example,can pull signals out of highly sensitive quantum sensors that drive key applications in medicine and navigati
15、on.It will take an orchestrated,global initiative to ensure that the benefits of AI and quantum technology are distributed equitably among nations to avoid the growing quantum divide.The World Economic Forums vision for and approach to the democratization and globalization of quantum technologies wi
16、ll have a broad and long-lasting impact on the future of society.Joseph S.Broz Vice-President,Quantum Growth and Market Development,IBM Jack Hidary Chief Executive Officer,SandboxAQQuantum Economy Blueprint January 2024Quantum Economy Blueprint 3ForewordUnlocking the promise of quantum technologies
17、and strengthening the efforts in developing real-world quantum applications requires close public-private collaboration in research and development and scaling globally.The Forums Quantum Economy Network aims to encourage global collaboration and the sharing of knowledge,increasing the awareness of
18、the potential of the technology and building readiness to mitigate cybersecurity risks.The Forum is committed to working with the ecosystem to advance the responsible innovation and commercialization of quantum technology.The Quantum Economy Blueprint provides a roadmap to build quantum ecosystems i
19、n an equitable manner to prevent a widening gap in quantum capabilities and access to quantum hardware and infrastructure,enabling the transition to the quantum economy.Each nation or region may adopt the various building blocks of the blueprint in a modular and phased manner,irrespective of which q
20、uantum technology they are involved in,based on the maturity level of their quantum strategy.We hope this blueprint will serve as a valuable starting point to self-assess,participate and harness the benefits of the quantum economy for a better future for humanity.Jeremy Jurgens Managing Director,Wor
21、ld Economic ForumQuantum Economy Blueprint 4PrefaceRecent progress in the development and application of quantum technologies(QT)is eliciting increased interest from countries,regions and organizations.Notably they focus on quantum technologys potential to uncover solutions to problems that classica
22、l computers have not solved and may never solve.The early adopter advantage we have with QT,which is still at a relatively early stage,helps us make decisions about how and where to explore and hopefully reap the benefits of QT.We can learn from the past and be proactive about making sure QT is bein
23、g developed and deployed for the benefit of all.To do so,well-thought-through,scientifically sound and socioeconomically holistic QT strategies are needed.This is what the Quantum Economy Blueprint intends to provide:a moment of reflection on already-existing quantum strategies.The abstracted dissem
24、ination of core elements of national and regional quantum strategies into building blocks enables others to learn from existing examples while also further developing the building blocks for individual successful strategies of QT and the respective ecosystems.As the authors,we hope that the core val
25、ues specified below,among which inclusiveness and equitability,in conjunction with scientific rigour and global collaboration continue to underpin future efforts as we prepare for the quantum economy.This blueprint can play a part in enabling the equitable development of quantum ecosystems and be fu
26、rther refined as we learn from its piloting in various regions and nations.We would like to thank the Forums Quantum Economy Network and all contributors to this initiative for their insights,experiences and feedback along the way.Kelly Richdale,Arunima Sarkar,Mira Wolf-BauwensQuantum Economy Bluepr
27、int 5Executive summaryQuantum technologies,such as quantum computing,quantum sensing and imaging,and quantum communications and networking,are driving new opportunities across a range of industries and sectors.They are already impacting key areas of the economy,giving rise to new solutions to hither
28、to unsolved problems,new industry players and innovative business models.The goal of this Quantum Economy Blueprint is to assist regions and countries in initiating,developing,supporting and commercializing their quantum technology(QT)initiatives in this new quantum economy.It can serve as a referen
29、ce for policy-makers and government institutions,industry and academia to understand the different elements of building a quantum ecosystem,as well as to help them define which part of the quantum value and supply chain to occupy and which approaches best suit them to help accelerate the implementat
30、ion.The blueprint enables understanding of the potential for new jobs and economic growth in the quantum economy,as well as areas for protecting economic security,business integrity and cybersecurity.The report also enables the development of strategies for responsible and sustainable QT development
31、,deployment and use.The report builds on the analysis of existing national and regional QT strategies.It disseminates the core elements of these strategies and based on interviews with the different stakeholders involved in their establishment abstracts from these existing strategies and distils the
32、ir content in the form of overarching themes and detailed building blocks.It is suggested to map building blocks to a timeline,depending on a countrys or regions state in the quantum journey.This helps to prioritize which building blocks the country or region should focus on in the shorter and longe
33、r terms,as well as to support the definition of their ownquantumstrategy.In reviewing the building blocks and choosing a relevant approach,countries and regions will objectively consider their strengths and weaknesses,consider their social and economic identity and align with their long-term politic
34、al and industrial goals.All countries and regions can participate in the quantum economy.They need not necessarily occupy the entire value chain or build complex quantum technologies,but they should consider participating in one form or another.This may involve supplying critical quantum or adjacent
35、 components,or it may mean training a local quantum-literate workforce.This report disseminates key elements of existing national and regional quantum strategies and builds a blueprint that enables others to build their own strategy.Quantum Economy Blueprint 6IntroductionThe impact of quantum techno
36、logy(QT)will be far-reaching,potentially offering important opportunities across multiple industries,leading to advances in sectors such as healthcare,climate change,energy,communications,finance and others.Quantum physics allows a deeper understanding of the natural world.It is possible to harness
37、the principles of quantum physics for different applications,such as quantum computing,quantum sensing and quantum communications and networking.There are significant technological developments and increases in funding every year.For example,quantum computing promises significant computational advan
38、ces and the capability to solve problems that cannot be solved by classical computing alone.New quantum sensing technologies are being leveraged in diverse areas to deliver greater precision in measuring time,frequency,acceleration,temperature,rotation and magnetic and electric fields.This impacts m
39、ultiple sectors of the economy and will unlock new industrial applications in healthcare,aerospace,electronics,geology,energy and many others.Quantum communications holds the promise of ultra-secure networking capabilities.What is the quantum economy and why does it matter?Quantum technologies will
40、impact many critical industries and inspire new business models.Diverse technologies such as quantum computing,quantum communications,quantum sensing and quantum materials have given rise to new industry players and promising solutions for end users,greater sustainability and new solutions to hither
41、to unsolved problems.Some of these technologies are already being deployed and others are developing at a rapid rate.Quantum technology will eventually permeate and impact every key sector of the economy and take us into a period likely to be referred to as the post-quantum era.This is collectively
42、creating an economic impact and a distinctive economic ecosystem driven by quantum technologies,which we refer to as the quantum economy.World Economic Forum Global Future Council on the Quantum Economy1The quantum economy will be fuelled by disruptive,far-reaching innovation that ultimately filters
43、 throughout multiple fields and sectors.For example,a positive feedback loop could be formed as the discovery of new materials might enable advances in quantum computing capabilities.These advanced capabilities,in turn,could be applied to exploring more efficient and beneficial materials.While there
44、 will be benefits to these disruptions,risks,such as quantum computings threat to cybersecurity,need to be managed.The emerging quantum economy will be underpinned by entire value chain connecting producers to consumers in ways that go well beyond traditional quantum fields.There will be an inevitab
45、le crossover with existing supply chain networks for semiconductors,nanotechnology and integrated photonics,for example.No single nation can be expected to sustain all the elements necessary for a thriving quantum economy,and so progress will rely on international collaboration and the creation of i
46、nternational trade agreements specifically designed to facilitate the necessary flow of value across borders.Need for a quantum blueprint:the risk of a“quantum divide”The global quantum effort leading to research and innovation in quantum science and technology is continually rising,with current wor
47、ldwide public sector investments exceeding$40 billion.Overall,the global QT market is projected to reach$106 billion by 2040.2Disparities3 in access to existing technologies have already created a digital divide:2.9 billion people4 are still offline and do not benefit from the digital economy.The gr
48、owing global quantum divide between countries with established quantum technology programmes and those without will lead to significant imbalances in core areas such as cybersecurity,defence,healthcare,finance,manufacturing and more.Unequal access to quantum technology has a negative impact on multi
49、ple levels,including on countries ability to raise awareness and build a quantum-literate workforce,participate in research and development,and reap the benefits of QT.Quantum Economy Blueprint 7There are also cybersecurity and geopolitical implications.This puts those countries whose quantum progra
50、mmes are less developed in danger of falling further behind.This report is based on an analysis of the main programmes and efforts around the world.While a global ecosystem effort is needed to successfully develop and deploy quantum technologies,the current state of quantum efforts is concentrated i
51、n certain countries.Hence,this blueprint aims to provide a starting point and knowledge-sharing basis about key elements of a quantum technology strategy and best practices.CanadaCAD 1.41 billion=$1.1 billionUS National Quantum Initiative$3.75 billionSwedenSEK 1.6 billion=$160 millionFinland24 milli
52、on=$27 millionUnited Kingdom3.5 billion=$4.3 billionDenmarkDKK 2.7 billion=$406 millionNetherlands965 million=$1 billionFrance1.8 billion=$2.2 billionSpain60 million=$67 millionGermany3 billion=$3.3 billionEuropean Quantum Flagship1 billion=$1.1 billionHungaryHUF 3.5 billion=$11 millionIsraelILS 1.2
53、 billion=$390 millionIndiaINR 60 billion=$735 millionThailandTHB 200 million=$6 millionRussiaRUB 100 billion=$1.45 billionChina$15 billionSouth KoreaKRW 3.05 trillion=$2.35 billionJapanJPY 80 billion=$700 millionTaiwan,ChinaTWD 8 billion=$282 millionSingaporeSGD 185 million=$138 millionAustraliaAUD
54、893 million=$599 millionNew Zealand$36.75 millionSwitzerlandCHF 780 million=$900 millionAustria107 million=$127 millionBrazilBRL 60 million=$12 millionQatar$10 millionSouth AfricaR 54 million=$3 millionPhilippinesPHP 860 million=$17.2 millionGlobal quantum efforts:$40 billion(estimate)Note:Not exhau
55、stive;timelines for funding vary by country.Sources:“Overview of Quantum Initiatives Worldwide 2023”,QURECA,19 July 2023,https:/ of Industry,Science and Resources,Australia;ETH Domain(ETH Zurich,EPFL,PSI).Public sector investments in quantum technologies worldwideFIGURE 1In an attempt to outline the
56、 core values and principles governing the development and deployment of quantum computing,a previous report by the Forum,the Quantum Computing Governance Principles,serves as the core values,themes and principles in quantum computing.5 While this current Quantum Economy Blueprint report focuses on a
57、ll quantum technologies,it refers to the principles as guidance horizontally across diverse sectors and industries,and vertically for various stakeholders,from policy-makers to quantum engineers.Striking the right balance between generality and specificity is crucial for their utility.The Quantum Co
58、mputing Governance Principles end on a call to action.They ask regions,nations and collaborative institutions to put the principles into practice.It is for this stage that this Quantum Economy Blueprint is written.Purpose of the Quantum Economy BlueprintThis Quantum Economy Blueprint creates a roadm
59、ap across academia,industry and governments to support regions and countries in their development and commercialization of their quantum technology initiatives,support and commercialize their quantum technology initiatives.It can therefore support policy-makers and government institutions,industry a
60、nd academia with a blueprint for developing and growing a national quantum ecosystem.This blueprint can enable stakeholders to understand the potential for job creation,discover and accelerate areas for economic growth and protect their economic security,business integrity and citizens privacy.The p
61、urpose of the blueprint also extends to enabling participation in scientific advancements through the development of Quantum Economy Blueprint 8 This report is primarily aimed at policy-makers,national applied research centres,centres of competence and excellence as well as various industry consorti
62、a and other quantum ecosystem enabling entities.regional and national research strategies.Learning from existing strategies for the governance of quantum technologies contributes to ensuring the responsible and ethical development and use of such technologies.With the blueprint being a collaborative
63、 exercise based on sharing insights across sectors,regions and nations,it can contribute to spreading the benefits of the technology and related applications across regions,as well as to spreading a spirit of open science and collaboration.Nations,regions and industry initiatives should look at the
64、entire research,development and manufacturing roadmap for quantum hardware and software to understand where they can best contribute for societal benefit and the global acceleration of quantum for all.Not all countries or regions need to develop sovereign quantum computing or other quantum technolog
65、ies hardware.A national or regional quantum strategy is,however,important to define ones position in the quantum supply chain,understand what parts of the technology are crucial to ones economy,and how to protect against some of the security aspects related to quantum technology.Furthermore,it is al
66、so essential to ensure access to critical technologies for researchers and academia,as well as becoming a critical supplier or part of the overall quantum value chain.How to use the Quantum Economy BlueprintThis report is primarily aimed at policy-makers,national applied research centres,centres of
67、competence and excellence as well as various industry consortia and other quantum ecosystem enabling entities.The blueprint also provides private enterprises and academia with mechanisms to engage with the different elements of the quantum economy.The blueprint was co-developed over 18 months throug
68、h a series of design workshops with members of the Quantum Economy Network,expert interviews with quantum strategy and policy-makers and an analysis of national and regional quantum strategies.The first scoping discussion was held in person at the Forums Global Technology Governance Retreat event in
69、 San Francisco in June 2022,followed by three community workshops organized virtually in February 2023,July 2023 and October 2023,followed by a design workshop at the Quantum Economy Summit in Geneva in November 2023.The blueprint is organized across nine themes,stemming from the Quantum Computing G
70、overnance Principles,each with a set of building blocks for consideration,as depicted in Figure 2.Quantum Economy Blueprint 9Source:World Economic Forum,Quantum Computing Governance Principles,2022.National and economic securityWorkforce developmentCreating awarenessOpen innovation and commercializa
71、tionCybersecurity and privacyGovernance,responsible innovation and standardizationAccess to hardware infrastructure and supply chainTransformative capabilitiesSustainabilityCore valuesCommon goodAccountabilityInclusivenessEquitabilityNon-maleficenceAccessibilityTransparencyBlueprint building blocksF
72、IGURE 2Phases of a quantum strategyThis report is designed to be relevant irrespective of the stage of ones regional or national quantum strategy.Each country may adopt the building blocks in a modular manner,irrespective of which quantum technology they are involved in,based on the maturity level o
73、f their quantum strategy or quantum activities.The following stages are differentiated:1.Discovery:The country is in the discovery phase,with early quantum activity either in academia or industry.2.Initial strategic considerations:Policy-makers and industry leaders are reflecting on a national or re
74、gional quantum strategy,but there is no structured responsibility yet.3.Initial priorities defined:Policy-makers have defined the initial quantum priorities,and responsibilities have been allocated across ministries,federal departments or industry.4.Strategy defined:There is a defined national or re
75、gional strategy that includes a funding plan but no implementation plan.5.Strategy and implementation plan:This is the final stage where strategy,funding and the implementation plan are defined,detailed and in the process of execution.The following mapping of building blocks to stages facilitates an
76、 understanding of which building blocks are most relevant at which stage.As discussed in theme 7 on cybersecurity,there is a time critical phase,which requires countries to adopt adequate regulations regarding upgrading to new cybersecurity requirements and adopting action plans for transitioning to
77、 quantum-safe cybersecurity.Quantum Economy Blueprint 10Different phases along the quantum strategy development and implementation journey45321Core valuesInitial strategic considerations(no structured responsibility yet e.g.no ministry tasked)Initial priorities defined(responsibilities allocated e.g
78、.ministry tasked)Strategy defined,no implementation plan(including no funding plan)Strategy and implementation plan(including funding plan)Discovery phase(QT early discoveries)PhaseTransformative capabilitiesSelf-assessmentValue chain analysisAccess to hardware infrastructure and supply chainLong-te
79、rmism and priority matchingSupply chain mappingInternational nature of quantum supply chainAdjacent supply chain capabilitiesOpen innovation and commercializationEncouraging collaboration and pre-competitive environmentTrade strategiesTechnology transfer and commercialization initiativesPublic and p
80、rivate sector strategiesCreating awarenessMultilevel public dialogueEducating decision-and policy-makersAwareness-buildingtools and methodsWorkforce developmentEducation initiatives Upskilling and cross-skilling strategiesGlobal,regional and national talent pipeline strategyPublic-private partnershi
81、psNew job creation potentialNational and economic securityGovernment defence investment prioritiesGeostrategic cooperation and protection strategiesCybersecurity and privacyCyberthreat and risk analysisCybersecurity implementation and migration plansCross-industry collaboration and awareness buildin
82、gPrivacy impact of other QTGovernment regulations and directivesGovernance,responsible innovation and standardizationSustainabilityStrategies for sustainable QTIncentivization strategies for sustainability use casesEnergy consumption benchmarking strategiesFocus areas for positive impact on environm
83、entDefinition of common valuesOperationalizing responsible innovationTechnology-enabling regulationStandardization strategiesBlueprint building blocks mapped to phasesFIGURE 3Quantum Economy Blueprint 11Responsible governance and the Quantum Economy Blueprint For successful national or regional stra
84、tegies,it is of key importance to embed the responsible governance of quantum technologies into these strategies.This involves:Integrating the principles from Quantum Computing Governance Principles Taking foresighted,strategic decisions Ensuring responsible use and development through the respectiv
85、e binding principles and regulation which,in turn,enable responsible decision-making and action Ensuring interdisciplinarity Striving for greatest possible inclusivity(especially disciplinary and regional)Proactively integrating ethical and responsible practices from other domains.Precisely how this
86、 can be done is specified in theme 8.Understanding quantum technologies Quantum technologies take advantage of properties of quantum mechanics to enable new ways to process,gather and send information,pushing the frontiers in application areas such as computing,sensing and communication.Quantum comp
87、uting It is important to understand that the World Economic Forum makes the following technological assumptions regarding quantum computing(QC):It will be possible to build a useful,fully programmable universal fault-tolerant quantum computer.QC will make the computation of specific problems more ef
88、ficient or precise.Quantum utility,where existing quantum computers can perform computations beyond the reach of brute-force classical simulation,has been demonstrated.For successful national or regional strategies,it is of key importance to embed the responsible governance of quantum technologies i
89、nto these strategies.Quantum Economy Blueprint 12QC will accelerate computation towards solving specific problems currently deemed intractable with classical machines.The Forum adopts the community understanding of“quantum advantage”,as the situation where quantum computer has a context-specific ben
90、efit over purely classical compute.QC holds promise in a diverse set of highly complex problems that are currently inefficiently addressed by or intractable for classical computers.Such problems include but are not limited to:Simulation of physical systems,e.g.molecular reactions for material scienc
91、e,batteries,catalysts and drug discovery Combinatorial optimization and factorization problems,e.g.optimization of shipping routes and decryption of current public-key cryptography Quantum machine learning,e.g.neural networks and kernel methods.Subsets of problems in these areas are believed to be m
92、ore efficiently and more accurately solvable with quantum computers.The reason quantum computers are expected to outperform classical computers in these areas lies in the fact that quantum computers can as the name suggests harness the fundamental principles of quantum physics such as superposition
93、and entanglement,giving rise to a new information-processing paradigm.Currently,there exist multiple hardware technologies for quantum systems that can be used to implement the fundamental building blocks of a quantum computer qubits.These include,among others,neutral atoms,trapped ions,superconduct
94、ing qubits,photonic qubits,quantum dots and nitrogen vacancy centres.These hardware technologies vary in their maturity,6 but researchers and engineers are exploring each of them to develop a universal fault-tolerant quantum computer.Achieving scalable QC with fault tolerance(active error correction
95、 during a computation)and giving measurable quantum advantage over classical computation is the long-term milestone for QC.7Quantum sensorsQuantum sensors are instruments that use quantum properties,such as entanglement or interference,to detect positional or physical variations or provide highly ac
96、curate baseline standard measurements.They are capable of extremely high sensitivity in measuring acceleration,time,rotation and electrical or magnetic field changes.Quantum sensors thus have the potential to provide higher precision,speed and resolution than current classical sensors.Applications i
97、nclude:Positioning and navigation via quantum sensors and atomic clocks in GNSS/GPS-denied environments Surveillance of underground construction and bunkers,and mineral and resource discovery through quantum gravity sensors Detection of metallic objects,such as mines or submarines,using quantum magn
98、etometers to detect local magnetic anomalies Coordination of data transactions and energy networks via quantum atomic clocksQuantum Economy Blueprint 13 Improved medical scanning based on the measurement of magnetic fields produced by electrical currents in the body(for example,magnetoencephalograph
99、y or magnetocardiography)Measurement and monitoring of emission rates of greenhouse gases through optical lidar,spectroscopy and other methods Expanded and more sensitive communication based on quantum radio-frequency receivers.Quantum communication and networkingQuantum networking allows the transm
100、ission of information in the form of qubits between quantum computers,sensors and memory.Quantum networking will allow the development of larger quantum computers from connecting smaller,modular systems of qubits and performing larger distributed computations between them.In addition,quantum sensor
101、networks may enable precision metrology beyond what is possible with the best individual quantum sensors.Quantum communications is the use of quantum networking protocols for the purposes of establishing trusted communications links between sites.The quantum-mechanical nature of these links allows f
102、or,e.g.detecting eavesdropping attempts.Early practical versions of the technology include quantum key distribution(QKD)for cryptographic key establishment.Applications include:Quantum cryptography,including quantum key distribution for secure cryptographic key establishment Quantum random number ge
103、nerators for improved randomness in cryptography Transfer of quantum sensor data for storage,computation,or quantum machine learning Quantum network repeaters for long-distance transfer of quantum-encoded information Quantum radio frequency receivers Networked quantum computers that realize large-sc
104、ale and distributed quantum computation.Future applicationsThe above applications of QT are examples only and are not an exhaustive list.In the early days of classical computing and sensing,researchers,developers and users had yet to learn of the many applications they would create as the systems ev
105、olved and became more powerful,smaller and energy efficient.There are likely many more applications that are yet to be discovered and thus research efforts are ongoing to identify them.With these general considerations of QT in mind,the building blocks for a blueprint can be discussed.Following the
106、building blocks,different approaches to implementing quantum strategies are discussed.Quantum Economy Blueprint 14Themes and building blocks1Quantum strategys building blocks,viewed individually or holistically,can be grouped into nine thematic categories for a complete approach.Quantum Economy Blue
107、print 151.1 Theme 1:Transformative capabilitiesThe overarching goal of this theme is to harness the transformative capabilities of quantum technologies and their applications for the good of humanity while managing the risks appropriately.The following elements can enable the embedding of this goal
108、in a national quantum strategy.Building block 1.1:Self-assessment In order to gain clarity on a regions strongholds for quantum technologies,a national or regional self-assessment is a starting point.This analysis is a basis of a later stage,national or regional strengths,weaknesses,opportunities an
109、d threats(SWOT)analysis.This analysis entails but is not restricted to understanding:State of research and academia,including the regional or national IP and patent landscape,and the state of research in quantum technologies State of the technology,including state of the industry working on quantum
110、technologies and the state of quantum technology supporting industry The supply chain,based on a detailed supply chain analysis Government investments,partnerships and policies,including bilateral and multilateral collaborations Short-or long-term private investments Potential threats,including geop
111、olitical conflicts,“brain drain”to other industries or countries and fears of cybersecurity readiness in the face of quantum attacks on encryption.The self-assessment identifies priority areas to capitalize on(strengths and opportunities)or to proactively develop further(weaknesses)and develop mitig
112、ation strategies for(threats).This mapping further matches the developed vision for QT with general regional or national technology strategies.Depending on which approach to building a quantum strategy is chosen,direct links to and communication between industry,academia and government is necessary,
113、in order to coordinate stakeholder efforts.It also serves to influence technology-enabling and innovation-promoting policies and regulations can also be established on the basis of the self-assessment.Furthermore,the self-assessment analysis can help to develop clear funding strategies.These range a
114、cross technology areas and can closely be connected to the establishment of,e.g.centres of excellence.Regarding the importance of a national self-assessment analysis,the following comment can be found in the Danish approach to developing their quantum strategy.In Denmark,the Novo Nordisk foundation
115、kick-started the quantum strategy and the Danish Governments strategy came after.Our focus was quantum in life sciences.We mapped the entire quantum space,examining strongholds in the Danish ecosystems.We interviewed trusted parties,and we also commissioned a third-party report from RAND Europe to m
116、ake a deep investigation of strongholds for quantum tech in the life sciences.Based on these reports and feedback,the Novo Nordisk Foundation formulated the strategy.We knew Denmark had an advantage,but we also knew that we had to act fast so as not to be overtaken.Lene Oddershede,Senior Vice-Presid
117、ent,Natural and Technical Sciences,Novo Nordisk FoundationThere is the possibility of commissioning an external party,such as RAND Europe.To start the reflection process,it is also possible to start with the suggested template for a regional or national SWOT analysis,such as the one that can be foun
118、d in the appendix of this report.Starting a quantum strategy with a national(regional)self-assessment allows stakeholders to harness the transformative capabilities of QT and their applications for societal good,while managing the risks appropriately.In order to gain clarity on a regions strongholds
119、 for quantum technologies,a national or regional self-assessment is a starting point.Quantum Economy Blueprint 16Building block 1.2:Value chain analysisA value chain analysis enables a fuller understanding of a current ecosystem.It is an analysis of the industry and enables seeing relationships and
120、dynamics across an entire ecosystem.The value chain analysis also identifies the roles of different entities.It is important to develop a value chain in order to understand gaps,growth opportunities and possible challenges of economic,technical or social kinds.A QT value chain can contribute to info
121、rming a national or regional self-assessment.Quantum Ecosystems Technology Council of India(QETCI)has published the Quantum Value Chain Report 2023 India,which introduces a quantum value chain framework for analysing the state of the quantum ecosystem in India.QETCI has developed and analysed the qu
122、antum technology value chain in India and used that to create a full value chain framework.This has been done after a careful study via primary survey and secondary research.The following are the key stakeholders identified as being elements in the Indian quantum technology value chain.CASE STUDY 1E
123、xample from the Indian value chainEntityDefinitionEducation providerAn entity that creates and/or delivers educational content on quantum technology and associated domainsResearcherAn ecosystem entity that is engaged in research associated with quantum technologyRegulatory bodyA national entity that
124、 is responsible for creating,enforcing and overseeing regulations and rules within the quantum ecosystemSystem integratorAn ecosystem entity that,without hardware capabilities of its own,provides base software and/or algorithms and/or solutions to the end userIntegrated system providerAn ecosystem e
125、ntity that may or may not develop indigenous quantum hardware,and provides it along with base software and algorithms to quantum solutions providersEnabling technology providerA non-quantum ecosystem entity that plays the role of providing technology that assists with and enables the development of
126、quantum technology(hardware).Hardware providerAn ecosystem entity that is engaged in the development of the hardware of quantum devices,like quantum computers,QKD devices and quantum sensorsBase software providerAn ecosystem entity that develops firmware and control protocols for the underlying quan
127、tum hardwareTABLE 1EntityDefinitionAlgorithms providerAn ecosystem entity that works on quantum communication protocols,post-quantum cryptography schemes,or quantum computing algorithms for specific applicationsSolutions providerAn ecosystem entity that provides solutions by way of software products
128、 or consulting services to end users interested in specific applications of quantum technologyStandards bodyAn ecosystem entity that is responsible for the development of standards and regulatory recommendations associated with quantum technologiesInvestor and incubatorAn ecosystem entity that provi
129、des financial support,mentorship,resources and networking opportunities to quantum technology projectsEnabling government entityA government entity that oversees and assists the development of quantum technology at various layers of the value chainEcosystem enablerAn ecosystem entity that works clos
130、ely with different stakeholders to enhance collaborations,mitigate challenges and accelerate the ecosystem as a wholeEnd userAn ecosystem entity that is interested in the applications of quantum technologyAllied value chainsValue chains from allied industries that add value to the quantum value chai
131、nQuantum Economy Blueprint 17The value chain can be studied in two parts:1.The supply chain the central big box(in blue)in the above representation includes elements of the supply chain.2.The horizontal boxes at the top(orange)and bottom(green)include horizontal sub-components and additional element
132、s,which,when included,provide an overview of the overall value chain and represent non-supply chain ecosystem elements.Source:QETCI,The Quantum Value Chain Report 2023 IndiaFigure 4 represents the QETCI quantum value chain in detail.IT system integratorsIntegrated quantum system providersTechnology
133、providerBase software providerAlgorithms providerSolution providerEnd userLife sciencesLogisticsAutomobileCybersecurityDefenceBFSIManufacturingQuantum securityCryogenicsDiamond manufacturerSemiconductor capabilitiesNanofabrication capabilitiesQuantummaterialsQuantum computingQuantum commshardwareQua
134、ntum sensing hardwareSpace value chainQuantum communication base softwareQuantum comms algorithmsQuantum comms solutionsQuantum computing base softwareQuantum computing algorithmsQuantum computing solutionsQuantum sensing base softwareQuantum sensing algorithmsQuantum sensing solutionsHardware provi
135、derAllied ecosystemsphotonics,electronics,semi conductor,nanotechnologyResearcherEducation providerRegulatory environmentInvestigator/incubatorStandards bodyEcosystem enablerEnabling government entitiesIP managementThe Indian quantum technology value chainFIGURE 4Quantum Economy Blueprint 18This ana
136、lysis provides insights into the different areas of the value chain,which in turn becomes an input to the quantum strategy for the nation.The goal of this theme is harness the transformative capabilities of quantum technologies and their applications for the good of humanity.In order to do so it is
137、necessary to understand where a region or nation stands with respect to QT.The self-assessment and a value chain analysis are a good start to doing so.We wanted to understand the quantum ecosystem in India in detail and we also wanted to be able to make interventions in the ecosystem and make policy
138、 recommendations using a data-driven approach.The value chain analysis turned out to be a great choice,because it not only shows the current state well,but it also provides insights into strong and weak areas and the role of allied value chains and has been very useful in all kinds of decision-makin
139、g.Reena Dayal,Founder and Chief Executive Officer,Quantum Ecosystems and Technology Council of IndiaQuantum Economy Blueprint 191.2 Theme 2:Access to hardware infrastructure and the supply chain The goal of this theme is to ensure broad access to QT hardware and components.The strategies and actions
140、 here might differ for different quantum technologies as they may be at different maturity levels.This section is focused on key elements and,in particular,on components of a QT supply chain.Underlying these are national security considerations spelt out in more detail in theme 6 ofthis report.Build
141、ing block 2.1:Long-termism and priority matchingLong-termismWhen considering QT hardware,it is paramount to think of the long-term implications of current(policy)decisions.In addition to considering the role of a region or nation in current quantum supply chains,it is crucial to establish a strategy
142、 that can safeguard long-term access to QT hardware or platforms,including funding to disadvantaged regions if necessary.Importantly,this does not require each nation or region to necessarily acquire or develop their own quantum computing systems since cloud access,e.g.to quantum computers and quant
143、um-centric high-performance computing centres,is and will become more widely available.8For other QT,such as sensing and communications,it is important for countries to ensure adequate long-term access to the necessary hardware components.Priority matchingInvestments in quantum hardware should be cl
144、osely connected to the national and regional priorities identified in the self-assessment above.Thus,in deciding where quantum hardware needs to be built nationally or regionally,careful consideration must be given to where sovereign hardware is needed or where it is sufficient to be part of the sup
145、ply chain as an importer or exporter.The considerations will differ across the respective technologies.Other concerns should also be investigated here,such as cloud access in the case of QC.This is linked to ensuring uninterrupted access to the highest quality systems and to questions on investing i
146、n or dependence on leading technology platforms while developing ones own platform.When considering QT hardware,it is paramount to think of the long-term implications of current(policy)decisions.Quantum Economy Blueprint 20Building block 2.2:Supply chain mapping In order to know where the existing s
147、upply chain can serve to strengthen the quantum supply chain,supply chain mapping is required.Such a supply chain mapping varies,but typically entails the following key elements:Overview of the respective quantum technology stack:This is an overview of the type of components at different granularity
148、 levels.For example,a high-level starting point for QC can consist of key raw materials for hardware manufacture,individual components,devices,control environment and operational elements.9 Component classification:This classification highlights which components are specifically relevant for QT and
149、which are not(compare with the Quantum Economic Development-Consortium example in Figure 9).Analysis of local or regional availability of materials:As shown in the EU example in Figure 5,a quantum supply chain gains in potential when a layer of international availability is added(compare with the Qu
150、antum Delta NL example in Figure 6 or EU example for QT in Figure 5).Such mapping is particularly insightful from a policy perspective as a basis for reflections regarding international collaboration and trade,as in building block 3.2.Quantum technologies and supply chain exampleFIGURE 5Research and
151、 engineering third-party IPQuantum software and algorithmsControl electro/opticsDilution refrigeratorsTWP-amplifiersSingle photon detectorsNDFEB magnetsHelium-3Field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs)OperationControl environmentDeviceComponentsKey processed/raw materialsUser interfaceCloud infrastructu
152、reSource:Riekeles,Georg E.,Quantum technologies and value chains:Why and how Europe must act now,European Policy Centre,23 March 2023.An example is the template(“canvas”)for a quantum communications supply chain mapping suggested by Quantum Delta NL/TNO in 2023.10 It is a breakdown of quantum networ
153、king architectures focusing on the required hardware elements.Quantum Economy Blueprint 21Quantum technologies and supply chainsFIGURE 6 End nodeHeralding stationNetwork integrationQuantum repeater*Supply chain canvas for quantum communication,for which a system breakdown structure for quantum netwo
154、rks based on hardware elements was used.*It is assumed that in terms of components,a quantum repeater generally consists of hardware elements that are also present in the end nodes and heralding stations.DevicesKey componentsFundamentalsType 1Point-to-pointType 2 Heralding stationType 3 Quantum repe
155、aterSource:Quantum Delta,Mapping the Supply Chains for Quantum Communication,2023.When completed,this template can lead to a comprehensive overview of the different components underlying the quantum networking supply chain.The supply chain,which focuses on the availability of components in the EU,is
156、 mapped on the likeliness of substitutability of components within the EU(vertical axis)and on the concentration,which shows how many suppliers there are and their market share(horizontal axis).11Mapping the supply chains for quantum communicationFIGURE 7P=Point-to-pointH=Heralding stationR=Quantum
157、repeaterNumber of network types affected123ConcentrationEU substitutabilityLowHighLowHighMonitorIncreaseInvestigateMitigatePHRElectrical and optical signal generatorsHRTime synchronizationPHRCryostatHROptical modulatorsPHWavelength multiplexerRFrequency converterRSynthetic diamondRNonlinear crystalH
158、RFPGAHRHigh-quality lasersPHRSingle-photon detectorPQKD systemHRAD/DA-converterSource:Quantum Delta,Mapping the Supply Chains for Quantum Communication,2023.Quantum Economy Blueprint 22Another example is from the Quantum Economic Development Consortium(QED-C)industry association document Tracking th
159、e Global Supply Chain:A Framework for the Quantum Industry,which is shown in Figure 8 in abstracted form.12 The QED-C set forth the following principles as suggestions to follow when building a quantum supply chain:Principle 1:Create a supply chain tracking approach that can be implemented in a prac
160、tical tool.Principle 2:Launch an initial proof-of-concept tool and expand its coverage and functionality over time.Principle 3:Maintain confidence in data to support adoption.Principle 4:Ensure data and tool security.The QED-C supply chain framework is structured starting with a tracking of technolo
161、gy components and materials across the global supply chain.These are matched with the entities that produce them.As components and materials are often connected with one or more other components and materials and hence suppliers,different connections need to be drawn,as shown in Figure 9.It should b
162、e noted that this is one example of an approach.It can serve as inspiration for countries own efforts but should be adapted to countries own contexts.Quantum supply chain tracking frameworkFIGURE 8Component C1234Supply chain tiers capture via component-to-component linkagesMaterial M1111Component C9
163、999Component C4321Component C8888EntityE111EntityE222EntityE333Connections between entities not trackedSource:QED-C,Tracking the Global Supply Chain:A Framework for the Quantum Industry,2023,p.4.Quantum Economy Blueprint 23Quantum stack listing tracked components and materialsFIGURE 9IndustriesAppli
164、cationsAlgorithmsCloud servicesQuantum productsNetwork(quantum&classical)SoftwareControl and correctionComponentsEnvironmentsQuantum devicesQuantum materialsThe quantum stackQuantum supply chainEnd usersProvidersNon-quantum hardware&software:Supports quantum propertiesQuantum hardware:Exhibits quant
165、um propertiesRare-earth,tow dimensional,superconducting,non-linear photonic,thin film,micro-fabricated.Telecom,transport,aerospace,automotive,defence,finance,life sciences,energy.Logistics,simulation,machine learning,cybersecurity,financial modelling,materials discovery,AI.Algorithms for applying qu
166、antum hardware and software to each application.Cloud services for delivering quantum technology solutions to customers.Computing,distributed computing,secure communications,sensing network.Protocols,speciality cladding fibre.SW and FW for controlling quantum hardware necessary for quantum products.
167、Cryogenic CMOS,SFQ,control electronics,stabilized lasers,latest CMOS techology.SNSPDs,QLAs,cryoLNAs,cryoRF,HD connectors and wiring,I/O,AOMs,ion traps,lasers,detector arrays.Cryocoolers,compressors,dilution refrigerators,sorption coolers,ADRs,UHV chambers,thermometryQubits(sc,ion,atom,defect,quantum
168、 dot,photonic),transducers,memory,sensors,entangled sources.Supply chain developmentWorkforce developmentStandards developmentForeign collaborationExport regulationSecurityEcosystem strategySource:QED-C,Tracking the Global Supply Chain:A Framework for the Quantum Industry,2023,p.7.Another relevant e
169、lement is to track the components across the quantum stack:The supply chain that underpins the quantum sector while still nascent is already truly global.Based on a survey of 54 relevant UK companies,85%are importing elements of their supply chain to develop quantum technologies.In the UK,33 compani
170、es are a key part of this global supply chain.UK Department for Science,Innovation&Technology,National Quantum Strategy,2023.The supply chain analysis should also entail a critical component analysis.It is important to note that non-quantum technologies such as cooling and lasers are also critical i
171、n the quantum supply chain.Governments,such as the United States government,have noted that access to such supporting technologies is crucial to efforts to support critical infrastructure.Building block 2.3:The international nature of the quantum supply chain Similar considerations on the supply cha
172、in are shared by other governments as part of their quantum strategy.It has also been noted that the global nature of the quantum supply chain may pose a challenge to access and supply.Quantum Economy Blueprint 24Reliable access to resilient and trusted domestic and international supply chains is al
173、so essential for a successful Australian quantum sector.Quantum technologies use mass-produced components,such as semiconductors,which are in high demand across the world.They also need bespoke components that are available from single sources or specialist manufacturers.The Australian quantum indus
174、try relies on complex global supply chains for key materials and components.These complex global supply chains are vulnerable to disruption,resulting in unpredictable availability and costs.Australia could analyse future supply chain needs and identify areas where it can become a world leader,helpin
175、g grow ongoing supply in the future.Australian Government Department of Industry,Science and Resources,National Quantum Strategy,2023.As demonstrated above,the access to various hardware components and infrastructure has implications for the nature of national and regional quantum supply chains.This
176、 is important from the perspective of national security,as described in theme 6,but also for education and capability-building strategies.To ensure wide access to quantum technologies,clear strategies for the supply and development of quantum hardware are necessary.A quantum supply chain mapping is
177、a key element enabling such strategies.Particular attention must be paid to the fact that different quantum technologies are at different maturity levels,and it is importantto have differentiated strategies for therespectivetechnologies.Building block 2.4:Adjacent supply chain capabilities Countries
178、 can build on existing supply chain strength areas to create adjacent value-added capabilities in the context of the international quantum supply chain.Participation in the quantum economy allows countries to focus on higher value-added sectors.For example,the supply of diamonds for nitrogen-vacancy
179、(NV)diamond-based QT hardware may be coming largely from India.Currently,the preparation of the NV centres happens mostly outside India,with some promising efforts emerging to make this happen in India.This is a critical sector where India could develop their own high-precision production facilities
180、 to conduct this value-added activity locally.Another area where India could vastly contribute would be in the development of precision optics,optomechanics and allied quantum technologiesUrbasi Sinha,Professor,Raman Research InstituteQuantum Economy Blueprint 251.3 Theme 3:Open innovation and comme
181、rcialization The goal of open innovation is to ensure that collaboration is encouraged,especially in a pre-competitive environment,enabling fast and responsible development of quantum technologies and their applications.Building block 3.1:Encouraging collaboration and a pre-competitive environmentEn
182、couraging collaboration and fostering a pre-competitive environment is essential for accelerated technology development and application realization.For example,in the context of QC,a unified cross-national or cross-regional strategy should focus on creating or offering access to a fully functional Q
183、C infrastructure.This approach mitigates fragmentation,avoiding cannibalization.It can further the collaborative spirit of the scientific and technological endeavour necessary to be successful in the overall project of bringing useful quantum technologies to the world.Drawing inspiration from succes
184、sful open innovation strategies and commercialization models is recommended for the whole QT sector.This approach ensures adaptability to specific contexts and optimizes the overall development process.Careful governance considerations should underpin the considerations for open innovation and colla
185、boration.These play a crucial role in ensuring ethical practices and responsible conduct for sustainable and impactful quantum technology development.These issues are discussed furtherintheme 8.The strategies for open innovation include but are not limited to those listed in the following sections:B
186、uilding block 3.2:Trade strategiesA key area for furthering open collaboration is the way in which trade strategies are set up:Open markets and trade barriers:Evaluate and address trade barriers for QT,including a review of tariffs and export/import regulations.Technology transfer and commercializat
187、ion:Promote initiatives and establish centres of excellence for technology transfer and commercialization.National competence centres:Build institutions focusing on encouraging international collaboration.Encouraging collaboration and fostering a precompetitive environment is essential for accelerat
188、ed technology development and application realization.Quantum Economy Blueprint26 International collaboration rewards:Institutionalize international-level rewards to incentivize collaborative research and projects.Sharing/trusting code:Establish a repository to share code for relevant use-case scena
189、rios affecting society beyond individual organizations or communities(e.g.epidemics,cybersecurity,global catastrophic events).Building block 3.3:Public and private sector innovation strategiesPublic sector strategies Public sector strategies and investments call for integrated approaches in order to
190、 be successful.Connections to other industries:Foster connections to industries in the QT value and supply chain.Flagship projects:Initiate flagship projects spanning geographies and industries.Phased approach:Implement a phased approach for understanding and exploiting both near and long-term oppor
191、tunities.Private sector strategies Given the early stage of many of these technologies,private sector strategies are well advised in having a mid-to long-term horizon.Responsible investment strategies should underpin strategies in general.1.Venture capital(VC)and private investment for QT:Encourage
192、the involvement of venture capitalists and other private investors in QT initiatives.2.Strategies for VC investment:Develop strategies,including government funding,to enhance trust in QT and facilitate ease of investment.3.Long-term investment focus:Private sector investment should,for the long-term
193、(5-7+years),be supported by family office funds,university funds and regional development funds such as Breakthrough Victoria in Australia.134.Public-private partnerships:Emphasize public-private partnerships and industry engagement,aligning with the focus of aligning with the focus of the QT strate
194、gy.Figure 10 shows the interplay between the public and the private sectors,national and international infrastructures and different funding bodies in the Finnish strategy.Schematic illustration of the quantum ecosystem in FinlandFIGURE 10ERC,Academy of Finland,Horizon Europe,Digital Europe,Quantum
195、Flagship,EIC,Business Finland,investors,EuroHPCRTOsApplied research,R&D and service providersUniversitiesEducation,basic researchCompaniesProduct and service developmentResearch and innovation activitiesNational and international infrastructures:OtaNano,FiQCI,EuroQCI/NaQCI,CSCGrowing business and ha
196、ving an impact on societyEnergy and sustainability Health technologiesLogisticsMolecular simulationsSecuritySource:Institute Q,Finnish Quantum Agenda,n.d.,https:/instituteq.fi/finnish-quantum-agenda/.Quantum Economy Blueprint 27The Finnish example shows the interplay between research institutes,univ
197、ersities and private companies in the triangle,with the focus of their interplay being research and innovation activities.These activities and the interplay are influenced and enabled by different national and international funding bodies(top)and national and international supporting infrastructures
198、(bottom).Together they aim at“growing business and having an impact on society”through the collaboratively made advancements in quantum technologies.Building block 3.4:Technology transfer and commercialization initiatives Decisions about technology and application areas to focus on should be informe
199、d by a national SWOT analysis and industry needs.Strong collaboration between industry,academia and funding bodies is required for best decisions.Successful strategies centre on the different focus areas to support,match and use existing national strongholds.Another reason why open innovation can be
200、 key to a successful quantum strategy lies in the fact that not every country will have the funds and talent to create QC systems at the scale of the millions of qubits they will need.Cooperative cross-country agreements will be needed to ensure access to the systems useful for production work.Other
201、 complex QTs also benefit from open innovation approaches where the R&D or value chains span across borders.The process to establish an open innovation strategy could look as follows in Figure 11.Process for establishing an open innovation strategyFIGURE 11123Closely consider the quantum supply chai
202、n and match the supply chain strategy with an open innovation strategy.Based on national self-assessment,decide the role QTs play within the coherence of ones industry.Identify where QTs are already in use and how to use them,e.g.within the medical sector.As a funding body,identify cross-sector coll
203、aborations to encourage,e.g.quantum sensing between the medical and defence sectors(see theme 6 for security considerations).4The following example from the UK shows how an open innovation strategy can be implemented across multiple sectors to drive and accelerate commercialization of QT.Quantum Eco
204、nomy Blueprint 28It is still early days for quantum commercialization,with most quantum technologies in the research,development or early demonstration phase.Developing quantum products and services can be a long and challenging process,with the need for sustained investment and support before profi
205、ts can be made.The UK understands commercialization as a truly collaborative endeavour over the next 10 years and beyond,spanning multiple sectors and requiring bold and innovative approaches supported by a diverse and thriving workforce that can drive the growing quantum industry.In March 2023,the
206、UK government committed to investing 2.5 billion over the next 10 years in the quantum sector through the publication of the UK National Quantum Strategy.This announcement builds on the successes of the National Quantum Technologies Programme,which for the past 10 years has mobilized over 1 billion
207、of public and private investment to drive the development of the UK quantum sector.This has led to the establishment of a thriving and collaborative quantum ecosystem supported by four research hubs.The hubs bring together experts from universities,national laboratories,business development and indu
208、stry partners under the leadership of a single university to galvanize the development of specific technology areas:communications(University of York),sensors and timing(University of Birmingham),enhanced imaging(University of Glasgow)and computing and simulation(University of Oxford).Additionally,t
209、he National Quantum Computing Centre has been supporting multidisciplinary teams to work together to design,build and operate quantum computers through collaborative R&D projects across sectors.Its new state-of-the-art facilities are due to open in 2024.The UK Commercializing Quantum Technologies Ch
210、allenge fund drives collaborative innovation for new products across sectors,including healthcare,infrastructure,telecommunications,transport,cybersecurity and defence,based on advances in quantum science.Since 2018,it has delivered 174 million in public funding,supported by 390 million from industr
211、y,to support the commercialization of quantum technologies in 139 projects involving 141 organizations.This includes collaborative research projects,a programme of industry-led projects addressing specific challenges,a series of feasibility projects looking at innovative components and supply chain
212、elements across the quantum sector,and an investment accelerator to support early-stage,spin-out and start-up quantum technologies companies in securing venture capital.Additionally,the strategy outlines a series of flagship initiatives to support open innovation and commercialization,including miss
213、ions,focused on galvanizing the community to achieve a particular outcome,and accelerator programmes,which drive development through enabling demonstration in real-world settings and to help move technologies up the readiness levels.In March 2023,the UK government announced an investment of 70 milli
214、on into two short-term quantum missions.The aims of these are to:Demonstrate the advantage of a quantum computer over a classical one.Demonstrate mature proof-of-principle prototypes in position navigation and timing in environments that cannot be reached by traditional satellites.“Additionally,the
215、strategy outlines a series of flagship initiatives to support open innovation and commercialisation.These include:Missions focused on galvanising the community to achieve a particular outcome Accelerator programmes that drive development by enabling demonstration in real-world settings and to help m
216、ove technologies up the readiness levels.In November 2023,the UK Government announced five long-term quantum missions to galvanise technology development towards ambitious outcomes such as having UK-based quantum computers capable of running 1 trillion operations,adopting quantum sensors in the Nati
217、onal Health Service,and deploying quantum navigation systems on aircraft,amongst others.These missions build on the two 70 million shorter-term missions announced in March 2023 on Position,Navigation and Timing and to demonstrate the advantage of a quantum computer over a classical one.The governmen
218、t delivery agency,Innovate UK,has also launched two calls for a Quantum Network Accelerator Programme,two 10 million competitions to accelerate quantum network technologies by removing technological barriers to their commercialisation and adoption by focusing on their enabling components and systems
219、”.Source:UK Office for Quantum,Department for Science,Innovation and TechnologyCASE STUDY 2Open innovation and commercialization in the UK National Quantum StrategyThis is one example of executing an innovation strategy,and in particular,the interplay between industry,research and government agencie
220、s.Governments can act as first procurers to signal confidence in QT.However,this depends on the state of technological development of the given QT,as it may not be possible to detail typical procurement specifications in the current state.To conclude,it has been seen in the different existing nation
221、al strategies that careful consideration of open innovation is of key importance.While a balance with security considerations is paramount,open innovation strategies can be key success factors,especially for resource-intensive quantum technologies.Quantum Economy Blueprint 291.4 Theme 4:Creating awa
222、renessThe goal here is to ensure widespread knowledge about QT and its impact across society.This can be achieved by creating a dialogue between government,academia and industry to create public education,awareness and avoid hype.Building block 4.1:Multilevel public dialogueEducational initiatives f
223、or creating awareness should span multiple levels,including boards and C-Suite,governments and policy-makers,as well as workers,interns,teachers and students.Such awareness-building programmes should be broad-based,focussing on the practical applications and benefits of QT rather than on the intrica
224、cies of the underlying quantum physics.They should also ensure to avoid hype.Some examples of awareness-raising initiatives are detailed below:Year of Quantum 2025:An international partnership of major scientific bodies and academies is preparing a resolution for the 2023 General Conference of the U
225、nited Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)and the 2023 General Assembly of the United Nations to proclaim 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology.This year-long initiative will celebrate the profound impacts of quantum science on technology,culture a
226、nd understanding of the natural world.The year 2025 has been proposed for this international year as it recognizes 100 years since the initial development of quantum mechanics.World Quantum Day:An initiative from quantum scientists from over 65 countries,aims at engaging the general public in the un
227、derstanding and discussion of quantum science and technology every year on 14 April,a reference to 4.14,the rounded first digits of Plancks constant.Centre for Quantum and Society:The Centre for Quantum and Society in the Netherlands facilitates a number of initiatives to better understand the socie
228、tal implications of QT.One concrete example stemming from this initiative is the Exploratory Quantum Technology Assessment which is a roadmap to understanding the impact of QT uses.Japans Quantum Strategic Industry Alliance for Revolution(Q-STAR)14 mission includes the aim to build a society where t
229、he use of quantum is for everyone:“By 2030,used by 5-10%of the population in major developed countries;in Japan,aim for a society where 10 million people use quantum technology”.Widespread knowledge about QT and its impact across society can be achieved by creating a dialogue between government,acad
230、emia and industry to create public education,awareness and avoid hype.Quantum Economy Blueprint 30Building block 4.2:Decision-and policy-maker education strategiesAwareness building for policy-makers and decision-makers at all levels of government and society is also critical as they are key constit
231、uents in the quantum economy.Initiatives,such as this report,are designed to help policy-makers map their countries strengths to a developing quantum strategy,and to understand where their country could best participate in the quantum economy.This may be in building quantum hardware or developing qu
232、antum algorithms,in delivering critical parts of the supply chain,or in educating a skilled workforce to underpin their own and other countries talent needs.For example,EU Quantum Flagship15 is offering a series of training sessions on quantum technology,addressing policy-makers at EU and national l
233、evels.The training is offered online and developed in the form of a monthly series.Awareness building among policy-makers in countries that have not yet started the quantum journey is even more important and pressing.Awareness building for policy-makers and decision-makers at all levels of governmen
234、t and society is also critical as they are key constituents in the quantum economy.Building block 4.3:Awareness-building tools and methodsQuantum offers a step change in capabilities impacting industry and society,and efforts are underway to unlock its full potential.Expanding the global use and und
235、erstanding of quantum increases the benefits the technology will bring.To this end,awareness building is emphasized prominently in national strategies.The European Flagship programme,has for example,an entire workstream dedicated to education and awareness-building,with programmes that address diffe
236、rent types of audiences.The Netherlands have made“Quantum and Society”one of their four pillars on which the national quantum programme is built.The Forums Quantum Applications HubIn support of awareness building,the Forum has also recently started the quantum applications hub,which aims to increase
237、 awareness among senior level industry stakeholders and policy makers.This initiative aims to shape a scalable and inclusive quantum ecosystem and launch a one-of-a-kind experiential platform to drive increased awareness and responsible adoption of quantum solutions.These goals will be advanced thro
238、ugh two workstreams.The industrial workstream will bring flagship industry examples together within a global platform that enables access to success stories,research and applications for quantum technology.The societal workstream will accelerate quantum applications for the SustainableDevelopmentGoa
239、ls(SDGs)by developing collaborative partnerships and growing the ecosystem and launching an innovation challenge for the SDGs.InstituteQ:Organization of the community16In 2021,Aalto University,the University of Helsinki and VTT established a collaboration called the Finnish Quantum Institute:lnstitu
240、teQ.The general mission of lnstituteQ is to raise the readiness of Finnish society for the disruptive potential and implications that quantum technologies will have for society and the economy at large.By teaming up expertise and resources,the institute aims to carry,implement and mutually benefit f
241、rom front-line research,education,innovations and infrastructures,forming a competitive edge in the quantum race.The work in Finnish universities and research organizations provides academic and technological research contributions on areas that are highly relevant to the development of the field in
242、 the long term.Altogether,close to 90 groups work in the areas relevant to this field,some with core activities and others with parallel activities supporting the field of quantum technologies.Via its strategic national role,VTT has taken significant steps towards building the national quantum innov
243、ation ecosystem.In 2021,several Finnish companies and VTT signed a memorandum of understanding(MoU)launching coordinated development of the business ecosystem on quantum technologies in Finland(BusinessQ).The membership is open to interested stakeholders with no financial or legal commitments.Busine
244、ssQ operates as an independent collective within the framework of lnstituteQ,based on the common principles and expectations defined in the MoU.This is to make the membership as easy as possible to attract the wider business and other stakeholder communities.There is a critical concern for Argentina
245、,Brazil and other countries in the Global South related to the widening technology gap with developed countries,in spite of the fact that many countries in this region are scientifically and technologically mature.It is important to create awareness of this issue and to find ways to revert this tren
246、d.Karen Hallberg,Professor of Physics,Balseiro Institute and Principal Researcher,National Council on Scientific and Technological Research(CONICET),Bariloche Atomic Center(CNEA),ArgentinaQuantum Economy Blueprint 311.5 Theme 5:Workforce developmentThe goal is to build a quantum-literate workforce i
247、n key sectors of the economy,encompassing both quantum technologies and the adjacent professional sectors.Recognizing the escalating demand for quantum expertise,policy-makers should proactively augment the talent pipeline,addressing immediate and long-term needs while upholding principles of divers
248、ity,equity and inclusion.The integration of workforce development initiatives with public outreach endeavours is pivotal for fostering awareness across a broader population.Building block 5.1:Education initiativesEvery nation with a quantum strategy has highlighted the need to increase its talent pi
249、peline at all knowledge levels,spanning researchers,engineers and technicians.This begins with a comprehensive focus on science,technology,engineering and mathematics(STEM)subjects at an early age,from high school programmes to university courses.The education framework should embrace a continuum fr
250、om fundamental R&D to multi-disciplinary courses in quantum engineering and related disciplines.Recognizing the escalating demand for quantum expertise,policy-makers should proactively augment the talent pipeline,addressing immediate and long-term needs while upholding principles of diversity,equity
251、 and inclusion.Promote quantum industry by training human resources and widely disseminating information.Promote quantum industrialization by developing a programme to recruit and train human resources in quantum and related fields;make clear in Japan and internationally that implementation of quant
252、um technology is essential for future society.QSTAR JapanGrowing an American quantum-smart workforce with expertise in a broad range of physical,information and engineering sciences is crucial for assuring sustained progress in QIS.However,Americas current educational system typically focuses on dis
253、crete disciplinary tracks,rarely emphasizing cross-disciplinary study that equips graduates for complex modern questions and challenges prominently including QIS.While the responsibility of training students traditionally resides within the academic community,government agencies and industry can par
254、tner with academia to meet the nations future needs.Fundamental research is the main mechanism for generating a qualified workforce in QIS.Within the context of the need for individuals with a broad mix of skills,support for the trans-sector and trans-disciplinary approach to research is essential.S
255、tudents trained in such an environment will be exposed to a diverse yet convergent set of disciplines,along with the associated tools and infrastructure.“Creating a quantum-smart workforce for tomorrow”,in National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science,US National Science&Technology Cou
256、ncil,2018.The US National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science(2018)stresses the need for a trans-sector and trans-disciplinary approach to quantum information science,and the challenges that this brings within the existing education system.It also emphasizes the benefits of industrial
257、 engagement and improving academic-industrial pathways.QETCI:Organization of the ecosystem QETCI is a private entity established before the Nation Quantum Mission was announced,whose aim is to formulate and engage the community and be the voice for accelerating quantum efforts in India.QETCI is a no
258、t-for-profit entity with the mission to enable and accelerate the quantum ecosystem in India,and which is bringing industry,academia,government and partner councils/associations in quantum together.The entity is also enabling international ecosystem connects,making policy recommendations,supporting
259、start-ups,driving awareness programmes for skills development as well as investor awareness,recommending/formulating focus groups and establishing centres for specific projects intended to catalyse the quantum ecosystem.Quantum Economy Blueprint 32Foreign talent constitutes approximately half of the
260、 US graduates in QIST-related fields and flows into the United States from all over the world.As of 2017,approximately 70%of foreign national science,technology,engineering and mathematics(STEM)PhD students who graduated from US institutions of higher education stayed in the United States,where they
261、 contribute to the US economy and support the global science and technology enterprise.The development of new QIST expertise is slow,often taking 10 years of post-secondary education and training.Addressing the growing demand for an expert QIST workforce will require both growing the domestic pipeli
262、ne and promoting the flow of international talent into the United States.White House,Office of Science and Technology Policy,The role of international talent in quantum information science,2021.Building block 5.2:Global,regional and national talent pipeline strategyThe shortage of skilled profession
263、als in STEM subjects is already a challenge in most countries.The gap in the quantum workforce is even more acute.The UK National Quantum Strategy acknowledges this challenge:“Demand for quantum skills outstrips supply,despite sustained investment in the UK.Competition for skills is increasing,with
264、recent analysis showing that globally quantum job adverts outstrip qualified talent by as much as three to one,and salaries for top quantum professionals are more than double the UK average in the US”.The strategy also provides explicit quantitative goals,stating,“Since 2014 the UK has funded over 4
265、70 postgraduate research students working on quantum technologies or a related discipline.By 2033,we will have funded an additional 1000 postgraduate research students in quantum relevant disciplines”.The growing demand for talent forces countries to look abroad to fill the skills gap.Countries note
266、 the need to create a jobs-friendly environment for international talent,including facilitating visas and student and work exchanges.Quantum Economy Blueprint 33Countries can increase access to talent through training young scientists,engineers and others in underserved geographies or sectors of the
267、 population.For example,the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator(GESDA)Open Quantum Institute is developing capacity-building tools to train young scientists and developers from quantum-underserved geographies to use quantum devices and explore applications of quantum computing that can help tac
268、kle their local challenges.The global flow of quantum talent can help bridge a short-term talent gap,while educational programmes support the building of a national quantum workforce for the longer term.Countries like India,which have developed a strong workforce skilled in quantum and adjacent tech
269、nologies,can participate in the global quantum economy.However,these countries also need to build the right incentives to safeguard their local ecosystem and retain talent.Building block 5.3:Upskilling and cross-skilling strategiesUpskilling and cross-skilling strategies should promote quantum liter
270、acy in the existing workforce in adjacent fields across multiple levels.This involves cross fertilization with domain expertise from deep tech PhDs,engineers,manufacturing professionals,technicians,software developers and experts in other fields such as product development,legal,policy and marketing
271、.This can involve quantum career retraining programmes,upskilling programmes to enhance targeted skill sets in adjacent fields,or cross-skilling within an industry and between departments,with an emphasis on continuing education.Successful strategies include public-private partnership initiatives,su
272、ch as specialized apprenticeship or internship programmes,the creation of a quantum centre of excellence within an organization or engagement with professional bodies.These approaches can be augmented by the development of tools to enable workers with different levels of expertise to work in the qua
273、ntum industry.Building block 5.4:Public-private partnership strategiesPublic-private partnerships are key to supporting quantum specialists in hardware dependent fields.Upskilling industry specialists may require access to academic laboratories in universities or quantum centres of excellence.Conver
274、sely,access to QC platforms developed by private industry players is essential for the development of QC-related fields in all industries.Researchers and specialists require access to platform-independent resources and quantum simulation to enable deep learning opportunities and to benefit from the
275、quantum economy.The paucity of quantum talent can lead to an increase in competition between governments,academia and large industrial players.The UK government notes that,in this context,governments should be aware of the potential risks associated with technology transfer and trade restrictions.Cl
276、ose relationships between industry,professional bodies,and government will support continuing professional development.Quantum Economy Blueprint 34Building block 5.5:Harnessing new job creation potential The potential for new job creation in the quantum sector is immense,both in unexplored fields as
277、 well as in the creation of new skill set requirements in adjacent fields.Quantum technologies create high-value,high-productivity jobs that benefit the broader society in trickle-down effects in the overall value chain.The Australian quantum strategy notes a target of“1.2 million technology jobs by
278、 2030,which will support the quantum industrys requirements”and forecasts that the sector will“generate over 19,400 jobs by 2045,and this number will grow with additional investment”.It notes the need to“lift diversity and inclusion in the industryto bring new ideas and insights;reduce bias in the s
279、ystem;ensure were reflecting the views of Australias diverse society”.We realized as early as 2017 that Africa was behind the curve in understanding the need for quantum technologies,and the potential applications.In 2018,the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences(AIMS)founded Quantum Leap Afri
280、ca(QLA)to help prepare Africa for the future of quantum technology.This builds upon the proven track record of creating scientific centres of excellence in postgraduate training and research across Africa.With six of such centres established in South Africa,Senegal,Ghana,Cameroon and Rwanda,and with
281、 almost 3,000 alumni from our unique postgraduate training programme,many of whom are already making significant contributions to a diverse array of fields,from pure mathematics to epidemiology,computer science,computational finance and AI.Based on a model which gathers academically-gifted African s
282、tudents and brings professors from all over the world to teach them,AIMS has become a magnet for attracting Africas brightest students.One of the main components of QLA is devoted to quantum training and research,related to and anticipating powerful new QT,including quantum computing,quantum communi
283、cation and quantum sensors,to develop experts in Africa who are ready to utilize the power of quantum technology for the benefit of Africa and humanity at large.We do not have the financial capacity to develop our own quantum devices,so we rely strongly on partnerships with other entities,both indus
284、trial and academic.We also get funding from international donors.Prince Koree Osei,Quantum Leap Africa,Rwanda&Centre President,AIMS GhanaQuantum Economy Blueprint 351.6 Theme 6:National and economic securityThe aim is to harness quantum technologies in pursuit of national and economic security.Parti
285、cipating in the quantum economy allows countries to access quantum technologies and products which may support longer term national security as well as civil objectives.While not all countries need to own all parts of the supply chain,or independently build their own sovereign quantum computer or ot
286、her quantum technologies,they do need to ensure adequate long-term access to the necessary components and platforms to ensure their own geoeconomic security.Building block 6.1:Government defence investment priorities Many countries specifically target security in their quantum strategy.They typicall
287、y adopt the model of the government as key first investor,drawing inspiration from examples such as In-Q-Tel from the US and the UKs National Security Strategic Investment Fund(NSSIF).However,it is not always sufficient for governments to be investors.To ensure the success of QT with longer-term ret
288、urn on investment,governments may need to adopt the role of first customer and take more risk in their procurement of early-stage QT.There are an increasing number of investment funds devoted to developing military and intelligence QT and/or customers to prevent market failure and ensure long-term i
289、nvestment and eventual productization.Building block 6.2:Geostrategic cooperation strategiesSome governments forge alliances on an international or regional scale to ensure collaboration on R&D,solution development,testing and deployment,as well as to ensure access to key components and software in
290、the supply chain(see theme 2)and to QC platforms.This includes economic international cooperation as well as defence agreements such as AUKUS,the Quad,NATO and others.Governments also focus on the need to create a national and international regulatory framework that protects their countrys capabilit
291、ies,as well as national and economic security.There is a risk regarding multi-or dual-use technologies,since societally beneficial applications can be used nefariously as well.This should be regulated and governed as part of the responsible innovation approach of national quantum strategies(seetheme
292、8).This may include restrictions on export of certain dual-use technologies or components,as well as limiting knowledge transfer at the academic level.However,there is also a risk of a quantum race,which could stymie progress and prevent access to key quantum technologies for certain countries,exace
293、rbating the quantum divide.Finding a balanced approach is complex.It will require an agile regulatory approach,and collaboration between government and industry in a transparent manner so as to foster technological advancement while at the same time limiting potential risk.From a government perspect
294、ive,our quantum strategy should incorporate a science-first and innovation-first approach while supporting national security.While the US government continues to examine the appropriate policies related to quantum technologies,our primary goal is to promote,not hinder science,which calls for thought
295、ful legislation.It is also critical that the United States and our allies retain access to key components in the quantum supply chain,requiring policy-makers to account for the geopolitics surrounding this access.In terms of the Global South and how to support them in the quantum revolution,the appl
296、ications piece could be the most relevant once the foundational tools emerge.Rick Switzer,Director,Strategy and Policy,Office of the Special Envoy for Technology,United States Department of StateQuantum Economy Blueprint 361.7 Theme 7:Cybersecurity and privacy The goal is to address cybersecurity th
297、reats arising from advanced quantum algorithms that will run on future,large,fault-tolerant quantum computers,as well as from potential future unknown quantum attacks.Additionally,countries must mitigate potential data privacy violations arising from a cryptographically relevant QC and through poten
298、tially privacy-invasive quantum technologies.Building block 7.1:Cyber threat and risk analysisKnown QC attacks,such as Shors factoring algorithm and its variations,as well as future but unknown quantum attacks,pose a clear potential threat.Although these quantum algorithms are awaiting a quantum com
299、puter powerful enough to run them(a cryptographically relevant quantum computer or CRQC17),the risk already exists due to the“store now decrypt later”attack vector.18 In this attack,data with long-term criticality is downloaded now by adversaries typically a nation state for decryption in the future
300、 when a CRQC becomes available.If targeted attacks are performed on a mass scale,then the defence and/or intellectual property data critical to a nations economic well-being and national security may be accessed and compromised.Citizens private information including personal medical and financial da
301、ta may be captured and held to ransom.With this in mind,governments are cooperating to build awareness and put in place regulations to protect critical infrastructures and key industries,with the goal to protect their own economic well-being and ensure protection of their citizens privacy.Government
302、s need to take into account the requirement to transition to quantum secure cryptographic and trust infrastructures.In Figure 3,the transition to post quantum cryptography is time critical it should start even before phase 1(discovery phase)of a quantum strategy,and even if a country does not plan t
303、o embark on a holistic quantum strategy.In its report Transitioning to the Quantum Secure Economy,19 the World Economic Forum outlines the following recommendation for enterprises.Governments should review policy,guidelines and regulations to ensure alignment with these bottomup principles.The goal
304、is to address cybersecurity threats arising from advanced quantum algorithms that will run on future,large,fault-tolerant quantum computers,as well as from potential future unknown quantum attacks.Quantum Economy Blueprint 37The Forums recommendations for transitioning to a quantum-secure economyBOX
305、 1 Build awareness around the quantum threat,by educating senior leaders on the systemic impact.The quantum threat feels far away and largely abstract for many organizations.To combat this,organizations will need to face what is known,but also accept there are implications that are still unknown.Con
306、ducting initial quantum readiness assessments will help leaders determine the specific threats their organizations face.Executive buy-in is key to ensuring the quantum transition attracts appropriate investment and prioritization.Plan and prepare by adopting a quantum-safe strategy and transition ro
307、admap.Addressing the quantum threat requires organizations to plan and create a timeline that sequences immediate,near-term(3-5 years)and longer-term actions.Organizations should consider adopting a“crypto-agile”posture,enabling them to readily transition cryptographic capability.This will help them
308、 prioritize a transition to quantum security as technology advancements and threat knowledge continue to evolve.Initiate the transition,using hybrid solutions.Organizations adopting quantum-resistant security will more than likely leverage hybrid solutions that integrate both classical and quantum-r
309、eady approaches.This will give organizations some assurance that existing security remains intact,while overlaying that security with relatively new post-quantum cryptography algorithms.Building block 7.2:Government regulations and directivesTo respond to this quantum cryptographic threat,government
310、s are working on an(inter)national framework to assess,manage and align quantum computing-related risks alongside traditional risks,and integrate quantum strategy into cybersecurity strategy.This involves:Inventorying current cryptographic artefacts and assets to understand the risk profile and prio
311、ritization of critical assets or systems.Planning the migration to the next generation of cryptographic algorithms that will be resistant to QC attacks.Building in crypto-agility for cyber resilience,where future algorithm or technology upgrades can be as seamless as possible.The United States Natio
312、nal Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)has led an international programme to solicit,evaluate and standardize quantum-resistant,public-key cryptographic algorithms(also commonly known as post-quantum cryptography or PQC).20 The first approved algorithms are expected to be standardized in 202
313、4.Testing and standardization of the algorithms and their security validations are critical.However,these are not sufficient.There is also a need for clear government directives,regulations and guidelines to bring transparency and certainty to the actual implementation process.These level the playin
314、g field and facilitate orderly and timely migration by clarifying the exact requirements,resources and timelines for industries and governments.The US federal government is leading the way with legislation and budgets allocated to federal agencies for cryptographic inventory,migration to PQC and cry
315、pto-agility for future resilience.Notable memoranda and legislation outlining requirements for federal agencies include:National Security Memorandum 10(NSM-10)Promoting US in Quantum Computing,Mitigating Risks to Vulnerable Cryptographic Systems:This directs the federal government to protect quantum
316、 technologies and directs NIST to establish standards and set requirements for federal agencies to update cryptographic systems.21 Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act HR 7535:This encourages the federal government to adopt technology that is protected from decryption by quantum computin
317、g.It mandates federal agencies to prepare an inventory of items for the transition to the new standards and the Office of Management and Budget(OMB)to prepare a budget and a strategy for the transition within a year.Agencies would also be required to update these systems annually,and Congress would
318、receive an annual status briefing.22 2022:OMB Memorandum Migrating to Post Quantum Cryptography(M-23-02):New guidance requiring all agencies to submit cryptographic system inventory in compliance with NSM-10,to assess funding requirements and to test pre-standardized PQC.23 The United States Nationa
319、l Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)has led an international programme to solicit,evaluate and standardize quantum-resistant,public-key cryptographic algorithms.The first approved algorithms are expected to be standardized in 2024.Quantum Economy Blueprint 38Building block 7.3:Cybersecurity
320、 implementation and migration plansThe US government has mandated completion of the migration to PQC for federal agencies by 2035,but a 2023 report by the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee states“an earlier completion date would be highly preferable and should be achievable through vigo
321、rous US government action.”24 Other governments are reviewing the requirements but most have not yet passed binding regulations.To complement this effort,the National Center of Excellence(NCCoE)is engaging with industry and regulated industry sectors and governments to enhance awareness of the issue
322、s involved in migrating to PQC.NIST and the NCCoE published a draft document 1800-38A Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography:Preparation for Considering the Implementation and Adoption of Quantum Safe Cryptography to clarify the relevant guidelines.Additionally,agencies such as Cybersecurity and Inf
323、rastructure Security Agency(CISA)worked with the US National Security Agency(NSA)and NIST to inform organizations,especially those that support critical infrastructure,about the impacts of quantum capabilities.The factsheet Quantum-Readiness:Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography(PQC)includes recomm
324、endations for industry particularly those dealing with critical infrastructure to establish a quantum-readiness roadmap,steps to prepare a useful cryptographic inventory,considerations for understanding and assessing supply chain,how organizations should engage with their technology vendors to discu
325、ss PQC and responsibilities of technology vendors.CISA is not alone in the efforts to emphasize the advantage of beginning migration now.The Department of Homeland Security published their own Post-Quantum Cryptography Roadmap stressing the need to begin laying the groundwork immediately,and the Clo
326、ud Security Alliance has set a deadline of April 2030 by which time all enterprises should have implemented post-quantum infrastructure.CISA,NIST and NSA:establish a quantum-readiness roadmapBOX 2While the PQC standards are currently in development,the authoring agencies encourage organizations to c
327、reate a quantum-readiness roadmap by first establishing a project management team to plan and scope the organizations migration to PQC.Quantum-readiness project teams should initiate proactive cryptographic discovery activities that identify the organizations current reliance on quantum-vulnerable c
328、ryptography.Systems and assets with quantum vulnerable cryptography include those involved in creating and validating digital signatures,which also incorporates software and firmware updates.Having an inventory of quantum-vulnerable systems and assets enables an organization to begin the quantum ris
329、k assessment processes,demonstrating the prioritization of migration.Lead by an organizations information technology(IT)and operational technology(OT)procurement experts,the inventory should include engagements with supply chain vendors to identify technologies that need to migrate from quantum-vuln
330、erable cryptography to PQC.The US government has mandated completion of the migration to PQC for federal agencies by 2035,but a 2023 report by the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee states“an earlier completion date would be highly preferable and should be achievable through vigorous US
331、government action”.Other government agencies,such as the UKs National Cyber Security Centre(NCSC),Frances Agence Nationale de la Scurit des Systmes dInformation(ANSSI),Germanys Bundesamt fr Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik(BSI),andothers,are clear about the need to upgrade to PQC and are follow
332、ing suit in providing preliminary recommendations.However,timelines and exact implementation guidelines are generally pending the standardization of algorithms.From the BSIs point of view,the question of if or when there will be quantum computers is no longer paramount.First,post-quantum algorithms
333、have been selected by NIST for standardization and post-quantum cryptography will be used by default.Therefore,the migration to post-quantum cryptography should be pushed forward.”Federal Office of Information Security,Quantum Technologies and Quantum Safe Cryptography.Quantum Economy Blueprint 39Other countries,like Singapore,or regions like the EU,explore a risk-based approach to achieving quant