1、STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONINTRODUCTION5G is now a mainstream technology and a global success with nearly 1 billion subscribers already enjoying the high speeds the new generation offers.Previous generations created the applications and the hunger for high-speed connectivity

2、 on the go,and 5G is building on those to deliver high-quality,faster,and more consistent connections.There are now hundreds of smartphones and devices that support 5G,hundreds of mobile operators have switched it on,and it is becoming available to the mainstream audience,not just high-tech premium

3、subscribers.5G is now giving us a glimpse of what future generations will bring and what new types of applications and use cases it will enable,in both consumer and enterprise domains.This new generation arrived during a turbulent time in the global environment.Geopolitics,the consequent economic tu

4、rbulence,and the COVID-19 pandemic are making the telecoms market a more challenging environment in which competition is fierce and price wars are normal.However,telecoms networks,with 5G being a protagonist,have shown how critical they are to ensure that markets and economies keep working.For examp

5、le,telecoms networks have been vital to ensuring business continuity,that tele-working has been possible at a global level,and that many economies could continue to be productive and generate value.5G,although in its infancy,played a big part in ensuring consumers and enterprises remained connected

6、and enabled new types of use cases.For example,5G Fixed Wireless Access(FWA)was used to connect pop-up hospitals in China in a matter of days and was used for citizen CONTENTSINTRODUCTION.15G TIMELINE .2THE BEGINNING:RELEASE 15.3THE FULL SPECIFICATION:RELEASE 16.45G-ADVANCED:RELEASE 17 AND RELEASE 1

7、8.4BEYOND 5G:RELEASE 19 AND ONWARD.55G BY THE NUMBERS .6SUBSCRIBER GROWTH(COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS GENERATIONS).6MARKET PENETRATION.7ECONOMIC VALUE BEING CREATED BY 5G.8AVERAGE DEVICE SALES PRICES COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS GENERATIONS.9PATENT LANDSCAPE .9THE POWER OF STANDARDS .11USE CASES:NEW AND OLD .1

8、3MANUFACTURING .13STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONLeo Gergs,Senior Analyst Michael Inouye,Principal Analyst Dimitris Mavrakis,Senior Research Director Malik Saadi,Vice President,Strategic Technologies Gu Zhang,Principal Analyst STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION

9、temperature checks across entire cities in China.4G could perhaps have powered these use cases,but the advanced Internet of Things(IoT)and high-bandwidth capabilities of 5G enabled a seamless operation.Telco operators are rapidly deploying 5G as a necessary capacity boost for their cellular networks

10、 and using the new technology to maintain their profitability and,in many cases,increase it.New types of services,including Augmented Reality(AR)/Virtual Reality(VR),the metaverse,and immersive content are being bundled with 5G,while many mobile operators are now experimenting with enterprise applic

11、ations.5G is now starting to introduce new features that are targeting enterprise use,including low latency,deterministic networking,and advanced IoT use cases,all of which are new in the mobile network domain.Although mobile operators may not be sure on how to fully monetize ENERGY GENERATION.14HEA

12、LTHCARE .15SPOTLIGHT ON 5G AND VIDEO .17HIGH-QUALITY VIDEO,THE METAVERSE,AND 5G.17AUGMENTED/VIRTUAL REALITY AND THE METAVERSEBRINGING THE PIECES TOGETHER.205G POLICY CLIMATE .23WHAT IS TO COME?.26these,they all represent a giant leap ahead,and a foundation on which to create many new types of innova

13、tion.We are only experiencing the first wave of 5G services,just the surface of what is available with 5G.These advanced networks are now capable of transferring vast amounts of data:a quick calculation shows that a 5G cell site can transfer 240 Terabytes(TB)during a single day,which equates to 120,

14、000 High-Definition(HD)movies or 88,000 hours of 4K YouTube traffic per day.5G-Advanced and 6G will build on this foundation to create innovation we cannot yet imagine.Just like 4G accelerated social networking,energized the collaborative economy,and boosted remote working,5G will create new types o

15、f network effects in both consumer and enterprise domains.Given the fact that 5G is positioned toward enterprise use,too,it will likely create synergies and influences in many new domains,well beyond the established consumer world.The impact of 5G will likely be significantly higher than 4G and prev

16、ious generations.It will not just be a faster network,but a completely new way to connect.The time we live in is an exciting inflection point for 5G and the way telecommunications networks are built and consumed.Initial problems and challenges have been solved and 5G is well deployed across the worl

17、d,laying the foundation for experimentation,new ideas,and innovation.At the same time,The 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)and the 5G supply chain are continuously working to progress 5G even further.5G TIMELINE 5G would not have been possible without the amazing work completed by the members

18、 of 3GPP.Contrary to popular belief,3GPP is not a standards organization,but a partnership project consisting of seven organizational partners that have agreed to collaborate to produce global technical reports followed by technical specifications on how next-generation networks should be built and

19、implemented.Technical Reports(TRs)are the results of studies performed by the 3GPP group,which are then distilled in Technical Specification(TS)documents that are the standard itself.Essentially,3GPP is a collaborative effort,with stakeholders from around the world meeting to distill years of resear

20、ch into commonly agreed upon technical specifications that later become national standards and,eventually,the hardware and software that powers the mobile telecoms market.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONFigure 1 illustrates key milestones in both 5G standards and commercial deplo

21、yments.Figure 1:5G Development and Deployment Timeline (Source:ABI Research)5G has been introduced in a phased approach,with subsequent 3GPP releases building on the foundation that was created in Release 15(R15).The following sections summarize these key releases.THE BEGINNING:RELEASE 153GPP R15 wa

22、s delivered in 2018 and was the first official specification that described a full 5G network.To accelerate the adoption of 5G globally and taking into consideration that many mobile operators aimed to launch 5G in 2018,3GPP decided to split R15 in two“drops.”An early drop included Non-Standalone(NS

23、A),allowing 5G radio networks to be connected to 4G core networks,thus allowing the faster deployment of the new generation.A late drop included Standalone SA,which also fully specified the 5G core network as well.R15 was groundbreaking compared to previous releases.It introduced a new radio interfa

24、ce that included scalable numerology,Massive Multiple Input,Multiple Output(mMIMO),support for Millimeter Wave(mmWave)and the capability to provide Gigabits per Seconds(Gbps)of speeds in a scalable manner.With SA,the radio interface has been completed with a Service-Based Architecture(SBA)in the cor

25、e network that can provide flexible service creation,open Application Programmable Interfaces(APIs),and support for cloud-native capabilities.R15 marked the beginning of the 5G race,which led to a massive improvement in User Experience(UX)for smartphone users.In 2018,typical 4G speeds were approxima

26、tely 100 Megabits per Second(Mbps)in uncongested areas,which jumped to 500 Mbps to 600 Mbps,and even nearly 1 Gbps with 5G.This created the appetite for richer content,4G video,and the perception of always-on,high-bandwidth connectivity to create new types of applications.In the enterprise domain,R1

27、5 created the foundation for new types of services that are still being developed by mobile operators and the supply chain.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONTHE FULL SPECIFICATION:RELEASE 16Release 16(R16)was frozen in June 2020 and includes various improvements on top of R15,inclu

28、ding:The full specification of 5G Next Generation Core(NGC)and improvements for the SBA Full specification of Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications(URLLC)and Massive Machine Type Communications(mMTC)scenarios Support for unlicensed spectrum(New Radio-Unlicensed(NR-U)Various enterprise-focused fe

29、atures,including system enablers for key verticals,studies for satellite access,wireline-wireless network convergence,location services,support for network slicing,and much moreR16 is the full 5G specification,which enables the advanced use cases and applications 5G has promised,including enterprise

30、 services and network slicing.R16 built upon the success of R15,which provided the foundation for consumer and enterprise services.This new release provided efficiency and expansion improvements to R15 specifications,predominantly in the enterprise domain.These are slowly being implemented in the ma

31、rket;for example,in the industrial manufacturing domain with deterministic networking for reliable latency in business-critical environments.This new release also suffered many global challenges,such as the COVID-19 outbreak,geopolitical tensions,and the broader economic slowdown.As a result,its ado

32、ption has not yet reached a large scale.5G-ADVANCED:RELEASE 17 AND RELEASE 18Release 17(R17)was frozen in March 2022 and will be followed by Release 18(R18)that is aimed to fully freeze in December 2023 or soon after.These two releases will introduce several organic improvements to the cellular stan

33、dard,as well as new radical features that aim to introduce significant value for enterprise applications.These include positioning improvements that aim to ultimately reach 10-Centimeter(cm)accuracy in the future and Sidelink,which is a significant new introduction to cellular standards.Sidelink all

34、ows device-to-device communications,allowing for new types of deployments,which can lead to lower costs,especially in the enterprise environment.Specifically,5G-Advanced will introduce Sidelink relays for extending network coverage through device-to-device communications and Sidelink enhancements be

35、yond Vehicle-to-Everything(V2X),for example,by enabling smartphones,wearables,and other mobile and portable devices to communicate with vehicles,enhancing the safety of the public and pedestrians.These enhancements include relative and collaborative positioning for improved accuracy,power efficiency

36、,and integrity of positioning measurement used for Simultaneous Location and Mapping(SLAM)applications.In the longer term,Sidelink enhancements will enable proximity services to be offered with premium quality in line with their expected ultra-reliability and low latency requirements.STATE OF 5G REP

37、ORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONReduced Capability(RedCap)devices offer another key feature for 5G-Advanced,which will extend 5G capabilities to power-constrained devices,including smartwatches and other wearables,smart accessories,surveillance and machine vision cameras,AR/VR devices,and passi

38、ve IoT devices,to support asset tracking across both the enterprise and consumer markets.These improvements are just a few of many work items 3GPP is working on.3GPP will also implement findings from real-life early 5G deployments,which will be vital as a foundation for the next wave of cellular gen

39、erations,starting with Release 21(R21)or thereabouts,which will begin to specify 6G.BEYOND 5G:RELEASE 19 AND ONWARDRelease 19(R19)and subsequent iterations will specify forward-looking concepts and technologies that will expand the reach and utility of cellular networks well beyond todays limitation

40、s.Some examples include:Support for much higher frequencies(up to THz)More advanced radio interfaces(including full duplex)Joint sensing and communication Energy harvesting and passive IoT Cognitive access across many wireless technologies,including Wi-Fi,satellite,and cellularThese are a few exampl

41、es that highlight the importance of 5G as a foundation to these new concepts.In the very same way that 3G provided the foundation for 4G and 4G for 5G,5G will be the strong foundation upon which 6G and future networks will be built.Current market data already show that 5G is,by far,the most successf

42、ul and quickly-deployed cellular generation so far.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION5G BY THE NUMBERS 5G is growing faster than anticipated and has reached subscription levels no previous generation has achieved.The following sections outline this growth with numbers compiled by A

43、BI Research analysts.SUBSCRIBER GROWTH(COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS GENERATIONS)ABI Research calculates the number of years a new generation takes until it reaches 100 million and 1 billion subscriptions,which can act as a metric to compare different generations along the same axis.Figure 2 summarizes thi

44、s comparison.Figure 2:Cellular Subscriptions by Generation by Number of Years After Relevant Standard Is Published (Source:ABI Research)As can be seen from Figure 2,5G is growing faster than previous generations and has reached 100 million subscriptions in less than 2 years after the standard was pu

45、blished,when the closest generation was 4G,which reached the same mark 5 years after the standard.Moreover,5G is expected to reach 1 billion subscriptions in 2023,5 years after it was standardized,while 4G reached the same target after 7 years.There are several reasons for the success of 5G,as outli

46、ned in Table 1.Table 1:Reasons for the Success of 5G in the Market (Source:ABI Research)Market Aspect5G Success FactorSupply chain maturityThe cellular supply chain has reached high levels of efficiency with tight collaboration between chipset Original Equipment manufacturers(OEMs)and handset and in

47、frastructure manufacturers,as well as all component providers.2G,3G,and 4G have cemented the supply chain and the creation of 5G devices,and infrastructure was a rapid process.Device availability5G devices were developed in a rapid manner and the first smartphones were ready less than 1 year before

48、the 3GPP standard was published.Mid-tier smartphones followed a year after,making the 5G business case a success.Infrastructure vendor capabilitiesInfrastructure vendors created high-performance,high-efficiency equipment on a large scale,also less than 1 year before the standard was published.mMIMO

49、antennas that enabled beamforming are an engineering leap ahead.Market demandLong Term Evolution(LTE)and LTE-Advanced created the foundation for 5G and the market demand for high-quality mobile broadband.Today,5G provides a significant capacity boost compared to previous generations.International co

50、-opetition5G is the first truly global standard with the same air interface and protocols deployed around the world.This has helped the supply chain to create devices and infrastructure much faster than previous generations.2022 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of

51、 the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.CR-IDCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLE

52、SS GENERATION 7 Support for much higher frequencies(up to THz)More advanced radio interfaces(including full duplex)Joint sensing and communication Energy harvesting and passive IoT Cognitive access across many wireless technologies,including Wi-Fi,satellite,and cellular These are a few examples that

53、 highlight the importance of 5G as a foundation to these new concepts.In the very same way that 3G provided the foundation for 4G and 4G for 5G,5G will be the strong foundation upon which 6G and future networks will be built.Current market data already show that 5G is,by far,the most successful and

54、quickly-deployed cellular generation so far.5G BY THE NUMBERS 5G is growing faster than anticipated and has reached subscription levels no previous generation has achieved.The following sections outline this growth with numbers compiled by ABI Research analysts.SUBSCRIBER GROWTH(COMPARED WITH PREVIO

55、US GENERATIONS)ABI Research calculates the number of years a new generation takes until it reaches 100 million and 1 billion subscriptions,which can act as a metric to compare different generations along the same axis.Figure 2 summarizes this comparison.Figure 2:Cellular Subscriptions by Generation

56、by Number of Years after Relevant Standard Is Published (Source:ABI Research)0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.01234567Global Subscriptions(Billions)Years after Relevant 3GPP Standard Was Published2G3G4G5GSTATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONMARKET PENETRATIONMobile subscriptions have l

57、ong surpassed the population,as illustrated in Figure 3.In certain developed markets,the penetration of mobile subscriptions has reached higher than 150%,driven by many subscribers having two or more devices.Figure 3:Global and Regional Mobile Network Penetration (Source:ABI Research)5G is also expe

58、cted to reach significant penetration levels in the next 3 years,as illustrated in Figure 4.Figure 4:5G Network Penetration World Markets:2019 to 2025(Source:ABI Research)Most of the growth in terms of subscriptions will be driven by developed markets,including North America,Western Europe,and Asia-

59、Pacific.These markets are already providing a fertile ground for advanced 5G services to be deployed,followed by enterprise services,which will drive significant productivity improvements compared to previous generations.Enterprise 5G is already being deployed across many verticals,enhancing product

60、ivity and efficiency through mobility and many other enhancements.For example,5G has replaced Wi-Fi for controlling Automated Guided Vehicles(AGVs)in industrial manufacturing environments,leading to significant productivity gains.5G allows lower latency and faster switching between access points,all

61、owing AGVs to travel faster without service disconnections.This,in turn,reduces the number of AGVs needed on a factory floor,which has a direct impact on company financials.There are also several other use cases that are being uncovered for 5G in enterprise environments.2022 ABI Research The materia

62、l contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.CR-I

63、DCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION 9 5G is also expected to reach significant penetration levels in the next 3 years,as illustrated in Figure 4.Figure 4:5G Network Penetration World Markets:2019 to 2025Title 2(Source:ABI Research)Most of the growth in terms of subscriptions

64、 will be driven by developed markets,including North America,Western Europe,and Asia-Pacific.These markets are already providing a fertile ground for advanced 5G services to be deployed,followed by enterprise services,which will drive significant productivity improvements compared to previous genera

65、tions.Enterprise 5G is already being deployed across many verticals,enhancing productivity and efficiency through mobility and many other enhancements.For example,5G has replaced Wi-Fi for controlling Automated Guided Vehicles(AGVs)in industrial manufacturing environments,leading 100%104%108%112%116

66、%120%20022202320242025Global Mobile Subscription Penetration(2019 to 2025)0%40%80%120%160%200%EuropeAsia-PacificNorthAmericaLatinAmericaAfricaRegional Mobile Subscription Penetration(2021)2022 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee

67、and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.CR-IDCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION 9 5G is als

68、o expected to reach significant penetration levels in the next 3 years,as illustrated in Figure 4.Figure 4:5G Network Penetration World Markets:2019 to 2025Title 2(Source:ABI Research)Most of the growth in terms of subscriptions will be driven by developed markets,including North America,Western Eur

69、ope,and Asia-Pacific.These markets are already providing a fertile ground for advanced 5G services to be deployed,followed by enterprise services,which will drive significant productivity improvements compared to previous generations.Enterprise 5G is already being deployed across many verticals,enha

70、ncing productivity and efficiency through mobility and many other enhancements.For example,5G has replaced Wi-Fi for controlling Automated Guided Vehicles(AGVs)in industrial manufacturing environments,leading 100%104%108%112%116%120%20022202320242025Global Mobile Subscription Penetration(

71、2019 to 2025)0%40%80%120%160%200%EuropeAsia-PacificNorthAmericaLatinAmericaAfricaRegional Mobile Subscription Penetration(2021)0%5%10%15%20%25%20022202320242025STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONECONOMIC VALUE BEING CREATED BY 5GAccording to ABI Research analysis,4G alone

72、 has created more than US$4.9 trillion in global Gross Domestic Product(GDP)during 2018,including direct revenue(e.g.,mobile subscriptions),indirect revenue(e.g.,infrastructure sales),and productivity enhancements that many of us take for granted nowadays.These include the ability to work remotely,a

73、s well as the multitude of enterprise applications that 4G has enabled.Although 4G was not the first mobile network generation to allow mobile broadband,it provided higher-quality mobile connectivity,which,in turn,created the network effects necessary to drive many new innovations,including app stor

74、es and new types of business models(e.g.,a collaborative economy),allowing many enterprises to offer their products and services directly to consumers.5G will revolutionize this market even further and will likely create a new environment for enterprises to take advantage of.In order to quantify the

75、 effect of 5G in terms of economic growth,ABI Research has created a model that takes into account three main revenue growth domains:1)Direct value of 5G to GDP refers to direct contributions,which are currently dominated by consumer subscription revenue.Arguably,the 5G revenue mix will start to inc

76、lude enterprise vertical revenue,especially when use cases combine the new cellular generation with Artificial Intelligence(AI).According to ABI Research forecasts,direct revenue from services based on 5G and beyond will be nearly US$4 trillion in 2035.2)Indirect value is generated by two main categ

77、ories of players:technology suppliers involved directly with 5G ecosystems and third parties using the technology for value creation.Indirect revenue is mostly contained within the 5G supply chain.3)Productivity-driven economic growth measures the potential to improve efficiency and performance acro

78、ss many businesses and industries.This efficiency can be achieved through ubiquitous connectivity that allows workers and machines to communicate,share information and intelligence on-demand,and collaborate in an autonomous way.4G created US$4.7 trillion worth of economic value in 2018,which was 10

79、years after the technology was standardized.In a similar manner,ABI Research calculates that 5G will create US$7 trillion worth of economic value in 2030,12 years after the official 3GPP standard was published.This considers current market trends and enterprise services,but it is very likely that th

80、is revenue number is a conservative estimate,because we cannot yet understand what types of services 5G will enable,particularly in the enterprise domain.Network slicing,service chaining,and private 5G will likely create tremendous value on top of these estimates and push this number significantly h

81、igher.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONAVERAGE DEVICE SALES PRICES COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS GENERATIONSLike network infrastructure,the handset supply chain has accelerated with 5G,translating to a much faster rate of handset and smartphone development for the new generation.As shown

82、 in Figure 5,5G handsets have appeared much more quickly than 4G handsets,allowing the initial economies of scale to be achieved and mid-tier devices to enter the market.This has,in turn,allowed mass market adoption and Average Selling Prices(ASPs)to continue to drop,allowing for more adoption in th

83、e market.Figure 5:4G and 5G Handset Annual Shipments (Source:ABI Research)This vendor landscape changed rapidly after 2020.Despite high-end models dominating the first year of 5G deployments,the market has expanded exponentially after 2020,led by a sizable number of new models from all major vendors

84、.The availability of models during 2021 and 2022 has already become more diverse,bringing 5G to the market at a wide variety of price points and democratizing the 5G experience.With new entrants and a plethora of cheaper 5G models already in the market,mid-range smartphones have now become the main

85、driver for accelerating adoption,helped by increased 5G network coverage and improved UX.PATENT LANDSCAPE Patents,in the broader context,are essential tools for establishing new markets and enabling Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)systems that allow for high transactional efficiencies,as well as es

86、tablishing a level playing field to promote competition.In the telecoms domain,patents are essential tools to enable infrastructure and handset economies of scale,but not all patents are the same.Some patents are disclosed as“essential”to a particular standard,meaning that the patent claims an inven

87、tion that must be used to comply with the respective standard.But to develop standard-essential patents,and all the benefits that this implies,companies need to dedicate extensive Research and Development(R&D)efforts(thereby incurring significant costs)to develop a new and useful invention,and then

88、must be the first to claim that invention in a patent.2022 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or ot

89、her entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.CR-IDCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION 7 Support for much higher frequencies(up to THz)More advanced radio interfaces(including full duplex)Joint sensing and communication Energy harvesting and p

90、assive IoT Cognitive access across many wireless technologies,including Wi-Fi,satellite,and cellular These are a few examples that highlight the importance of 5G as a foundation to these new concepts.In the very same way that 3G provided the foundation for 4G and 4G for 5G,5G will be the strong foun

91、dation upon which 6G and future networks will be built.Current market data already show that 5G is,by far,the most successful and quickly-deployed cellular generation so far.5G BY THE NUMBERS 5G is growing faster than anticipated and has reached subscription levels no previous generation has achieve

92、d.The following sections outline this growth with numbers compiled by ABI Research analysts.SUBSCRIBER GROWTH(COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS GENERATIONS)ABI Research calculates the number of years a new generation takes until it reaches 100 million and 1 billion subscriptions,which can act as a metric to co

93、mpare different generations along the same axis.Figure 2 summarizes this comparison.Figure 2:Cellular Subscriptions by Generation by Number of Years after Relevant Standard Is Published (Source:ABI Research)0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.01234567Global Subscriptions(Billions)Years after Relevant 3G

94、PP Standard Was Published2G3G4G5GSTATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONFigure 6:The Link Between 3GPP Specifications and 5G Standard Essential Patents (Source:ABI Research)In practice,5G patents are evenly geographically distributed across the regions of Asia-Pacific,Europe,and North A

95、merica.Important companies for the 5G market in these regions conduct,and are still conducting,deep 5G research that has translated to patents.As has historically been the case with 2G,3G,and 4G,this will likely remain the case with 5G-Advanced and 6G,because all existing companies are very active i

96、n R&D and will continue to invest aggressively in research.As shown in Figure 7,large vendors continue to invest a high share of their revenue into R&D,regardless of the various impacts on their total revenue.Figure 7:R&D Expenditure as a Share of Total Revenue by Vendor 2020 and 2021(Source:ABI Res

97、earch)However,geopolitical issues have created concerns that future research on cellular systems will fork between the West and the East,each of which may decide to develop its own different system.ABI Research does not expect this to happen,especially because the essentiality of patents is closely

98、correlated to 3GPP specifications,with all companies,regardless of their geographic position,having to cooperate and collectively decide what the standard will be.Nevertheless,the geopolitical environment may complicate patent transactions between Western and Eastern domains.2022 ABI Research The ma

99、terial contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor

100、.CR-IDCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION 13 existing companies are very active in R&D and will continue to invest aggressively in research.As shown in Figure 7,large vendors continue to invest a high share of their revenue into R&D,regardless of the various impacts on their

101、total revenue.Figure 7:R&D Expenditure as a Share of Total Revenue by Vendor 2020 and 2021(Source:ABI Research)However,geopolitical issues have created concerns that future research on cellular systems will fork between the West and the East,each of which may decide to develop its own different syst

102、em.ABI Research does not expect this to happen,especially because the essentiality of patents is closely correlated to 3GPP specifications,with all companies,regardless of their geographic position,having to cooperate and collectively decide what the standard will be.Nevertheless,the geopolitical en

103、vironment may complicate patent transactions between Western and Eastern domains.For the coming decade,ABI Research expects fierce competition in AI/Machine Learning(ML)-related technologies as a new area in standards-essential patents,which can potentially weaken the market power of standards-essen

104、tial patents covering traditional network technologies.Additionally,patents covering hardware optimization for solving the silicon shortage will be important to the telecoms industry due to the geopolitical impacts on the supply chain.Optimization solutions will be demanded in smartphones,network ba

105、seband units,and extended use cases with embedded chipsets,such as automotive,wearables,and connected homes.THE POWER OF STANDARDS 25%19%17%16%15%9%24%21%19%18%22%16%8%21%QualcommNokiaEricssonHuaweiZTESamsungInterDigital20202021STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONFor the coming decad

106、e,ABI Research expects fierce competition in AI/Machine Learning (ML)-related technologies as a new area in standards-essential patents,which can potentially weaken the market power of standards-essential patents covering traditional network technologies.Additionally,patents covering hardware optimi

107、zation for solving the silicon shortage will be important to the telecoms industry due to the geopolitical impacts on the supply chain.Optimization solutions will be demanded in smartphones,network baseband units,and extended use cases with embedded chipsets,such as automotive,wearables,and connecte

108、d homes.THE POWER OF STANDARDS 3GPP is,by far,the most prominent consortium for developing cellular network technology and has contributed massively to developing the networks that enable todays lifestyle and businesses.To enable 5Gand any other cellular generation3GPP follows a defined process,as i

109、llustrated in Figure 8.Figure 8:Cellular Generation Standardization Process for 5G (Source:ABI Research)In 5G,the entire process,from the start of standards discussions to commercialization,took 3 years,which is a monumental effort for this new generation that introduced so many more concepts and te

110、chnologies compared to 4G.This was cemented with 3GPP R15,which kick-started the 5G deployment process globally and enabled todays innovations in the consumer space.3GPP is now working to define the next wave of innovations,predominantly in the enterprise space.This is a far more complex process tha

111、t requires input from many more companies,including companies not traditionally involved in 3GPP,such as manufacturing,transport,logistics,healthcare,and many other verticals.Enterprise features,such as RedCap devices,Sidelink,Non-Terrestrial Networks(NTN),and Public Network Integrated Non-Public Ne

112、tworks(PNI-NPNs)are big research topics.Additionally,3GPP is extending focus to the device side and software,providing opportunities for the patented technologies of user equipment vendors to be granted with“essentiality.”Many of those companies started to actively participate in 3GPP by jointly sub

113、mitting contributions.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONThe patent process is an important step to achieve economies of scale and mass market adoption.It is equally important for companies to be the first filer for patentsespecially essential patentsbut also to produce R&D and inno

114、vation with the power to improve and push forward system designs deemed essential for future use cases and new UXs.This process is exactly why patents are necessary in the telecoms domain to ensure that innovation is accelerated and also rewarded.Figure 9 offers a summary of industrial sectors submi

115、tting Change Requests(CRs)to R18 through February 2022.Figure 9:Industrial Sectors Submitting CRs to 3GPP R18 (Source:ABI Research)3GPP is the anchor that specifies the full standard and allows the global market to collaborate and compete on even terms.This is essential to drive the future of 5G and

116、 further allow customizations to be used across different markets.For example,there may be different spectrum bands allocated in different countries and different market conditions that 5G needs to cater to.The specification of all these requirements in 3GPP allows all vendors to develop equipment a

117、nd devices that can be used globally,thus ensuring the future success of 5G.OperatorDeviceSoftwareInfrastructureAcademia/ResearchInstitutionManufactureAutomotivePublicSafetyMedia/BroadcastRegulator/GovernmentEnergyTransportationStandards and innovation shape our future;standards are integral to tech

118、nology evolution.What have standards defined as the 5G promise,and what steps do we need to take to enable the future we have imagined?This report offers an insiders view into the decisions and innovations that shape future generations of wireless and offers insight into the state of 5G years before

119、 market deployment.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONUSE CASES:NEW AND OLD Previous sections discussed that 3GPP and the cellular industry are now focusing on enterprise use cases.This section describes a few use cases that are being developed for different enterprise verticals,hig

120、hlighting how the new generation can be used in this new domain to increase the efficiency and profitability of enterprises.To illustrate the revenue opportunity of 5G for enterprise verticals,Figure 10 provides a look at the Total Addressable Market(TAM)for private 5G networks on enterprise premise

121、s.Figure 10:Total Addressable Market for Private 5G Networks by Enterprise Vertical World Markets:2021 to 2030 (Source:ABI Research)While the TAM for private 5G amounts to US$47 billion by 2030,this is driven primarily by deployments in the so-called“uncarpeted verticals”most importantly,manufacturi

122、ng,energy generation,and healthcare,which are driving deployments,as they will account for almost 70%of private 5G revenue by 2030.MANUFACTURING A manufacturing environment is characterized by two main factors that influence the decision of(wireless)connectivity technology.On the one hand,a factory

123、floor has a lot of metal infrastructure,posing challenges to signal propagation and potential interference between different signals.On the other hand,factory use cases are often highly critical(either mission-or sometimes even life-critical)and,therefore,require deterministic networking,as well as

124、high reliability and availability that 5G can offer through its URLLC.As the ecosystem around industrial-grade 5G devices is still in its maturing stage,4G LTE should be considered as an intermediary technology.Following ABI Researchs estimates,85%of industrial applications can be addressed through

125、4G LTE today.By guaranteeing latencies of around 50 Milliseconds(ms),enterprises can use LTE connectivity as a wireless data interface for existing Machine-to-Machine(M2M)automation protocols.In the manufacturing environment,for example,addressing PROFINET applications through a wireless connectivit

126、y technology requires latencies of no more than 100 ms,which 4G LTE can deliver.Figure 11,therefore,highlights use cases and enhancements of both 4G and 5G connectivity in the manufacturing environment.2022 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licens

127、ee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.CR-IDCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION 16 Figur

128、e 10:Total Addressable Market for Private 5G Networks by Enterprise Vertical World Markets:2021 to 2030 (Source:ABI Research)-10 20 30 40 5020224202520262027202820292030(US$Billions)Energy GenerationHealthcareManufacturingOther VerticalsSTATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION

129、Figure 11:5G Use Cases and Productivity Enhancements on the Factory Floor (Source:ABI Research)ENERGY GENERATIONEnergy resourcing sites,as well as power plants,are characterized by two main aspects:hazardous environments and a multitude of concurrent processes.Two implications include:1)a hazardous

130、environment means that you do not want to send people in,unless necessary(e.g.,because of security concerns);and 2)the multitude of concurrent processes means that beneficial effects from automating these processes are comparatively large.Figure 12:5G Use Cases and Productivity Enhancements in Const

131、ruction (Source:ABI Research)AGV AND FLEXIBLE FACTORYFaster Time to MarketUS$100,000s Cabling CostsSMART WAREHOUSINGUp to 12%Profit over 5 YearsUp to 14%Reduction in OPEXENHANCED ROBOTICSEfficiency in Production ProcessManufacturing InaccuraciesCLOUD QUALITY CONTROL25%Testing Capacity92%Material Sav

132、ingsAutomated Operations10%fuel consumption savings25%efficiency enhancementsRemote Operations50%of reduction in manual laborConnected Processes50%of reduction in manual laborOil Rig Operations40%capacity increase through automation 2022 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individu

133、al use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.CR-IDCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING TH

134、E BOUNDLESS GENERATION 17 Figure 11:5G Use Cases and Productivity Enhancements on the Factory Floor (Source:ABI Research)ENERGY GENERATION Energy resourcing sites,as well as power plants,are characterized by two main aspects:hazardous environments and a multitude of concurrent processes.Two implicat

135、ions include:1)a hazardous environment means that you do not want to send people in,unless necessary(e.g.,because of security concerns);and 2)the multitude of concurrent processes means that beneficial effects from automating these processes are comparatively large.Predictive,automated,and remote ma

136、intenance of energy sites High-volume,low-latency data analytics Massive wireless sensor networks for condition monitoring Automated&remote operations Automated end-to-end supply chain visibility 5G Use Cases STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONHEALTHCARE As the global outbreak of th

137、e COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 highlighted how healthcare services around the world are in dire need of modernization.To advance toward a smart and agile healthcare system,5G cellular connectivity can be a critical enabler.The Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB)capabilities allow the transmission of partic

138、ularly data-intensive files and,therefore,the large-scale adoption of AI to enhance diagnostic capabilities,while URLLC capabilities will allow the automation of life-critical use cases.The ability to connect up to 1 million devices per Square Kilometer(km2)furthermore allows a cellular network to b

139、e used for asset tracking applications on top.Figure 13 illustrates the efficiency and quality enhancements of a 5G-enabled smart healthcare system.Figure 13:5G Use Cases and Efficiency Enhancements in Healthcare (Source:ABI Research)Patient Data Mgmt.50%of medication waste 50%of medication errors E

140、nhanced Diagnostics20 Minutes cross-department travel time/diagnosisSpeed of diagnostic by several days Connected AmbulanceDecrease time in trafficAccuracy of patient treatmentAsset&Staff Mgmt.Increase the time for patient-facing duties Patient MonitoringDecrease time to hospitaladmission by 11 days

141、 2022 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express writt

142、en permission of Licensor.CR-IDCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION 17 Figure 11:5G Use Cases and Productivity Enhancements on the Factory Floor (Source:ABI Research)ENERGY GENERATION Energy resourcing sites,as well as power plants,are characterized by two main aspects:hazardo

143、us environments and a multitude of concurrent processes.Two implications include:1)a hazardous environment means that you do not want to send people in,unless necessary(e.g.,because of security concerns);and 2)the multitude of concurrent processes means that beneficial effects from automating these

144、processes are comparatively large.Predictive,automated,and remote maintenance of energy sites High-volume,low-latency data analytics Massive wireless sensor networks for condition monitoring Automated&remote operations Automated end-to-end supply chain visibility 5G Use Cases STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENAB

145、LING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONSPOTLIGHT ON 5G AND VIDEO In the early stages of 5G deployments,it was only natural to point to video as a key driver for the new technologystreaming video,after all,was a defining element of the 4G era.To take advantage of 5Gs new features,the spotlight was initially pu

146、t on new market opportunities like cloud Extended Reality(XR),360,and volumetric video.These immersive experiences would require high data rates and for cloud/live services and very low latencies.The rollout of VR hardware,however,was slower than many expected,diminishing some of this early exciteme

147、nt.While other use cases like real-time communications,cloud gaming,and AR benefited from 5G,none,to date,have become defining use cases of the 5G era.Cloud gaming,for example,requires lower latencies(150 ms or less)than traditional video and has paired well with 5G in markets like China and South K

148、orea,but has not yet been a driver for 5G in other regions.It is,however,too soon to look forward and wait for 6G or even 5G-Advanced,as opportunities stemming from high-quality video will help differentiate 5G services.In addition,the more nascent buildup to the metaverse will also accentuate this

149、demand and,in time,will engender transformative changes that will reshape how users interact,communicate,and consume content and services.Opinions about and definitions of the metaverse may differ,but at a fundamental level,this speaks to how the virtual world and physical spaces are converging via

150、interconnected and open platforms,and key enabling technologies,such as 5G/6G,AR/VR,AI/ML,and edge/cloud computing.The metaverse is a longer-term vision(likely 2030+),but the buildup to this future and high-quality video are both well-positioned to reinvigorate the excitement and demand from consume

151、rs(and enterprise users)for what 5G can offer.HIGH-QUALITY VIDEO,THE METAVERSE,AND 5GAt a fundamental level,5G and future cellular generations are supporting continual growth in the flow of content,of which video traffic represents the largest share.Beyond increased consumption of video,other factor

152、s,such as HD video(720p and higher)have similarly shifted the traffic curve in the positive direction.Even though this growth is partially mitigated through more advanced codecs,such as High Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC)and AV1,data traffic will continue to grow even after future codecs from Moving

153、Picture Experts Group(MPEG)(Versatile Video Coding(VVC),Essential Video Coding(EVC),and Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding(LCEVC)and Alliance for Open Media(AOM)(AV2)arrive.Video resolution,however,is only one facet of a streams video quality and until XR becomes prevalent,video may not be the

154、most interesting opportunity for 5G.For 5G networks,latency will prove to be a key differentiator for new,cutting-edge live video streaming experiences.The opportunity for 5G(from viewers perspectives)will not come from traditional live broadcasts,which often have latencies in the sub-10 second rang

155、e(live action to screen),versus the milliseconds of latencies achievable in cellular networks,but rather in new UXs and use cases.It is important to note that broadcast latencies are not purely technically driven,as some broadcasters intentionally add in latency to allow for edits/cuts to ensure app

156、ropriateness of content for live viewing audiences.Newer market opportunities like interactive video,video communications(enterprise,in particular),and,in time,location-based services/content will become stronger drivers for 5G.As markets push into the metaverse,location-centric experiences will be

157、a driver for 5G connectivity and edge compute.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONLow Latency in the Drivers Seat for High-Quality VideoIn the context of video and 5G,the focus needs to be on use cases and experiences that will best leverage what differentiates 5G.Interactive video,v

158、ideo tied to betting and auctions,and video communications,for example,all require lower latencies for optimal UXs.Interest in interactive video may have waxed and waned in the past,but new interest from large players like Netflix,eBay,and YouTube,among others,is lending credence to this recent cycl

159、e with upcoming efforts that range from interactive game shows to commerce.Live e-commerce,which includes interactive communications between the presenter and audience,has already seen traction in markets like China and Southeast Asia.If recent efforts in other regions prove successful,live e-commer

160、ce will become a key driver for lower latency video streaming.While these experiences can work over fixed broadband,live experiences that are not tied to tighter scheduling will see more users accessing and interacting with these feeds via mobile devices on the go.Interactivity with social media(e.g

161、.,user-generated content,streamers,and influencers)also present opportunities to position lower latency streaming and higher quality video as key selling points for 5G.This will become increasingly important with the buildup to the metaverse and the arrival of mainstream-level smart glasses.Communic

162、ations in todays interactive video tends to be text-or click-based,but video communications also vaulted into the spotlight due to the shift to hybrid work and will play a significant role in the buildup to the metaverse.The global pandemic brought significant attention to hybrid workplaces,leaving

163、an indelible mark on the future of work.Virtual communications(including virtual events)and connectivity both captured the spotlight,shifting attention to quality of experience and the need for reliable data connections,higher data rates,and lower latency communicationsall essential for digital incl

164、usion.FWA,for example,is bringing connectivity to rural areas and with mmWave,it is a viable alternative to fiber.Cellular connections are also mission-critical to support increasingly mobile workers and for applications with stringent requirements(public safety,emergency response,etc.),the need for

165、 URLLC brings 5G to the forefront.A common thread tying 5G to the enablement of high-quality,low-latency streaming is location,which creates separation from fixed broadband connections and engenders new use cases that bring additional requirements(e.g.,lower latencies)to the UX.The buildup to the me

166、taverse and the arrival of mainstream smart glasses will elucidate many of the opportunities at the edge,and while this future is further out on the timeline,there are examples to point to today and into the near future.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONEarly Stages of Location-Bas

167、ed Content and Services Enabled by 5GLocation-based content and services related to 5G may not yet be pervasive,but early traction is present at key public venues,such as stadiums and arenas.Verizon,for example,has already brought mmWave 5G connectivity to dozens of stadiums and arenas in the United

168、 States.The rollout of 5G in sports stadiums and arenas represents a critical connectivity upgrade to support high concentrations of users who are viewing live video(ultra-low latency required to match live on the field action)and sharing content through social media and real-time communication chan

169、nels.5G-enabled cameras can also provide unique views of the field or areas of the stadium to provide a premium viewing experience.Figure 14:5G Use Cases in Stadiums and Live Concerts (Source:ABI Research)In addition to regular sports fans looking to consume more content,multiple views and replays c

170、an benefit sports bettors,who will want to analyze the action at a deeper level.The rollout of 5G in U.S.sports stadiums and arenas,in particular,is well positioned to take advantage of the growth in sports betting following the U.S.Supreme Courts decision in 2018 to strike down the federal ban on s

171、tate authorization of sports betting.5G and edge computing can also introduce new experiences and applications for fans and organizations/teams.Sensors,for example,can provide a wealth of data and information about athletes performance and training.5G and edge computing are critical to handle the da

172、ta load 5G supports:High data demands(up/down stream)Ultra-low latency video to match on-field actionMulti-camera selection,immersive video&content+applications for MECWireless cameras to capture more areas of stadium for additional camera views,security,tracking flow of fans5G+MEC enables more deep

173、ly immersive experiences 5G supports:Ultra-low latency video to match live stageMulti-camera selection,immersive video&content,exclusive backstage footage captureWireless cameras to capture more areas of concert,security and tracking flow of fans360 video capture&wireless cameras for unique viewsAug

174、mented Reality&Immersive ExperiencesPremium Footage(i.e.Backstage)Multiple Camera AnglesSTATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONand need for ultra-low latency data collection and processing.For the sports fan,elements of these data feeds could be used to drive more deeply immersive exper

175、iences from 360 video and AR,which can be greatly benefited by(if not fully driven by)5Gthis includes Mobile-Access Edge Computing(MEC)to provide additional computational resources and ultra-low latency experiences.Additional levels of data could also be used by(and paid for by)sports bettors operat

176、ing within the confines of league,team,and government rules and regulations.While many of todays experiences are isolated to these venues(low-latency viewing for sports bettors does have wider reach and appeal),these use cases represent early glimpses of what the buildup to the metaverse will offer

177、when paired with 5G and edge computing.AUGMENTED/VIRTUAL REALITY AND THE METAVERSE BRINGING THE PIECES TOGETHERThe metaverse is still years away,but the buildup to this future will engender new UXs and market opportunities.As highlighted,video will certainly be a critical piece of the metaverse,but

178、this future also speaks to the convergence and interoperability of other platforms and technologies.What may have operated as individual pieces will come together to form a new whole under the metaverse.Part and parcel to this change will be the arrival of mainstream smart glasses,which will provide

179、 an always-on immersive experience.While this class of smart glasses is not expected to begin arriving until 2024 at the earliest,there are near-term opportunities that could take advantage of 5G if certain criteria are met.5G and Metaverse Opportunities in the Near TermTo create stronger demand for

180、 5G that moves beyond higher data rates alone,new use cases need to integrate applications and services that highlight critical features like ultra-low latency connections.Location is a critical factor,but these use cases need to integrate more than isolated applications.Niantic,for example,recently

181、 announced its location mapping platform for AR(Visual Positioning System(VPS),which is part of its broader Lightship Software Development Kit(SDK).VPS grounds visual AR elements to physical locations(e.g.,buildings,monuments,storefronts,etc.)and,as part of Lightship,makes these elements into shared

182、 UXs.One such application is multiplayer location-based gaming.Location-based gaming is intriguing because it requires ultra-low latency(5G)and benefits greatly from edge compute(e.g.,MEC).More importantly,this use case is extensible to multiple locations and experiences,and can integrate with other

183、 applications,such as virtual goods,social networking,and live/interactive video(see Figure 15 for examples).STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONFigure 15:5G and the Metaverse(Near-Term Opportunities)(Source:ABI Research)Merging the physical with the virtual can extend to other areas

184、 as well.Video communications in the hybrid workplace will also benefit from integrating aspects of this buildup to the metaverse.Interactive video communications,for example,will play a stronger role in the enterprise space.A user looking for customer service could speak to a representative through

185、 a video call,but in place of static virtual backgrounds,the participants could be placed in an interactive Three-Dimensional(3D)environment.Companies like Touchcast and Microsoft are already working on experiences that blend the real and virtual in this way,leveraging cloud compute to make these ex

186、periences more accessible.When users access these types of experiences out in public,5G will be instrumental in driving these applications.These use cases could extend to individuals seeking assistance to assess automotive problems,banking on the go,purchasing new tech equipment,etc.5G-connected sma

187、rtphones are a natural fit to connect users,but the largest growth opportunity rests with smart glasses.5G and Metaverse OpportunitiesLonger-Term HorizonThe arrival and eventual spread of mainstream smart glasses will yield the most transformative changes.This rollout will take time,as current proje

188、ctions only see the installed base of 5G-enabled smart glasses passing 60 million units by 2030.This growth could certainly accelerate if Qualcomms vision for wirelessly tethered smart glasses(tethered to a 5G phone)gain significant share,but even so,this is a key reason why the metaverse is a longe

189、r-term play.Once this future arrives,following years of buildup,there will be significant changes across services,content,customer relationships,workflows,and how we interact with the environment.A pervasive display will create countless new touchpoints for video and information.Personalization,digi

190、tal identity,and customer relationships will take center stage for marketing and advertising.All of these applications will push demand for connectivity(both in terms of data consumption and latency needs)and compute(e.g.,cloud XR,personalization,processing of content,application acceleration,etc.)R

191、eal Goods(or Ads)+Virtual GoodsIn-Stadium Experience+Virtual GoodsMultiplayer Location-Based Game+Virtual GoodsComing Full CircleBringing the Pieces Together1.Virtual good with team logo giveaway at stadium2.Virtual items bundled with purchase of real goods and/or rewards for sharing data/receiving

192、ads3.Multiplayer location-based gaming leverages 5G and MEC,players wear virtual goods4.Sections of stadium compete against each other in location-based game spectators watch live via smartphones(like eSports)Live Gaming FeedSTATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONFigure 16:A View throug

193、h Smart Glasses:Pervasive Display and the Metaverse (2030 and Beyond)(Source:ABI Research)Figure 16 may look like a fanciful version of this far-off future,but there are already pieces we can point to today,that will,in time come together to form the larger picture.Video,for example,is already being

194、 personalized,using AI/ML to create customized trailers,box-art,and product placements.Amazon and NBCUniversals Peacock recently demonstrated virtual product placement(post-production)in a TV show or movie scene.In the public domain,this level of personalization and content generation will happen in

195、 a just-in-time fashion at the edge(devices,MEC/telco and Content Delivery Networks(CDNs)and in the cloud.A great deal of work and milestones need to be cleared before this future arrives,but the pieces are starting to come into place.Video Ad HereVideo Ad HereVirtual Goods“Worn”by UsersClick Here f

196、or Virtual Video Tour of This City BlockVideoTrailerVideoTrailer20%off Your Favorite ItemSTATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION5G POLICY CLIMATE Thanks to 5G,mobile telecommunications infrastructure is now viewed by various governments as a precious national asset that could help natio

197、ns gain a competitive edge in the digital transformation race.It is positioned as a pillar technology for enabling the migration toward Industry 4.0 and as a catalyst of enhanced productivity for many industries.It will play a pivotal role in boosting GDP through the adoption of technology-driven di

198、gital societies and digital workplaces.Not only will 5G enable the workforce to work more flexibly,but the technology will be able to address many industry pain points and enable new business opportunities otherwise not possible with previous technology generations.The promise of 5G to provide secur

199、e,trusted,reliable,dedicated,and mission-critical connectivity will be essential for unlocking the enterprise opportunity across a multitude of applications,including flexible manufacturing,dynamic resource planning,automated operations,resilient supply chains through asset tracking and monitoring,d

200、igital twin modeling,and green economy.Figure 17:Balanced Policies and Government Investments Key for 5G Commercial Viability (Source:ABI Research)However,to tap into the full potential of 5G,governments should do more to boost digital societies and support the telecommunications industry in their e

201、fforts to accelerate the migration toward Industry 4.0.There are many areas where governments should invest more to accelerate the commercial agenda of 5G,including those listed below.Spectrum Policies:Governments should be more efficient and innovative in spectrum regulation,for instance government

202、s should license more strategic spectrum above 6 Gigahertz(GHz)to unlock additional capacity and harmonize this spectrum with key global partners.Governments should also be flexible and creative in the way they license the spectrum;for example,allowing collective licensing,spectrum sharing,spectrum

203、liaising,and short-time spectrum licensing to cope with surging traffic,eradicate the digital divide,and encourage a widespread deployment of 5G across many industries.Regulators in some countries,such 2022 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licens

204、ee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.CR-IDCC-117:STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATION 26 addre

205、ss many industry pain points and enable new business opportunities otherwise not possible with previous technology generations.The promise of 5G to provide secure,trusted,reliable,dedicated,and mission-critical connectivity will be essential for unlocking the enterprise opportunity across a multitud

206、e of applications,including flexible manufacturing,dynamic resource planning,automated operations,resilient supply chains through asset tracking and monitoring,digital twin modeling,and green economy.Figure 17:Balanced Policies and Government Investments Key for 5G Commercial Viability (Source:ABI R

207、esearch)However,to tap into the full potential of 5G,governments should do more to boost digital societies and support the telecommunications industry in their efforts to accelerate the migration toward Industry 4.0.There are many areas where governments should invest more to accelerate the commerci

208、al agenda of 5G,including those listed below.Spectrum Policies:Governments should be more efficient and innovative in spectrum regulation,for instance governments should license more strategic spectrum above 6 Gigahertz(GHz)to unlock additional capacity and harmonize this spectrum with key global pa

209、rtners.Governments should also be flexible and creative in the way they license the spectrum;for example,allowing collective licensing,spectrum sharing,spectrum liaising,and short-time spectrum licensing to cope with surging traffic,eradicate the digital divide,and encourage a widespread deployment

210、of 5G across many industries.Regulators in some countries,such as the United States,India,the United Kingdom,Germany,Italy,New Zealand,and Malaysia,are starting to relax the rules of spectrum licensing and come up with new ways of using the spectrum,but a lot needs to be done to efficiently use the

211、spectrum resources available.Table 2:Examples of Government and Regulator 5G Innovation Initiatives (Source:ABI Research)Country Initiative Name Details Australia 5G Innovation Initiative AU$40 million in two open and competitive grant rounds STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONas th

212、e United States,India,the United Kingdom,Germany,Italy,New Zealand,and Malaysia,are starting to relax the rules of spectrum licensing and come up with new ways of using the spectrum,but a lot needs to be done to efficiently use the spectrum resources available.Table 2:Examples of Government and Regu

213、lator 5G Innovation Initiatives (Source:ABI Research)COUNTRYINITIATIVE NAMEDETAILSAustralia5G Innovation InitiativeAU$40 million in two open and competitive grant roundsHong Kong5G deployment subsidiesGovernment will subsidize 50%of the actual cost directly relevant to the deployment of 5G technolog

214、y in an approved project,subject to a cap of$500,000GreecePhaistos Investment Fund100 million fund for startups developing applications based on 5GSingapore5G Innovation ProgrammeFunding of up to 70%for new 5G applications in a commercial environmentUnited KingdomTrial new uses to improve peoples li

215、vesTwo rounds of 28 million and 65 million for new applications and use casesUnited StatesDepartment of Energy funding plan US$6 million in funding for five R&D projects to advance 5G wireless networking for science applicationsPromote Go-Digital Policies to Local Governments and Cities:Cities and l

216、ocal councils should be made aware of the benefits they could stream out of digitizing public spaces by adopting modern technologies like 5G and enabled technologies.This could enable them to build smart spaces and increase resilience against crises like the one brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.Inve

217、stments in modernizing cities through the creation of smart spaces should become a priority for local governments and councils.These authorities should make more efforts in planning,automating,and monitoring the operation of cities so they can improve citizens lifestyles,enable more efficient social

218、 interventions,and provide residents with effective,secure,safer,and greener services.These investments should also be integrated into a national plan and could be funded through a combination of local and national strategic resources.Cellular connectivity should be central to any investment in buil

219、ding smart spaces,including smart cities.Local municipalities and governments could proactively smooth the process needed to roll out infrastructure in cities.At present,it is estimated that up to 4 months is needed to receive permission to adopt a new site or use existing city infrastructure,such a

220、s public lighting poles,as a backbone for 5G connectivity.When that is coupled with the notion that around 36%of Mobile Network Operator(MNO)Operational Expenditure(OPEX)is accounted for by site rental and regulations costs,the barriers for speeding up rollouts are high.Local governments and municip

221、alities could also look to offer municipally-owned real estate as potential cell sites at an attractive rate to subsidize critical network rollouts.A good example of this trend comes from the United Kingdom where the government is launching a program to accelerate the rollout of digital connectivity

222、 infrastructure under which public furniture,such as road signs,Closed-Circuit Television(CCTV),and lighting poles,can be used to improve 5G connectivity that requires a certain level of densification.Irradicate Digital Divides:Several governments have already been generous in subsidizing network ro

223、llout initiatives to provide broadband services to rural areas and connecting underserved communities and geographical areas.Despite these efforts,businesses in rural STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONareas are still disadvantaged due to poor rural digital connectivity in many adva

224、nced nations.For example,in the United States,rural areas are responsible for up to 15%of the total countrys employment.However,a great proportion of the 1 million small businesses operating in rural areas and villages still have poor access to broadband connectivity.Therefore,in late 2020,the Feder

225、al Communications Commission(FCC)adopted new rules to create a 5G fund of up to US$9 billion from the Universal Service Fund(USF),of which US$8 billion will be dedicated to providing broadband services to underserved rural America and the remaining US$1 billion to precision agriculture.In the United

226、 Kingdom,26%of businesses are concentrated in rural areas employing 16%of the active population and contributing about 16%to the GDP.While some governments are already allocating significant funds to reduce the rural-urban digital divide,they should further stimulate operators to improve rural broad

227、band and help them absorb the costs attached to a rural economy;for instance,by rolling out strategic technologies,such as 5G,that may require significant upfront spending and long-term ROI.Such investments would benefit the GDP in the longer term and could lead to a sustainable increase in the qual

228、ity of life for the society at large.At the same time,these investments could guarantee a more resilient infrastructure and ensure business continuity to cope with any recurrent pandemic,political,or economic crisis,or any general emergencies that could affect our societies.In some cases,countries l

229、ike Japan,South Korea,and China are offering tax forgiveness in return for rolling out key network assets to support 5G operations.Critical Enterprise Investment:One key area of investment that governments could look to adopt is stimulating the digitization of key industry segments.Stimulation could

230、 include elements of relaxed licensing for localized spectrum deployment,grants,or loans to encourage digital transformation and technology modernization of business organizations,while enabling them to offset the upfront cost related to equipment infrastructure that will enable them to connect phys

231、ical-first assets,automate their processes,and enhance the overall productivity of their businesses.It could also include subsidies through lower corporate taxes for companies providing cutting-edge solutions and infrastructure,such as 5G networks,MEC,private networks,and AI,that are in the nations

232、best interest.In the most extreme circumstances,investment could take the form of wholesale grants and digitizing key critical infrastructure,such as manufacturing,utilities,emergency services,healthcare,and social services.Net-Neutrality Reform or Over-the-Top(OTT)Taxation Reform:Governments should

233、 reconsider allowing telcos to monetize massive increases of traffic from OTT providers by Quality of Service(QoS)fee methodologies or usage-based royalties.Alternatively,governments could consider new taxation regimes for large offshore multinational digital entities that do not invest in local inf

234、rastructure and digital fabrics.This revenue can then be used to fund other digital transformation processes.When looking at all these investments,it is clear that the ultimate goal and golden thread of these investment strategies should be to speed up the rollout of 5G and stimulate the use cases i

235、n critical industries and infrastructure that depend on highly integrated,green,secure,and reliable connectivity solutions as a foundation.This will achieve the dual goals of providing a more resilient society and one that is on a path to sustained economic growth through a trickle down of funds fro

236、m key projects as ecosystems are built to sustain a new working paradigm.STATE OF 5G REPORT:ENABLING THE BOUNDLESS GENERATIONWHAT IS TO COME?The past few years have experienced monumental efforts to bring 5G to the market.The supply chain,infrastructure vendors,network operators,and many more compan

237、ies have worked together to make 5G a success and bring new experiences,devices,and applications to market.But that is just the beginning.What comes next is the exciting part of the new standard and the rollout of related networks.5G-Advanced in 3GPP R18 and R19 will introduce exciting new features

238、targeting both consumer and enterprise applications.IoT enhancements,including RedCap,will expand the reach of 5G into new use cases and applications,while new concepts like Sidelink enhancements and Sidelink relays are the foundations to create completely new deployment models.Although 5G enterpris

239、e business models were in discussion for many years before 5G was launched,it was necessary to deploy the first wave of networks to expose the functionality and value to enterprises.This has now happened and the next few yearsand subsequent 3GPP releaseswill further improve enterprise 5G.5G introduc

240、ed a massive capacity boost for mobile networks and higher speeds,as well as consistent mobile broadband for consumers.This is slowly being deployed in developed markets globally,creating the foundation for new types of applications,including video,the metaverse,AR/VR,and much more.These first few y

241、ears have set the foundation for 5G and now is the time when we will experience exciting new applications,new use cases,and many more ways consumer lifestyles will improve.In the enterprise domain,the combination of network slicing and higher quality connectivity will create new types of application

242、s.In the broader enterprise digitization landscape,5G,coupled with edge computing,can become a big piece of the technology transformation puzzle.5G-Advanced will pave the way for the next generation of wireless networks and will create the foundation for 6G,which will likely revolutionize the way co

243、nsumers and enterprises communicate.Indeed,5G is now allowing us to get a glimpse of potential future applications that 6G will likely enable.ABOUT ABI RESEARCHABI Research is a global technology intelligence firm delivering actionable research and strategic guidance to technology leaders,innovators

244、,and decision makers around the world.Our research focuses on the transformative technologies that are dramatically reshaping industries,economies,and workforces today.2022 ABI Research.Used by permission.ABI Research is an independent producer of market analysis and insight and this ABI Research pr

245、oduct is the result of objective research by ABI Research staff at the time of data collection.The opinions of ABI Research or its analysts on any subject are continually revised based on the most current data available.The information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be r

246、eliable.ABI Research disclaims all warranties,express or implied,with respect to this research,including any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.Published August,2022 ABI Research157 Columbus AvenueNew York,NY 10023Tel:+1 516-624-ABOUT INTERDIGITALInterDigital develops

247、mobile and video technologies that are at the core of devices,networks and services worldwide.We solve many of the industrys most critical and complex technical challenges,inventing solutions for more efficient broadband networks,better video delivery,and richer multimedia experiences years ahead of market deployment.InterDigital has licenses and strategic relationships with many of the worlds leading technology companies.Founded in 1972,InterDigital is listed on NASDAQ.InterDigital is a registered trademark of InterDigital,Inc.