1、Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trendsAuthors Arun Panemangalore Padiyar,1 Sourabh Kumar Dubey,1 Baban Bayan,1 Vishnumurthy Mohan Chadag,2 Ben Belton,3,4 Joykrushna Jena,5 Suseela Mathew,6 Lakshmi Narasimha Murthy,7 Muthusamy Karthikeyan8 and Chandra Krishna Murthy.9Affiliations1 WorldFish In

2、dia,New Delhi-110008,India2 WorldFish Headquarters,Jalan Batu Maung,11960 Bayan Lepas,Penang,Malaysia3 International Food Policy Research Institute,South Asia Region,Dhaka,Bangladesh 4 Department of Agricultural,Food and Resource Economics,Michigan State University,East Lansing,US5 Indian Council of

3、 Agricultural Research,Pusa,New Delhi-110 012,India6 ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology,Cochin-682 029,Kerala,India7 National Fisheries Development Board,Department of Fisheries,Ministry of Fisheries,Animal Husbandry and Dairying,Government of India,Telangana 500052,India8 Marine Product

4、s Export Development Authority,Kochi,Kerala 682036,India 9 Aquaculture consultant,Mysore 570023,Karnataka,India CitationThis publication should be cited as:Padiyar PA,Dubey SK,Bayan B,Mohan CV,Belton B,Jena J,Susheela M,Murthy LN,Karthikeyan M and Murthy CK.2024.Fish consumption in India:Patterns an

5、d trends.New Delhi,India:WorldFish.AcknowledgmentsThis work was undertaken as part of the CGIAR Initiative on Aquatic Foods,funded by CGIAR Trust Fund donors and the ICAR-CGIAR collaboration.Design and productionChua Seong Lee,Thavamaler Ramanathan,Sabrina Chong and Rajita Majumdar,WorldFish.Photo c

6、reditsFront cover,pages 11,14,19,32,38,Sourabh Kumar Dubey,WorldFish;page 9,Divya Padiyar.ContentsLists of abbreviations 4Executive summary 7Population and economy 7Fish production 7Per capita fish consumption 7Fish-consuming population 7Spatial distribution of fish consumption 71.Background and int

7、roduction 82.Data source and methodology 113.Findings of the study 123.1.Key findings for India from 2005 to 2021 123.2.Fish consumption patterns in India 153.3.Pattern of fish consumption by state 233.4.Fish production and per capita fish consumption in India 313.5.Fish consumption in India vs.othe

8、r countries 343.6.Fish consumption by income group 363.7.Future of fish consumption and fish demand in India 37Conclusion 40References 41Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 3Lists of abbreviations CAGR compound annual growth rate GDP gross domestic product GNI gross national income LMICs l

9、ower-and middle-income countries MER market exchange rate NFHS National Family Health SurveyNNI net national income OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPFCE private final consumption expenditure Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 4Dr.Himanshu PathakSecretary(DARE)&Di

10、rector General(ICAR),110 001GOVERNMENT OF INDIADEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH&EDUCATION(DARE)ANDINDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH(ICAR)MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE KRISHI BHAVAN,NEW DELHI 110001Tel.:23382629;23386711 Fax:91-11-23384773 E-mail:dg.icarnic.in(Himanshu Pathak)N

11、ovember 13,2023New DelhiForewordI am truly delighted to announce the collaborative effort of WorldFish,the Indian Council of Agriculture Research(ICAR)under the ICAR-CGIAR research collaboration framework,and other national institutes in unveiling the monograph titled“Fish consumption in India:Patte

12、rns and trends.”Driven by comprehensive data and illustrious research,this publication endeavors to explore and elucidate the dynamic landscape of fish consumption in India.India,blessed with abundant aquatic resources and favorable climatic conditions,has long been a pivotal contributor to global f

13、isheries.The aquatic food production sector in India,encompassing marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture,stands as a vibrant pillar that sustains the nation,providing nutrition and livelihoods to the teeming millions.In India,fish stands as a beacon of nourishment,nutrition and affordab

14、ility for over 70%of the population.It holds a profound cultural,religious and traditional significance within the local food ecosystem,particularly in coastal and riverine regions.Remarkably,fish consumption is surging faster than the global population growth rate,attributed to rising incomes,heigh

15、tened awareness of its health benefits and the expanding urban footprint.Simultaneously,domestic demand for fish in India is on the rise,positioning the nation as the third-largest consumer of fish in the world by volume.However,per capita fish consumption in India continues to lag behind the global

16、 average.In this context,this document delves into various facets of fish consumption behavior and establishes explicit links between fish consumption and societal and economic indicators.The monograph also projects per capita fish consumption,the demand-supply gap and other critical aspects,offerin

17、g insights into the future trajectory of the fisheries sector in the country.I am confident that this monograph will prove invaluable to students,researchers,government organizations,policymakers,fisher cooperatives,private sector players and various stakeholders,facilitating a deeper comprehension

18、of fish consumption patterns in India.It serves as a roadmap to bolster fish consumption in tandem with fish production,fostering the well-being of our nation.I extend my heartfelt congratulations and best wishes to all the authors for their exceptional contribution to this publication.Fish consumpt

19、ion in India:Patterns and trends 5ForewordIt is my immense pleasure to announce the publication,“Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends”a collaborative endeavor among WorldFish,the International Food Policy Research Institute,and esteemed Government of India institutions,including the Indian

20、Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR),the National Fisheries Development Board of Ministry of Fisheries,Animal Husbandry&Dairying,and the Marine Products Export Development Authority,as well as other leading organizations.ICAR and its affiliated institutes have long been committed partners of World

21、Fish,and this publication stands as a testament to the unwavering commitment and innovative spirit that define our collaborative work in the fisheries and aquaculture sector.For centuries,fish has played a pivotal role in the Indian diet.India,a megadiverse nation blessed with an array of aquatic re

22、sources,holds the key to unlocking immense potential for transformative growth within the fisheries sector.Fish consumption in India is a nuanced tapestry influenced by geography,climate,culture,religion,and household traditions.It represents a complex interplay of factors that shape consumer choice

23、s,behaviors,and the availability and accessibility of fish.This monograph seeks to unravel the dynamics,patterns and trends in fish consumption,recognizing the diversity across India.The findings of this study underscore the substantial room for growth in fish consumption while shedding light on reg

24、ional disparities.These insights offer valuable guidance for informed policy formulation and effective intervention strategies.I believe that this pioneering document will serve as an indispensable resource for researchers and policymakers,empowering them to design well-informed policies and interve

25、ntions aimed at enhancing the fish consumption landscape in India,particularly in addressing critical challenges such as undernutrition.As we embark on our journey forward,WorldFish and CGIAR remain steadfast in their commitment to collaboration and the pursuit of scientific innovation in partnershi

26、p with ICAR under the ICAR-CGIAR research collaboration and One CGIAR global initiatives,especially the Aquatic Foods initiative.Together,we aspire to create sustainable and equitable aquatic food systems in India.I extend my heartfelt congratulations and best wishes to all the authors for their out

27、standing contributions to this publication.Essam Yassin Mohammed Director General&CGIAR Senior Director of Aquatic Food Systems Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 6Executive summaryIndia is endowed with rich aquatic resources and favorable conditions that have long made it a significant c

28、ontributor to global fisheries.The consumption of fish has deep historical roots in the country,with archaeological evidence tracing back to 2500 BCE.Beyond its role as food,fish held considerable trade value in antiquity.Today,fish remains a cornerstone of the Indian diet,embodying the countrys cul

29、inary heritage and offering a nutritious and affordable source of food for the people.Apart from being a vital protein source,fish also provides essential omega-3 fatty acids and unique bioavailable micronutrients.This study investigates the dynamics of fish consumption in India from 2005 to 2021,us

30、ing comprehensive,nationally representative surveys conducted by the Government of India.It reveals significant growth in fish consumption in India,driven by population growth,increased wealth and shifting consumption patterns.The findings suggest potential for further growth and highlight regional

31、disparities that could inform policy and intervention strategies.The following results stem from the timeframe under consideration for this study:20052006 to 20192021.Population and economy Indias population grew 20.7%,from 1.11 billion to 1.34 billion,an increase of 230 million people.Indias gross

32、domestic product(GDP)doubled from Indias per capita gross domestic product(GDP)doubled from INR 53,478 to INR 1,08,645,while private final consumption expenditure(PFCE)tripled,reflecting increased purchasing power.Fish production Fish production in India surged 115%,reaching 14.164 million metric to

33、ns,with a compound annual growth rate(CAGR)of 5.63%.Domestic consumption of fish accounted for 82.36%of total production in 20052006,86.2%in 20152016 and 83.65%in 20192020.The rest was used for exports to foreign countries and for non-food purposes within the country.Imports of fish and fishery prod

34、ucts within India increased 543%,from 14,000 t to 76,000 t.Total domestic fish consumption grew 120%,from 5.428 million metric tons to 11.924 million metric tons.Per capita fish consumption According to the FAOSTAT Food Balance Sheet1 for the year 2020,India holds the global ranking of 129 out of 18

35、3 nations in terms of per capita fish food supply2.Additionally,in terms of per capita protein supply through fish consumption,India is positioned at 123 worldwide.Notably,India stands out as a noteworthy global contributor to total quantity of protein through fish,securing the 3rd highest position

36、globally.Per capita fish consumption increased 81.43%,from 4.9 kg to 8.89 kg,with a 4.05%annual growth rate.Among fish-eating populations,annual per capita consumption grew 66%.India outperformed the World Banks lower-middle income country group,with a 60%increase in per capita fish consumption comp

37、ared to the groups 45%average.However,Indias consumption remained lower(8.89 kg)than the groups average(14.94 kg)in 2020.Fish-consuming population Indias fish-eating population increased 32.34%(or 6.1 percentage points),from 66%to 72.1%.Egg consumers increased 7.35 percentage points,followed by fish

38、(6.1 percentage points),and chicken or meat(5.45 percentage points).By the end of the surveys,5.95%of the population ate fish daily,34.8%weekly and 31.35%occasionally.Occasional fish consumption decreased while weekly fish consumption increased.Fish consumption increased among both genders,with a sh

39、ift toward weekly consumption.Men(78.6%)had a higher fish consumption rate than women(65.6%).Urban areas(42.7%)had a higher proportion of weekly fish consumption compared to rural areas(39.8%).However,fish consumption increased more rapidly in rural areas than in urban areas,narrowing the gap.Spatia

40、l distribution of fish consumption By the end of the surveys,Tripura had the highest proportion of fish consumers(99.35%)among various Indian states,while Haryana had the lowest(20.55%).The eastern and northeastern states,Tamil Nadu,Kerala and Goa had the highest fish-eating populations(90%),while n

41、orthern states such as Punjab,Haryana and Rajasthan had the lowest(95%)and eastern states of Tamil Nadu,Kerala and Goa(90%)had the highest percentages of people eating fish.Northern states such as Punjab(26.45%),Haryana(20.55%)and Rajasthan(22.5%)had lowest.3.The proportion of the population who ate

42、 fish daily was highest in Kerala(53.5%),followed by Goa(36.20%),West Bengal(21.90%),Manipur(19.70%),Assam(13.10%)and Tripura(11.50%).Among those eating fish at least once a week,however,the proportion was highest in Assam and Tripura(69%each)followed by Odisha(66.8%),West Bengal(65.75%),Arunachal P

43、radesh(65.25%)and Tamil Nadu(58.2%).4.There was a remarkable increase in the proportion of people eating fish in most of the states,led by Jammu and Kashmir(20.9 percentage points),with the exception of Punjab where it decreased(3.9 percentage points).5.The gender gap between men and women was wide

44、in states with a lower proportion of people eating fish.6.The gap was also wide between those eating fish and all non-vegetarian consumers.Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 13Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 143.2.Fish consumption patterns in India The following results cove

45、r the timeframe of NFHS-3,4 and 5(from 2005 to 2021).3.2.1.Fish vs.other non-vegetarian foodsThe NFHS-5 revealed that nearly three-quarters of the population ate fish(Figure 1).However,the most popular non-vegetarian food was eggs,followed by the fish or chicken or meat category,and then just chicke

46、n or meat.Over the three surveys,the percentage of people eating all kinds of non-vegetarian food increased for all four food categories.3.2.2.Frequency of consumptionBy the end of the three surveys,over one-third of the population was eating fish weekly,followed by those who ate it occasionally and

47、 then those daily(Figure 2).Overall,more people are eating fish in India,mostly those eating it weekly,while those eating fish daily or occasionally both decreased.This pattern was similar in other non-vegetarian food groups,though at higher magnitudes.There was a substantial increase in the weekly

48、category for those eating from the chicken or meat,fish or chicken or meat,and eggs categories.There was a significant drop in the occasional category among those eating chicken or meat,fish or chicken or meat,or eggs(Figure 3).Figure 1.Non-vegetarian food consumption(%of population).6669.6571.7570.

49、9568.8072.6074.2575.7572.1075.1077.0078.30FishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggs2005200620021Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Figure 2.Frequency of non-vegetarian food consumption(%of population).66.0069.6571.7570.956.251.056.854.3523.5024.4531.3032.4536.2544.1033.5534.1068.8072.6

50、074.2575.555.201.455.904.4531.1035.2039.9041.0532.5536.0028.4030.0572.1075.1077.0078.305.951.906.956.1534.8039.5044.3045.3031.3533.7025.7526.90FishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggsFishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggsFishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggsFishChicken or meat

51、Fish or chicken or meatEggsYes,consumed DailyWeeklyOccassionally2005200620021Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 153.2.3.Fish consumption by genderIn India,fish consumption was more popular among men than women(Figures 4-5).The largest percentage

52、 of men ate fish at least once a week,while about one-third ate it occasionally.The percentages were slightly lower across all categories for women.Over the three surveys,there was a much higher spike in men eating fish than among women.Overall,the pattern reveals a shift toward weekly fish consumpt

53、ion and a decline in occasional fish consumption in both genders,as fish has become a popular commodity in India.Still,there was not much change in both genders for those eating fish daily.In the case of the chicken or meat category and the egg category,there was a notable rise for both men and wome

54、n in daily and weekly consumption(Figures 67).Figure 3.Frequency of non-vegetarian food consumption(percentage points)from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021.6.105.455.257.35(0.30)0.850.101.8011.3015.0513.0012.85(4.90)(10.40)(7.80)(7.20)FishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggsFishChicken or meatFish or ch

55、icken or meatEggsFishChicken or meatFish or chicken/meatEggsFishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggsYes,consumedDailyWeeklyOccassionallySources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Figure 4.Frequency of fish consumption by gender(%of population).69.5062.5020052006200202120

56、0520062002021Yes,consumedDailyWeeklyOccasionallyMenWomen72.7064.9078.6065.606.206.304.805.606.805.1025.1021.9033.8028.4039.0030.6038.2034.3034.2030.9032.8029.90Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 16Figure 5.Frequency of fish

57、 consumption by gender(percentage points)from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021.9.10.613.93.18.7Yes,consumed Daily Weekly OccasionallyMenWomen-1.2-5.4-4.4Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Figure 6.Frequency of non-vegetarian food consumption by gender(%of population).69.5062.5074.4064.9076.1067.4076.7065.2072.7

58、064.9077.0068.2078.4070.1080.4070.7078.6065.6081.7068.5083.4070.6084.6072.006.206.301.200.906.906.805.203.504.805.601.801.105.706.104.904.006.805.102.401.408.005.907.105.2025.1021.9027.1021.8034.1028.5036.1028.8033.8028.4038.9031.5043.2036.6044.7037.4039.0030.6044.5034.5049.3039.3050.7039.9038.2034.

59、3046.0042.2035.1032.0035.3032.9034.2030.9036.3035.7029.5027.3030.7029.4032.8029.9034.8032.6026.1025.4026.9026.90MenWomenMenWomenMenWomenMenWomenFishChicken or meat Fish or chicken or meatEggsYes,consumed 20052006Yes,consumed 20152016Yes,consumed 20192021Daily 20052006Daily 20152016Daily 20192021Week

60、ly 20052006Weekly 20152016Weekly 20192021Occasionally 20052006Occasionally 20152016Occasionally 20192021Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 17Figure 7.Frequency of non-vegetarian food consumption by gender(percentage points)from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021.9.10.

61、613.97.31.217.4-11.27.31.115.2-9.07.91.914.6-8.43.1-1.28.73.60.512.73.210.8-6.66.81.711.1-6.0Yes,consumedDailyWeeklyOccasionallyYes,consumedDailyWeeklyOccasionallyYes,consumedDailyWeeklyOccasionallyYes,consumedDailyWeeklyOccasionallyFishChicken or meat Fish or chicken or meat EggsMenWomen-5.4-4.4-9.

62、6-0.9Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).3.2.4.Pattern of fish consumption by age groupOver the three surveys,there was a considerable increase in the percentage of the population eating fish and different non-vegetarian foods at least once a week(Figure 8).Across all age groups,those eating chicken or

63、 meat increased slightly more than those eating fish.Interestingly,non-vegetarian foods were more popular in the older age groups.The reason for this could be a lower acceptance of non-vegetarian food until people reach 40 years of age.In NFHS-5,weekly fish consumption was highest in people 3039 yea

64、rs old,followed by the 4049,2029 and 1519 age groups.Figure 8.Weekly non-vegetarian food consumption by age group(%of population).27.331.030.229.524.128.025.223.335.640.338.237.036.039.536.433.833.336.437.437.434.237.737.236.142.8 46.546.746.543.546.846.144.537.340.942.041.639.142.742.240.548.251.65

65、2.251.849.352.552.150.81519 2029 3039 40491519 2029 3039 40491519 2029 3039 40491519 2029 3039 4049FishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggs2005200620021Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 18Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 19Fi

66、gure 9.Frequency of non-vegetarian food consumption in rural and urban areas(%of population).28.033.120.934.234.944.333.044.034.839.032.943.237.551.042.550.839.842.738.846.649.155.448.956.5RuralUrbanRuralUrbanRuralUrbanRuralUrbanFishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meat Eggs2005200620021

67、Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).3.2.5.Pattern of fish consumption in rural and urban areasAs expected,people from urban areas eat more non-vegetarian food than their rural counterparts(Figure 9),and most of them do so at least once in a week.In NFHS-5,Indias urban population consumed more of every

68、non-vegetarian food category in the survey.In both urban and rural areas,the number of people eating fish or chicken or meat was higher than those eating only fish(Figure 10).This shows that there is scope to popularize fish in both urban and rural areas if efforts are aimed at changing the status q

69、uo by making diversified varieties of fish more available and accessible to get them onto the plates of consumers across different socioeconomic categories.Over the three surveys,the percentage of people who ate all kinds of non-vegetarian food at least once a week significantly increased in both ur

70、ban and rural areas,though the rate of increase was higher in rural areas.The proportion of people eating fish at least once a week also increased in both areas.Interestingly,the proportion of people chicken or meat increased much more than for fish,which could mean that chicken and meat are more av

71、ailable and accessible for people in rural areas.Urban residents,in general,prefer processed,ready-to-cook or ready-to-eat foods than do rural residents.As such,the rate of increase in non-vegetarian food is lower,leaving scope for raising demand for fish in urban areas if fish processing industries

72、 proliferate in the country.The difference in the proportion of people eating non-vegetarian food between rural and urban areas narrowed over the three surveys(Figure 11).In the case of fish consumers,it almost halved.A similar trend was also observed for consumers of chicken or meat.This reveals th

73、e“demonstration effect”that the non-vegetarian consumption habits of urban people had on those living in rural areas.Additionally,this could also be a result of the increased availability,accessibility and affordability of non-vegetarian food items in rural markets.Fish consumption in India:Patterns

74、 and trends 20Figure 10.Change in the frequency of weekly non-vegetarian food consumption in rural and urban areas(percentage points)from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021.11.8517.8514.215.99.5512.411.1512.5FishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggsRuralUrbanSources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Figure 11.Diffe

75、rence in non-vegetarian food consumption in rural and urban areas(percentage points).5.1513.309.3510.954.1510.3513.558.302.857.856.307.55FishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meatEggs2005200620152016 20192021Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 213.2.6.Patte

76、rn of fish consumption by wealth statusIn India,the percentage of the population that eats fish at least once a week rose consistently across all wealth quintiles5(Figures 12 and 13).In the lower quintiles,the jump in the proportion of people eating fish and those eating chicken or meat was higher c

77、ompared to those falling under higher wealth quintiles.However,more people chose to eat chicken or meat instead of fish at least once a week under all wealth categories.During each survey period,in general,as the wealth of people increased,the percentage of people eating non-vegetarian food at least

78、 once a week also increased.For fish,there was a linear increase in the lowest,second,middle and fourth wealth quintiles for both NFHS-3 and NFHS-4.In NFHS-5,however,the trend reversed(though this was not the case for those eating chicken or meat).One potential reason for this recent reversal in the

79、 fish-consuming population could be that wealthier people might prefer to eat different varieties of fresh fish or processed fish,such as single-bone or live fish.When these options are unavailable,they might tend to shift toward eating chicken or meat,which are freshly slaughtered and readily avail

80、able.Figure 12.Weekly non-vegetarian food consumption by wealth status(%of population).25.329.133.336.533.019.323.629.134.431.829.234.340.445.339.226.732.539.343.239.333.737.638.039.332.727.334.040.042.936.438.445.849.651.342.737.445.149.450.643.345.443.041.340.534.437.141.244.044.939.051.552.253.55

81、3.345.648.551.454.454.048.4LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestLowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestLowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestLowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestFishChicken or meatFish or chicken or meat Eggs2005200620021Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Figure 13.Changes in non-vegetarian food cons

82、umption by wealth status(percentage points)from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021.20.1513.958.003.951.4017.7517.6014.8510.457.2522.3017.9013.107.956.4521.8518.8515.0510.759.10LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestLowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestLowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestLowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestFishChicken

83、or meat Fish or chicken or meat EggsSources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).5TheNFHScalculatesthewealthindexbasedonhouseholdassetsrangingfromatelevisiontoabicycleorcar,andhousingcharacteristicssuchassourceofdrinkingwater,toiletfacilitiesandflooringmaterials.Thewealthquintilesarederivedthroughaprincipalcomp

84、onentanalysis,andeachhouseholdisassignedascore.Thescorehasbeendividedintofiveequalcategories,eachwith20%.Thequalitativerangesarehighest,fourth,middle,secondandlowest.Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 223.3.Pattern of fish consumption by stateIn NFHS-5,Tripura had the highest proportion o

85、f people eating fish among Indian states,while Haryana had the lowest(Figures 14 and 15).In general,the proportion of people eating fish was highest in Indias northeastern states,followed by its eastern states,and Tamil Nadu,Kerala and Goa.It was lowest in Punjab,Haryana and Rajasthan.6 States with

86、more than 10 million people(West Bengal,Kerala,Odisha,Tamil Nadu,Jharkhand,Andhra Pradesh,Telangana,Bihar,Chhattisgarh and Jammu and Kashmir)also had higher percentages of people of eating fish.Kerala had the highest proportion of people eating fish on a daily basis,followed by Goa,West Bengal,Manip

87、ur,Assam and Tripura,while those eating fish weekly was highest in Assam and Tripura,followed by Odisha,West Bengal,Arunachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.Figure 14.Fish consumption by state during 20192021(%of population).20.5522.5026.4537.6538.4046.9055.4055.7062.6069.0073.6581.6084.6087.3588.3589.3091.

88、6093.5594.1094.7595.4596.9597.3598.5098.6098.8599.0599.1099.2599.3572.10HaryanaRajasthanPunjabGujaratNCT New DelhiUttarakhandMaharashtraKarnatakaChhattisgarhBiharTelanganaSikkimJharkhandOdishaGoaMizoramKeralaMeghalayaNagalandAssamManipurTripuraIndiaHimachal PradeshMadhya PradeshUttar PradeshJammu an

89、d KashmirAndhra PradeshTamil NaduWest BengalArunachal PradeshSource:IIPS(2021).6State-wisereportsofNFHS-5arenotavailableforfiveUnionTerritories,sowewereunabletoincludethoseinthisreport.Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 23Figure 15.Fish consumption by state from 2005 to 2021(%of populatio

90、n).18.1019.8030.3531.5031.5045.7052.8047.2557.1064.5063.5060.7078.9582.2082.6084.0590.3585.4594.2593.3095.3095.5597.6597.4598.3584.0597.5598.5598.9066.0017.9522.2520.6535.8531.7048.4054.3563.3567.2575.9572.3079.0586.8084.6090.1589.5090.4593.7094.4095.2096.2097.8598.6098.9598.5097.7098.6099.5599.4068

91、.8020.5522.5026.4537.6538.4046.9055.4055.7062.6069.0073.6581.6084.6087.3588.3589.3091.6093.5594.1094.7595.4596.9597.3598.5098.6098.8599.0599.1099.2599.3572.10HaryanaRajasthanPunjabHimachal PradeshGujaratMadhya PradeshUttar PradeshNCT New DelhiUttarakhandMaharashtraKarnatakaJammu and KashmirChhattisg

92、arhBiharTelanganaSikkimAndhra PradeshJharkhandTamil NaduOdishaGoaMizoramKeralaMeghalayaWest BengalNagalandArunachal PradeshAssamManipurTripuraIndia2005200620152016 20192021Sources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 243.3.1.Variation in fish consumption by state Le

93、d by Jammu and Kashmir,there was a remarkable increase in the proportion of people eating fish in every state over the three surveys(Figure 16).The only exception was Punjab,where there was a decline in consumption.3.3.2.Frequency of fish consumption by stateFish consumption varied across the states

94、(Figure 17).In the northern and central regions of India,where the percentage of people eating fish is lower than the national average of 72%,less than a quarter of the people ate fish at least once a week.However,in the northeastern and eastern regions of the country,as well as in the coastal state

95、s of Goa,Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu and Kerala,where the percentage of fish consumers is greater than 90%,the proportion of people who ate fish at least once a week was more than 40%.It is worth noting that only a few states had a considerable proportion of their population who ate fish daily,such as

96、 Kerala,Goa,West Bengal,Manipur,Assam and Tripura.Figure 16.Change in fish consumption by state(percentage points)from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021.(3.90)0.450.500.500.700.851.151.201.551.651.802.152.452.602.703.204.505.155.505.656.156.706.907.558.458.6510.1515.0020.906.10PunjabTripuraOdishaNagalandManipu

97、rMeghalayaWest BengalMadhya PradeshAssamMizoramKeralaGoaHaryanaUttar PradeshRajasthanJharkhandMaharashtraBiharUttarakhandChhattisgarhHimachal PradeshSikkimGujaratAndhra PradeshNCT New DelhiTamil NaduKarnatakaArunachal PradeshJammu and KashmirIndiaSources:IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021).Fish consumption in

98、India:Patterns and trends 25Figure 17.Frequency of fish consumption by state(%of population).7.0511.4015.0015.2019.2022.1524.1525.2033.0534.1034.1534.6534.8037.5038.3540.2542.5046.6553.3554.2554.5555.9558.2065.2565.7566.8069.0069.000.450.501.600.900.850.951.351.501.350.9053.506.355.3536.2011.5013.10

99、14.5016.4019.0530.0525.3546.7030.8035.2532.2562.8055.0550.6535.1532.009.1531.3548.4556.7052.4554.9032.9036.8037.9529.353.3032.2029.6011.0026.0518.8017.0500708090100HaryanaRajasthanPunjabHimachal PradeshGujaratUttarakhandMadhya PradeshUttar PradeshNCT New DelhiTelanganaJammu and KashmirChh

100、attisgarhKarnatakaMaharashtraKeralaIndiaBiharMizoramJharkhandNagalandManipurAndhra PradeshMeghalayaSikkimGoaTamil NaduArunachal PradeshWest BengalOdishaTripuraAssamWeeklyDaily Occassionally7.005.850.305.400.654.452.855.951.451.950.951.4019.701.453.704.2021.901.90Source:IIPS(2021).Fish consumption in

101、 India:Patterns and trends 26Figure 18.Fish consumption landscape in India.Weekly fish-consuming population(%)2.230.5258.85Occassionally fish-consuming population(%)4.7541.5578.350.0533.2766.518.158.598.9Fish-consuming population(%)NFHS3(20052006)NFHS4(20152016)NFHS5(20192021)9.9254.9199.910.0947.24

102、94.391.6134.1766.741.0338.7976.550.4945.8391.186.6235.7970.572.5532.8663.1827.2763.64100.00Daily fish-consuming population(%)Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 273.3.3.Gendered differences in fish consumption by stateAs the proportion of people eating fish increased overall in India,the c

103、ountrys gender gap for fish consumption closed.In states where 90%of the population ate fish,the gap between male and female fish consumers was lower(Figures 19 and 20).This trend was particularly acute in the northeastern states and in states like West Bengal,Jharkhand,Odisha,Tamil Nadu,Kerala,Andh

104、ra Pradesh and Goa.In states where less than 90%of the population ate fish,the gender gap was higher.This pattern was specifically seen in Bihar,Telangana,Karnataka,Maharashtra and Gujarat,as well as the northern and central states.Figure 19.Gender gap in fish consumption by state(%).65.6098.9099.10

105、98.3098.7098.8097.7098.2096.1097.3091.7093.2092.2096.0089.2084.2088.6084.8073.4079.4068.8062.5056.3047.8049.8038.1030.2033.2013.6013.0018.5078.6099.6099.6099.4099.4099.4099.3099.0097.8097.4096.5096.3094.9094.9094.0092.5090.0089.9089.8089.8078.5075.5068.9063.6061.0055.7045.1043.6039.3028.1026.50India

106、ManipurTripuraNagalandArunachal PradeshAssamMeghalayaWest BengalMizoramKeralaTamil NaduOdishaJharkhandGoaAndhra PradeshTelanganaSikkimBiharJammu and KashmirChhattishgarhKarnatakaMaharashtraUttarakhandNCT New DelhiUttar PradeshMadhya PradeshHimachal PradeshGujaratPunjabHaryanaRajasthanWomenMenSource:

107、IIPS(2021).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 283.3.4.Gap in consumption of fish vs.other non-vegetarian foods7The gap in the percentage of people eating fish compared to other non-vegetarian food was smaller in states where the proportion of the population consuming fish was higher than

108、80%(Figure 21).This gap was less than 2 percentage points in the northeastern and eastern states,as well as Goa and Kerala(Figure 22).In Jammu and Kashmir,Andhra Pradesh and Telangana,however,the gap ranged from 5 to 7 percentage points.The gap was even higher among the rest of the states,in norther

109、n,central and western India,including Karnataka,where the proportion of people eating fish was lower and so the gap between the two groups of consumers was larger.Figure 20.Gender difference in fish consumption by state(percentage points).0.700.501.100.700.601.600.801.700.104.803.102.70(1.10)4.808.3

110、01.405.1016.4010.4013.009.7013.0012.6015.8011.2017.6014.9010.4025.7015.108.00(5.00)05.0010.0015.0020.0025.0030.00020.0040.0060.0080.00100.00120.00WomenMen GapManipurTripuraNagalandArunachal PradeshAssamMeghalayaWest BengalMizoramKeralaTamil NaduOdishaJharkhandGoaAndhra PradeshTelanganaSikkimBiharJam

111、mu and KashmirChhattishgarhIndiaKarnatakaMaharashtraUttarakhandNCT New DelhiUttar PradeshMadhya PradeshHimachal PradeshGujaratPunjabHaryanaRajasthanSource:IIPS(2021).Figure 21.Gap in consumption of fish and non-vegetarian foods,excluding eggs(%of population).72.1099.3599.1099.2599.0598.6095.4598.509

112、8.8594.7597.3593.5584.6087.3589.3094.1096.9555.4046.9091.6081.6038.4088.3573.6569.0022.5020.5562.6055.7026.4537.6577.0099.5599.4599.7099.7099.2596.2099.4599.8595.8598.4594.8086.1088.9590.9596.6099.7559.8051.4096.2088.0544.9095.8581.5077.5031.3032.1074.7568.4044.6056.5000708090100IndiaTrip

113、uraAssamManipurArunachal PradeshWest BengalGoaMeghalayaNagalandOdishaKeralaJharkhandChhattisgarhBiharSikkimTamil NaduMizoramUttar PradeshMadhya PradeshAndhra PradeshJammu and KashmirGujaratTelanganaKarnatakaMaharashtraRajasthanHaryanaUttarakhandNCT New DelhiPunjabHimachal PradeshFishNon-vegeterian e

114、xcluding eggsSource:IIPS(2021).7Theanalysisexcluded“egg”consumption.Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 29Figure 22.Gap between non-vegetarian and fish consumers(percentage points).4.9018.8518.1512.7012.1511.558.808.507.857.506.506.454.604.504.402.802.501.651.601.501.251.101.101.000.950.75

115、0.650.650.450.350.20IndiaHimachal PradeshPunjabNCT New DelhiUttarakhandHaryanaRajasthanMaharashtraKarnatakaTelanganaGujaratJammu and KashmirAndhra PradeshMadhya PradeshUttar PradeshMizoramTamil NaduSikkimBiharChhattisgarhJharkhandKeralaOdishaNagalandMeghalayaGoaWest BengalArunachal PradeshManipurAss

116、amTripuraSource:IIPS(2021).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 30Table 1.Fish production and exports in India(million metric tons).2005200620152016 20192020PurposeUseInlandMarineTotal%InlandMarineTotal%InlandMarineTotal%DomesticFood3.541 1.874 5.415 82.366.665 2.612 9.277 86.209.680 2.168

117、11.848 83.65Non-food-0.445 4.45 6.77-0.211 0.211 1.96-0.190 0.190 1.34Sub-total3.541 2.319 5.860 89.136.665 2.823 9.488 88.169.680 2.357 12.038 84.99ExportFood0.186 0.433 0.619 9.420.497 0.625 1.122 10.430.757 1.179 1.936 13.67Non-food-0.095 0.095 1.45-0.152 0.152 1.41-0.190 0.190 1.34Sub-total0.186

118、 0.528 0.714 10.870.497 0.777 1.274 11.840.757 1.370 2.126 15.01TOTAL 3.727 2.847 6.574 7.162 3.600 10.762 10.437 3.727 14.164 Sources:GOI(2009,2019 and 2020b).Note:The authors analyzed the raw data from these sources to derive the pre-processing weight of various processed items based on certain pr

119、esumptions.Table 2.Per capita fish consumption in India.YearTotal population*(billion)Total fish production*(million metric tons)Domestic fish consumption from domestic production(million metric tons)Domestic fish consumption from imports,at pre-processing weight(t)Total fish consumed(million metric

120、 tons)Annual per capita fish consumption(kg)200520061.1076.5775.41514,0005.4284.9201520161.28310.7629.27752,0009.3287.27201920201.34114.16411.84876,00011.9248.89 Sources:RBI(2023)*;GOI(2009,2019 and 2020b)*Note:The authors analyzed the raw data from these sources to derive the pre-processing weight

121、of various processed items based on certain presumptions.Table 3.Per capita fish consumption among people eating fish in India.YearTotal population*(billion)Fish-consuming population(%)*Fish-consuming population(million)Total fish consumed in domestic market(million metric tons)*Annual per capita fi

122、sh consumption among fish-consuming population(kg)200520061.10766%730.65.4287.43201520161.28368.8%882.79.32810.57201920201.34172.1%966.911.92412.33Sources:RBI(2023)*;IIPS(2007,2017 and 2021)*;GOI(2009,2019 and 2020b)*Note:The authors analyzed the raw data from these sources to derive the pre-process

123、ing weight of various processed items based on certain presumptions.The finding of this analysis suggests that lower levels of fish consumption among non-vegetarian populations could be a result of lower availability,accessibility and preference for fish.3.4.Fish production and per capita fish consu

124、mption in India 3.4.1.Domestic fish dispositionDuring the three surveys under consideration,fish production in India experienced a remarkable surge of 115%(5.63%CAGR),from 6.577 million metric tons to 14.164 million metric tons(Table 1).This implies that an additional 7.587 million metric tons of fi

125、sh were added to the Indian fish basket over that period.Of total fish production,most of it was used for domestic consumption,and the rest for non-food purposes and exports,which saw a slight increase.Regarding imports,there was a significant increase for every survey in the quantity of imported fi

126、sh and fishery products from the international market for consumption.Fish imports into India registered a CAGR of 12.84%.Over the three surveys,the volume of imported unprocessed whole round fish and fishery products rose from approximately 14,000 t,to 52,000 and finally to 76,000 t.Overall,there w

127、as a massive 120%jump in fish consumption by Indias population.This increased consumption is attributable to both domestic production and imports.Specifically,the amount of fish consumed in the domestic market increased from 5.428 million metric tons to 11.924 million metric tons,registering a CAGR

128、of 5.78%,with an additional 6.496 million metric tons of fish consumption in NFHS-5.3.4.2.Per capita fish consumption in IndiaAnnual per capita fish consumption rose from 4.9 kg in 2005 to 8.89 kg in 2020(Figure 23).Over the three surveys,the population of India increased by 23 billion people,at a C

129、AGR of 1.29%,from 1.11 billion to 1.34 billion(RBI 2022).Over that time,annual per capita fish consumption increased 81.43%,revealing the growing demand for fish in the country,including among those who were already eating fish(Table 2).When considering the fish-consuming population alone,per capita

130、 annual fish consumption increased from 7.43 kg in 20052006 to 12.33 kg in 20192021 with a CAGR of 3.43%(Table 3).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 31Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 32Box 2.The Indian economy at a glance.Over the three surveys,Indias per capita GDP(at const

131、ant prices)doubled from INR 53,478 to INR 108,645,and its PFCE tripled from INR 18,584 to INR 61,594(Table 4).According to the Economic Survey 2022-23 published by the Ministry of Finance,Indias nominal GDP touched INR 273.09 trillion(USD 3.5 trillion)in the 20222023 financial year.As per the OECDs

132、baseline projections,India will reach USD 5,10,20 and 30 trillion GDP in MER terms by the 2027,2034,2043 and 2048 financial years,respectively.In the context of fish being an income-elastic commodity,growth in the GDP means more disposable income in the hands of people,giving rise to the growing dem

133、and for high value food commodities like fish.As such,it can be inferred that the future growth potential of the fisheries sector in India is tremendous.Table 4.Indian population and economy.Financial yearTotal population(billion)At constant 20112012 prices(INR)At current prices(INR)GDP per capitaNN

134、I*per capitaPFCEGDP per capitaNNI per capitaPFCE200520061.10753,478 48,387 18,584 32,841 29,169 15,422 201520161.28388,617 77,659 49,738 107,341 94,797 63,065 201920201.341108,645 94,566 61,594 149,701132,115 91,254 Source:RBI(2023).*NNI=Net national incomeFigure 23.Annual per capita fish consumptio

135、n in India(kg).4.907.278.897.4310.5712.3320052006 20020Among total populationAmong fish-consuming populationFish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 333.5.Fish consumption in India vs.other countriesAs per data from the Food and Agriculture Organization,global per capita fish consump

136、tion from 2005 to 2020 increased 3.54 kg or 21%(FAO 2022)(Figures 24 and 25).In India,although per capita consumption increased 60%,the CAGR was 4.05%,which was significantly higher than all Asian countries,except Indonesia.Interestingly,per capita fish consumption marginally decreased 1%in Malaysia

137、 and 16%in Thailand during the same period.As these countries are predominantly non-vegetarian,including fish and fishery products,it is possible that the frequency of fish consumption and quantity of fish consumed per meal is higher than for Indias population.According to the FAOSTAT Food Balance S

138、heet for the year 2020,the per capita fish food supply in India stood at 8.04 kg/capita/year,earning the country a global ranking of 129 among 183 nations.In the same year,India provided a daily protein intake of 2.44 g per capita through fish consumption,securing the 123th position worldwide in ter

139、ms of per capita protein supply.Remarkably,India emerged as a significant global contributor to protein through fish,supplying a substantial 1,241,327.09 tons in 2020.This impressive figure positioned India as the 3rd highest contributor globally,highlighting the countrys substantial role in meeting

140、 global protein demands through its fish production.Figure 24.Per capita fish consumption around the world(kg/year).16.71162.4390.7760.7354.6354.2453.852.3941.1234.833.7728.8827.6227.4827.4623.4121.6420.9818.6616.7215.2914.7711.18.386.024.9420.2587.384.346.6559.3654.6653.3350.5740.333.6428.4845.8539

141、.8446.6540.3322.4544.7118.1321.7628.5726.2725.86.686.528.067.890204060800WorldMaldivesIcelandJapanPortugalSouth KoreaMalaysiaNorwaySpainFranceThailandMyanmarVietnamCambodiaChinaUnited StatesIndonesiaUnited KingdomRussiaSri LankaBangladeshEgyptNigeriaSouth AfricaBrazilIndiaNote:

142、Data is inclusive of all fish species and major seafood commodities,including crustaceans,cephalopods and other mollusks.Data is based on per capita food supply at the consumer level but does not account for food waste at consumer level.Source:FAO.Figure 25.Change in frequency of per capita fish con

143、sumption around the world(percentage)from 2005 to 2020.21-2391-1-3-2-3-1659447047--40-223460-60-40-20020406080100120WorldMaldivesIcelandJapanPortugalSouth KoreaMalaysiaNorwaySpainFranceThailandVietnamCambodiaChinaUnited StatesIndonesiaUnited KingdomRussiaSri LankaBangladeshEgyptNigeri

144、aSouth AfricaBrazilIndiaMyanmar46-7Source:FAO(2022).Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 34Figure 26.Per capita fish food and protein supply:Global scenario in 2020.Per capita fish food supply(kg/capita/year)0.3644.4788.58Daily protein supply through fish consumption(g/capita/day)0.112.9952

145、5.89Total quantity of protein supplied through fish food(t)64.595282260.92Source:FAOSTAT Food Balance Sheet 2020 https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBSFish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 353.6.Fish consumption by income groupThe World Bank classifies nations into four income groups based

146、on their gross national income(GNI)per capita for the fiscal year 20208:1.low income:USD 1035 or less2.lower-middle income:USD 1036 to 40453.upper-middle income:USD 4046 to 12,5354.high income:USD 12,536 or more.As of July 2020,India fell into the lower-middle income category,with a GNI per capita o

147、f USD 1890.Remarkably,average per capita fish consumption exceeded the global average of 20.25 kg for only the higher income(26.93 kg)and upper-middle income(28.47 kg)countries(Figure 27).Intriguingly,per capita fish consumption declined 8%in high-income countries,but increased in the other income c

148、ategories,with a 35%rise in upper-middle income countries,a 45%surge in lower-middle income countries,and a 14%growth in low-income countries(Figure 28).India outperformed many lower-middle income countries when it came to changes in per capita fish consumption over that time,experiencing a substant

149、ial 60%increase compared Figure 27.Per capita fish consumption by income group(kg/year).16.7129.2421.0810.294.639.746.29.553.1613.1922.4220.2526.9328.4714.945.2612.249.929.554.812.6523.60 55World2005 2020HighincomecountriesUpper-middleincomecountriesLower-middleincomecountriesLowincomecou

150、ntriesLeastdevelopedcountriesLowincomefood deficitcountriesNet foodimportingdevelopingcountriesLand lockeddevelopingcountriesSmallIslandDevelopingStatesEuropeanUnionSource:FAO(2022).Figure 28.Change in frequency of per capita fish consumption by income group(percentage)from 2005 to 2020.21-835451426

151、602752-45-20-506070WorldHighincomecountriesUpper-middleincomecountriesLower-middleincomecountriesLowincomecountriesLeastdevelopedcountriesLowincomefood deficitcountriesNet foodimportingdevelopingcountriesLand lockeddevelopingcountriesSmallIslandDevelopingStatesEuropeanUnionSource:FAO(2022

152、).8 https:/blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2021-2022 Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 36Table 5.Link between the projected Indian population and future fish demand in three per capita fish consumption growth rate scenarios.YearPopulation(

153、billion)Estimates for the actual case scenario(considering the constant arithmetic growth rate in India from 2005 to 2020)Estimates for the average case scenario pegged at a yearly growth of 780 g of per capita fish consumption considering the average growth in Bangladesh,Sri Lanka,China and Egypt f

154、rom 2005 to 2020Estimates for the case scenario pegged at a yearly growth of 1.2 kg of per capita fish consumption considering the average growth in Cambodia and Myanmar from 2005 to 2020Estimated annual per capita fish consumption(kg)as per the annual per capita growth rate of 1.53 kg observed over

155、 the three surveysEstimated fish consumption(million metric tons)as per the annual growth rate of 4.33 million metric tons observed over the three surveysAdditional fish required for domestic consumption from 20192021(million metric tons)Estimated annual per capita fish consumption(kg)Estimated fish

156、 consumption in the domestic market(million metric tons)Additional fish required for domestic consumption from 20192021(million metric tons)Estimated annual per capita fish consumption(kg)Estimated fish consumption in the domestic market(million metric tons)Additional fish required for domestic cons

157、umption from 20192021(million metric tons)200520061.114.95.4-4.95.4-4.95.4-201920211.348.8911.9Base year8.8911.9Base year8.8911.9Base year202920301.5*11.2816.9515.9123.91219.7329.617.7203920401.61*13.9422.410.523.7138.226.331.695139.1204720481.65*16.0726.514.629.9549.237.541.2968.156.2*Estimates fro

158、m the UN Population Division Data Portal.Our own projected estimates are based on an arithmetic average growth formula(Pt=P0+KtPt=P0+Kt),where dP/dt=Constant=kdP/dt=Constant=k arrived from the rate of change from 2005 to 2020.to the average 45%increase for that income category.Nevertheless,Indias pe

159、r capita fish consumption in 2020 stood at 7.89 kg(GOI 2022),nearly half that of low income countries(14.94 kg).This highlights Indias significant potential to bridge the gap and catch up with other low income countries in terms of per capita fish consumption.3.7.Future of fish consumption and fish

160、demand in India Over the three surveys under consideration for this study,the growth rate of per capita fish consumption within India increased.Based on the average arithmetic growth rate achieved and maintaining the same rate over next 25 years,both fish consumption and per capita fish consumption

161、in India are expected to continue to increase right up to 2048,the centenary year of the countrys independence(Table 5).This means an additional 5 million metric tons will be needed to meet the domestic fish demand by 20292030,10.5 million metric tons by 20392040 and 14.6 million metric tons by 2047

162、2048(Figure 29).This rate of growth and these production targets are,however,not satisfiable for India to excel in production and consumption.In this regard,a better consumption and production target is the most pressing need,complemented with required policy changes and support interventions.Some c

163、ountries are expected to achieve a much higher growth rate during the same time period.India should benchmark those countries to enhance its growth rate so that the per capita consumption and production situations improve.In this case,we postulated two case scenarios:an 11.68%average growth rate for

164、 Bangladesh,Egypt,Sri Lanka and China,and an 18.07%average growth rate for Cambodia and Myanmar.If India is able to maintain the growth rate of the countries in the first scenario,along with its future growth of population as projected by the UN,the country will reach per capita consumption levels o

165、f 15.91 kg by 20292030,23.71 kg by 20392040 and 29.95 kg by 20472048(Figure 30).This will further make the country surmount a production of 23.9,38.2 and 49.2 million metric tons,respectively,during those three projection periods.In the second scenario,if India champions to change its policy and is

166、able to achieve the same pace of growth as Cambodia and Myanmar,it will reach a per capita consumption level of 19.73 kg in 20292030 compared to 8.89 kg during the same period if it maintains the current growth level.Although this is a lofty target,the concerned countries have demonstrated their abi

167、lity to achieve such milestones.This also indicates that India is left with enough scope for intervention in the fisheries subsector and support for its population partly in achieving nutritional security in the coming years by augmenting production and consumption(Table 5).Additionally,this kind of

168、 rapid increase in demand for fish in the domestic market will not only see a spike in aquaculture production in India but would also fuel a considerable growth in fish imports from international markets in the near future.Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 37Figure 29.Estimated fish dema

169、nd in the domestic market for human consumption in different growth scenarios.16.922.426.523.938.249.229.65168.06070802005200620192021 202920302039204020472048Million metric tonsActual case scenarioModerate growth scenario High growth scenario11.95.4Note:The forecasting of domestic fish c

170、onsumption growth is computed based on the average growth rate of per capita fish consumption in India from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021 and the corresponding projected population for India by the UN.Figure 30.Estimated annual per capita fish consumption(kg)in different growth scenarios.4.98.8911.2813.941

171、6.074.98.8915.9123.7129.954.98.8919.7331.6941.29055404520052006200302039204020472048Per capita fish consumption(kg)Actual case scenarioModerate growth scenarioHigh growth scenario Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 38Fish consumption in India:Patterns and trends 39Co

172、nclusionIndia,a megadiverse nation that spans the towering Himalayas to lush coastal plains,the vast Peninsular Plateau to the arid Thar Desert,displays a multifaceted fish consumption pattern with a varying degree of heterogeneity.This pattern,influenced by geography,climate,culture,religion and ho

173、usehold customs,presents a complex interplay of factors shaping consumer choices,behaviors,and the availability and accessibility of fish.In this monograph,we have provided an encompassing overview of the dynamics of fish consumption in India and its spatiotemporal variations within the countrys pol

174、itical boundaries.The study unveils significant growth in fish consumption in India,propelled by population expansion,rising affluence and evolving dietary preferences.Despite the impressive contributions to global fisheries and aquaculture,per capita fish consumption in India tends to be lower when

175、 compared to other countries in the lower-middle income bracket.These findings underscore the potential for further growth in fish consumption and illuminate regional disparities,offering valuable insights for crafting informed policy and intervention strategies.Notably,there exists an opportunity t

176、o promote fish consumption among non-vegetarians,as fish currently lags behind other non-vegetarian food choices in popularity.The data collection associated with fisheries and aquatic foods often reveals a disconcerting degree of fragmentation and disjointedness.Notably,discrepancies emerge between

177、 the data gathered by Indian government agencies and the information presented by global organizations.This disjointedness and fragmentation introduce anomalies,hindering precise calculations and a nuanced comprehension of per capita fish consumption and daily protein intake from aquatic foods.It is

178、 crucial to address these gaps by prioritizing Indian nationally representative surveys that encompass aspects such as human foods,livelihoods,economy,and health.Considering that 72%of Indias population partakes in fish consumption,adopting a holistic approach during disaggregated data collection is

179、 imperative.Providing paramount importance to fish and other aquatic food sources within such surveys can substantially aid scientists and policymakers in refining strategies and crafting more effective policies.Recognizing the existing data gaps and fragmented information within Indias aquatic food

180、 value chain,more meticulous research is required to comprehensively understand the relationship between fish consumption and various sociodemographic and economic indicators at the household level.This research will be instrumental in developing well-informed policies and fostering a more robust un

181、derstanding of this pivotal facet of Indias dietary landscape.In light of the persistent challenge of undernutrition in India,it is important to acknowledge the pivotal role that fish plays as a highly nutritious food.Consequently,public health and nutrition policies in India should,where applicable

182、,integrate fish consumption as a strategic component to combat undernutrition.Addressing these multifaceted and interconnected issues necessitates the implementation of holistic and adaptable approaches to upgrade the value chains,ensuring the social,economic and environmental sustainability of aqua

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194、nd water systems in a climate crisis.Its research is carried out by 13 CGIAR Centers/Alliances in close collaboration with hundreds of partners,including national and regional research institutes,civil society organizations,academia,development organizations and the private sector.www.cgiar.org We w

195、ould like to thank all funders who support this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund:www.cgiar.org/funders To learn more about this Initiative,please visit www.cgiar.org/initiative/aquatic-foods/To learn more about this and other Initiatives in the CGIAR Research Portfolio,please visit www.cgiar.org/cgiar-portfolio 2024 CGIAR System Organization.Some rights reserved.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International Licence(CCBY-NC4.0).|