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1、Optimism amid instability The Global Liveability Index 2023LONDON Economist Intelligence The Adelphi1-11 John Adam Street,London,WC2N 6HT United Kingdom Tel:+44(0)20 7576 8000 e-mail: GURUGRAM Economist Intelligence TEG India Pvt LtdSkootr Spaces,Unit No.1,12th Floor,Tower B,Building No.9DLF Cyber C
2、ity,Phase IIIGurugram 122002Haryana,IndiaTel:+91 124 6409486 e-mail:NEW YORK Economist Intelligence 900 Third Avenue16th FloorNew York,NY 10022United StatesTel:+1 212 541 0500e-mail:DUBAI Economist Intelligence PO Box No-450056,Office No-1301A Aurora Tower Dubai Media City Dubai,United Arab Emirates
3、 Tel:+971 4 4463 147 e-mail: HONG KONG Economist Intelligence 1301 Cityplaza Four 12 Taikoo Wan Road Taikoo Shing,Hong Kong Tel:+852 2585 3888 e-mail:Contact usFor more information on our solutions and how they can help your organisation,please visit .The world leader in global business intelligence
4、EIU offers deep insight and analysis of the economic and political developments in the increasingly complex global environment;identifying opportunities,trends,and risks on a global and national scale.Formed in 1946,with more than 70 years of experience,it is ideally positioned to be a commentator,i
5、nterpreter and forecaster on the phenomenon of globalisation as it gathers pace,enabling businesses,financial firms,educational institutions and governments to plan effectively for uncertain futures.Actionable insight to win in the worlds marketsThe worlds leading organisations rely on our subscript
6、ion services for data,analysis and forecasts that keep them informed about emerging issues around the world.We specialise in:Country analysisaccess detailed country-specific economic and political forecasts,as well as assessments of the business environments in different markets with EIU Viewpoint.R
7、isk analysisour risk services identify actual and potential threats around the world to help our clients understand the implications for their organisations.Available products:Financial Risk and Operational Risk.Industry analysisfive-year forecasts,analysis of key themes and news analysis for six ke
8、y industries in 60 major economies.These forecasts are based on the latest data and in-depth analysis of industry trends,available via EIU Viewpoint.Speaker Bureaubook the experts behind the award-winning economic and political forecasts.Our team is available for presentations and panel moderation a
9、s well as boardroom briefings covering their specialisms.Explore Speaker Bureau for more speaker information.THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2023OPTIMISM AMID INSTABILITY The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20231 EIUs Liveability Index has risen significantly in the 2023 survey,reaching a 15-year h
10、igh as the world moves on from the covid-19 pandemic and healthcare and education scores improve in many cities in Asia and the Middle East and Africa.However,scores for stability have slipped backwards since last year,amid several instances of civil unrest around the world.Vienna(Austria)tops the r
11、ankings for 2023,owing to its winning combination of stability,good culture and entertainment,reliable infrastructure,and exemplary education and health services.It has occupied this position regularly over the past several years,with only the covid-19 pandemic causing the city to vacate its place a
12、t the top spot.Copenhagen(Denmark)takes second place,while a shift towards normality after the pandemic has helped the Australian cities of Melbourne and Sydney to bounce back up the rankings to third and fourth place,following a sharp tumble in 2022.Three cities in Canada,two in Switzerland,and two
13、 in Asia(a New Zealand and a Japanese city are joint tenth)make up the rest of the top ten positions.Asia-Pacific cities have made some of the biggest gains,accounting for eight of top ten movers up the rankings as economies recover from the pandemic.Wellington(New Zealand)has soared by 35 places to
14、 23rd place,Auckland(New Zealand)by 25,while Hanoi(Vietnam)has moved up 20 spots,as their covid restrictions were lifted.Western European cities have slipped down the rankings in the 2023 survey.Increased instances of workers strikes and civil unrest have hurt their stability ratings and they have f
15、ailed to match gains made by cities in Asia and the Middle East.Kyiv is back in our survey,having been forced out by Russias invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.However,the city ranks a lowly 165th out of the 173 cities in our survey,with its stability and infrastructure damaged by the war.Moscow(R
16、ussia),which fell to 96th place in 2022,has remained stable this year.Damascus(Syria)and Tripoli(Libya)are still at the bottom of the list,held back by social unrest,terrorism and conflict.However,while Damascus has seen no improvement since last year,scores for Tripoli and other cities in the botto
17、m ten have improved as the pandemic has receded.The findings of the latest liveability survey:optimism amid instabilityTHE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2023OPTIMISM AMID INSTABILITY The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20232Top 10 positionsCityLocationRankIndexStability HealthcareCulture&environmentE
18、ducationInfrastructureViennaAustria198.4100.0100.093.5100.0100.0CopenhagenDenmark298.0100.095.895.4100.0100.0MelbourneAustralia397.795.0100.095.8100.0100.0SydneyAustralia497.495.0100.094.4100.0100.0VancouverCanada597.395.0100.097.2100.096.4ZurichSwitzerland697.195.0100.096.3100.096.4CalgaryCanada796
19、.8100.0100.087.3100.0100.0GenevaSwitzerland796.895.0100.094.9100.096.4TorontoCanada996.5100.0100.094.4100.089.3OsakaJapan1096.0100.0100.086.8100.096.4AucklandNew Zealand1096.095.095.897.9100.092.9Source:EIU.OverviewA shift back towards normality after the covid-19 pandemic and incremental improvemen
20、ts in liveability made by many developing countries have been the biggest drivers of changes in EIUs global liveability rankings.With covid restrictions diminished,the 2023 survey(conducted between February 13th and March 12th)shows a noticeable improvement across the world.The average index score a
21、cross all 172 cities(excluding Kyiv)in our survey has now reached 76.2 out of 100,up from 73.2 a year ago.This is the highest score in 15 years for the original comparable list of 140 cities.Healthcare scores have improved the most,with smaller gains for education,culture and environment,and infrast
22、ructure.Only stability has seen a small decline,reflecting increasing perceptions of corruption and civil unrest in many cities amid a cost-of-living crisis,as well as an uptick in crime in some cities.This return to relative normality means that frequent winner Vienna retains its position as the wo
23、rlds most liveable city in the 2023 survey.The Austrian capital slipped down our rankings in 2021,when its famous museums and restaurants faced restrictions to contain the pandemic,but this was a rare slip-up for a city that has now ranked top in eight of the past ten six-monthly surveys.The city co
24、ntinues to offer an unsurpassed combination of stability,good infrastructure,strong education and healthcare services,and plenty of culture and entertainment,with one of its few downsides being a relative lack of major sporting events.The same is true of Copenhagen,another frequent high performer th
25、at has kept its position in second place from last year.Melbourne and Sydney have moved up to fill spots claimed last year by western European cities such as Frankfurt and Amsterdam.The Australian cities,which bounced up and down the rankings during the pandemic,are now in third and fourth place.The
26、y have seen their scores in the healthcare category improve since last year,when they were still affected by covid waves that stressed their healthcare systems.Further down the top ten,in the Swiss cities of Zurich(6th place)and Geneva(joint 7th),education category scores have risen since last year.
27、In the Canadian cities of Vancouver(5th),Calgary(joint 7th)and Toronto(9th),scores for stability are up compared with last year,when these cities were impacted by anti-vaccine protests.The end of covid-related restrictions has given a small boost to the culture and environment ratings of the Japanes
28、e city of Osaka(10th).THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2023OPTIMISM AMID INSTABILITY The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20233Bottom 10 positionsCityLocationRankIndex Stability HealthcareCulture&environmentEducation InfrastructureDoualaCameroon16446.460.029.251.241.742.9KyivUkraine16544.040.041.754.
29、275.023.2HarareZimbabwe16643.840.029.256.766.735.7DhakaBangladesh16643.850.041.740.575.026.8Port MoresbyPapua New Guinea16843.430.041.749.858.346.4KarachiPakistan16942.520.050.038.775.051.8LagosNigeria17042.225.037.554.441.753.6AlgiersAlgeria17142.035.050.045.458.330.4TripoliLibya17240.130.045.837.5
30、58.341.1DamascusSyria17330.720.029.240.533.332.1Source:EIU.Even at the bottom of our rankings,cities such as Lagos(Nigeria)and Algiers(Algeria)have gained ground,with some improvements in their healthcare and education systems.Both are in countries that are energy exporters and have to some extent b
31、enefited from higher global oil and gas prices.Although corruption continues to be an issue,some additional public funding has been made available for infrastructure and public services,which have also benefited from the decline in covid cases.However,war-ravaged Damascus(Syria),the lowest-ranked ci
32、ty in our survey,has seen no improvement in its liveability scores despite the regional political comeback of its president,Bashar al-Assad.Contrary to these improvements,the war in Ukraine and the resulting economic and political disruption are affecting liveability in many European cities.Unsurpri
33、singly,this is most noticeable in Ukraines capital,Kyiv,which re-joins the survey this year(we were forced to exclude it following Russias invasion in 2022).However,the citys score has fallen by 5.9 percentage points since 2021 owing to the damage the war has done to its stability,infrastructure and
34、 general liveability.It has now become one of the bottom ten cities in our liveability index.THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2023OPTIMISM AMID INSTABILITY The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20234Biggest movers up the ranking in the past 12 monthsCityLocationRankIndexRank moveIndex moveWellingtonNe
35、w Zealand2393.7358.0AucklandNew Zealand1096.0256.8PerthAustralia1295.9215.9BucharestRomania9973.7218.7HanoiVietnam12963.0209.9AdelaideAustralia1295.9195.2Kuala LumpurMalaysia9474.3196.8JakartaIndonesia13960.4149.3StuttgartGermany2593.4134.6Hong KongHong Kong6188.1139.4Source:EIU.Biggest movers down
36、the ranking in the past 12 monthsCityLocationRankIndexRank moveIndex moveEdinburghUK5888.5-23-0.7StockholmSweden4390.8-22-2.5Los AngelesUS5788.6-170.0San DiegoUS6188.1-170.0ManchesterUK4490.6-16-0.7RotterdamNetherlands4490.6-16-0.7SaipanNorthern Mariana Islands8378.2-13-2.5TashkentUzbekistan15753.9-
37、13-0.8LyonFrance3791.3-12-1.2LondonUK 4690.5-120.6Kyiv(Ukraine)not included in rank movements.Source:EIU.European cities dominate the list of the top ten fallers down the rankings,which also includes two US citiesSan Diego and Los Angeles.Edinburgh(UK),which entered our liveability survey for the fi
38、rst time in 2022 in a respectable 35th position,has now tumbled to 58th.Other UK cities have done poorly in the rankings this year,too,with Manchester down by 16 places and London down by 12.None of these cities has seen a particularly sharp decline in their index scores,but they have failed to make
39、 the gains that many other citiesparticularly those in Asiahave made in the past year.Liveability improves in every region(average index score out of 100*)Source:EIU.20222023020406080100Western EuropeNorth AmericaAsia-PacificEastern EuropeLatin AmericaMiddle East andNorth AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaWor
40、ld92.391.490.688.473.569.172.969.067.264.961.458.153.849.976.273.2*The scores do not include Kyiv(Ukraine)THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2023OPTIMISM AMID INSTABILITY The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20235However,all regions have benefited from the increase in average scores,even western Europe
41、(see chart above).The Asia-Pacific region,which has done away with the last of its covid restrictions,leads the gains.While Melbourne and Sydney have re-joined the top ten most liveable cities,the biggest climber is the New Zealand city of Wellington,which has leapt a remarkable 35 places in our sur
42、vey,to 23rd position.The second biggest climber is nearby Auckland,while the third is Perth,in Australia.In all,eight of the top ten climbers in our rankings are from the Asia-Pacific region,with cities such as Hanoi(Vietnam)and Kuala Lumpur(Malaysia)also bouncing upwards.The biggest two non-Asian c
43、limbers are Romanias capital,Bucharest,and Stuttgart in Germany,which both saw improvements in the healthcare category following the removal of their last covid-related restrictions.Our survey now covers 173 cities(including Kyiv),after we expanded our coverage from 140 cities in 2022.Many of the ne
44、wer cities are in China,and these now dominate the middle of our rankings.Their liveability scores have moved up in categories like healthcare,helped by attempts at equitable healthcare reforms.Many cities in the Middle East,which have benefited from the recent oil price rally,are also well-placed t
45、o pump extra funding into public services and infrastructure.In fact,several cities across the developing world have registered higher scores for healthcare and education owing to incremental structural improvements in the availability of physicians and hospital beds,and school completion rates,amon
46、g others.As the worlds political and economic axis continues to shift eastwards,we expect the cities in these regions to move slowly up our liveability rankings.Declines in stability are putting liveability at riskOf the five categories covered by our liveability index,only stability has seen a decl
47、ine in its ratings since last year.In many cities,such as Athens(Greece),stability scores have fallen this year because of greater civil unrest.Elsewhere,inflation,dissatisfaction with working conditions and occasional shortages of goods have sparked wage strikes and protests.In France,for example,p
48、rotests over pension reforms have dented its cities ranks.Other countries,from Israel and South Africa to Bangladesh and Peru,have also seen waves of protests fuelled by high petrol and food prices or allegations of government corruption.Despite such instances across many cities,the drop in our over
49、all stability ratings has been modest,as upward revisions in many eastern European cities(which were at increased threat of military conflict in 2022)and Canada(which faced anti-vaccine protests last year)have nearly offset declines elsewhere.Even so,we do not expect the bubbling anger to die down s
50、oon.Still-high global commodity prices,continued supply-chain disruptions,high food prices and currency weakness against the US dollar for some countries will continue to fuel discontent in 2023.Higher interest rates in the US and Europe have raised the risk of an increase in bankruptcies,bank failu
51、res and economic distress.Strains on public order and economic headwinds have also increased instances of crime in some cities,and these will continue to be a risk for the future.All of this suggests that stability scores in our Liveability Index are unlikely to recover quickly.THE GLOBAL LIVEABILIT
52、Y INDEX 2023OPTIMISM AMID INSTABILITY The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20236How does it work?The concept of liveability is simple:it assesses which locations around the world provide the best or worst living conditions.Assessing liveability has a broad range of uses,from benchmarking percepti
53、ons of development levels to assigning a hardship allowance as part of expatriate relocation packages.Our liveability rating quantifies the challenges that might be presented to an individuals lifestyle in any given location,and allows for direct comparison between locations.Every city is assigned a
54、 rating of relative comfort for over 30 qualitative and quantitative factors across five broad categories:stability,healthcare,culture and environment,education and infrastructure.Each factor in a city is rated as acceptable,tolerable,uncomfortable,undesirable or intolerable.For qualitative indicato
55、rs,a rating is awarded based on the judgement of in-house analysts and in-city contributors.For quantitative indicators,a rating is calculated based on the relative performance of a number of external data points.The covid-19 pandemic has affected living conditions in many cities,owing to its impact
56、 on the healthcare infrastructure and restrictions and lockdown measures imposed by governments,which have put the healthcare,culture and environment,and education categories under stress.The impact of the pandemic has been incorporated into our overall liveability score,with the introduction of new
57、 indicators to assess these stress and restriction levels for each city.Stress on healthcare resources Restrictions on local sporting events Restrictions on theatre Restrictions on classic and modern music concerts Restrictions on restaurants,bars,coffee shops and nightclubs Restrictions on educatio
58、nal institutes The scores for these new indicators and its effect are incorporated in our existing healthcare,culture and environment,and education ratings.The scores are then compiled and weighted to provide a score of 1-100,where 1 is considered intolerable and 100 is considered ideal.The liveabil
59、ity rating is provided both as an overall score and as a score for each category.To provide points of reference,the score is also given for each category relative to New York,and an overall position in the ranking of 173 cities is provided.The suggested liveability scale:Companies pay a premium(usua
60、lly a percentage of a salary)to employees who move to cities where living conditions are particularly difficult and there is excessive physical hardship or a notably unhealthy environment.About EIUs liveability surveyTHE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2023OPTIMISM AMID INSTABILITY The Economist Intelligen
61、ce Unit Limited 20237EIU has given a suggested allowance to correspond with the rating.However,the actual level of the allowance is often a matter of company policy.It is not uncommon,for example,for companies to pay higher allowancesperhaps up to double EIUs suggested level.How is the rating calcul
62、ated?The liveability score is reached through category weights,which are equally divided into relevant subcategories to ensure that the score covers as many indicators as possible.Indicators are scored as acceptable,tolerable,uncomfortable,undesirable or intolerable.These are then weighted to produc
63、e a rating,where 100 means that liveability in a city is ideal and 1 means that it is intolerable.For qualitative variables,an“EIU rating”is awarded based on the judgement of in-house expert country analysts and a field correspondent based in each city.For quantitative variables,a rating is calculat
64、ed based on the relative performance of a location using external data sources.Rating descriptionRatingDescriptionSuggested allowance(%)80-100There are few,if any,challenges to living standards070-80Day-to-day living is fine in general,but some aspects of life may entail problems560-70Negative facto
65、rs have an impact on day-to-day living1050-60Liveability is substantially constrained1550 or lessMost aspects of living are severely restricted20Category 1:Stability(weight:25%of total)IndicatorSourcePrevalence of petty crimeEIU ratingPrevalence of violent crimeEIU ratingThreat of terrorEIU ratingTh
66、reat of military conflictEIU ratingThreat of civil unrest/conflictEIU ratingCategory 2:Healthcare(weight:20%of total)IndicatorSourceAvailability of private healthcareEIU ratingQuality of private healthcareEIU ratingAvailability of public healthcareEIU ratingQuality of public healthcareEIU ratingAvai
67、lability of over-the-counter drugsEIU ratingGeneral healthcare indicatorsAdapted from World BankTHE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2023OPTIMISM AMID INSTABILITY The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20238Category 5:Infrastructure(weight:20%of total)IndicatorSourceQuality of road networkEIU ratingQuality
68、 of public transportEIU ratingQuality of international linksEIU ratingAvailability of good quality housingEIU ratingQuality of energy provisionEIU ratingQuality of water provisionEIU ratingQuality of telecommunicationsEIU ratingCategory 3:Culture&Environment(weight:25%of total)IndicatorSourceHumidit
69、y/temperature ratingAdapted from average weather conditionsDiscomfort of climate to travellersEIU ratingLevel of corruptionAdapted from Transparency InternationalSocial or religious restrictionsEIU ratingLevel of censorshipEIU ratingSporting availabilityEIU field rating of 3 sport indicatorsCultural
70、 availabilityEIU field rating of 4 cultural indicatorsFood&drinkEIU field rating of 3 cultural indicatorsConsumer goods&servicesEIU rating of product availabilityCategory 4:Education(weight:10%of total)IndicatorSourceAvailability of private educationEIU ratingQuality of private educationEIU ratingPu
71、blic education indicatorsAdapted from World Bank The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20239LIVEABILITY PRODUCTSLiveability Ranking and OverviewView EIUs complete liveability ranking and average scores for all 173 cities across five broad categories:stability,healthcare,culture and environment,edu
72、cation and infrastructure.Whats included?EIUs liveability rankings for 173 cities Summary of findings and a description of the methodology used Ranking position and overall liveability scores for all cities across each of the five categoriesFind out moreGlobal Liveability SurveyThe liveability surve
73、y quantifies the challenges that might be presented to an individuals lifestyle in 173 cities worldwide and provides a profile for each city.Appraise each city through its individual city profile and review regional trends.Whats included?EIUs liveability rankings for 173 cities Overall liveability s
74、cores for all cities across five broad categories:stability,healthcare,culture and environment,education and infrastructure Individual city profiles for each city within the surveyFind out moreGlobal Liveability MatrixOur complete dataset ranks the challenges to an individuals lifestyle in 173 citie
75、s worldwide.Build your own models and evaluate key trends that might affect the development of cities in the future.Whats included?EIUs liveability rankings for 173 cities Overall liveability scores for all cities across five broad categories:stability,healthcare,culture and environment,education an
76、d infrastructure Customisable dataset with city ratings across 30 qualitative and quantitative factorsFind out moreCopyright 2023 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.All rights reserved.Neither this publication nor any part of it may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in a
77、ny form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording or otherwise,without the prior permission of The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.While every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of this information,The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd.cannot accept any responsibility or liability for reliance by any person on this report or any of the information,opinions or conclusions set out in this report.