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1、1AcknowledgementsConstructing the Social Progress Index is a significant research effort whichinvolves months of desk research,data collection,cleaning,transformations,and calculations.This would not be possible without the leadership ofMichael Green and Luke Greeves,alongside the Board of Directors
2、,andsupport from all our colleagues.We would like to thank Balaaj Mustafa forhisresearchassistancesupport,Sophie Sutherland,and the entirecommunications team for their editorial support and ensuring a very smoothcommunications and design process.Suggested CitationIndexSocial Progress Imperative:2022
3、 Social Progress Index.Social ProgressImperative.Washington,DC.Available at:www.socialprogress.orgDataHarmacek,J.,Krylova,P.,Htitich,M.:2022 Social Progress Index Data.SocialProgress Imperative.Washington,DC.MethodologyStern,S.,Harmacek,J.,Krylova,P.&Htitich,M.:2022 Social Progress IndexMethodology
4、Summary.Social Progress Imperative.Washington,DC.Available at:www.socialprogress.org/global/methodologyFor methodological queries regarding the index,please contact JaromirHarmacek(jharmaceksocialprogress.org).For any other queries,pleasecontact Sophie Sutherland(ssutherlandsocialprogress.org)or vis
5、it ourwebsite www.socialprogress.org.12022 Social Progress Index Methodology ReportIntroduction3Social Progress Principles3Dimensions of Social Progress5Components of Social Progress6Indicator Selection6Indicator Transformations9A.Capped Indicators9B.Log-transformed Indicators10C.Calculation of pari
6、ty10D.Limiting volatility of survey indicators10Determining the Country Sample10Index Calculation11A.Missing Values11B.Standardization13C.Component Scores13D.Dimension Scores14E.Index Scores14F.World Score Calculation15Assessing Countries Relative Strengths and Weaknesses15Structural Integrity of th
7、e Social Progress Index16Year-to-Year Results Comparison17Limitations19Conclusion20Appendix A:Indicator Definitions and Sources21Appendix B:Indicator Boundaries29Appendix C:PCA-Derived Indicator Weights31Appendix D:Descriptive Statistics for 2022 Social Progress Index,Component,andDimension Scores33
8、Appendix E:Bibliography and Further Reading34Appendix F:Indicators Information Sheets352|socialprogress.org2IntroductionThe Social Progress Index is a well-established measure,published since 2013,that is meant tocatalyze improvement and drive action by presenting social outcome data in a useful and
9、 reliableway.Composed of multiple dimensions,the Social Progress Index can be used to benchmarksuccess and provide a holistic,transparent,outcome-based measure of a countrys wellbeing thatis independent of economic indicators.Policymakers,businesses,and countries citizens alikecan use it to compare
10、their country against others on different facets of social progress,allowingthe identification of specific areas of strength or weakness.The 2022 Social Progress Index ranks 169 countries on social progress.We combine 60 socialand environmental outcome indicators to calculate an overall score for th
11、ese countries,based ontiered levels of scoring that include measures in health,safety,education,technology,rights,andmore.We also consider the data of 27 additional countries,calculating component and dimensionscores when enough data are available.In all,the Social Progress Index measures at least s
12、omeaspects of social progress across more than 99.97%of the worlds population.This report describes the methodology used to calculate the Social Progress Index.We start bydescribing the principles that establish the conceptual architecture of the index and provide anoverview of the index framework.W
13、e then detail the steps taken to select data and calculate theindex.Finally,wediscussthemethodologybehindassessing countries strengths andweaknesses,relative to their economic prosperity.We conclude the report with limitations ofyear-to-year comparisons and information on future directions.Social Pr
14、ogress PrinciplesWe define social progress as the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of itscitizens,establish the building blocks that allow citizens and communities to enhance andsustain the quality of their lives,and create the conditions for all individuals to reach their fullpot
15、ential.This definition,established in consultation with a group of academic and policy experts,drives the framework of the Social Progress Index.It alludes to three broad elements of socialprogress,which we refer to as dimensions:Basic Human Needs,Foundations of Wellbeing,andOpportunity.Under each d
16、imension are four components whose underlying concepts relate andare guided by questions we seek to answer with available data(see Figure 1.)Each component isfurther defined by a set of outcome indicators that respond to the conceptual questions posed.3|socialprogress.org3Figure 1/Social Progress In
17、dex Component-Level FrameworkTogether,these interrelated elements combine to produce a given level of social progress.TheSocial Progress Index methodology allows measurement of each component and eachdimension,yielding an overall score and ranking.Our approach builds on a long line of work construct
18、ing country indexes to measure and assessvarious facets of economic and social performance.However,the Social Progress Index is distinctin its core methodological choices:A focus on non-economic dimensions of national performanceA measurement approach based on outcome indicators,rather than input me
19、asuresA holistic framework consisting of three broad dimensions of social progress,each ofwhich is the sum of four equally weighted componentsCalculation of each component as the weighted sum of a series of measures,with theweights determined through principal component analysisTheSocialProgressInde
20、xisexplicitlyfocusedonnon-economicaspectsofnationalperformance.Unlike most other national measurement efforts,we treat social progress as distinctthough associated with more traditional economic measures such as GDP per capita.In contrast,other indices such as the Human Development Index or OECD Bet
21、ter Life Index combineeconomic and social indicators.Our objective is to utilize a clear yet rigorous methodology thatisolates the non-economic dimensions of social performance.The Social Progress Index aims to be as outcome-based as possible.Both input andoutcome-based indexes can help countries be
22、nchmark their progress,but in very different ways.Input indexes measure a countrys policy choices or investments believed(or known)to lead toan important outcome,while outcome indexes directly measure the outcomes of these decisionsor investments.Input indexes also require a degree of consensus abou
23、t how inputs lead tooutcomes,as well as a process to calibrate the relative importance of different input factorsagainst outcome measures.In the field of social progress,this would mean a clear consensus and4|socialprogress.org4understanding of which inputs lead to better social outcomesa field of r
24、esearch that is stillgrowing and to which the Social Progress Index continues to contribute.When there are multiple output measures or a lack of consensus on all the inputs that matter,orwhen data related to inputs are highly incomplete,an outcome-oriented index may be moreappropriate(Fleurbaey and
25、Blanchet,2013).Following this logic,we designed the Social ProgressIndex as an outcome index.The Social Progress Index has been designed to aggregate andsynthesize multiple outcome measures in a conceptually consistent and transparent way that willalso be useful for decision-makers benchmarking prog
26、ress.The Social Progress Imperativecontinues to explore the role of input measures and policies in determining a countrysperformance.Dimensions of Social ProgressAt the topmost level of the framework,we synthesize three distinct though related questions that,taken together offer insight into the lev
27、el of social progress:1)Does a country provide for its peoples most essential needs?2)Are the building blocks in place for individuals and communities to enhance andsustain wellbeing?3)Is there opportunity for all individuals to reach their full potential?Each of these questions describes a dimensio
28、n of social progress,respectively:Basic HumanNeeds,Foundations of Wellbeing and Opportunity.The first dimension,Basic Human Needs,assesses a populations capacity to survive with adequate nourishment and basic medical care,clean water,sanitation,adequate shelter,and personal safety.These needs are st
29、ill not met inmany developing countries and are often incomplete in some more prosperous countries.Basic needs have been the predominant focus of research in development economics,but thesecond dimension of social progress,Foundations of Wellbeing,deserves equal attention.Ithighlights the extent to
30、which a countrys residents can gain a basic education,obtain informationand communicate freely,benefit from a modern healthcare system,and live in a healthyenvironment conducive to a long life.Nearly all countries struggle with at least one of theseaspects.Finally,any discussion of social progress m
31、ust also include whether a countrys population havethe freedom and opportunity to make their own choices and pursue higher education.Personalrights,personal freedom and choice,inclusiveness,and access to advanced education allcontribute to the level of opportunity within a given society.This dimensi
32、on of the Social ProgressIndex is perhaps the most controversial and most difficult to measure.Nonetheless,it is importantto highlight that societies,high-income or low-income,developed or developing,still struggle tomeet the moral imperative to guarantee the equality of opportunity for all citizens
33、.The multi-dimensional construction of the Social Progress Index should not be interpreted as astep-by-step movement toward progress from one dimension to the next.Rather,the threedimensions are interrelated and,in fact,statistically correlated.While we distinguish betweenthese three aspects of soci
34、al progress,many issues they encompass interact with one another todrive more meaningful change.5|socialprogress.org5Components of Social ProgressUnder each dimension are four components.Components,like dimensions,are categories ofoutcomes,rather than specific outcomes themselves.Each component high
35、lights a separateaspect of the overall set of outcomes that make up a dimension,building on both academic andpolicy literature.For example,the Opportunity dimension includes the components PersonalRights,Personal Freedom and Choice,Inclusiveness,and Access to Advanced Education.Each ofthese componen
36、ts describes a related,but distinct aspect of what it means for a society toguarantee opportunity among its population.The Personal Rights and Access to AdvancedEducation components describe the extent to which individuals can pursue their own objectivesto the best of their ability.Personal Freedom
37、and Choice and Inclusiveness,on the other hand,describe the extent of limits on individuals.Together,the four components offer a conceptuallycoherent way of capturing how societies can empower(or limit)an individuals autonomy,freedom,and ability to progress.The twelve components represent what we be
38、lieve to be the most complete set of outcomecategories given our current understanding of social progress from diverse literature and giventhe current availability of data.The Social Progress Imperative Advisory Board provided input intoselecting the dimensions and the elaboration of the components
39、within each dimension,alongwith an iterative review of relevant literature.The framework was established in 2013,and we continue to ensure its relevance each year ofpublication.We consult extensively with experts across disciplines on the twelve-componentstructure of the Social Progress Index on an
40、ongoing basis,ensuring it continues to capture theprincipal aspects of human wellbeing and that the issues measured are comprehensive andapply to all societies,regardless of their countrys level of economic development,politicalstature,or geography.Indicator SelectionAt the most granular level of th
41、e Social Progress Index framework,we identify multipleindependent outcome measures indicators related to each component.Each set ofindicators,grouped by component,defines and measures the same aspect of social progress.Depending on data availability and ongoing research into social outcomes,indicato
42、rs maychange with each edition of the Social Progress Index.However,the concepts captured by eachset of indicators(i.e.,components)remains the same.The 2022 Social Progress Index includes60 indicators,with 4-6 indicators per component(see Figure 2.)6|socialprogress.org6Figure 2/Social Progress Index
43、 Indicator-Level FrameworkWe only include indicators that are measured well,with consistent methodology,by the sameorganization and across all(or essentially all)countries in our sample.We evaluate each indicatorto ensure that the procedures used to produce the measure are sound and that it captures
44、 whatit purports to capture.Data for each indicator must come from the same source to ensureconsistency in measurement across countries.DatasourcesrangefromlargeinternationalinstitutionsliketheUnitedNationstonon-governmental organizations such as Freedom House.We also include data collected viagloba
45、l surveys,such as Gallups World Poll(sources are summarized in Appendix 1.)For eachindicator,we evaluate the data sources available and consider tradeoffs between the quality andprecision of a social indicator and the comprehensiveness of its country coverage.Figure 3below depicts our decision tree
46、for indicator selection.Geographic coverage tends to excludemany high-quality indicators from consideration because they only cover a subset of countries,such as OECD countries,or a particular region,such as the European Union.7|socialprogress.org7Figure 3/Indicator Selection TreeAdditionally,we fac
47、tor into our decision the age of the indicators,only considering the mostrecent available data.Across the 169 ranked countries we have a total of 9,885 data points tocalculate the Social Progress Index for 2022.1Most of the data are reflective of 2021(46.78%)and2019(37.72%).The least recent data poi
48、nt is from 2013(Acceptance of gays and lesbians for theWest Bank and Gaza).1The rest to the total of 10,140 observations(60 variables for 169 ranked countries)for the current year(2022),i.e.255 observations,were imputed using regression techniques.8|socialprogress.org8A final important criterion for
49、 indicator data is that they are publicly available.We strive fortransparency both in terms of the data we use to inform the Social Progress Index,as well as ourcalculation methodology.All the raw indicator data we use to calculate the Social Progress Indexare published and downloadable on our websi
50、te at www.socialprogress.org.Indicator TransformationsWhen comparing country-level data,we encounter issues that require us to transform the data forcertain indicators.In most cases,we transform data to meet clear upper or lower boundaries setby the indicator definition.In others,we address extreme
51、values that may skew results if leftuntreated.Our main two techniques are to either cap an indicator,setting a clear upper or lowerboundary cut-offvalue,or to log an indicator.We also transform gender parity in secondaryattainment to better reflect the parity between boys and girls in a more gender-
52、neutral fashion.Lastly,we calculate a floating average for selected survey indicators to limit annual volatility.A.Capped IndicatorsWe impose a top and bottom boundary on a number of indicators,listed below in Figure 4.Childmortality rate,Infectious diseases,Undernourishment,Unsafe water,sanitation
53、and hygiene,Transportation related injuries and Premature deaths from non-communicable diseases arecapped at 99thpercentile(defined for 2006-2022)to limit the influence of a few significantoutliers.We set a floor at 0.03 for gender parity in secondary enrollment to allow formeasurement error based o
54、n the recommendations of UNESCO2,and we impose an upperboundary on the same indicator at the observed maximum to treat regression imputations withhigher values.The mobile telephone subscriptions indicator is capped at 100 subscriptions toreflect the boundary set by its unit of measurement(number of
55、subscriptions per 100 people).The political rights indicator is set to a floor of zero in line with the indicators definition.Similarly,discrimination against minorities is set to a floor of one.Lastly,we cap years of tertiary schoolingat five years to avoid the influence of a few near-outliers on c
56、omponent-level performance.Figure 4/Capped IndicatorsIndicatorsCapChild mortality rate155.63Infectious diseases61253.96Undernourishment49.4Unsafe water,sanitation,and hygiene10850.66Transportation related injuries3219.5Premature deaths from non-communicablediseases1101.36Gender parity in secondary e
57、nrollment0.83Gender parity in secondary enrollment0.03Mobile telephone subscriptions100Discrimination against minorities12UNESCO Institute for Statistics.“Global Education Digest 2010.”2010,p.17.http:/www.ungei.org/resources/files/GED_2010_EN.pdf9|socialprogress.org9Political rights0Years of tertiar
58、y schooling5B.Log-transformed IndicatorsFourindicators,InterpersonalviolencewithinPersonalSafety,LeadexposurewithinEnvironmental Quality,Citable documents,and Quality weighted universities within Access toAdvanced Education,contain extreme values in relation to the rest of the indicator datadistribu
59、tion.Based on external research,we determined that these extreme values are noterroneous and should be preserved as a distinguishing characteristic of the countries theydescribe.As such,we transform these indicators using natural log.3Logging allows us to retainthe unique differences between countri
60、es in performance while creating a more sensibledistribution that is less extreme.C.Calculation of parityWe transform gender parity in secondary attainment in Access to Basic Knowledge to reflect theabsolute distance from 1,where 1 represents an equal number of girls and boys enrolled.While inmost c
61、ountries,more boys are enrolled in secondary education than girls,there are a selectnumber of countries in which the opposite is true.We therefore use the absolute distance from 1to acknowledge the lack of parity for both boys and girls across countries.D.Limiting volatility of survey indicatorsWe t
62、ransform several indicators to limit the annual volatilities of the measures.This method wasapplied on all indicators from the Gallup World Poll.Indicator values are calculated as floating3-year average.Determining the Country SampleThe 2022 Social Progress Index ranks 169 countries4on social progre
63、ss.We have selected thesecountries by collecting all data available across all indicators and determining for which countrieswe can impute data,and for which countries we will have incomplete information to calculate aSocial Progress Index score.Generally,a country cannot have more than one missing
64、indicatorper component to be included in the final Social Progress Index score rankings.In some cases,we make exceptions to this rule,particularly it pertains to Access to Basic Knowledge and Accessto Advanced Education,where data are notoriously lacking.These exceptions are discussed inthe next sec
65、tion.4We refer to World Population Review regarding country recognition,while also taking into account theabove mentioned data availability.3Prior to transformation,we add an alpha of 1 to interpersonal violence and lead exposure.We also addalpha of 0.1 to quality weighted universities,and 0.0001 to
66、 citable documents.This ensures we can log allvalues within the indicator,including zeros,while maintaining nearly the same relative differencesbetween countries.10|socialprogress.org10Alongside the 169 ranked countries,we also include in our country sample 5 partial countries.These countries have e
67、nough data to calculate between nine to eleven of the twelvecomponents,but not enough data to calculate an overall Social Progress Index score.As withranked countries,within those nine to eleven components for which enough data are availablethere cannot be more than one indicator missing per compone
68、nt.Finally,we exclude from our original calculation sample countries with limited data,but we usethe weights generated from PCA(described below)to calculate scores for these countries whenpossible.These countries do not have enough data to calculate at least 9 components,but 22 ofthem have enough da
69、ta to calculate at least one component score.We include these countries inimputations prior calculation and during calculation(see below).Raw indicator data and scoresfor these 22 countries are included in the published dataset on our website.In this years edition,the 169 ranked countries include a
70、full index score,ranks and relativeperformance for the West Bank and Gaza.In order to do so,we implement an approach differentto other countries,since some indicator sources provide data for the West Bank and Gaza,whileseveral others provide data separately for the West Bank and for Gaza.In these ca
71、ses,wecalculate a population weighted average to obtain one data point for the whole entity,which isthen used in the overall index calculation.Index CalculationThere are five core steps for calculating the Social Progress Index.We first address missingvalues,then invert and standardize indicators so
72、 that they are comparable in scale.We then usePrincipal Component Analysis(PCA)to aggregate indicators into a component score.Finally,wecalculate dimension and overall Social Progress Index scores by averaging components anddimensions,respectively.Each of these steps is described in more detail belo
73、w.A.Missing ValuesWe ensure that all indicators included in the Social Progress Index are missing as fewobservations as possible to avoid jeopardizing the statistical quality of the index.Missing valuescan stem from lack of coverage by the data source,incomplete reporting by the country tointernatio
74、nal organizations,or outdated data whose publication date is older than 2008.In caseswhere an indicator is missing a country data point,we assess our imputation methodology bothbefore and during index calculation.Imputations used prior to calculation are included andmarked in the published dataset o
75、n our website;imputations generated during calculation arenot.Imputations prior to calculation:We impute missing data prior to calculation under two scenarii:when a country lacks some,notall,indicator data within the examined time period;and when there are gaps in the years of datafor indicators.The
76、se pre-calculation imputations are imperative to be able to include keycountries in Social Progress Index rankings.We mark and publish these values in our datasetavailable for download,as they rely either on historical data from the same source orsupplemental research.11|socialprogress.org11In the f
77、irst case,we carry back a future value for values used to calculate the Social ProgressIndexes for the years 2011-2021 in order to maintain a consistent sample.Similarly we carryforward a historical value in those cases where historical data is available.In most cases we onlycarry forward or back a
78、value for the maximum of 5 consecutive years.In cases where more datapoints are missing,we rely on imputations during calculations(see below).Under the second scenario of pre-calculation imputations,we impute gaps between years byapplying linear interpolation.We do so to ensure smooth year-to-year e
79、stimates based on currentand historical data and by assuming linear change.In cases where there were data in theexamined years,but not for all years aligned with 2011 through 2022 Social Progress Indexes,werely on data older than 2010(if available)to create linear estimations for the years in betwee
80、n.This is a necessary step in order to ensure that our calculations of social progress over time donot exaggerate annual improvement or decline merely due to gaps in the data points themselves.Imputations during calculation:After constructing the dataset with pre-calculation imputations as noted abo
81、ve,we assess thenumber of indicators each country is missing within a component.Using regression imputation,we generally impute data only for those countries for which there is no more than one missingdata point per component in each of the twelve components(considered ranked countries)andfor countr
82、ies that have no more than one missing indicator data point in nine to elevencomponents(considered partial countries).We use our country sample data of ranked andpartial countries(including both current and historical Social Progress Index years,i.e.2011-2022)to regress each indicator on the other i
83、ndicators within a component.By constraining theregression to within-component indicators,we can preserve the signal that the indicator providesto PCA.In the past,we have strictly adhered to only one missing indicator per component and continueto stress the importance of this aspect of our methodolo
84、gy.However,we allowed for anexception to this rule particularly within the Access to Basic Knowledge component where dataavailability poses a significant limitation.Therefore,for two indicators within this component weapplied a pre-imputation regression methodology:we used indicators not directly in
85、cluded in theindex which had a more complete global coverage and were highly correlated with the indicatorswe needed to predict.We used the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation indicatorseducation in years per capita(total,males,females)and UNDP indicator mean years of schooling(total)to pred
86、ict total,males,and females secondary attainment for approximately 20 countrieswith missing data.The latter two variables were then used to calculate the educational parityindicator.The two pre-imputed indicators(secondary attainment and gender parity in secondaryattainment)were then used again in t
87、he standard regression imputations described above.We review each imputation to ensure accuracy.In some cases,we combine the regression trendwith observed data.For example,when the last observed value for a country is in 2012,we haveten missing values that we impute by regression predictions.If the
88、predicted data do not matchthe observed values,we take the regression trend from the predictions and apply it on theobserved data.If there are no observed values for a country,we apply standard regressionimputations as described above.In cases where these imputations do not match expectations orqual
89、itative research,we use regional cohort estimates or carry values consistently across time tominimize bias.For example,for many Middle Eastern countries where Gallup does not ask itssurvey question on gays and lesbians due to cultural sensitivities,we consider assessments of12|socialprogress.org12co
90、untries set by the Human Dignity Trust based on LGBT criminalization laws.5If a country is notassessed by the survey and criminalization includes the death penalty,we assign the countryzero value for the indicator.The estimation of missing values is necessary prior to undertaking PCA,which requires
91、acomplete dataset for the results to be sound.We do not impute values for countries that do notmeet the criteria of ranked or partial countries noted above;these countries are excluded fromthe main calculation process by which PCA weights are determined.B.StandardizationWe convert indicators to the
92、same scale in a three-step process.First,we set best-and worst-case scenarii to provide concrete boundaries on both ends of the scale that are based ontheoretical or historical values.We then invert indicators when increasing values reflect lowersocial progress.Finally,we standardize the indicators
93、into z-scores prior to applying PCA.While the best-and worst-case scenarii are defined at the indicator level,we strive to follow thesame method for similar metrics.For indicators with pre-defined boundaries(all indicators fromVarieties of Democracy,summary exposure values etc.)we use these to estab
94、lish the upper andlower scenarii.We use natural boundaries for indicators that have a natural best-case scenario such as maternal mortality,mobile phone subscriptions,primary school enrollment etc.Forindicators that do not have a clear worst case or where the probability of reaching an upperboundary
95、 is extremely unlikely(e.g.,child mortality,for which the theoretical worst case would bethat every child dies before the age of five),we use a boundary based on the worst recordedperformance five years prior to the first year of measurement(i.e.,five years prior to the 2011Social Progress Index).Be
96、st-and worst-case data values are included with the country datasetwhen PCA is applied.See Appendix B for the specific values used for each indicators bounds.Once we establish a full dataset with indicator values for 2011 through 2022 and the best-andworst-case scenarii,we invert indicators for whic
97、h a higher value denotes lower social progress.Thereare23invertedindicatorsinthe2022SocialProgressIndex.Theseinclude:Undernourishment,Maternal mortality rate,Child mortality rate,Child stunting,Diet low in fruitsand vegetables,Infectious diseases,Unsafe water,sanitation and hygiene,Household airpoll
98、ution,Dissatisfactionwith housing affordability,Interpersonal violence,Money stolen,Transportation related injuries,Intimate partner violence,Population with no schooling,Genderparity in secondary attainment,Premature deaths from non-communicable diseases,Outdoor airpollution,Lead exposure,PM 2.5,Vu
99、lnerable employment,Early marriage,Young people not ineducation,employment or training,and Discrimination and violence against minorities.As a final step prior to applying PCA,we standardize the indicators into z-scores.Doing soproduces scores with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1,ensuring th
100、e comparability of theindicators across the dataset in measurement.C.Component Scores5Map of countries that criminalize LGBT people can be found here:https:/www.humandignitytrust.org/lgbt-the-law/map-of-criminalisation/13|socialprogress.org13To calculate component scores,we aggregate the set of indi
101、cators within each component into afactor using PCA and all twelve years of data.6PCA combines indicators in a way that capturesthe maximum amount of variance in the data while reducing redundancy between indicators.Itessentially assigns each indicator a weight,a method we select over equal weightin
102、g to ensurethat indicators are meaningfully contributing to a component score,while accounting forsimilarities between them.Within many of the twelve components,PCA generates similar weights for the indicators weinclude because we ensure a fair level of correlation between them(e.g.,not too high or
103、low acorrelation)prior to finalizing our framework.However,for those cases in which indicators areless correlated with other indicators within their component,we consider PCA a good statisticalapproach for determining these indicators contribution to the component scores while remainingobjective.The
104、 formula below reflects indicator aggregation into a principal component,where c=SocialProgress Index component and i=indicator.Formula 1Our choice of PCA as the basis for aggregation at the component level was also influenced bythe quality and quantity of data available on social progress.For PCA t
105、o be valid,each indicatormust be relatively free of measurement error(Dunteman,1989).Thus,it should precisely measurewhat it was intended to measure and do so consistently across countries.Our design principlesand the data we use fulfill this requirement.To convert each principal component into a co
106、mponent score on a scale of 0 to 100,we use asimple min-max formula,where X=component value and j=country.Formula 2As noted in the prior section,only countries that are ranked or qualify as partial are included inthe country sample that determines PCA-generated weights.For countries that do not have
107、enough data to calculate at least nine components,we use the weights generated by the originalcountry sample to calculate component scores when possible.If a country outside the rankedand partial country sample has enough data to calculate all four components within a dimension,we proceed to calcula
108、te dimension scores as well.D.Dimension ScoresEach dimension is the arithmetic average of the four components that make up that dimension.Countries that do not have scores in all four components of a given dimension do not have adimension score.The formula for calculating a dimension score is below,
109、where d=dimension andc=component.6Each statistical program has several ways to calculate PCA,leading to slight differences in estimationsdepending on both the command and program used.We use the following command in Stata:factorstandardized indicator names,factor(1)pcf14|socialprogress.org14Formula
110、3E.Index ScoresThe overall Social Progress Index score is calculated as the arithmetic average of the threedimensions.Countries that do not have scores in all three dimensions do not have a SocialProgress Index score.The formula for calculating a Social Progress Index score is below,whered=dimension
111、.Formula 4We provide the mean,standard deviation,minimum,and maximum values of the calculatedcomponent,dimension,and Social Progress Index scores in Appendix D.In establishing countryrankings for overall performance,we divide country scores into six tiers based on hierarchicalclustering.F.World Scor
112、e CalculationIn order to provide the most accurate assessment of world performance on social progress,weaccount for countries populations as well as the statistical interaction between indicators.Therefore,to calculate the world Social Progress Index score,we first aggregate indicators intopopulatio
113、n-weighted values using data of all ranked and partial countries.We then apply the PCAweights generated by the original ranked and partial country sample to derive component scoresand proceed as noted above to calculate dimension and the overall Social Progress Index scores.It is important to note t
114、hat this method is different than calculating population-weighted scores,and in essence treats the world as a country.TiersIn previous editions of the index,hierarchical cluster analysis was used to calculate the tiers(foreach year separately).For the 2022 Social Progress Index we applied a slightly
115、 differentapproach where we define deciles in the Social Progress Index scores across the 12 years.Wethen assign deciles into tiers as per the following:Tier 1:first decile,Tier 2:second and thirddecile,Tier 3:fourth and fifth decile,Tier 4:sixth and seventh decile,Tier 5:eighth and ninthdecile,Tier
116、 6:tenth decile.This method ensures comparability of tiers across years.Assessing Countries Relative Strengths and WeaknessesThe component,dimension,and overall Social Progress Index scores are scaled from 0 to 100 toprovide an intuitive scale for the interpretation of absolute performance,benchmark
117、ing a countryagainst the best and worst-possible scenarios in terms of social progress performance.However,it is also useful to consider relative performance,comparing the level of social progress amongcountries of similar levels of economic development.For example,a lower-income country mayhave a l
118、ow score on a certain component but could greatly exceed typical scores for countrieswith similar GDP per capita incomes.Conversely,a high-income country may have a highabsolute score on a component,but still fall short of what is typical for comparably wealthycountries.For this reason,we have devel
119、oped a methodology to present a countrys strengths15|socialprogress.org15and weaknesses on a relative basis,comparing a countrys performance to that of its economicpeers.Results of this analysis are the basis of our country scorecards,which can be found on ourwebsite.We define the group of a country
120、s economic peers as the 15 countries closest in GDP PPP percapita.Standard groupings of countries,such as the World Banks country income classifications,are not appropriate for relative comparison of countries for two reasons.First,the groupings aretoo large,representing excessively wide ranges of s
121、ocial performance and therefore few relativestrengths and weaknesses.Second,using these groups,countries at the top or bottom of agroup may appear to have a misleadingly large number of strengths or weaknesses simplybecause the group the country is being compared to is at a much lower or higher leve
122、l ofeconomic development.Each countrys GDP per capita is compared to every other country for which there is full Indexdata,and the 15 countries with the smallest difference on an absolute value basis are selected forthe comparator group.We have found that groupings larger than 15 resulted in a wider
123、 range oftypical scores and showed too few relative strengths and weakness,while smaller groupingsbecome too sensitive to outliers.Additionally,to reduce the influence of year-to-year fluctuationsin GDP data,we use a four-year average(2018-2021).Once the group of comparator countries is established,
124、the countrys performance is compared tothe median performance of countries in the group.The median is used rather than the mean tominimize the influence of outliers.If the countrys score is greater than(or less than)the averageabsolute deviation from the median of the comparator group,it is consider
125、ed a strength(orweakness).Scores that are within one average absolute deviation are within the range ofexpected scores and are considered neither strengths nor weaknesses.A floor is established sothe thresholds are no less than those for poorer countries and the minimum distance frommedian to streng
126、th or median to weakness is 1 point.We define comparator groups for all countries,regardless of whether they have complete SocialProgress Index data or sufficient data for only some indicators,components,and dimensions.However,to maintain stability in comparisons,only countries with full data across
127、 all componentsof the index are included in comparator groups for other countries.Among ranked and partialcountries,we do not calculate strengths and weaknesses for Cuba,Eritrea,North Korea,SouthSudan,Syria,Taiwan,Venezuela,and Yemen due to missing GDP data.Structural Integrity of the Social Progres
128、s IndexThroughout the indicator assessment and calculation process,we conduct statistical tests toensure the structural integrity of the Social Progress Index.Our goal is that no single indicatormajorly affects a countrys component,dimension,or overall score,and that the indicators withineach compon
129、ent are statistically related and compatible.To achieve this,we look at correlationsbetween indicators and between indicators and aggregated scores,Cronbachs alpha,and theKaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy.In understanding the correlations between indicators,we strive for indicators wit
130、hin componentsto show correlations of between r=0.25 to r=0.92(absolute values).Indicators with correlationsbelow 0.25 generally show little conceptual and statistical relation to other indicators.Likewise,iftwo indicators are too highly correlated(i.e.,r0.92),we find that the indicators overlap too
131、 much16|socialprogress.org16in concept and become statistically redundant,which would place too much weight on theconcepts they are capturing within the component;we generally remove one of these indicatorsas well.In the 2022 SPI framework,correlation coefficients range from 0.17 to 0.88.However,all
132、correlations are statistically significant at the 1%level.To evaluate the fit between indicators within each component,we calculate Cronbachs alphaafter we transform the indicators and impute missing values.Cronbachs alpha provides ameasure of internal consistency across indicators.An applied practi
133、tioners rule of thumb is thatthe alpha value should be above 0.7 for any valid grouping of variables(Bland and Altman,1997).As shown in Figure 5,all twelve components meet the 0.7.Figure 5/Cronbachs Alpha for Each ComponentCronbachsAlphaBasic HumanNeedsNutrition and Basic Medical Care0.94Water and S
134、anitation0.90Shelter0.83Personal Safety0.76Foundations ofWellbeingAccess to Basic Knowledge0.90Access to Information and Communications0.75Health and Wellness0.90Environmental Quality0.76OpportunityPersonal Rights0.94Personal Freedom and Choice0.82Inclusiveness0.89Access to Advanced Education0.86Cro
135、nbachs alpha is a good preliminary screen for conceptual fit;however,it does not provide adirect measure of the goodness of fit of a factor analysis(Manly,2004.)Rather,we assessgoodness of fit using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)measure of sampling adequacy.Generally,KMO scores should be above 0.5.In o
136、ur data,the mean KMO score is above 0.5 for allcomponents,suggesting that the grouping of indicators chosen for the components of the SocialProgress Index provides a good measure of the underlying construct.Figure 6/KMO for Each ComponentMean KMOBasic HumanNeedsNutrition and Basic Medical Care0.89Wa
137、ter and Sanitation0.83Shelter0.74Personal Safety0.72Foundations ofWellbeingAccess to Basic Knowledge0.84Access to Information and Communications0.69Health and Wellness0.78Environmental Quality0.74OpportunityPersonal Rights0.90Personal Freedom and Choice0.77Inclusiveness0.8317|socialprogress.org17Acc
138、ess to Advanced Education0.82Year-to-Year Results ComparisonEach year we conduct a comprehensive review of all indicators included in the Social ProgressIndex framework to check data updates(which frequently include retroactive revisions)andwhether new indicators have been published that are well-su
139、ited to describing social progressconcepts.Many data sources that we use revise their data collection or estimation methods,which impacts not just newly published data but also previously published data.The SocialProgress Index undergoes the same process for the sake of comparability.Using the 2022
140、SocialProgress Index framework and methodology,we provide comparable historical data for elevenadditional years of the Social Progress Index,from 2011 to 2021.Results for the years 2011 to 2021are therefore different from results that we have previously published.It is important to note that while w
141、e establish a twelve-year time-series of social progress from2011 to 2022,not all indicator data are updated on an annual basis.Therefore,change over timeis best interpreted over the entire span of these eleven years rather than focusing on annualchange.The underlying framework(components and dimens
142、ions)of the Social Progress Index hasremained the same as in 2021.However,we added several new indicators and removed a fewdue to their discontinuation or the lack of updated data.We also changed the sources and themeasurement of a handful of indicators.Additionally,of the 60 indicators,majority wer
143、eretroactively revised by the data sources.We list indicator changes by component below.Forseveralindicatorswehavechangedthemetricofmeasurementfromdeaths toDisability-adjusted life years(DALYs).DALYs represent the sum of years lost due to prematuredeath(YLLs)and years lived with disability(YLDs).DAL
144、Ysare also defined as years of healthy lifelost.It is a universal metric that allows researchers and policymakers to compare very differentpopulations and health conditions across time.OneDALYequals one lost year of healthylife.DALYsallow us to estimate the total number of years lost due to specific
145、 causes and riskfactors at the country,regional,and global levels.This change was applied on the followingindicators:Infectious diseasesUnsafe water,sanitation and hygieneHousehold air pollutionInterpersonal violenceTransportation related injuriesOutdoor air pollutionLead exposureNutrition and Basic
146、 Medical Care:The composition of the component remained mostlyunchanged,with one new indicator on measuring Diet low in fruits and vegetables from theInstitute of Health Metrics and Evaluation.The measurement of Infectious diseases indicator nowuses the metric of Disability-adjusted life years inste
147、ad of deaths.Water and Sanitation:The composition of the component remained mostly unchanged with onenew indicator on measuring the Satisfaction with water quality from the Gallup World Poll.The18|socialprogress.org18measurement of Unsafe water,sanitation,and hygiene indicator now uses the metric of
148、Disability-adjusted life years instead of deaths.Shelter:The composition of the component remained unchanged.The measurement ofHousehold air pollution indicator now uses the metric of Disability-adjusted life years instead ofdeaths.Personal Safety:The composition of the component changed with two ne
149、w indicators onIntimate partner violence from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation and Money stolenfrom the Gallup World Poll.The measurement of Interpersonal violence and Transportationrelated injuries indicators now uses the metric of Disability-adjusted life years instead of deaths.Acce
150、ss to Basic Knowledge:The composition of the component remained unchanged.Theindicator on No schooling now refers to the whole population,while in previous editions it wasonly relating to women.Access to Information and Communications:The composition of the component changed with one new indicator o
151、n Alternative sources ofinformation from the Varieties of Democracy while the Media censorship indicator was removedto eliminate duplicities.Health and Wellness:The composition of the component remained mostly unchanged with onenew indicator on measuring the Satisfaction with availability of quality
152、 healthcare from the GallupWorld Poll.EnvironmentalQuality:Thecompositionofthecomponentremainedunchanged.Themeasurement of Lead exposure and Outdoor air pollution indicators now uses the metric ofDisability-adjusted life years instead of deaths.Personal Rights:The composition of the component change
153、d with two new indicators onFreedom of peaceful assembly and Freedom of discussion from the Varieties of Democracy whilethe Freedom of expression indicator was removed to eliminate duplicities.Personal Freedom and Choice:The composition of the component remained mostly unchangedwith one new indicato
154、r on measuring the Freedom of domestic movement from the Varieties ofDemocracy.Inclusiveness:The composition of the component changed with four new indicators Equalprotection index,Equal access index,Power distributed by sexual orientation and Access topublic services distributed by social group fro
155、m the Varieties of Democracy.Three indicators Equality of political power by gender,Equality of political power by socioeconomic position andEquality of political power by social group were removed to eliminate duplicities.Access to Advanced Education:The composition of the component remained unchan
156、ged.LimitationsThe Social Progress Index measures how countries at the national level perform on a certain setof indicators that meet the standards and concepts represented by the Social Progress Index19|socialprogress.org19framework.It is an important tool that is used to compare countries and asse
157、ss both absolute andrelative levels of performance on social progress to find best practices and to target areas whichneed improvement or from which other countries can learn.While the Social Progress Indexframework captures the multi-dimensional concepts underlying social progress,we are limited in
158、how we measure these concepts by the data available from public sources.Country performanceis dependent upon the data published by other sources,and we defer to these sources torespond to country inquiries about the different aspects of social progress(a full list of sources isincluded in Appendix A
159、).We also recognize that the indicators in many of the topics we measure are not perfect.We striveto ensure each indicator meets our standards of quality;however,some issues are much morecomplex than the numbers we use to communicate them.For example,equality of political powerby gender(in Inclusive
160、ness)must consider laws that are in place that require femalerepresentation in government,as well as account for places where women might not necessarilyhave the voice they are supposedly provided under these laws.We view these indicators as astarting point for measurement and conversation,and we co
161、ntinue to refine the index each yearto accommodate more recent data with greater geographic coverage that cover importantaspects of social progress still not captured by the current indicators available,including violenceagainst women,national environmental degradation,freshwater withdrawals,and mor
162、e.Furthermore,the Social Progress Index provides a view into how a country performs on average,which helps inform the many policies and investments that affect social progress at the nationallevel.However,it is only a starting point:aggregate data can obscure substantial regional andstate difference
163、s in performance that are equally important to a countrys policy considerations,especially in geographically large regions.For this reason,we have established several initiativesacross Latin America,Europe,South Asia,and North America to explore social progress at adisaggregated regional level.We ap
164、ply the same Social Progress Index framework to morelocalized geographic regions,contextualizing indicators and concepts with the input of localstakeholders.These initiatives help further drive action from the broader issues highlighted in theglobal Social Progress Index.ConclusionThe Social Progres
165、s Index provides a benchmark by which countries can compare themselves toothers,and can identify specific areas of current strength or weakness.Additionally,scoring on a0100 scale gives countries a realistic benchmark rather than an abstract measure.This scaleallows us to track absolute,not just rel
166、ative,performance of countries over time on eachcomponent,dimension,and the overall model.The 2022 Social Progress Index results are a starting point for many different avenues ofresearch into the ways a country is successful or not and whether conclusions can be drawnabouttheoveralleffectofsocialpr
167、ogressoneconomicgrowth.Furthermore,whiledisaggregated scores provide insight into the behavior of the different components thatcontribute to a countrys performance,we believe disaggregation within a country(e.g.,regionalor state)also provides important insight and actionable information to those see
168、king to increasesocial progress.We continue to test our process and methodology at the regional and city level,replicating the steps outlined in this report to produce meaningful results in different areas of theworld.20|socialprogress.org20Appendix A:Indicator Definitions and SourcesAll data used t
169、o calculate the 2022 Social Progress Index and relevant analyses are the most recent available as of July 1,2022.ComponentIndicator nameDefinitionSourceLinkBASIC HUMAN NEEDSNutrition andBasic MedicalCareInfectiousdiseasesAge-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)rate caused by HIV/AIDS,t
170、uberculosis,diarrhea,intestinal infections,respiratory infections,otitis media,meningitis,encephalitis,diptheria,whooping cough,tetanus,measles,varicella,herpes zoster,malaria,Chagas disease,leishmaniasis,typanosomiasis,schistosomiasis,cysticercosis,cycstic echinococcosis,lymphatic filariasis,onchoc
171、erciasis,trachoma,dengue,yellow feber,rabies,intestinal nematode infections,food-borne trematodiases,leprosy,ebola,zika virus,guinea worm disease,sexually transmitted diseases(excluding HIV),hepatitis,and other infectious diseasesper 100,000 people.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghd
172、x.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolChild mortalityrateProbability of dying between birth and exactly 5 yearsof age,expressed per 1,000 live births.UN Inter-agency Groupfor Child MortalityEstimationhttp:/www.childmortality.orgChild stuntingRisk-weighted prevalence of stunting in children under5 as meas
173、ured by the summary exposure value(SEV)for child stunting.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolMaternal mortalityrateMaternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths in women aged10-54 years.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/reco
174、rd/ihme-data/gbd-2017-health-related-sdgs-1990-2030UndernourishmentThe prevalence of undernourishment expresses theprobability that a randomly selected individual from thepopulation consumes an amount of calories that isinsufficient to cover her/his energy requirement for anactive and healthy life.T
175、he indicator is computed bycomparing a probability distribution of habitual dailydietary energy consumption with a threshold levelcalled the minimum dietary energy requirement.Bothare based on the notion of an average individual in thereference population.Food and AgricultureOrganization of theUnite
176、d Nationshttp:/www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/Diet low in fruitsand vegetablesRisk-weighted,age-standardized prevalence ofnutrition low in fruits and vegetables as measured bythe summary exposure value(SEV).Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-result
177、s-tool21|socialprogress.org21ComponentIndicator nameDefinitionSourceLinkWater andSanitationAccess toimprovedsanitationProportion of population with access to improved toilettypes as defined by the Joint Monitoring Program(JMP).Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/recor
178、d/global-burden-disease-study-2019-gbd-2019-covariates-1980-2019Access toimproved watersourceProportion of population with access to improvedwater sources as defined by the Joint MonitoringProgram(JMP).Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-s
179、tudy-2019-gbd-2019-covariates-1980-2019Unsafe water,sanitation andhygieneAge-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)rate attributable to unsafe water,sanitation andhygiene per 100,000 people.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolSatisfaction w
180、ithwater qualityThe proportion of respondents answering satisfied tothe question,In the city or area where you live,areyou satisfied or dissatisfied with the quality of water?Gallup World Pollhttps:/ airpollutionAge-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)rate caused by household air pollu
181、tion from solid fuelsper 100,000 people.Household air pollution includesexposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 microns indiameter(PM2.5)due to the use of solid fuels forcooking,including coal,charcoal,wood,agriculturalresidue,and animal dung.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx
182、.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolDissatisfactionwith housingaffordabilityThe proportion of respondents answering dissatisfiedto the question,“In the city or area where you live,areyou satisfied or dissatisfied with the availability ofgood,affordable housing?”Gallup World Pollhttps:/ toelectricityThe
183、percentage of the population with access toelectricity.SE4ALL Global TrackingFramework(World Bank,International EnergyAgency,and the EnergySector ManagementAssistance Program)https:/data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZSUsage of cleanfuels andtechnology forcookingThe proportion of population pr
184、imarily using cleancooking fuels and technologies for cooking.World HealthOrganizationhttps:/apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.SDGFUELS712?lang=enPersonalSafetyInterpersonalviolenceAge-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)per 100,000 people from interpersonal violence.Interpersonal violen
185、ce is defined as death or disabilityfrom intentional use of physical force or power,Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool22|socialprogress.org22ComponentIndicator nameDefinitionSourceLinkthreatened or actual,from another person or group notincluding mil
186、itary or police forces.Transportationrelated injuriesAge-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)per 100,000 people due to injuries related totransportation.These injuries include road injuries(death or disability due to unintentional interaction withan automobile,motorcycle,pedal cycle,or
187、 othervehicles)as well as other transport injuries.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolPolitical killingsand torturePhysical violence index is based on indicators thatreflect violence committed by government agents andthat are not directly referring to
188、 elections.Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- partnerviolenceAge-standardized prevalence of ever-partneredwomen aged 15 years and older who experiencedphysical or sexual violence by a current or formerintimate partner in the last 12 months(%).Institute for HealthMetrics and Eva
189、luationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2017-health-related-sdgs-1990-2030Money stolenThe proportion of respondents answering yes to thequestion,Within the last 12 months,have you hadmoney or property stolen from you or anotherhousehold member?Gallup World Pollhttps:/ OF WELLBEINGAcces
190、s toBasicKnowledgePopulation withno schoolingProportion of population(age-standardized)with noschooling.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-study-2019-gbd-2019-covariates-1980-2019Equal access toquality educationCountry experts aggregated
191、evaluation of thequestion,To what extent is high quality basiceducation guaranteed to all,sufficient to enable themto exercise their basic rights as adult citizens?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- schoolenrollmentTotal number of students of official primary school agewho are
192、enrolled in any level of education,expressedas a percentage of the total population of officialprimary school age.Statistic is termed total net primaryenrollment rate.UN Educational,Scientific,and CulturalOrganization Institute forStatisticshttp:/data.uis.unesco.org/Secondary schoolattainmentPopulat
193、ion with at least some secondary education(%ages 25 and older)United NationsDevelopment Programme(UNDP)HumanDevelopment Datahttp:/hdr.undp.org/en/dataGender parity insecondaryattainmentThe absolute deviation from parity(=1)in secondaryeducation attainment of women and men.United NationsDevelopment P
194、rogrammehttp:/hdr.undp.org/en/data23|socialprogress.org23ComponentIndicator nameDefinitionSourceLink(UNDP)HumanDevelopment DataAccess toInformation andCommunicationsAccess to onlinegovernanceThe availability of e-participation tools on nationalgovernment portal for of the following uses:e-informatio
195、n provision of information on the Internet;e-consultation organizing public consultations online;and e-decision-making involving citizens directly indecision processes.E-participation is defined as theprocess of engaging citizens through ICTs in policy,decision-making,and service design and delivery
196、 inorder to make it participatory,inclusive,anddeliberative.UN Department ofEconomic and SocialAffairs E-GovernmentSurveyhttps:/publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data-CenterInternet usersThe estimated number of Internet users out of the totalpopulation,using the Internet from any device(inclu
197、ding mobile phones)in the last 12 months.InternationalTelecommunicationsUnionhttp:/www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspxMobile telephonesubscriptionsSubscriptions to a public mobile telephone serviceusing cellular technology,including the number ofpre-paid SIM cards active during t
198、he past threemonths,expressed as the number of mobile telephonesubscriptions per 100 inhabitants.InternationalTelecommunicationsUnionhttp:/www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspxAlternativesources ofinformation indexCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestions:To what extent
199、 is the media(a)un-biased intheir coverage or lack of coverage of the opposition,(b)allowed to be critical of the regime,and(c)representative of a wide array of political perspectives?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- andWellnessLife expectancy at60The average number of years
200、that a person of 60 to 64years of age could expect to live,if he or she were topass through life exposed to the sex-and age-specificdeath rates prevailing at the time of his or her 60years,for a specific year,in a given country,territory,orgeographic area.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationht
201、tp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolPremature deathsfromnon-communicable diseasesMortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases,cancers,diabetes,and chronic respiratory diseases amongpopulations aged 3070 years.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/g
202、bd-2017-health-related-sdgs-1990-2030Equal access toquality healthcareCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,To what extent is high quality basichealthcare guaranteed to all,sufficient to enable themto exercise their basic political rights as adult citizens?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem
203、),Dataset Version12https:/v- nameDefinitionSourceLinkAccess toessential healthservicesThe universal health coverage(UHC)measures thecoverage of 9 tracer interventions andrisk-standardized death rates from 32 causesamenable to personal healthcare,includingvaccine-preventable diseases(e.g.,diphtheria,
204、tetanus,measles),respiratory infections,cancer(breast,cervical,uterine,testicular),heart diseases,diabetes,kidney disease),and the adverse effects of medicaltreatment.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-study-2019-gbd-2019-covariates-1980-
205、2019Satisfaction withavailability ofquality healthcareThe proportion of respondents answering satisfied tothe question,In the city or area where you live,are yousatisfied or dissatisfied with the availability of qualityhealthcare?Gallup World Pollhttps:/ airpollutionAge-standardized Disability-Adjus
206、ted Life Years(DALYs)per 100,000 people resulting from ambient particulatematter pollution,including emissions from industrialactivity,households,cars and trucks.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolLead exposureAge-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life
207、 Years(DALYs)per 100,000 people attributable to lead exposure.Leadexposure is defined as acute exposure,measured bymicrograms of lead per decilitre of blood,and chronicexposure,measured by micrograms of lead per gramof bone.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-resu
208、lts-toolParticulate matterpollutionPopulation-weighted mean levels of annual exposureto suspended particles smaller than 2.5 microns inaerodynamic diameter(PM2.5),which are capable ofpenetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causingsevere health damage.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluatio
209、nhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-study-2019-gbd-2019-covariates-1980-2019SpeciesprotectionAn index of how well a countrys terrestrial protectedareas overlap with the ranges of its vertebrate,invertebrate,and plant species.The Species ProtectionIndex is calculated using remote
210、sensing data,globalbiodiversity informatics,and integrative models to mapsuitable habitat for over 30,000 terrestrial species athigh resolutions.A score of 100 indicates full coverageof all species ranges by a countrys protected areas,and a score of 0 indicates no overlap.EnvironmentalPerformance In
211、dexMap of Lifehttps:/epi.yale.edu/https:/mol.org/indicators/OPPORTUNITY25|socialprogress.org25ComponentIndicator nameDefinitionSourceLinkPersonalRightsAccess to justiceCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,Do citizens enjoy secure and effectiveaccess to justice?Varieties of Democracy(
212、V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- ofreligionCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,Is there freedom of religion?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- rightsAn evaluation of three subcategories of political rights:electoral process,political pluralism and participatio
213、n,and functioning of government on a scale from 0(nopolitical rights)to 40(full political rights).Somecountries and territories score below zero on thequestions used to compose the indicator.Freedom Househttps:/freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-worldProperty rights forwomenCountry experts aggreg
214、ated evaluation of thequestion,Do women enjoy the right to privateproperty?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- ofpeacefulassemblyCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,To what extent do state authorities respectand protect the right of peaceful assembly?Varieties o
215、f Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- ofdiscussionCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,Are citizens able to openly discuss politicalissues in private homes and in public spaces?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- andChoiceSatisfied demandfor contraception
216、The percentage of total demand for family planningamong married or in-union women aged 15 to 49 thatis satisfied with modern methods.United NationsPopulation Divisionhttp:/www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/family-planning/cp_model.shtmlPerception ofcorruptionThe perceived level of publ
217、ic sector corruption basedon expert opinion,measured on a scale from 0(highlycorrupt)to 100(very clean).TransparencyInternationalwww.transparency.org/cpiEarly marriageThe percentage of women aged 15-19 years who aremarried or in-union.United NationsPopulation Divisionhttps:/www.un.org/en/development
218、/desa/population/theme/marriage-unions/marriage_estimates.aspYoung people notin education,employment ortrainingThe proportion of youth who are not in employmentand not in education or training.Youth are defined aspersons between the ages of 15 and 24 years.Theseries is part of the ILO modelled estim
219、ates.International LaborOrganizationhttps:/ilostat.ilo.org/data/VulnerableemploymentContributing family workers and own-account workersas a percentage of total employment.International LaborOrganization/World Bankhttps:/data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.VULN.ZSFreedom ofdomesticmovementCountry exp
220、erts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,Do citizens enjoy freedom of movement andresidence?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- nameDefinitionSourceLinkInclusivenessEqual protectionindexCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,How equal is the protection of rights a
221、ndfreedoms across social groups by the state?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- accessindexCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,How equal is access to power?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- distributedby sexualorientationCountry experts a
222、ggregated evaluation of thequestion,To what extent is political power distributedaccording to sexual orientation?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- to publicservicesdistributed bysocial groupCountry experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,Are basic public services,such as
223、order andsecurity,primary education,clean water,andhealthcare,distributed equally across social groups?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- violenceagainst minoritiesGroup Grievance indicator:discrimination,powerlessness,ethnic violence,communal violence,sectarian violence,and re
224、ligious violence.Fund for Peace FragileStates Indexhttps:/fragilestatesindex.org/Acceptance ofgays and lesbiansThe proportion of respondents answering yes to thequestion,“Is the city or area where you live a goodplace or not a good place to live for gay or lesbianpeople?”Gallup World Pollhttps:/ toA
225、dvancedEducationCitabledocumentsCitable documents-articles,reviews and conferencepapers-per 1,000 population.Scimago Journal&Country Rankhttps:/ experts aggregated evaluation of thequestion,To what extent is academic freedomrespected?Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12https:/v- withadvan
226、cededucationProportion of females(age-standardized)with 1218years of education.Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluationhttp:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-study-2019-gbd-2019-covariates-1980-2019Expected years oftertiary schoolingNumber of years a person of tertiary school entra
227、nceage can expect to spend within tertiary education.Fora child of a certain age a,the school life expectancy iscalculated as the sum of the age specific enrollmentrates for the levels of education specified.The part ofthe enrolment that is not distributed by age is dividedby the school-age populati
228、on for the level of educationthey are enrolled in,and multiplied by the duration ofthat level of education.The result is then added to thesum of the age-specific enrolment rates.The indicatorseeks to show the overall level of development of aneducational system in terms of the average number ofUN Ed
229、ucational,Scientific,and CulturalOrganization Institute forStatisticshttp:/data.uis.unesco.org/27|socialprogress.org27ComponentIndicator nameDefinitionSourceLinkyears of schooling that the education system offers tothe eligible population,including those who neverenter school.Quality weightedunivers
230、itiesThe number of universities in a country weighted bythe quality of universities,measured by universityrankings on any of the three most widely usedinternational assessments.Universities in the top 400on any list are given double weight.Not rankeduniversities are given 5%weight of the top rankedu
231、niversities.Times Higher EducationWorld UniversityRankings,QS WorldUniversity Rankings,andAcademic Ranking ofWorld Universities;Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version12;SPI calculationshttps:/ per capita,PPP(constant2017 international$)GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity(PPP).PPP
232、GDP is gross domestic product converted tointernational dollars using purchasing power parityrates.An international dollar has the same purchasingpower over GDP as the U.S.dollar has in the UnitedStates.GDP at purchasers prices is the sum of grossvalue added by all resident producers in the economyp
233、lus any product taxes and minus any subsidies notincluded in the value of the products.It is calculatedwithout making deductions for depreciation offabricated assets or for depletion and degradation ofnatural resources.Data are in constant 2017international dollars.World Bankhttp:/data.worldbank.org
234、/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD28|socialprogress.org28Appendix B:Indicator BoundariesIndicatorBest caseWorst caseChild mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births)0155.6328Undernourishment(%of pop.)2.549.4Child stunting(0=low risk;100=high risk)0100Maternal mortality rate(deaths/100,000 live births)0746.19
235、Diet low in fruits and vegetables(0=low risk;100=high risk)0100Infectious diseases(DALYs/100,000)061253.96Unsafe water,sanitation and hygiene(DALYs/100,000)010850.66Access to improved water source(proportion of pop.)10.263106Satisfaction with water quality(proportion of pop.)10.2475Access to improve
236、d sanitation(proportion of pop.)10.091353Household air pollution(DALYs/100,000)013107.33Usage of clean fuels and technology for cooking(%of pop.)1000Access to electricity(%of pop.)1000.643132Dissatisfaction with housing affordability(proportion of pop.)00.82Intimate partner violence(%of women aged 1
237、5+)051.15Transportation related injuries(DALYs/100,000)03219.5Interpersonal violence(DALYs/100,000)05827.237Money stolen(proportion of pop.)00.505Political killings and torture(0=low freedom;1=high freedom)10Population with no schooling(proportion of pop.)00.876141Primary school enrollment(%of child
238、ren)10035.30679Equal access to quality education(0=unequal;4=equal)40Secondary school attainment(%of pop.aged 25+)1003.2Gender parity in secondary attainment(distance from parity)0.030.838095Access to online governance(0=low;1=high)10Internet users(%of pop.)1000Alternative sources of information ind
239、ex(0=low;1=high)10Mobile telephone subscriptions(subscriptions/100 people)1000Access to essential health services(0=none;100=full coverage)1000Life expectancy at 60(years)28.3611.40923Premature deaths from non-communicable diseases(deaths/100,000)01101.368Satisfaction with availability of quality he
240、althcare(proportion of pop.)10.135834Equal access to quality healthcare(0=unequal;4=equal)40Particulate matter pollution(mean annual exposure,g/m3)098.22298Outdoor air pollution(DALYs/100,000)04837.824Species protection(0=low;100=high)1000Lead exposure(DALYs/100,000)02474.773Access to justice(0=none
241、xistent;1=observed)10Freedom of peaceful assembly(0=no freedom;4=full freedom)40Freedom of discussion(0=low;1=high)10Freedom of religion(0=no freedom;4=full freedom)4029|socialprogress.org29Property rights for women(0=no rights;5=full rights)50Political rights(0 and lower=no rights;40=full rights)40
242、0Vulnerable employment(%of total employment)094.4Young people not in education,employment or training(%of youth)053.76Early marriage(%of married women aged 15-19)062.99182Freedom of domestic movement(0=low;1=high)10Satisfied demand for contraception(%satisfied demand)1004.3Perception of corruption(0
243、=high corruption;100=low corruption)1000Equal protection index(0=low;1=high)10Acceptance of gays and lesbians(proportion of pop.)10Equal access index(0=low;1=high)10Power distributed by sexual orientation(0=extremely unequal;3=equal)30Access to public services distributed by social group(0=extremely
244、unequal;4=equal)40Discrimination and violence against minorities(0=low;10=high)110Citable documents(documents/1,000 people)6.5030360Women with advanced education(proportion of females)10.006506Expected years of tertiary schooling(years)50.0112Quality weighted universities(points)1043.40Academic free
245、dom(0=low;1=high)1030|socialprogress.org30Appendix C:PCA-Derived Indicator WeightsIndicatorUnscaledScaledChild stunting(0=low risk;100=high risk)0.190.17Infectious diseases(DALYs/100,000)0.190.17Maternal mortality rate(deaths/100,000 live births)0.200.18Child mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births)
246、0.200.18Undernourishment(%of pop.)0.180.16Diet low in fruits and vegetables(0=low risk;100=high risk)0.170.15Unsafe water,sanitation and hygiene(DALYs/100,000)0.290.26Access to improved sanitation(proportion of pop.)0.300.26Access to improved water source(proportion of pop.)0.290.26Satisfaction with
247、 water quality(proportion of pop.)0.250.22Household air pollution(DALYs/100,000)0.330.29Access to electricity(%of pop.)0.340.30Usage of clean fuels and technology for cooking(%of pop.)0.330.29Dissatisfaction with housing affordability(proportion of pop.)0.130.11Transportation related injuries(DALYs/
248、100,000)0.290.21Interpersonal violence(DALYs/100,000)0.230.17Political killings and torture(0=low freedom;1=high freedom)0.250.18Intimate partner violence(%of women aged 15+)0.330.24Money stolen(proportion of pop.)0.280.20Equal access to quality education(0=unequal;4=equal)0.210.18Population with no
249、 schooling(proportion of pop.)0.250.22Secondary school attainment(%of pop.aged 25+)0.250.21Primary school enrollment(%of children)0.210.18Gender parity in secondary attainment(distance from parity)0.240.21Alternative sources of information index(0=low;1=high)0.160.13Mobile telephone subscriptions(su
250、bscriptions/100 people)0.340.28Internet users(%of pop.)0.380.31Access to online governance(0=low;1=high)0.360.29Equal access to quality healthcare(0=unequal;4=equal)0.230.20Life expectancy at 60(years)0.250.21Premature deaths from non-communicable diseases(deaths/100,000)0.230.20Access to essential
251、health services(0=none;100=full coverage)0.260.22Satisfaction with availability of quality healthcare(proportion of pop.)0.210.18Lead exposure(DALYs/100,000)0.340.26Particulate matter pollution(mean annual exposure,g/m3)0.350.27Outdoor air pollution(DALYs/100,000)0.350.27Species protection(0=low;100
252、=high)0.250.19Freedom of religion(0=no freedom;4=full freedom)0.170.1531|socialprogress.org31Property rights for women(0=no rights;5=full rights)0.180.16Freedom of peaceful assembly(0=no freedom;4=full freedom)0.200.17Access to justice(0=nonexistent;1=observed)0.190.17Freedom of discussion(0=low;1=h
253、igh)0.200.18Political rights(0 and lower=no rights;40=full rights)0.200.18Early marriage(%of married women aged 15-19)0.240.17Satisfied demand for contraception(%satisfied demand)0.230.17Young people not in education,employment or training(%of youth)0.180.13Vulnerable employment(%of total employment
254、)0.260.19Perception of corruption(0=high corruption;100=low corruption)0.270.20Freedom of domestic movement(0=low;1=high)0.180.13Equal protection index(0=low;1=high)0.210.17Equal access index(0=low;1=high)0.220.18Power distributed by sexual orientation(0=extremely unequal;3=equal)0.220.18Access to p
255、ublic services distributed by social group(0=extremely unequal;4=equal)0.200.16Acceptance of gays and lesbians(proportion of pop.)0.200.16Discrimination and violence against minorities(0=low;10=high)0.180.15Academic freedom(0=low;1=high)0.150.13Women with advanced education(proportion of females)0.2
256、70.23Expected years of tertiary schooling(years)0.270.23Citable documents(documents/1,000 people)0.270.23Quality weighted universities(points)0.230.1932|socialprogress.org32Appendix D:Descriptive Statistics for 2022 Social Progress Index,Component,and Dimension ScoresThe following descriptive statis
257、tics are based on the sample of 174 countries for which we cancalculate at least 9 components for the 2022 Social Progress Index.MeanStandard DeviationMinimumMaximumSocial Progress Index63.9515.5327.5090.85Basic Human Needs72.3816.3325.4093.35Foundations of Wellbeing61.8815.7625.5691.26Opportunity57
258、.4417.3617.5290.42Nutrition and Basic Medical Care80.0015.1430.4497.91Water and Sanitation75.8219.9014.3299.26Shelter72.7321.9814.9697.05Personal Safety61.3311.8829.0583.54Access to Basic Knowledge73.6320.3215.6299.53Access to Information andCommunications59.4122.520.3198.87Health and Wellness56.601
259、7.1516.8390.84Environmental Quality57.8512.5917.3685.14Personal Rights70.1822.742.9898.57Personal Freedom and Choice62.9514.9325.2791.97Inclusiveness48.6620.034.3892.29Access to Advanced Education48.1019.1810.4688.4133|socialprogress.org33Appendix E:Bibliography and Further ReadingBland,J.M.,and D.G
260、.Altman.“Cronbachs Alpha.”BMJ(Clinical Research Ed.)314,no.7080(1997):572.Dunteman,George H.Principal Components Analysis.SAGE,1989.Fleurbaey,M.and D.Blanchet.Beyond GDP:Measuring Welfare and Assessing Sustainability,Oxford University Press,2013.Manly,Bryan F.J.Multivariate Statistical Methods:A Pri
261、mer.CRC Press,1994.For further reading on social progress,development,and composite indices,we recommend:Bishop,Matthew,and Michael Green.The Road from Ruin:How to Revive Capitalism and PutAmerica Back on Top.New York:Crown Business,2011.Delgado,Mercedes,Christian Ketels,Michael E.Porter,and Scott S
262、tern.The Determinants ofNational Competitiveness.Working Paper.National Bureau of Economic Research,July2012.http:/www.nber.org/papers/w18249.Fehder,Daniel,Michael E.Porter,and Scott Stern.“The Empirics of Social Progress:The Interplaybetween Subjective Well-Being and Societal Performance.”AEA Paper
263、s and Proceedings,108(2018):477-482.Furman,Jeffrey L.,Michael E.Porter,and Scott Stern.“The Determinants of National InnovativeCapacity.”Research Policy 31,no.6(2002):899933.Gehl,Katherine M.,and Michael E.Porter.“Why Competition in the Politics Industry is FailingAmerica.”Harvard Business School,20
264、17.https:/www.hbs.edu/competitiveness/Documents/why-competition-in-the-politics-industry-is-failing-america.pdfJoint Research Centre-European Commission.Handbook on constructing composite indicators:methodology and user guide.OECD Publishing,2008.Kuznets,Simon.Economic Growth and Income Inequality.T
265、he American Economic Review45,no.1(1955):1-28.Porter,Michael E.Competitive Advantage of Nations:Creating and Sustaining SuperiorPerformance.Simon and Schuster,2011.Porter,Michael E.Competition in Global Industries.Harvard Business Press,1986.Sen,Amartya Kumar.Commodities and Capabilities.North-Holla
266、nd Publ.,1985.Sen,Amartya Kumar.Development as Freedom.Oxford University Press,1999.Stevenson,Betsey,and Justin Wolfers.Economic growth and subjective well-being:Reassessingthe Easterlin paradox.No.w14282.National Bureau of Economic Research,2008.Stiglitz,Joseph,Amartya Sen,and Jean-Paul Fitoussi.Th
267、e measurement of economicperformance and social progress revisited.Reflections and overview.Commission on theMeasurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress,Paris(2009).World Population Review.“Countries not in the United Nations 2022”2022.Available at:https:/ F:Indicators Information Sheets
268、Component:Nutrition and Basic Medical CareIndicator Name:Infectious diseasesSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)rate caused by HIV/AIDS,tuberculosis,diarrhea,intestinal infections,respiratory infections,otitis media,meningitis,encephaliti
269、s,diptheria,whooping cough,tetanus,measles,varicella,herpes zoster,malaria,Chagas disease,leishmaniasis,typanosomiasis,schistosomiasis,cysticercosis,cycsticechinococcosis,lymphatic filariasis,onchocerciasis,trachoma,dengue,yellow feber,rabies,intestinal nematode infections,food-borne trematodiases,l
270、eprosy,ebola,zika virus,guinea wormdisease,sexually transmitted diseases(excluding HIV),hepatitis,and other infectious diseasesper 100,000 people.Notes:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)represent the sum of years lostdue to premature death(YLLs)and years lived with disability(YLD
271、s).DALYs are also defined asyears of healthy life lost.It is a universal metric that allows researchers and policymakers tocompare very different populations and health conditions across time.One DALY equals one lostyear of healthy life.DALYs allow us to estimate the total number of years lost due t
272、o specificcauses and risk factors at the country,regional,and global levels.In the SPI calculations the indicator is capped at the upper boundary at 61253.96.Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolTop and bottom 10 performing countries in 202
273、2Top 10Bottom 10FinlandGuineaAustriaSouth SudanItalySierra LeoneAustraliaNigerSwitzerlandSomaliaCyprusChadGermanyLesotho35|socialprogress.org35Component:Nutrition and Basic Medical CareIndicator Name:Child mortality rateSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2020Definition:Probability of dying between birth a
274、nd exactly 5 years of age,expressed per 1,000live births.Notes:In the SPI calculations the indicator is capped at the upper boundary at 155.6328 deathsper 1,000 live births.Source:UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality EstimationLink:http:/www.childmortality.orgTop and bottom 10 performing countr
275、ies in 2022Top 10Bottom 10San MarinoBeninIcelandLesothoEstoniaMaliSloveniaGuineaNorwaySouth SudanSingaporeCentral AfricanRepublicAndorraSomalia36|socialprogress.org36Component:Nutrition and Basic Medical CareIndicator Name:Child stuntingSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Risk-weighted preva
276、lence of stunting in children under 5 as measured by thesummary exposure value(SEV)for child stunting.Notes:Summary Exposure Value is a measure of a populations exposure to a risk factor thattakes into account the extent of exposure by risk level and the severity of that risks contributionto disease
277、 burden.SEV takes the value zero when no excess risk for a population exists and thevalue one when the population is at the highest level of risk;we report SEV on a scale from 0%to100%to emphasize that it is risk-weighted prevalence.Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.h
278、ealthdata.org/gbd-results-toolTop and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10GermanyBeninMonacoGuatemalaAndorraPakistanIrelandYemenSwitzerlandPapua New GuineaBelgiumNigerNetherlandsBurundi37|socialprogress.org37Component:Nutrition and Basic Medical CareIndicator Name:Maternal mortality
279、 rateSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2021Definition:Maternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths in women aged 10-54 years.Notes:Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2017-health-related-sdgs-1990-2030Top and bottom 10 performing countries in 20
280、22Top 10Bottom 10IcelandDjiboutiSwedenRepublic of theCongoNorwayMauritaniaIrelandGuineaDenmarkThe GambiaItalySierra LeoneFinlandLiberia38|socialprogress.org38Component:Nutrition and Basic Medical CareIndicator Name:UndernourishmentSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:The prevalence of underno
281、urishment expresses the probability that a randomlyselected individual from the population consumes an amount of calories that is insufficient tocover her/his energy requirement for an active and healthy life.The indicator is computed bycomparing a probability distribution of habitual daily dietary
282、energy consumption with a thresholdlevel called the minimum dietary energy requirement.Both are based on the notion of an averageindividual in the reference population.Notes:In the SPI calculations the indicator is capped at the upper boundary at 49.4.Source:Food and Agriculture Organization of the
283、United NationsLink:http:/www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/Top and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 1051 countries with only 2.5%of undernourishedpopulationIraqRepublic of the CongoLiberiaDemocratic Republic of theCongoNorth KoreaMadagascarYemen39|socialprogress.org39Co
284、mponent:Nutrition and Basic Medical CareIndicator Name:Diet low in fruits and vegetablesSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Risk-weighted,age-standardized prevalence of nutrition low in fruits and vegetablesas measured by the summary exposure value(SEV).Notes:Summary Exposure Value is a meas
285、ure of a populations exposure to a risk factor thattakes into account the extent of exposure by risk level and the severity of that risks contributionto disease burden.SEV takes the value zero when no excess risk for a population exists and thevalue one when the population is at the highest level of
286、 risk;we report SEV on a scale from 0%to100%to emphasize that it is risk-weighted prevalence.Diet low in fruits and vegetables is defined as consumption of less than 3 servings(11 ouncestotal)of fruits per day(includes fresh,frozen,cooked,canned,or dried fruit but excludes fruitjuices and salted or
287、pickled fruits)and onsumption of less than 4 servings(14 ounces total)ofvegetables per day(includes fresh,frozen,cooked,canned,or dried vegetables includinglegumes but excluding salted or pickled,juices,nuts and seeds,and starchy vegetables such aspotatoes or corn).Source:Institute for Health Metric
288、s and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolTop and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10TurkeyLesothoQatarMauritaniaMonacoSomaliaLebanonEthiopiaGreeceZambiaMontenegroThe GambiaAlbaniaTogo40|socialprogress.org40Component:Water and SanitationIndicator Name:Access to
289、 improved sanitationSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Proportion of population with access to improved toilet types as defined by the JointMonitoring Program(JMP).Notes:Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-study-2019-
290、gbd-2019-covariates-1980-2019Top and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10EgyptBeninBahrainSomaliaIranCentral AfricanRepublicAlgeriaEritreaTurkeyNigerSaudi ArabiaChadSao Tome andPrincipeMadagascar41|socialprogress.org41Component:Water and SanitationIndicator Name:Access to improved w
291、ater sourceSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Proportion of population with access to improved water sources as defined by theJoint Monitoring Program(JMP).Notes:Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-study-2019-gbd-2019
292、-covariates-1980-2019Top and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10ChinaChadBahrainPapua New GuineaIranEthiopiaBhutanYemenSaudi ArabiaDemocratic Republic of theCongoSao Tome andPrincipeHaitiMonacoMozambique42|socialprogress.org42Component:Water and SanitationIndicator Name:Unsafe wate
293、r,sanitation and hygieneSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)rate attributable to unsafewater,sanitation and hygiene per 100,000 people.Notes:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)represent the sum of years lostdue to prema
294、ture death(YLLs)and years lived with disability(YLDs).DALYs are also defined asyears of healthy life lost.It is a universal metric that allows researchers and policymakers tocompare very different populations and health conditions across time.One DALY equals one lostyear of healthy life.DALYs allow
295、us to estimate the total number of years lost due to specificcauses and risk factors at the country,regional,and global levels.In the SPI calculations the indicator is capped at the upper boundary at 10850.66.Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-result
296、s-toolTop and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10San MarinoLesothoFinlandEritreaSwitzerlandBurundiAndorraSouth SudanMonacoTogoNetherlandsNigeriaItalySomalia43|socialprogress.org43Component:Water and SanitationIndicator Name:Satisfaction with water qualitySPI 2022 Data Reference Yea
297、r:2021Definition:The proportion of respondents answering satisfied to the question,In the city orarea where you live,are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the quality of water?Notes:In the SPI calculations the indicator is calculated as floating 3-year average to limitvolatility.Source:Gallup World
298、 PollLink:https:/ and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10SingaporeLiberia,CameroonIcelandLesothoNorwayCongo,DemocraticRepublic ofSwedenSierra LeoneFinlandVenezuelaSwitzerlandSouth SudanAustraliaHaiti44|socialprogress.org44Component:ShelterIndicator Name:Household air pollutionSPI 2
299、022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)rate caused by household airpollution from solid fuels per 100,000 people.Household air pollution includes exposure toparticulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter(PM2.5)due to the use of solid fuels
300、forcooking,including coal,charcoal,wood,agricultural residue,and animal dung.Notes:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)represent the sum of years lostdue to premature death(YLLs)and years lived with disability(YLDs).DALYs are also defined asyears of healthy life lost.It is a univer
301、sal metric that allows researchers and policymakers tocompare very different populations and health conditions across time.One DALY equals one lostyear of healthy life.DALYs allow us to estimate the total number of years lost due to specificcauses and risk factors at the country,regional,and global
302、levels.Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolTop and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10United ArabEmiratesGuinea-BissauSwitzerlandBurkina FasoQatarGuineaUnited KingdomVanuatuNorwayNigerCanadaChadMonacoPapua NewGuinea45|soc
303、ialprogress.org45Component:ShelterIndicator Name:Dissatisfaction with housing affordabilitySPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2021Definition:The proportion of respondents answering dissatisfied to the question,“In the city orarea where you live,are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the availability of go
304、od,affordablehousing?”Notes:In the SPI calculations the indicator is calculated as floating 3-year average to limitvolatility.Source:Gallup World PollLink:https:/ and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10ThailandAlgeriaVietnamChile,Mongolia,Namibia,NewZealandTajikistanGabonUnited Ara
305、bEmiratesTurkeyJapanHaitiLaosCentral African RepublicKosovoTunisia46|socialprogress.org46Component:ShelterIndicator Name:Access to electricitySPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2020Definition:The percentage of the population with access to electricity.Notes:Source:SE4ALL Global Tracking Framework(World Ba
306、nk,International Energy Agency,and theEnergy Sector Management Assistance Program)Link:https:/data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZSTop and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10105 countries achieve 100%accessLiberiaSierra LeoneNigerDemocratic Republic of theCongoBurkina FasoCen
307、tral African RepublicMalawi47|socialprogress.org47Component:ShelterIndicator Name:Usage of clean fuels and technology for cookingSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:The proportion of population primarily using clean cooking fuels and technologies forcooking.Notes:Source:World Health Organiza
308、tionLink:https:/apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.SDGFUELS712?lang=enTop and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 1060 countries use 100%clean fuels forcookingThe GambiaGuinea-BissauMaliMadagascarSierra LeoneUgandaCentral AfricanRepublic48|socialprogress.org48Component:Personal SafetyInd
309、icator Name:Interpersonal violenceSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)per 100,000 people frominterpersonal violence.Interpersonal violence is defined as death or disability from intentionaluse of physical force or power,threatened or actu
310、al,from another person or group not includingmilitary or police forces.Notes:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)represent the sum of years lostdue to premature death(YLLs)and years lived with disability(YLDs).DALYs are also defined asyears of healthy life lost.It is a universal me
311、tric that allows researchers and policymakers tocompare very different populations and health conditions across time.One DALY equals one lostyear of healthy life.DALYs allow us to estimate the total number of years lost due to specificcauses and risk factors at the country,regional,and global levels
312、.In the SPI calculations the indicator is logarithmically transformed.Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolTop and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10SingaporeBahamasJapanHaitiMonacoBrazilSan MarinoSouth AfricaAndorraGuate
313、malaUnited KingdomLesothoSpainHonduras49|socialprogress.org49Component:Personal SafetyIndicator Name:Transportation related injuriesSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)per 100,000 people due toinjuries related to transportation.These inju
314、ries include road injuries(death or disability due tounintentional interaction with an automobile,motorcycle,pedal cycle,or other vehicles)as well asother transport injuries.Notes:Age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)represent the sum of years lostdue to premature death(YLLs)and yea
315、rs lived with disability(YLDs).DALYs are also defined asyears of healthy life lost.It is a universal metric that allows researchers and policymakers tocompare very different populations and health conditions across time.One DALY equals one lostyear of healthy life.DALYs allow us to estimate the tota
316、l number of years lost due to specificcauses and risk factors at the country,regional,and global levels.In the SPI calculations the indicator is capped at the upper boundary at 3219.5.Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolTop and bottom 10 p
317、erforming countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10SingaporeGuinea-BissauIrelandNauruJapanAngolaSwedenEswatiniNetherlandsDemocratic Republic of theCongoUnited KingdomYemenNorwayOman50|socialprogress.org50Component:Personal SafetyIndicator Name:Political killings and tortureSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2021De
318、finition:Physical violence index is based on indicators that reflect violence committed bygovernment agents and that are not directly referring to elections.Notes:The indicator measures physical integrity which is understood as freedom from politicalkillings and torture by the government.Among the s
319、et of civil liberties,these liberal rights are themost relevant for political competition and accountability.Source:Varieties of Democracy(V-Dem),Dataset Version 12Link:https:/v- and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10SwedenAfghanistanIcelandBelarusFinlandNicaraguaNorwayRwandaNew Z
320、ealandZimbabweSwitzerlandBurma/MyanmarBelgiumBurundi51|socialprogress.org51Component:Personal SafetyIndicator Name:Intimate partner violenceSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2021Definition:Age-standardised prevalence of ever-partnered women aged 15 years and older whoexperienced physical or sexual violen
321、ce by a current or former intimate partner in the last 12months(%).Notes:Source:Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2017-health-related-sdgs-1990-2030Top and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10United States ofAmericaGabonSl
322、oveniaSomaliaPolandAngolaAustraliaLiberiaSpainIraqCroatiaEthiopiaLuxembourgSouth Sudan52|socialprogress.org52Component:Personal SafetyIndicator Name:Money stolenSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2021Definition:The proportion of respondents answering yes to the question,Within the last 12months,have you h
323、ad money or property stolen from you or another household member?Notes:In the SPI calculations the indicator is calculated as floating 3-year average to limitvolatility.Source:Gallup World PollLink:https:/ and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10TaiwanKenyaUzbekistanBotswanaSingapor
324、eGambia,TheAzerbaijanZambiaKorea,RepublicofUgandaMaltaMalawiLithuaniaGabon53|socialprogress.org53Component:Access to Basic KnowledgeIndicator Name:Population with no schoolingSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2019Definition:Proportion of population(age-standardized)with no schooling.Notes:Source:Institut
325、e for Health Metrics and EvaluationLink:http:/ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-study-2019-gbd-2019-covariates-1980-2019Top and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10AustriaSierra LeoneUkraineSenegalJapanBhutanRussiaGuineaSlovakiaAfghanistanCzech RepublicSouth SudanGerm
326、anyChad54|socialprogress.org54Component:Access to Basic KnowledgeIndicator Name:Equal access to quality educationSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2021Definition:Country experts aggregated evaluation of the question,To what extent is high qualitybasic education guaranteed to all,sufficient to enable them
327、 to exercise their basic rights as adultcitizens?Notes:This indicator measures the extent to which high quality basic education is guaranteed toall and is sufficient to enable them to exercise their basic rights as adult citizens.Basic educationrefers to ages typically between 6 and 16 years of age
328、but this varies slightly among countries.Itis measured on an ordinal scale from 0 to 4.0:Extreme.Provision of high quality basic education is extremely unequal and at least 75 percent(%)of children receive such low-quality education that undermines their ability to exercise theirbasic rights as adul
329、t citizens.1:Unequal.Provision of high quality basic education is extremely unequal and at least 25 percent(%)of children receive such low-quality education that undermines their ability to exercise theirbasic rights as adult citizens.2:Somewhat equal.Basic education is relatively equal in quality b
330、ut ten to 25 percent(%)ofchildren receive such low-quality education that undermines their ability to exercise their basicrights as adult citizens.3:Relatively equal.Basic education is overall equal in quality but five to ten percent(%)ofchildren receive such low-quality education that probably unde
331、rmines their ability to exercisetheir basic rights as adult citizens.4:Equal.Basic education is equal in quality and less than five percent(%)of children receive suchlow-quality education that probably undermines their ability to exercise their basic rights as adultcitizens.Source:Varieties of Democ
332、racy(V-Dem),Dataset Version 12Link:https:/v- to Basic KnowledgeIndicator Name:Primary school enrollmentSPI 2022 Data Reference Year:2020Definition:Total number of students of official primary school age who are enrolled in any level ofeducation,expressed as a percentage of the total population of of
333、ficial primary school age.Statistic is termed total net primary enrollment rate.Notes:Source:UN Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Organization Institute for StatisticsLink:http:/data.uis.unesco.org/Top and bottom 10 performing countries in 2022Top 10Bottom 10MontenegroHondurasCosta RicaTanzaniaKyrgyzstanMicronesia(FederatedStates of)BelizeTuvaluAlgeriaParaguayCubaJordanUnited ArabEmiratesBurkina