《亚开行:通过数字合作促进亚太地区的智慧旅游(英文版)(98页).pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《亚开行:通过数字合作促进亚太地区的智慧旅游(英文版)(98页).pdf(98页珍藏版)》请在三个皮匠报告上搜索。
1、ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKPROMOTING SMART TOURISM IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC THROUGH DIGITAL COOPERATIONNOVEMBER 2023PROMOTING SMART TOURISM IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC THROUGH DIGITAL COOPERATIONNOVEMBER 2023ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license(CC BY 3.0 IGO)2023 Asian Developmen
2、t Bank6 ADB Avenue,Mandaluyong City,1550 Metro Manila,PhilippinesTel+63 2 8632 4444;Fax+63 2 8636 2444www.adb.orgSome rights reserved.Published in 2023.ISBN 978-92-9270-416-2(print);978-92-9270-417-9(electronic);978-92-9270-418-6(ebook)Publication Stock No.TCS230494-2DOI:http:/dx.doi.org/10.22617/TC
3、S230494-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies ofthe Asian Development Bank(ADB)or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication a
4、nd accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a p
5、articular territory or geographic area,or by using the term“country”inthis publication,ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license(CC BY 3.0 IGO)https:/creative
6、commons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.By using the content of this publication,you agree to be bound bytheterms of this license.For attribution,translations,adaptations,and permissions,please read the provisions andterms of use at https:/www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.This CC license does not apply to
7、non-ADB copyright materials in this publication.If the material is attributed toanother source,please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubs
8、marketingadb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content,or if you wish toobtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms,or for permission to use theADB logo.Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http:/www.adb.org/publications/corri
9、genda.Notes:In this publication,“$”refers to United States dollars.ADB recognizes China as the Peoples Republic of China and Korea as the Republic of Korea.Cover design by Claudette Rodrigo.CONTENTSTables,Figures,and Boxes vAcknowledgments viiAbbreviations viiiExecutive Summary ix1 Tourism and Digit
10、alization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 1Build Back Better 1About the Study 5Key Concepts of the Study 7E-tourism 11Tourism 4.0 12Smart Tourism 12Sample of Policy Recommendations 162 The Smart Tourism Ecosystem 18Principles of Smart Tourism 18Components of Smart Tourism 20Smart Travel 20Smart D
11、estination 22Smart Tools to Facilitate Smart Tourism 24Case studies of smart tools used in the tourism industry 26Seamless Travel Experience through 27Mobility-as-a-Service(Maas)in European Cities 27SmartGates at Australian Airports 28Smart Tourist Experiences in Europe 29Crowd Management through IO
12、T Sensors in Barcelona 30Conclusion 313 Varying Country Readiness for Smart Tourism 32Objective for Assessing Countries Readiness for Smart Tourism 32Data and Methodology 33Evaluation of Readiness of ASEAN Countries 37Conclusion 42ivContents4 Examining Digital Economy Agreements for Regional Smart T
13、ourism 43Regional Cooperation in Digital Economy 43Expands Market for Smart Tourism 43Review of Cooperation Initiatives to Promote a Digital Ecosystem 46Tourism Sector as the Focal Point of Digital Regional Cooperation 50Conclusion 525 Policy Recommendations for Strengthening Regional Cooperation to
14、 Enable Smart Tourism 53Context of Framing the Policy Recommendations 53Policy Recommendations to Strengthen Pillars of Smart Tourism 54Appendixes 64References 72TABLES,FIGURES,AND BOXESTablesA Comparing Features of Regional Mechanisms that Address Digital Cooperation xiiB Policy Recommendations to
15、Strengthen Digital Economy Cooperation for Smart Tourism xiv1 User Journey of a Tourist Travelling to Europe 92 Stages of Digital Transformation for Any Economy 133 Regional Issues and Possible Policy Responses 154 Application of Principles of Smart Tourism to the Travel Component 215 Framework for
16、Assessing Country Level Readiness for Smart Tourism 346 Comparison of Digital Provisions in Regional Agreements 49A1 Data Matrix for All Indicators for Countries Level of Readiness for Smart Tourism 65A2 Technological Pillars of Tourism 4.0 71Figures Study Framework x1 International Tourism Receipts
17、,Asia and the Pacific versus World,20102022 22 International Tourist Arrivals,Asia and the Pacific versus World,20102022 23 Tourist Arrivals,20202022 34 Priorities for Tourism Recovery as per UNWTO 45 Study Framework 66 Tourism Value Chain 77 Causal Loop Diagram of the Tourism Sector 88 Evolution of
18、 Digitalization in Tourism 119 Three Dimensions of Digital Transactions 1510 Principles of Smart Tourism 1811 Components of Smart Tourism 2012 Smart Tourism Principles in a Smart Tourism Destination 2213 Conceptual Layers of Smart Tourist Destination 2214 Smart Tools for Tourism Industry 2415 Applic
19、ation of Smart Tools across Tourism Value Chain 2516 Steps to Use DigiYatra 2617 SmartGates at Australian Airports 2918 Country Readiness Scores for Smart Tourism 3819 Country Ranking for the“Attractiveness”Principle 39viTables,Figures,and Boxes20 Country Ranking for the“Accessibility”Principle 4021
20、 Country Ranking for“Sustainability”Principle 4122 Country Ranking for“Collaborative Partnerships”Principle 4223 Overview of Key Digital Economy and Digital Trade Issues 4524 Average Digital Trade Restrictiveness Index by Region 48Boxes1 Korea Tourism Organization(KTO)232 CARECs Initiatives to Promo
21、te Digital Economy 473 Strengthening Agriculture Value Chains in the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 51 through TourismACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis publication was prepared by the Regional Cooperation and Integration Division(ERCI)of the Economic Research and Development Impact Department(ERDI),Asian Develop
22、ment Bank(ADB).Research for this publication was undertaken with financial support from ADBs regional knowledge and support technical assistance Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration Knowledge Partnerships and Research Network in Asia and the Pacific(TA 9537-REG).Publication and dissemi
23、nation was supported under Strengthening Knowledge Alliance for Innovation,Technology,and Regional Cooperation(TA 9914-REG).Jong Woo Kang,ERCI director,provided overall direction and supervision of the report.Sanchita Basu-Das,economist,ERCI,led the study project from conceptualization to research a
24、nd drafting of the report.Nishant Jain,director at Deloitte,and Josef Teofisto T.Yap,former president of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies,were part of the study team as ADB consultants to draft the report.Shubham Mahajan and Akshita Goyal from Deloitte and Mari Concepcion Latoja from
25、 ADBs Asia Regional Integration Center team provided research and data processing support.The publication benefited from comments and suggestions provided by different departments of ADB.Overall production was coordinated by Sanchita Basu-Das and Aleli Rosario,senior economics officer,ERCI.Marilyn A
26、ure Parra facilitated discussions among team members throughout the period of study duration.Eric Van Zant edited the manuscript.Claudette Rodrigo created the cover design.Jonathan Yamongan did the layout and typesetting.Joy Quitazol-Gonzalez performed the proofreading,with support from Aleli Rosari
27、o and Carol Ongchangco.The Printing Services Unit of ADBs Corporate Services Department and the Publishing Team of the Department of Communications and Knowledge supported printing and publishing.ABBREVIATIONSADB Asian Development BankAI artificial intelligenceAPEC Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationA
28、SDEA AustraliaSingapore Digital Economy AgreementASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsCAREC Central Asia Regional Economic CooperationCOVID-19 coronavirus diseaseCPTPP Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific PartnershipDEPA Digital Economy Partnership AgreementICT informatio
29、n and communication technologyIOT Internet of ThingsIP intellectual propertyMaaS Mobility-as-a-ServiceOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPECC Pacific Economic Cooperation CouncilPPP publicprivate partnershipRCEP Regional Comprehensive Economic PartnershipSMEs small and medium
30、-sized enterprisesUNWTO United Nations World Tourism OrganizationEXECUTIVE SUMMARYTourism is a major sector in the global economy.International tourism receipts consistently rank among the top export categories in the world.The coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic hit the tourism sector hard.In Asi
31、a and the Pacific,by the end of 2020,international tourist arrivals were down 84%,and over 50%of destinations were closed to international travel.Efforts to recover from the pandemic and rebuild the tourism sector have focused on achieving sustainability,resilience,and inclusivity.“Build back better
32、”or“build forward better”is gaining importance as it is about doing more than getting economies and livelihoods quickly back on track to pre-pandemic level.One way to restore and rebuild better is to pursue policies that encourage applications of digital technology for not only sustainable and inclu
33、sive outcome,but also to stimulate investment and behavioral changes that build resilience against shocks in the future.This study explores ways to improve regional digital cooperation to expand the tourism industryfrom traditional tourism to e-tourism to Tourism 4.0,and finally smart tourism.It cla
34、ssifies activities by tourism value chains and looks at digital technology through three lenses:Core information and communication technologies(ICTs),narrow scope(digital economy),and broad scope(digitalized economy).Convergence of digital technologies across applications can create dynamic innovati
35、on in a positive feedback loop between digitalization and the elements of the tourism value chain.Digitalization has varied across countries,however,leading to a digital divide,which is defined based on the stage of the digital journey relative to other countries.These stages can be classified as ba
36、sic,intermediate,and advanced,and can relate to the degree of digitalization of the tourism sector.Narrowing the digital divide and building smart tourism have been priorities for regional and international cooperation measures.Regional organizations,like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(A
37、SEAN),emphasize the importance of sustainability,environmental conservation,and sociocultural impacts in tourism planning.The Global Tourism Crisis Committee of the United Nations World Tourism Organization(UNWTO)identifies digital technology and supportive government policies as instruments in buil
38、ding more resilient and sustainable tourism.Both the Asian Development Bank(ADB)and the UNWTO recognize the potential that digitalization brings to the tourism sector in sustainable management and recovery.Approach and Methodology of the StudyThe study answers three key questions.First,to what exten
39、t can the tourism value chain be digitalized(module 1)?Second,given varied development of countries in a region,how ready are countries to implement smart tourism practices(module 2)?Third,how can regional digital cooperation be improved to promote smart tourism in a region(module 3)?xExecutive Summ
40、aryThe studys systematic approach uses three modules to answer the three questions.It includes a secondary review of the tourism value chain and its activities,as well as the digital technologies that can drive transformation in the tourism economy.By mapping the applications of digital technologies
41、 to different elements of value chain activities,the capacity of smart tourism to build back better is evaluated.Using the four principles of smart tourism(attractiveness,accessibility,sustainability,and collaborative partnership),smart tools are described for the two components of smart tourism:sma
42、rt destination and smart travel.Meanwhile,country case studies are utilized to gain insights into specific practices in this context.To maintain the competitive edge in global tourism,nations have adopted the four principles of smart tourism to varying levels.In this study,selected ASEAN member coun
43、tries are used as samples to understand the similarities and differences across countries in adopting smart tourism practices.Finally,the study compares four digital agreementsThe AustraliaSingapore Digital Economy Agreement,the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement,the Comprehensive and Progressive
44、 Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership,and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnershipbased on how they address digital economy and trade in services issues.The agreements highlight key areas across issues that can be resolved through sharing of best practices,creating strategic frameworks,and
45、 finding common grounds in legal structures in the digital economy.The study concludes with policy recommendations across digital economy cooperation issues with implications for tourism in a region.The figure below shows the framework for the entire study.Figure:Study FrameworkFour Principles1.Attr
46、activeness2.Accessibility3.Sustainability4.Collaborative partnerships Digitalization oftourism factor Issues indigitalizationAdvanced Stages of digitaltransformationIntermediate E-tourismTourism4.0 Smarttourism Digitaleconomy Digitaltrade Crosscutting issues(Digitalization andeconomic development)Ba
47、sic Source:Authors illustration.Executive SummaryxiModule 1:Tourism Value Chain and Digital TransformationSmart tourism is the evolved form of traditional and e-tourism,in which the data collected from physical infrastructure and tourism stakeholders are transformed into actionable insights and viab
48、le business propositions using advanced technologies.Smart tourism has two major components:smart travel and smart destination.Smart travel covers use of advanced technology in services and activities related to getting the tourist from origin to destination.Meanwhile,smart destination facilitates a
49、ccess to tourism services,spaces,and experiences through ICT-based tools to maximize a tourists satisfaction.As the digital revolution transformed traditional tourism to e-tourism and,later,to smart tourism,the latter was conceptualized through four key principles.“Attractiveness”refers to the degre
50、e to which tangible and intangible experiences are provided using advanced technologies from the Fourth Industrial Revolution.“Accessibility”refers to how accessible tourist information and transportation are virtually and physically and how advanced technologies and design principles have been tapp
51、ed to create inclusive tourism experiences for people with disabilities,seniors,and others with specific needs.“Sustainability”is crucial in determining the foundation for social,economic,and environmental growth in smart tourism cities or places,encompassing factors like resilience,safety,creativit
52、y,innovation,renewable energy use,responsible tourism practices,cultural exchange,job creation,and economic competitiveness.“Collaborative partnership”refers to partnership between the different stakeholders of a smart tourism ecosystem.Using case studies from around the world,it is determined that
53、the entire tourism value chainconsisting of smart travel and smart destinationcan be digitally transformed.For example,under smart travel,technological advances in biometrics have produced digital solutions that enable identity verification for a frictionless journey;better security,health,and safet
54、y;and commercial benefits.Likewise,smart destinations that use ICT-based tools and integrated platforms can ease access to tourism and hospitality products and services to enhance tourist satisfaction.Module 2:Assessment of Readiness of Selected ASEAN Member Countries for Smart Tourism The ASEAN reg
55、ion has recognized the importance of sustainable tourism and digital transformation,as evidenced by its tourism strategy and the Declaration on Digital Tourism.The goal has been to promote newer,value-adding economic activities,preserve the natural environment,and provide high-quality experiences to
56、 responsible tourists.Due to various critical factors of policy,society,and demography,the member countries are at different stages of realizing the potential of digitalization and,hence,accelerating growth of the tourism sector.The study uses secondary data from various sources to assess progress i
57、n selected ASEAN members toward smart tourism.It quantifies readiness across the four principles just discussed.The analysis focuses on the adoption of digital products and services in the tourism sector,examining disparities within countries and between countries in the same region.xiiExecutive Sum
58、maryThe analytical exercise benchmarks Singapore as the group leader for its readiness in smart tourism,reinforcing its highest rank on digitalization.Attributes include smart governance,accessibility,smart mobility,sustainability,and barrier-free design.Malaysia and Thailand follow Singapore for mo
59、st of the attributes,though wide disparity remains in their digital readiness.The analysis in this module shows that the digital divide,while a hindrance for making ASEAN a single smart tourist destination,also provides opportunities for bilateral and regional cooperation.Module 3:Comparison of Regi
60、onal Cooperation Mechanisms for Deeper Digital Economy In order to advance digitalization in the tourism sector and the economy as a whole,policymakers need to address the regulatory gaps at national and regional levels.This is in addition to ICT infrastructure connectivity.Using the digital economy
61、 framework proposed by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council,this part of the report looks at the four digital agreements that some of the regions economies have joined recently to understand how these may facilitate smart tourism in the region,as summarized in Table A.The AustraliaSingapore Digi
62、tal Economy Agreement and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement are more comprehensive for strengthening digital cooperation than the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership,where the agenda of cooperation goes bey
63、ond the digital economy.This implies that countries in the first two agreements are more likely to adopt smart tourism practices with greater spillover effects on the rest of the economy.Table A:Comparing Features of Regional Mechanisms that Address Digital Cooperation IssueRelevant ChaptersASDEADEP
64、ACPTPPRCEPDigital EconomyData protection and privacyPersonal information protection +Cryptography CybersecurityCybersecurity +Competition policyNondiscrimination of digital products Cooperation on competition policya +Intellectual propertySource code +Intellectual property +Consumer protectionOnline
65、 consumer protection +Spam(Unsolicited messages)Safe online environment +Digital identityDigital identity Electronic signature/authentication Data sharingOpen government data Quality of serviceStandards and conformity assessment Dispute settlementa Artificial intelligenceAI or emerging technologies
66、continued on next pageExecutive SummaryxiiiIssueRelevant ChaptersASDEADEPACPTPPRCEPDigital TradeCross-border data flowsAllowing data flow +Data localization Data localization for financial services Custom duties +Data transfer mechanismsDomestic e-transaction framework +Digital trade standardsE-invo
67、icing E-payments Regulatory fragmentation and regulatory arbitrageTransparencya +Express shipmentsa Fintech and regulatory tech cooperation +Crosscutting IssuesInclusivity and digital divideAccess to and use of interneta +Digital inclusion Interconnection chargesa +Stakeholder engagement +Digital de
68、velopmentData innovation Submarine cablea +Digitalization of big and small enterprisesSMEsa +Green digitalizationPaperless trading +No provision Identical or nearly identical provisions Less comprehensive provision+More comprehensive provisionAI=artificial intelligence,ASDEA=AustraliaSingapore Digit
69、al Economy Agreement,CPTPP=Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership,DEPA=Digital Economy Partnership Agreement,RCEP=Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership,SMEs=small and medium-sized enterprises.aThe CPTPP and the RCEP cover these topics in a chapter separate from t
70、he chapter on e-commerce.Source:Authors compilation based on agreement texts.Policy Recommendations to Pave the Way ForwardDigitalization has emerged as a crucial tool to aid the tourism sectors recovery and promote long-term resilience,inclusivity,and sustainability.The objectives of build back bet
71、ter are being attained,as advanced technologies in the Fourth Industrial Revolution are integrated into most components of the tourism sector and the economy in general.This study recommends policies for regional groupings to develop a framework that helps national governments strengthen regional co
72、operation for digital transformation and,hence,accelerate the growth of the tourism sector.This will provide opportunities to tourism stakeholders to improve efficiency,enhance customer experiences,personalize offerings,and adapt to the evolving needs and expectations of modern travelers.This will h
73、ave further benefits for the wider economy in general.Table B identifies themes relevant for the development of smart tourism(such as data protection and privacy),recognizes issues related to them(such as cryptography),and lists actionable policies for greater cooperation.Table on Features of Region
74、al Mechanisms continued xivExecutive SummaryTable B:Policy Recommendations to Strengthen Digital Economy Cooperation for Smart TourismIssueRecommendations1.Data Protection and PrivacyThe tourism industry generates huge amounts of data that could be personal and sensitive in nature and,hence,be a pot
75、ential target for cybercriminals.This makes it important that the data is well protected and provided to authorized parties only on users consent.1.1Cryptography Strengthening encryption standards through multistakeholder collaboration and legislative protection Promoting encryption education and aw
76、areness Harmonizing relevant policies and standards that impact encryption Balancing security and privacy Protecting information and communications technology products using cryptography2.Intellectual PropertyIntellectual property(IP)systems provide a regulatory framework aiming to foster innovation
77、 and creativity.IP rights in tourism have various benefits such as enhancing management of companies and tourism destinations,differentiating tourism destinations and products from competitors,attracting investment and financing especially for small and medium-sized enterprises,etc.a2.1Source Code S
78、trengthening IP protection through legislative actions Creating mechanisms to ensure strict enforcement of nondisclosure agreements Encouraging secure code collaboration platforms3.Consumer ProtectionIn digital economy,where most of the interactions between consumers and businesses happen online,dig
79、ital consumers face challenges such as misleading ratings or reviews,scams,fraud,etc.b These issues can make consumers lose trust in online marketplaces and e-commerce,especially for cross-border transactions because of regulatory differences.Tourism industry is most vulnerable to frauds,with digita
80、l frauds in travel and leisure industry rising(111%during 20192021).c3.1Safe Online Environment Creating incident response and reporting mechanisms Encouraging multistakeholder collaboration4.Digital IdentityFrom a tourists point of view,digital identities make travel seamless,secure,and safe,while
81、governments and businesses can benefit from secure screening and identification(ID)of travellers.Many countries have already implemented one form of digital ID or ePassport;however,there is still scope for collaboration between countries to benefit from making interoperable systems across multiple s
82、ectors.4.1Digital Identity Promoting interoperability and compatibility of digital ID systems Promoting inclusion and accessibility5.Data SharingData is an important resource for economic growth,competitiveness,job creation,and societal progress.d Maintaining open datasets can benefit multiple stake
83、holders.Various regions like Europe have already implemented open data portals,which provide datasets on various sectors including tourism.e5.1Open Government Data Developing open-data policies Maintaining accessible data portals continued on next pageExecutive SummaryxvIssueRecommendations6.Quality
84、 of ServiceEnsuring delivery of quality service is important for maintaining higher levels of customer satisfaction.The same fundamental holds true for the tourism economy.6.1Standards and Conformity Assessment Promoting adoption of international standards Harmonizing of regulatory requirements7.Art
85、ificial IntelligenceArtificial intelligence(AI)presents huge opportunities for tourists,businesses,and governments with applications like chatbots,predictive analysis,automation,etc.Despite these benefits,AI still faces regulatory challenges because of the unpredictable nature of business models rel
86、ying on these technologies,data privacy,security,ownership,and control issues,and the complex nature as opposed to traditional software.f7.1AI and Emerging Technologies Developing ethical and responsible regulatory frameworks for AI governance8.Cross-Border Data FlowsCross-border data flows are esse
87、ntial to economic growth in the digital economy.For tourism,this means free flow of data across borders for businesses and governments.8.1Data Localization for Financial Services Following risk-based approaches to data localization requirement Providing regulatory clarity and certainty Promoting fle
88、xibility on requirement of location of computing facilities for financial services9.Digital Trade StandardsDigital trade standards ensure interoperability among different digital platforms and enable smooth integration of diverse services for an enhanced tourist experience.The standardization also s
89、ecures data transmission,thereby building trust in digital transactions and encouraging more tourists to adopt the smart tourism services.9.1E-invoicing Promoting standardization and interoperability Strengthening integration with business systems Mandating or incentivizing adoption 9.2E-payments In
90、vesting in digital payment infrastructure Promoting interoperability and standardization Providing regulatory framework for information sharing 10.Regulatory Fragmentation:The lack of harmonization between regulations and laws leads to slower adoption of smart tourism practices and technologies as b
91、usinesses will hesitate to invest in sectors and regions having complex and conflicting regulations.The inconsistency in legal frameworks results in higher compliance costs and administrative burdens,thereby impeding innovation and hindering collaboration between regions.10.1Fintech and Regulatory T
92、ech Cooperation Promoting regulatory sandboxes for cross-border testing Strengthening regulatory agility Adopting proportional regulationcontinued on next pageTable on Policy Recommendations continued xviExecutive SummaryIssueRecommendations11.Inclusivity and Digital Divide Bridging the digital divi
93、de establishes a sustainable tourism environment.Strategies like expanding connectivity,providing digital skills training,fostering digital innovation,and designing user-friendly interfaces can address the digital divide amongtourists.11.1Digital Inclusion Supporting infrastructure development Provi
94、ding local content and multilingual support Establishing digital inclusion metrics and monitoring 11.2Stakeholder Engagement Organizing multistakeholder platforms Encouraging participation of grassroots organizations and communities Supporting early capacity building 12.Digital Development and Use o
95、f Big DataDigital development may include development of data governance framework,open data initiatives,ethical and responsible data use,and data impact assessment.Policy recommendations related to these issues have been discussed under various headings above.a World Intellectual Property Organizat
96、ion(WIPO)and United Nations World Tourism Organization.2021.Boosting Tourism Development through Intellectual Property.Geneva:WIPO.b Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.2021.The Role of Online Marketplaces in Enhancing Consumer Protection.Paris.c TransUnion.2022.Global Digital Fra
97、ud Trends:Rising Customer Expectations amid Evolving Fraud Threats.https:/ Commission.A European Strategy for Data.https:/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/strategy-data.e Europaen Commission.Eurostat.EU Tourism Database.https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/tourism/data/database(accessed July 20
98、23).f Digital Regulation Platform.2020.Elements of Spectrum Management for Upcoming Technologies.9 February.https:/digitalregulation.org/3004297-2/e.Source:Asian Development Bank.Table on Policy Recommendations continued 1The coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic revealed the vulnerability of the to
99、urism sector,but it also provided an opportunity to address sector weaknesses.Digitalization is increasingly being considered as a way to strengthen economic recovery and make it more resilient,inclusive,and sustainable.The challenge is to create a smart tourism ecosystem where digitalization and to
100、urism can come together.Regional cooperation can build synergies between tourism and digitalization,but the digital divide between and within countries in a region has to be narrowed for it to be more effectivein this,too,regional cooperation can help.This report details policy recommendations at th
101、e regional level to enhance the smart tourism ecosystem and narrow the digital divide.This chapter,particularly,presents the objectives,framework,and methodology of the study and discusses its underlying concepts,including the tourism value chain,theprocess of digitalization,and the two pillars of s
102、mart tourism ecosystem.Regional cooperation for asmart tourism ecosystem is the center of the studys policy recommendations.Build Back Better Tourisms Contribution to the Global EconomyTourism is one of the major sectors in the global economy.It was the worlds third largest export category after fue
103、ls and chemicals,and ahead of automotive products and food in the 2019 accounting for 7%of global exports.1 Data from the United Nations World Tourism Organization(UNWTO)show that,globally,international tourist receipts during the last 2 decades peaked before COVID-19 in 2020(Figure 1),with similar
104、trends in Asia and the Pacific.Indeed,tourism was among the hardest-hit sectors,as the pandemic lockdowns impacted incomes,livelihoods,public services,and economic opportunities.Tourist arrivals globallythe flipside of revenuespeaked in 2019(Figure 2)and fell by 72%in 2020,with Asia and the Pacific
105、recording the largest regional decline(Figure 3).Worse still,the regions global share of tourist arrivals also shrank.Abbas et al.(2021)estimates that global leisure,travel,and inbound tourism lost a combined$2.86trillion in 2020,equivalent to about a 50%loss in revenues.1 United Nations World Touri
106、sm Organization(UNWTO).2021.International Tourism Highlights.2020 Edition.Madrid.https:/doi.org/10.18111/9789284422456.Tourism and Digitalization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery2Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationFigure 1:International Tourism Receipts,Asia
107、 and the Pacific versus World,20102022 ($billion)02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6002010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022Asia and the PacificWorldSources:Asia and the Pacific values from United Nations World Tourism Organization(UNWTO).2022.Compendium of Tourism Statistics d
108、ataset Electronic(accessed November 2022);and World values from UNWTO.UNWTO Tourism Data Dashboard.https:/www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard(accessed 10 November 2022).Figure 2:International Tourist Arrivals,Asia and the Pacific versus World,20102022(millions)02004006008001,0001,2001
109、,4001,6002010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022Asia and the PacificWorldSources:Asia and the Pacific values from United Nations World Tourism Organization(UNWTO).2022.Compendium of Tourism Statistics dataset Electronic(accessed November 2022);and World values from UNWTO.UNW
110、TO Tourism Data Dashboard.https:/www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard(accessed 10 November 2022).Tourism and Digitalization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 3Figure 3:Tourist Arrivals,20202022 (%of 2019 level)17.74.515.727.831.165.70070202020212022Asia and the PacificWorld
111、Source:United Nations World Tourism Organization.UNWTO Tourism Data Dashboard.https:/www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard(accessed 25 July 2023).Nonetheless,clear signs of recovery emerged in 2022 as countries resumed allowing visitors.Figure2 and Figure 3 show a slight recovery in the
112、 tourism sector in 2021,accelerating in 2022.However,stricter and longer border and quarantine restriction measures compared to other regions slowed the pace in Asia and the Pacific.Building Back Better through Digitalization and Regional CooperationStronger recovery is needed for a resilient,inclus
113、ive,and sustainable outcome,in keeping with the mantras of“build back better”or“build forward better,”which are guiding efforts to overcome the pandemic.The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has declared that economic recovery from the pandemic should extend beyond rapidly
114、restoring jobs and businesses.Policies that support revitalization need to encourage activities that will reduce the likelihood of future disruptions and enhance societys resilience to them when they do occur(OECD 2022a).Regional organizations,such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN
115、),have likewise agreed that recovery from the pandemic should involve setting up a more sustainable tourism sector that promotes resilience(ERIA 2022).In particular,sustainability must be pivotal in all subsequent tourism planning in the region.Adequate consideration should also be given to climate
116、change and environmental issues and to crucial sociocultural impacts of tourism.4Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationIn these efforts,digital technology and supportive government policies encouraging public and private sectors to adopt smart tourism have been g
117、aining importance.As countries lifted the travel restrictions,UNWTO convened the Global Tourism Crisis Committee to monitor and guide the sector as it responded to the pandemic and to lay the groundwork for future resilience and sustainability.It identified seven priorities(Figure 4):the first five
118、are mitigative,and the last two priorities deal with building resilience in the sector,predominantly through digitalization(UNWTO 2020).Figure 4:Priorities for Tourism Recovery as per UNWTOInnovation and Sustainability as the new normal Consolidate the national and global innovation ecosystem Foster
119、 opportunities for major corporations to work with start-ups(open innovation)Innovate in business models,communications,and experiences Investment in the digital transformation for better destinations planning and management Transition to more resource-efcient and low-carbon tourism Define carrying
120、capacity and advance efective destination management through data evidence-based tourism measurement and monitoring systems Added-value jobs through new technologies Adopt national policies that support the digital transformation of destinations,companies,employees,and jobseekers Support companies t
121、o accelerate digital transformation Embrace new profiles:cybersecurity,big data analysis,data scientists Support jobseekers with new skills:new products,marketing,market intelligence 6 7 Public-private collaboration foran efcient reopeningOpen borders withresponsibility Harmonize andcoordinate proto
122、colsand procedures 1 2 5 6 Provide liquidity andprotect jobsRecover confidencethrough safety andsecurity3 4 7 Added-value jobs throughnew technologies Innovation andSustainability as the newnormal UNWTO=United Nations World Tourism Organization.Source:UNWTO.2020.Priorities for Tourism Recovery.Madri
123、d.https:/webunwto.s3.eu-west- and Digitalization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 5A recent report by the Asian Development Bank(ADB)and UNWTO(2021)discusses how big data and digitalization can benefit the sector and help achieve more sustainable tourism management and recovery.Tourism-specific da
124、ta emanating from sources such as tourism operators and online platformsand nontourism-specific data from sources such as credit card transactions,mobility services,and sensorscan enable tourism stakeholders to track and manage the social,economic,and environmental impacts of tourism activities.Such
125、 data can complement more traditional data,control tourism flows,and prioritize preferred source markets,helping to promote smart destinations.Meanwhile,the role of regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific is considered,since tourism value chains span international borders.The elements of those
126、value chains,therefore,operate under different national ecosystems,which are influenced by local capabilities.Moreover,some countries can benefit from the experience and successful practices of their neighbors.Hence,the success of digitalization in tourism requires collaboration and cooperation of n
127、ations in initiatives spanning knowledge sharing,joint marketing,infrastructure development,skill building,and policy coordination.About the StudyObjectivesThis study analyzes and discusses smart tourism in detail and assesses country readiness and the role of regional cooperation.It examines the to
128、urism value chain and components of digitalization that underpin the smart tourism ecosystem.It empirically assesses selected countries from the region at different levels of development for their readiness in adopting smart tourism practices.It also examines the principles of digital trade agreemen
129、ts to identify gaps in leading regional digital cooperation initiatives that may enable countries to adopt smart tourism practices,promoting international tourism in a region.It recommends policy choices in how regional cooperation could be strengthened to deliver smart tourism objectives,as articul
130、ated in national and regional policy documents.The studys five chapters answer three research questions:To what extent can the activities in the tourism value chain undergo digital transformation?How far are countries ready to adopt digital transformation in their tourism sector,particularly given t
131、heir varied development levels?How is digital economy cooperation featured in the latest regional cooperation mechanisms,given that countries participating in digital economy agreements may have greater potential to adopt smart tourism practices?Study FrameworkFigure 5 shows the basic framework tyin
132、g together the research questions.A more elaborate framework,underpinned by the four principles of smart tourismattractiveness,accessibility,sustainability,and collaborative partnershipis discussed in Chapter 2.The study analyzes three strands:(i)the degree of digitalization of the tourism sectorfro
133、m e-tourism to Tourism 4.0 to smart tourism;(ii)the stage of a countrys digital transformation,which can be basic,intermediate,or advanced;and(iii)the core issues that have to be addressed to advance digitalization of the tourism sector and the economy as a whole.Regional cooperation is a means by w
134、hich these core issues can be addressed.6Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationSubsequent chapters will explain the various concepts and how the three strands interact.Thedifferent threads,tied together,essentially form the smart tourism ecosystem.Figure 5:Study
135、FrameworkFour Principles1.Attractiveness2.Accessibility3.Sustainability4.Collaborative partnerships Digitalization oftourism factor Issues indigitalizationAdvanced Stages of digitaltransformationIntermediate E-tourismTourism4.0 Smarttourism Digitaleconomy Digitaltrade Crosscutting issues(Digitalizat
136、ion andeconomic development)Basic Source:Authors illustration.MethodologyThe methodology is based on a three-module approach,in line with the research questions and theframework.Module 1Unpacking Smart TourismThis is Chapter 2 of the report,which expands on the first strand of the frameworkthe degre
137、e of digitalization in the tourism sector.In this module,tourism value chain activities are identified,along with different digital technologies capable of transforming the tourism economy.The amenability of the digital technologies is then gauged to the different tourism value chain activities.Eval
138、uation of the tourism value chains propensity to adopt technology will help define the interface between the stage of a countrys digital transformation and the degree of digitalization of the tourism industry.Country case studies are used to understand specific practices.Module 2Country Readiness to
139、 Adopt Smart Tourism PracticesChapter 3 of the report builds on the second strand of the frameworkthe stage of an economys digital transformation.The module uses secondary data from various sources to examine country readiness to adopt smart tourism practices.It looks at selected Southeast Asian cou
140、ntries to analyze Tourism and Digitalization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 7the digital divide both within and between countries of the same region.This allows consideration of the opportunities and constraints to regional cooperation,which is tackled in the next module.Module 3Gaps in Regional
141、 Digital Economy Cooperation Agreements This module(Chapter 4)focuses on the regional component of the core issues.It looks at supply side enablers for building smart tourism across countries.The discussion lays down the provisions of the digital economy,digital trade,and crosscutting issues,and ide
142、ntifies gaps in discussing the same in the regional cooperation documents of AustraliaSingapore Digital Economy Agreement(ASDEA),DigitalEconomy Partnership Agreement(DEPA),Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership(CPTPP),and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCE
143、P).Key Concepts of the Study The Tourism Value Chain and the Complex SystemThe tourism sectors value chain comprises of various segments with different actors.Thedestination is the most important foundation for tourism services(GIZ 2020).This includes the natural and sociocultural resources and the
144、basic infrastructure,such as access roads and energy supply.Figure 6 presents the traditional view of the value chain for the tourism sector,i.e.,a sequence of value-adding activities involved in the production and delivery of product or service.Figure 6:Tourism Value ChainOther supportservicesTrave
145、l organizationand booking CoreActivitiesTransportation Accommodation Foods,beverages,andother shops Tourism assets Leisure,excursions,andtours Travel agent Airline companies Tour operators Bus and taxioperators Taxi driversRiver ferry Informaltransportation Hotels Apartments Guesthouses Youth hostel
146、s Owners of barsand pubs Owners ofrestaurants Food deliverypersonnel Crafts,handicraft shops Cultural assets Natural assets Tourist guideorganization Independenttourist guides Informationcenters Grocery shop/retail Laundry Banks Infrastructure support water,electricity,roads,etc.Regional cooperation
147、Supporting institutions Ministries of Tourism,Commerce,etc.Policies andregulations Check-in Immigration check Boarding In-flightentertainment Last mileconnectivity Intracity travel Availing transportpasses Tracking Check-in In-room service Lounge andconcierge services Finding the nearestplace to eat
148、 Checking menu andquality of food Packing extras Payment Mapping of assets Touring andlearning Arranging propsand gears Buying entry passesShows andadventures ATM bankingTraining foradventure Financial servicesLaundry drop and pick upInformationconfirmationSub-ActivitiesStakeholdersEcosystemEnablers
149、ATM=automated teller machine.Source:Authors,as adapted from United Nations World Tourism Organization(UNWTO).2013.Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook.Madrid.https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284415496.8Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationTou
150、rism destinations,often a part of complexity theory,encompass numerous interdependent factors and activities with relationships that might be highly nonlinear(Baggio 2008).Figure 7 illustrates these relationships through a casual loop diagram.The basic tenets of complexity theory are non-linear dyna
151、mics,and adaptation or evolution;others include emergence,self-organization,feedback,and chaos(Turner and Baker 2019).The symptoms of complexity,which also appear in the tourism sector,are as follows(Baggio 2008):a large number of elements form the system;interactions among the elements are nonlinea
152、r;there are loops in the interactions;complex systems are usually open and their state is far from equilibrium;complex systems have a history,the“future”behavior depends on the past one;and each element is unaware of the behavior of the system as a whole,it reacts only to information available to it
153、 locally.Figure 7:Causal Loop Diagram of the Tourism SectorNo.of tourists(+)Area attractiveness(+)Focus on qualityinfrastructure(+)Openness to tourists(+)Destination marketing(+)Feedback loop in thesector makes it acomplex value chain Tourism assetsculture,events(+)Source:Authors,as adapted from T.J
154、.Jakulin.2016.Systems Approach for Contemporary Complex Tourism Systems.International Journal for Quality Research.10(3).pp.511522.Generation of positive feedback loops or cycles can be highlighted as the basis to evaluate proposed policies related to digitalization.The interactions among the compon
155、ents of the system become more critical than their own individual features and the resulting feedback cycles can impact the overall behavior of the system.The relevance of tourism as a complex system comes into focus when the smart tourism ecosystem is detailed in Chapter 2.Tourism and Digitalizatio
156、n:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 9Digitalization and TourismDigitalization of economic activities started with the evolution and growing use of information and communication technology(ICT).It is often viewed as the“incorporation of data and the Internet into production processes and products,ne
157、w forms of household and government consumption,fixed-capital formation,cross-border flows,and finance”(IMF 2018).Digitalization is transforming the services sector,with wide-ranging applications in retail markets,the financial sector,and many others.Tourism is increasingly seen as a sector where di
158、gitalization has the potential to boost innovation,generate economic and environmental efficiencies,and increase productivity(OECD 2020b).Table 1 shows how elements of tourism value chain are amenable to digitalization.This is an example of how tourists experience is enhanced by the application of d
159、igital interventions.Table 1:User Journey of a Tourist Travelling to EuropeTourism Value ChainTechnology-Driven Experiences Travel Organization and Booking Destination government website,Visit Europe,helps to disseminate information about the destination.Tourism agent websites like TripAdvisor and M
160、akeMyTrip allow travelers to get additional information.Artificial intelligence(AI)-driven chatbots help to solve travellers queries efciently.Blogs by travel influencers,such as Salt in our hair,allow travellers to understand the on-ground reality.Social media helps to spread the information in efe
161、ctive and faster ways.Aviation and Transport Online Travel Agents,like B,allows travelers to compare prices and book tickets online.Europes Schengen Visa makes the visa application process completely online and hassle-free.Shared economy apps,like Taxi EU,allow travellers to get a taxi within minute
162、s.Super apps,like Omio,helps travellers book tickets for trains,rails,buses,ferries,etc.through a single platform.Trafc management systems,such Snap4City,helps cities like Florence,Italy to manage the trafc.Accommodation Companies,like Airbnb,provide online accommodation marketplaces making it easie
163、r to find accommodation anywhere in the country.In-hotel mobile apps,like Virgin Hotels Lucy,provide a wide range of services,from ordering the food to acting as a room key and even for controlling room lights.Food,Beverage,and Shopping Mobile applications,like Grubhub,let travelers reserve the seat
164、s at their favorite restaurant.Ghost kitchens,like Keatz,provide food delivery service right at the doorstep.Platforms,such as Tock To Go,allows tourists to pre-order their meal for a future time and date.Tourism Assets,Leisure,and Tours Mobile applications,like Terra Aventura app,provide a family t
165、reasure hunt game experience in France with 400 unusual discroutes to over the natural and cultural heritage.Self-guide apps,such as Nexto app,are innovative smart audio city guide in Slovenia,which engages its users through features like puzzles,riddles,and item collection by mobile scanning and au
166、gmented reality(AR).Virtual bicycling experience in Copenhagen gives travelers a taste of cycling in the city without actually riding one.Sources:Airbnb.https:/ https:/ Embassy of Denmark.https:/cyclingsolutions.info/embassy/virtual-reality-bike-tour-copenhagen/,EU Startups Keatz.https:/www.eu- in O
167、ur Hair.https:/ Firenze Smart City Control Room.https:/www.snap4city.org/drupal/node/531,Taxi EU.https:/www.taxi.eu/en/,Terra Adventure.https:/www.terra-aventura.fr/en/how-play,Tock To Go.https:/ Hotels.https:/ Visit Europe.https:/ Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationThe
168、se technology applications in the tourism sector have resulted in a wide range of benefits for the stakeholders.For example,application of ICT in the European tourism sector has played an important part in fostering interorganizational collaboration within networks of tourist destinations to develop
169、 integrated quality management practice and high competitiveness(Go and Govers 2000).Inatime-series analysis across 19962016 evaluating around 8,000 emerging patents,digitaltechnology in tourism is determined to be conductive to tourists and develops new tourism models(Pantano and Stylidis 2021).Sim
170、ilarly,research from Australia shows that using digital tools can save small businesses in general 10 hours a week(or 019 employees)and boost revenue by 27%(ANZ 2018).In an analysis of 53small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)in Southern England,the digital market was found to accelerate the develo
171、pment of tourism industry(Alford and Jones 2020).This implies that digital technology provides a good market basis for the sustainable development of tourism by shaping the destination image as well as exploring other service opportunities in cultural heritage(Gannon and Taheri 2018).For all 14 pref
172、ectures of the Peoples Republic of China,it has been empirically found that the digital economy is the key driving force for the high-quality development of tourism(Zhao,Mei,and Xiao 2022).The digital ecosystem of an economy empowers smart tourism by facilitating data-driven decision-making through
173、online services,smart devices,and platforms.The Smart Tourism Ecosystem One important aim of this study is to examine how the digital revolution can strengthen the tourism industry.For example,digital platforms operate and facilitate travel and tourism through two segments and eight subcategories.“D
174、irect bookings”comprise the first segment,wherein consumers purchase travel products directly from the supplier,website,or mobile application.The second segment is through indirect channels,known as online travel agencies,which are web-based marketplaces that give consumers the ability to research,c
175、ompare,review,and book travel products and services from multiple suppliers simultaneously.2 The travel and tourism subcategories are holiday packages;flights;hotels;vacation rentals;tours;activities;ride-hailing;trains,and buses;and car rentals.A discussion of the relationship of digitalization and
176、 tourism,however,has to clarify the concepts of e-tourism,Tourism 4.0 or sometimes referred to as Hospitality Industry 4.0,and smart tourism.Gretzelet al.(2015);Pencarelli(2020);and Zeqiri,Dahmani,and Youssef(2020)usefully review key issues.This is the major component of the first strand of the fram
177、ework and is detailed in Chapter 2.Meanwhile,the generation of positive feedback loops or cycles in tourism through digitalization can be aligned with the concept of convergence.Digital convergence arises when one or more digital technologies combine to operate in a concerted fashion,allowing data a
178、nd information to be shared,leading to new innovations,all of which facilitate seamless interactions across the complete journey of the tourist(OECD 2020b).In the tourism sector,convergence is occurring in two key areas:(i)the combination of digital technologies,and(ii)digital technologies merging w
179、ith the physical world(e.g.,wearable technologies,augmented reality,image recognition).Digitalphysical convergence has spawned new hybrid products,services,and experiences.2 Expedia Group.Why do you need an Online Travel Agency(OTA)?,https:/ and Digitalization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 11Wh
180、en digital technologies are applied within innovative business models,the structure of competition,innovation,and investment can change significantly(Rachinger et al.2019).The convergence of digital technologies creates a dynamic innovation system,which is in essence the positive feedback loop betwe
181、en the tourism sector and digitalization.Expanding the Concept of Smart TourismSmart tourism is the evolution of traditional and e-tourism,involving technology-driven innovation and extensive adoption of ICT and the Internet of Things(IOT)(Figure 8).Smart tourism is a step forward in the application
182、 of ICT.In this ecosystem,significant aspects of the physical and governance dimensions of tourism are digitalized,raising intelligence and efficiency.Smart tourism consists of integrated efforts at a destination to collect and aggregate or harness data from physical infrastructure and social connec
183、tions,government and organizational sources,and human bodies and/or minds.Using advanced technologies,the data are consolidated and transformed into on-site experiences and business value propositions with a clear focus on efficiency,sustainability,and experience enrichment(Gretzel et al.2015).As me
184、ntioned earlier,discussion of a smart tourism ecosystem has to clarify the concepts of e-tourism,Tourism 4.0,and smart tourism.Figure 8:Evolution of Digitalization in TourismSphereCore technologiesParadigmSustainabilityvisionStructureEfciency orientationEfectiveness orientationDigitalWebsitesInterac
185、tivityNoValue chain activitiesLowLowDigital and PhysicalSmartphonesTech-enabled infrastructureNoValue chain linkagesHighLowBridging Digital and PhysicalSensors and smartphonesTechnologymediated co-creation YesEcosystemHighHighE-tourismTourism 4.0Smart Tourismourism Sources:Authors;U.Gretzel,M.Singal
186、a,Z.Xiang,and C.Koo.2015.Smart Tourism.Foundations and Developments.Electron Mark.25(3).pp.179188;and T.Pencarelli.2020.The Digital Revolution in the Travel and Tourism Industry.Information Technology and Tourism.22(3).pp.455476.12Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital Coope
187、rationE-tourismTourism has been closely related to the evolution of ICT over the past decades.The establishment of the computer reservation systems in the 1970s,global distribution systems in the late 1980s,and the Internet in the late 1990s overhauled operational and strategic practices in the sect
188、or.Tourism information systems became a new type of business that supported e-tourism.The information extracted from these sources served as the catalyst for a variety of tasks,including dynamic packaging,travel planning,and price comparison.3 E-tourism was a paradigm change when the application of
189、ICT enhanced and facilitated tourism activities.It included the use of various online platforms,social media,mobile applications,and other digital tools to promote tourism products and services,manage reservations,facilitate communication between tourists and service providers,and enhance the overal
190、l tourist experience.E-tourism was mainly focused on the integration of technology with traditional tourism practices.Tourism 4.0Industry 4.0 ushered in a wave of digital transformation of all sectors of the global economy.New technologies and applications have been connecting individuals,organizati
191、ons,and machines at unparalleled scope and speed.And this broader interaction across the physical,digital,and biological worlds has been facilitated by advances in artificial intelligence(AI),robotics,IOT,3D printing,genetic engineering,quantum computing,big data,blockchain,and other technologies.To
192、urism was one of the first sectors to digitalize business processes on a global scale,bringing flight and hotel bookings online.It was therefore a natural process for Industry 4.0 to be adopted in the tourism sector.The outcome of the Industry 4.0 adoption is Tourism 4.0,which is a more comprehensiv
193、e and advanced concept that incorporates not only the use of ICT but also the aforementioned emerging technologies.It involves the digitalization and automation of various tourism processes,including personalized marketing,smart destination management,intelligent transportation,and augmented reality
194、 experiences.These technologies and their applications in the tourism industry have been elaborated upon in Appendix 2.Tourism 4.0 aims to create a more connected,immersive,and sustainable tourism experience by leveraging the latest technologies.Smart TourismSmart tourism is an advanced stage of the
195、 digitalization of the sector.Smart tourism encompasses networked ICT,providing opportunities for both tourism consumers and organizations(Wang 2013).It consists of digital and virtual tourism.Information and data emanating from tourist activities,the consumption of products,and tourism and social r
196、esources can be quickly combined,thereby providing tourists,enterprises,and organizations a variety of end-user devices(Zhang 2012).With the rapid spread of mobile devices,particularly the smartphone and associated apps,an era of unprecedented connectivity and access to the Internet has been ushered
197、 in.3 E-Tourism.https:/ and Digitalization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 13Pencarelli(2020)delineates some distinguishing features of Tourism 4.0 and smart tourism.First,Tourism 4.0 is associated primarily with the new technological software and hardware,while smart tourism refers to their use
198、in concert with human,social,and other technological resources to apply sustainability principles.Second,smart tourism gives more attention to sustainable mobility,social cohesion,protection of peoples privacy,and optimization of waste management,as well as water and energy consumption in tourist lo
199、cations.Third,with the use of new technologies,smart tourism subordinates normal tourism services to a vision of sustainability anchored on improving the quality of life of peopleboth locals and touristsin tourism destinations.As the sector evolved from e-tourism to Tourism 4.0 to smart tourism,the
200、digital journey moved from a basic stage to intermediate to eventually an advanced stage.This is consistent with the stages of digitalization defined in the next section.The emergence of new information technologies,as well as the change in the buying behavior of tourists,prompted tourism managers t
201、o adopt new processes,leading to better fulfilment of all stakeholders needs.The challenge is to make progress in digitalization consistent with the evolution from e-tourism to smart tourism.The Various Stages of Digitalization and the Digital DivideA digital divide in a specific population group is
202、 the unequal availability of and accessibility to digital infrastructure and technology,including smartphones,tablets,laptops,and the Internet.This results in inequality of access to information and resources.Because ICT has surpassed the manufacturing sector as the basis for faster economic growth
203、and social mobility,people without access to ICT are at a socioeconomic disadvantage,as they are unable or less able to seek employment,buy and sell online,participate in self-governance,or undertake research and learn.Mapping characteristics of the digital journey shows the possible stage where a c
204、ountry or region can be.The digital divide means that not only are different countries at different stages,but regions within countries are also at different stages.The framework for this analysis is drawn from the literature and modified for this study(Table 2).The first stage is most important,as
205、it forms the base for subsequent layers.In this stage,economies use computers and the Internet,but their functionality is very limited and most of the sales in the economy take place offline.The most important aspect of this stage is having the necessary infrastructure in place.In the second stage,e
206、conomies use technology to provide more sophisticated digital tools.This can include use of digital platforms to provide services like e-payments,e-commerce,and digital services such as data analytics.However,major sales in the economy still take place through an offline mode.The third stage involve
207、s more advanced emerging technologies like IOT and AI,which are key components of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.The economies in this stage are capable of using advanced data analytics tools for decision-making.As a result,majority of sales take place through online channels.At this stage,countri
208、es can collaborate with each other to maximize the benefits of digital technologies.Advanced stage capabilities can enhance the potential of economic activities,including tourism.14Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationTable 2:Stages of Digital Transformation for
209、 Any EconomyStageCharacteristicsBasicTelecom and infrastructureInternet usageComputer usageWeb presenceOffline salesIntermediateDigital literacy and skillsPrivacy and cybersecurity regulationsUse of e-paymentsE-commerce participationSome level of data analytics usedMajorly offline salesAdvancedCreat
210、ion and innovationRegional cooperationUse of the Internet of Things Use of artificial intelligence Use of software as a service/cloud-based serviceHigh usage of data analyticsMajority of sales conducted onlineSources:Authors;and Institute of Southeast Asian Studies(ISEAS)Yusof Ishak Institute.2021.A
211、ssessing Digital Economy Policies in Six Southeast Asian.ISEAS Perspective.50.https:/www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ISEAS_Perspective_2021_50.pdf.The digital journey can also be cast in terms of a countrys or regions transition from e-tourism to smart tourism.This is directly related to
212、 the dimensions of the digital economy(Figure 9).The core of the digital economy is the ICT sector,which produces basic digital goods and services(e.g.,information technology and business process management services).Together with the ICT-producing sector,the digital and platform services(e.g.,Faceb
213、ook and Google)comprise the digital economy in a narrow scope.The widest scopeuse of ICT in all economic fields,such as automation,AI,and e-commerce,as well as the sharing economy and the gig economyis called the“digitalized economy.”Obviously,Tourism 4.0 and smart tourism are associated with the br
214、oad scope.The different stages in Table 2 can also be mapped into the three dimensions of the digital economy.Digital Divide and Regional CooperationRegional cooperation aims to enhance cross-border tourism and constitutes collaboration around the digital economy.While the interaction of the tourism
215、 economy and digital transformation leads to smart tourism practices,introducing regional cooperation provides economies of scale,facilitates movement of people,and increases tourism productivity.An integrated regional market will definitely be more productive than disjointed individual economies wi
216、th inconsistent regulations.The objective is to design and implement rules and regulations that are compatible across countries,enabling local firms to operate efficiently across borders.Since no individual country is large enough to influence the structure of regulation in the digital economy,parti
217、cularly in areas such as taxation and data policy,collective and coordinated action is necessary.From a wider regulatory perspective,cooperation based on a principle of openness would put any region in a much stronger position.Tourism and Digitalization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 15Figure 9:
218、Three Dimensions of Digital TransactionsCore:Digital(IT/ICT)Sector Narrow Scope:DigitalEconomyBroad Scope:DigitalizedEconomy Hardware manufacture Information servicesSoftware and IT consultingTelecommunications Digital services Platform economy e-Business Sharing economy Gig economy e-Commerce Indus
219、try 4.0 Algorithmic economy 1 32 ICT=information and communication technology,IT=information technology.Source:R.Bukht and R.Heeks.2017.Defining,Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy.SSRN Electronic Journal.http:/dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3431732.Table 3 presents an example of policies at
220、the regional level that can deal with the issues at the heart of digitalization.Some of the policies can be initiated nationally,but areas exist that are clearly constrained by the digital divide within and between countries.This report considers both national and regional policies that can address
221、the digital divide.These are necessary to foster a regional smart tourism ecosystem.Table 3:Regional Issues and Possible Policy ResponsesRegulatory IssuePolicy at the Regional LevelConnectivityCross-border connectivity including regulatory harmonizationRegional compatibility of digital IDPaymentsPro
222、moting interoperabilityLogisticsHarmonized regional minimum thresholds and simplified proceduresSkillsEnabling greater regional mobility of skilled workers,including through mutual recognition of qualificationsData policiesPathway to regulatory coherenceOpen regional regime on dataCybersecurityRegio
223、nal regulatory and enforcement collaboration including overarching governance frameworkSource:World Bank.2019.The Digital Economy in Southeast Asia:Strengthening the Foundations for Future Growth.Washington,DC.16Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationMeanwhile,a t
224、ourism value chain integrated regionally should experience similar benefits.Facilitatingtravel into,around,and between the countries of a particular region can significantly increase profitability.Given that the essence of tourism is to create and foster better dialogue,increased people-to-people ex
225、changes,more economic ties,and increased connectivity throughout a particular region,its development should be an operational priority under various regional groupings.This report raises the possibility that the tourism sector can be a laboratory to demonstrate the need for collective action in digi
226、talization.This is related to its possible role as a focal point of regional cooperation indigitalization.Sample of Policy RecommendationsDigital development has transformed smart tourism by empowering travelers with information,convenience,personalization,and immersive experiences,thereby enabling
227、smart destinations and smart travel.It provides tourists end-to-end assistance from trip planning,booking,and reservations using targeted recommendations.On the supply side,businesses can adapt and offer innovative services with the help of big data analytics to make data-driven decisions for higher
228、 personalization.However,there are gaps and challenges largely emanating from the digital divide that constrain the progress of digitalization in the tourism sector and the economy as a whole.Table 3 gives a succinct presentation of the type of policy recommendations that can overcome these gaps and
229、 challenges.This chapter enumerates a sample of these policies at the regional level that are discussed in full inChapter 5.Cryptography:Governments should encourage collaboration with technology experts,researchers,and cryptographic communities to ensure encryption algorithms remain secure against
230、emerging threats.Intellectual property,source code:Regional groupings should enable member nations to create necessary regulatory frameworks to enforce and uphold nondisclosure agreements between parties involved in the development,distribution,or licensing of source code.Consumer protection:Regiona
231、l cooperation mechanisms should adopt a multistakeholder approach and collaborate with industrial,government,and global stakeholders to address issues affecting online safety and security.As an illustration,governments should adhere to guidelines released by international agencies,such as the“Consum
232、er Protection in E-Commerce”by the OECD(2016)andthe“Consumers International Guidelines for Online Product Safety”by Consumers International(2021).Digital identities:The most critical element in this regard is harmonization of digital ID standards.For example,the“Catalogue of Technical Standards for
233、Digital Identification Systems,”developed by the World Bank(Mittal 2022),provides standards for different types of digital identities.Data sharing:Regional groupings should encourage member countries to establish clear policies and guidelines that promote the release of government data in open and m
234、achine-readable formats.Tourism and Digitalization:Keys to the Post-Pandemic Recovery 17Quality of service:Regional groupings should encourage governments to adopt internationally recognized standards in the digital economy,like the“United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL)Model
235、 Law on Electronic Commerce”by the United Nations(1999)and the World Trade Organizations rules and principles on digital trade.Artificial intelligence:Regional groupings should encourage member countries to establish regulatory frameworks that address the unique challenges posed by AI and emerging t
236、echnologies.These frameworks should guide the development,deployment,and use of AI systems.2The Smart Tourism EcosystemThis chapter extends the discussion of smart tourism and shows how the tourism value chain can be aligned to the smart tourism ecosystem.Two concepts underpin the tourism value chai
237、n:the four principles of smart tourism and its two components.Their interaction expands the framework presented in Figure 5 and forms the main structure of the report.How far the tools and technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution can support the smart tourism ecosystem is the major theme of th
238、is chapter.Case studies are presented to strengthen the argument that the entire tourism value chain can be digitally enhanced.Principles of Smart TourismSmart tourism can be conceptualized using four principles:attractiveness,accessibility,sustainability,and collaborative partnership(Figure 10).Fig
239、ure 10:Principles of Smart TourismAttractiveness Degree to which tangible and intangibletourist experiences are provided usingICTs.Accessibility Degree to which touristic information andtransportation can be accessed virtually andphysically.Sustainability Extent to which smart tourism city has afoun
240、dation for sustainable social,economic,and environmental growth.Collaborative partnership Establishment of a smart tourism ecosystemfor the symbiosis of numerous tourismstakeholders Smart mobility Barrier-free design Smart convenience Smart attraction Smart content Smart amenities Online popularity
241、Life and tourismenvironment City resilience Creativity andinnovationTourism safety Smart governance Publicprivatecollaboration ICT=information and communication technology.Source:Authors,as adapted from N.Chung,H.Lee,J.Ham,and C.Koo.2021.Smart Tourism Cities Competitiveness Index:A Conceptual Model.
242、In W.Wrndl,C.Koo,and J.L.Stienmetz,eds.Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021.Proceedings of the ENTER 2021 eTourism Conference.1922 January.pp.433438.The Smart Tourism Ecosystem19(i)Attractiveness.The use of advanced technologies from the Fourth Industrial Revolution can enhance
243、 the attractiveness of tourist destinations,experiences,and services.These technologies can be used to provide personalized and interactive experiences for tourists,enable real-time information and recommendations,facilitate seamless transactions and communication,and improve overall efficiency and
244、sustainability of tourism operations.Theyinclude smart content,smart attraction,smart amenities,and online popularity(Chungetal.2021).(ii)Accessibility.Accessibility in smart tourism refers to the use of advanced technologies and design principles to create inclusive and accessible tourism experienc
245、es for people with disabilities,seniors,and others with specific needs.The outcome is smart mobility,smart convenience,and barrier-free designs(Chung et al.2021).In essence,accessible tourism enables people with access requirements to function independently and with equality and dignity through the
246、delivery of universally designed tourism products,services,and environments(Darcy and Dickson 2009).This can include providing real-time information about accessibility features of tourist destinations,such as wheelchair ramps,accessible toilets,and audio guides for the visually impaired.Smart touri
247、sm can also improve accessibility in booking processes and communication,including online reservation systems that cater to specific needs,and the provision of multilingual assistance and services for international visitors.(iii)Sustainability.This principle is currently the most relevant as it dete
248、rmines the extent to which the smart tourism city or place has a foundation for sustainable social,economic,and environmental growth.This can manifest in the form of resilience,tourist safety,creativity and innovation,and life and tourism environment(Chung et al.2021).It can also include the use of
249、renewable energy sources,smart building designs,and waste management systems to reduce the environmental impact of tourism activities.The promotion of responsible tourism practices,such as reducing carbon emissions,protecting biodiversity,and supporting local communities is part of environmental sus
250、tainability.Smart tourism can also enhance social sustainability by promoting cultural exchange,creating job opportunities,and improving the overall quality of life for residents.Additionally,smart tourism can help improve the economic sustainability of tourism businesses by enhancing their competit
251、iveness and reducing their operating costs.(iv)Collaborative partnership.The main channels are publicprivate collaboration and smart governance(Chung et al.2021).Collaborative partnerships allow sharing of resources,knowledge,and expertise to improve the overall quality of tourism services and enhan
252、ce the visitor experience.For example,publicprivate partnerships(PPPs)can be used to develop smart city infrastructure that can support smart tourism.Key aspects of a smart city include intelligent transportation systems,smart lighting,and waste management systems.Collaboration between tourism busin
253、esses and technology providers can lead to the development of innovative and personalized tourism products and services.Meanwhile,collaborative partnerships also play a critical role in ensuring the sustainable development of tourism,by involving local communities and promoting their participation i
254、n tourism planning and decision-making(Graci 2020).This approach can lead to more inclusive and sustainable tourism development that benefits both visitors and local residents.20Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationComponents of Smart TourismSmart tourism consis
255、ts of two major components,smart travel and smart destination(Figure 11),both of which aggregate the elements of the tourism value chain(as discussed in Chapter 1).Travel covers all the services and activities related to getting the tourist from origin to destination.4 Meanwhile,a smart destination
256、facilitates access to tourism and hospitality products,services,spaces,and experiences through ICT-based tools,increasing the tourists satisfaction.The transportation element is part of both components as it covers both air travel and other domestic travel modes.Figure 11:Components of Smart Tourism
257、OthersupportservicesTravel organizationand booking Transportation Accommodation Foods,beverages,andother shops Tourismassets Leisure,excursions,and tours Smart Destination Smart travel Source:Authors,as adapted from United Nations World Tourism Organization.2013.Sustainable Tourism for Development G
258、uidebook.Madrid.https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284415496.Smart TravelUNWTO defines the smart travel model as one that includes smart visas,borders,security processes,and infrastructure.5 The World Economic Forum(WEF)identifies two main factors for smart travel:(i)visa processes and the
259、airport experience(WEF 2014).The OECD identifies four areas for seamless travel:visa requirement and acquisition;(ii)digital traveler identity and biometrics;(iii)multimodal transport and connectivity;and(iv)visitor handling,information,and management(OECD 2020c).The World Travel and Tourism Council
260、 defines seamless travel as a journey where a traveler does not have to present travel-related documents to multiple stakeholders at multiple checkpoints(WTTC 2020).Based on the above review,smart travel can be defined as“Making the journey of traveler between the origin and the destination easier,m
261、ore efficient,and more pleasant for the passengers with the help of technology,while maintaining high levels of safety and security.”A tourists journey consists of many steps,starting from planning the trip to entering the destination country.However,there are certain steps that become bottlenecks f
262、or the customer journey.First is visa application and screening process.The uncertainty about visa requirements,the need to share numerous documents with embassies,and the lack of integration of digital identities make the process inefficient and time-consuming.The second step is the booking process
263、es,where the tourist needs to provide the same information to multiple stakeholders.Third is check-in processes,where manual inspection of documents can impact the efficiency of operations.Fourth is security checkpoints,which again are impacted by capacity constraints and resource-intensive screenin
264、g processes arising from lack of passenger information.Fifth is the airport experience,which includes navigation across the 4 Association of Caribbean States.Travel Facilitation Key to Tourism Development.http:/www.acs-aec.org/index.php?q=sustainable-tourism/travel-facilitation-key-to-tourism-develo
265、pment.5 For more information,see UNWTO.Digital Transformation.https:/www.unwto.org/digital-transformation.The Smart Tourism Ecosystem21airport,interaction with stakeholders,departure gate,and exit control.Last step is the border security,where passengers might have to face long queues for the immigr
266、ation process(WEF 2018).The relevant principles of smart tourism can be applied to each of the journey steps mentioned above.Table 4 shows the relevance of smart tourism principles and subpillars for each step.Some subpillars,such as smart attractions,are not applicable for smart travel and,hence,ar
267、e not included here.Table 4:Application of Principles of Smart Tourism to the Travel ComponentPrinciples of Smart TourismAttractivenessAccessibilitySustainabilityCollaborative PartnershipSubpillarsSmart ContentSmart AmenitiesBarrier-Free DesignsSmart ConvenienceTourism SafetySmart GovernancePublicPr
268、ivate CollaborationPre-tripBookingClean and simple interfaceMultiple language supportIncorporating digital identity into existing processesPermission to travelClean and simple visa processMultiple language supportData protectionStandardized global protocolsEffective data sharing between countriesDep
269、arture Check-inDisability assistanceMinimal waiting timeContactless check-inStandardized global protocolsSecurity checksDisability assistanceMinimal waiting timeContact-less security checksStandardized global protocolsAirport experienceSmart baggage handling,free Wi-FiDisability assistanceSmart navi
270、gation systemsDigital identity wallets to provide necessary verification(ID,age,etc.)ArrivalBorder crossingDisability assistanceMinimal waiting timeContactless processStandardized global protocolsEffective data sharing between countriesSources:Authors;World Economic Forum.2014.Smart Travel Unlocking
271、 Economic Growth and Development through Travel Facilitation.Geneva;and World Travel and Tourism Council.2019.Visa Facilitation:Enabling Travel and Job Creation through Secure and Seamless Cross-Border Travel.London.Significant technological advances,especially in biometrics,have produced digital so
272、lutions that enable identity verification,creating a frictionless journey,improving security,strengthening health safety,and promoting commercial benefits.The World Travel and Tourism Councils vision of safe and seamless travel promotes use of biometrics and digital identities across each stage.Use
273、of digital identities can stimulate tourism demand post pandemic because of the inclusion of health and safety components.At the global level,the aviation sector benefits$18 per dollar investment made,by using digital identities for the sector.Apart from economic benefits,digital identities also imp
274、rove safety and security of the whole process by providing accurate confirmation of a passengers identity.It also addresses health concerns due to the contactless process(WTTC 2020).22Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital CooperationOwing to the technologies utilized along
275、the value chain,a lot of data are collected that can be transformed into big data using modern techniques and algorithms.Moreover,supervised learning can also be applied on big data to create knowledge patterns and sentiment analysis.The results can help destination management organizations,tourism
276、agencies,governments,and SMEs to tweak their business models for higher tourist satisfaction,raising profits.Smart Destination A smart tourist destination takes inspiration from all the principles of smart tourism(Figure 12).The smart tourism destination stands firm on the foundation of higher acces
277、sibility(through smart convenience and barrier-free design),higher attractiveness(through smart content and smart amenities),and backing of strong collaborative partnership(through secure networks and apps)between tourism service providers and the government.This helps provide a memorable and holist
278、ic experience to the tourist without harm to environmental resources and social disturbance,creating sustainability and resilience in the tourism environment.Figure 12:Smart Tourism Principles in a Smart Tourism DestinationAccessibility:Interactivitypersonalization Attractiveness:Sustainability Coll
279、aborative partnership:Security/privacy Memorableexperience SatisfactionInformativeness Source:Authors,as adapted from N.Chung,H.Lee,J.Ham,and C.Koo.2021.Smart Tourism Cities Competitiveness Index:A Conceptual Model.In W.Wrndl,C.Koo,and J.L.Stienmetz,eds.Information and Communication Technologies in
280、Tourism 2021.Proceedings of the ENTER 2021 eTourism Conference.1922 January.pp.433438.This integrated platform has multiple touch points that could be accessed through a variety of end-user devices.These will then create and facilitate real-time tourism experiences and improve the effectiveness of t
281、ourism resources management throughout the destination at both the micro and macro level(Buhalis and Amaranggana 2013).According to the conceptual model for smart tourism destinations,there are five layers(Figure 13):Figure 13:Conceptual Layers of Smart Tourist DestinationPhysical layerTechnology la
282、yerData layerExperience layerBusiness layerSource:U.Gretzel.2017.Smart Destination Research:State of the Art.Paper prepared for the Conference on Smart Tourism Destinations:New Horizons in Tourism Research and Management.Alicante,Spain.2527 October.http:/dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22062.41289.The Sm
283、art Tourism Ecosystem23These layers can operate in an efficient and effective manner through the collaborative partnership of all tourism sector stakeholders.Three areas of such collaborative partnership are discussed below.(i)Destination management organizationsDestination management calls for a co
284、alition of many organizations and interests working toward a common goal:ensuring the competitiveness and sustainability of the tourism destination.Though destination management organizations have typically undertaken marketing activities,their remit is becoming far broader,to become a strategic lea
285、der in destination development.6 These organizations take advantage of the destinations unique potential by conducting market research,implementing destination marketing strategies,and attracting investment.The Korea Tourism Organization is one such global public enterprise,which promotes the Republ
286、ic of Korea as a world-class travel destination.The organization aims to improve quality of life in the country and spread Korean culture worldwide through the strengthening and development of the tourism industry(Box 1).Box 1:Korea Tourism OrganizationSocial NetworkService:Facebook(Korea Everywhere
287、Live),Twitter(Kor_Visitkorea)GusukGusuk App(Korea EverywhereApp)Webpage:KoreaEverywhereGusukGusuk(http:/korean.visitkorea.or.kr)10 language services provided at the portal.KTO sets marketing strategies by understanding foreign users behavior demands.Ofering:Users can collect practical tour products
288、and information,or select virtual tour guide for travelers in only specific sites,famous historical destination,museums,trails,mainly with storytelling information using smart phones audio service and AR.KTOs domestic webpage recorded 680,000 page views in a day.Acts as bridge to KTO webpage for the
289、 users who want more details.More than 50,000 users click in KTOs Facebook page and about 470 people are using actively(2011).As for the overseas SNS service,one or more channels are operated to give tourism information for foreign travelers,especially Korean wave.Domestic app“Korea Everywhere”empha
290、sizes where to go travel (for inbound tourists).English app“Visit Korea tells on how to travel for outbound tourists.Korea Everywhere and Visit Korea applications have been downloaded by 2.37 million users(Korea Everywhere:2.15 million,Visit Korea:0.22 million).Awarded the grand prize in IT departme
291、nt of information culture prize in 2012.AR=augmented reality,IT=information technology,KTO=Korea Tourist Organization.Sources:Study team analysis of individual websites and social media sites;and Visit Korea.https:/english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto.6 UNWTO.Policy and Destination Management.http
292、s:/www.unwto.org/policy-destination-management.24Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital Cooperation(ii)Private sectorPPPs are essential for managing smart tourism destination initiatives.They foster efficiency,creativity,and innovation(Heeley 2011).Private companies innovate
293、 design and share project management skills and risk management know-how.(iii)Trusted third partiesThrough tourism information systems,smart tourism destinations capture information about users and their activities that could be deeply personal,including their physical location,and thus may infringe
294、 privacy.Hiring a trusted third party is one solution to conceal users real identities.Since most destinations use video surveillance systems to supply real-time information on public transportation and traffic situations,a trusted third party could take advantage of several users being in the same
295、location to cloak their actual locations(Buhalis and Amaranggana 2013).Smart Tools to Facilitate Smart TourismTechnology is at the core of the smart tourism concept and it must be leveraged appropriately to improve tourism services.The delivery of tourism services is coursed through a multitude of t
296、echnologies emanating from the Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies.For tourists,these technologies are associated with a set of smart tools(Figure 14).Figure 14:Smart Tools for Tourism IndustrySmart identity is a replacement of apaper-based ID,which can beauthenticated remotely over digitalcha
297、nnels.Smart IdentityDigitalplatforms are digitalservicesthat facilitate interaction betweentwo or more distinct butindependent sets of users via theInternet.Smart PlatformsSmart logisticsrefers to the use ofadvanced technologies to coordinatemovement of people,goods,and vehiclesfrom one place to ano
298、ther.Smart LogisticsSmart experiencing is enhancingtourist experience using technologythrough diferent media like audio,visual,etc.Smart ExperienceSmart device is a context-awareelectronic device capable ofperforming autonomous computingand connecting to other devices,either with wire or wirelessly,
299、for data exchange.Smart DevicesSources:Authors;McKinsey Global Institute.2019.Digital Identification:A Key to Inclusive Growth.https:/ for Economic Co-operation and Development.2019.An Introduction to Online Platforms and Their Role in the Digital Transformation.Paris:OECD Publishing.https:/doi.org/
300、10.1787/53e5f593-en;and M.Silverio-Fernndez,S.Renukappa,and S.Suresh.2018.What Is a Smart Device?A Conceptualisation within the Paradigm of the Internet of Things.Visualization in Engineering.6(1).3.http:/dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40327-018-0063-8.The Smart Tourism Ecosystem25One important thing to note i
301、s that these tools are neither technology-specific nor can any technology be associated with a single smart tool.For example,cloud computing delivers computing services,including servers,database,storage,networking,etc.,over the Internet.7 However,it cannot be associated with a single tool mentioned
302、 above.It could be a part of every tool based on the application.These tools can be used to enhance the tourist experience across the smart tourism components(smart travel and smart destination).Figure 15 shows the application of these tools across the elements of the value chain.Figure 15:Applicati
303、on of Smart Tools across Tourism Value ChainSmart IdentityTourist passes,facial verification Automated check-inand check-out Thermal screeningThermal screening,tourist passes Thermal screening,tourist passesSmart PlatformsAggregators,marketing,chatbots,payment system Sharing economy,aggregators,paym
304、ent system Sharing economy,aggregators,payment system Online ordering,reservations,reviews and ratings,payment system Informationdissemination,ticket booking,payment system Informationdissemination,ticket booking,payment systemSmart LogisticsSmart baggagemanagement Integrated trafcmanagement,autonom
305、ous vehicles Smart baggagemanagement Food delivery systemsCrowd managementCrowd managementSmart ExperienceVirtual toursInteractive menusVirtual tours,metaverse Virtual tours,metaverse Smart DevicesBaggage tracking,fleet management Smart roomsInventorymanagement Smart sensors fortracking Personalized
306、experienceTravel organizationand booking TransportationAccommodationFoods,beverages,and other shops Tourism assetsLeisure,excursions,and tours Smart ToolsIdt L girt ExperSmart Travel FacilitationSmart Tourist DestinationAutomated check in,smart visas,health certificates.=not applicable.Note:This tab
307、le is illustrative and nonexhaustive.Source:Authors illustration.Smart tools are applications of digital technologies that can significantly impact traveler numbers and behavior by enhancing their overall travel experience and addressing various pain points in the journey.Innovations in the elements
308、 of the tourism value chain make tourism more attractive,and contactless travel experiences and smart platforms with real-time information make it more accessible.Additionally,these smart tools have created a dynamic ecosystem to promote a responsible and sustainable travel industry through green de
309、stinations,energy-efficient modes of transport,sustainable certification and badges,and carbon footprint calculators for tourists.By leveraging technology,data,and user engagement,smart tools can drive collaboration among travelers,businesses,and governments through real-time data sharing,digital au
310、thentication,smart 7 Azure.What Is Cloud Computing?A Beginners Guide.https:/ Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital Cooperationpasses,and online applications to enable interaction with locals.Recently,a strong correlation has been found between the growth of tourism and environmental
311、impacts,such as loss of natural resources and biodiversity(Kim,Lee,and Kim 2020).Some destinations have taken this further and introduced restrictions on the number of tourists at a given time,with examples of this increasing around the world.How can digitalization help?On the one hand,digital appli
312、cations can influence a change in travel volume.This refers to changes in the number of trips as well as distance covered and number of days away.An increase in travel volume generally constitutes more of a risk than an opportunity for sustainable tourism development.On the other hand,digital applic
313、ations can influence changes to travel behavior.This refers to how travelers organize their trip,such as mobility(choice of transport to and from the destination and at the destination),accommodation(type and category),and organization of stay(such as type and number of points of interest visited).C
314、ase Studies of Smart Tools Used in the Tourism IndustryDigiYatra:Contactless Check-In Process Using BiometricsThis case study illustrates how use of digital identities(smart identity)and mobile applications(smart platforms)can facilitate smart travel by improving efficiency and making the overall pr
315、ocess more secure(Figure 16).Smart tourism principles touch on attractiveness(smart content),accessibility(smart convenience and smart mobility),sustainability(tourism safety),and collaborative partnerships(smart governance and publicprivate collaboration).DigiYatra is an Indian platform,which aims
316、to facilitate contactless passenger identification at the airport using facial recognition technology.The initiative aims to make the passenger journey easy and simple,reduce operational costs,digitize current manual processes,and improve efficiency while enhancing security standards.The DigiYatra a
317、pp is available on almost all smart devices,such as Android and iPhone Operating System(iOS)phones,where users have to register using a mobile number.Users then need to link their government IDs with their profile.In this case,users can either link Indias government IDAadhaar through DigiLocker or t
318、hrough offline mode.DigiLocker is a platform for providing issuance and verification of documents digitally.After uploading own image on the platform,the passenger can use the app to check-in at the airport easily with the steps illustrated in Figure 16:Figure 16:Steps to Use DigiYatraScan the board
319、ing passonDigiYatra app at thedeparture gateLook into the cameraand get the facescannedThe gates will openautomatically and letpassenger enter insideSource:New Delhi Airport.DigiYatra:A Contactless Air Travel Solution.https:/www.newdelhiairport.in/digiyatra.The Smart Tourism Ecosystem27This process
320、has multiple benefits.The passenger does not need to show the boarding pass or ID at multiple checkpoints.The human intervention and waiting time along the process is minimized.Additionally,availability of real-time information on passenger load can lead to better resourceplanning.8Seamless Travel E
321、xperience through Mobility-as-a-Service in European CitiesThis case study illustrates how few tourist destinations are enhancing the travel experience of tourists within cities with smart mobility services with the help of mobile applications(smart platforms)and real-time monitoring(smart logistics)
322、.In smart tourism principles,it touches on attractiveness(smartcontent and smart amenities),accessibility(smart convenience and smart mobility),sustainability(creativity and innovation),and collaborative partnerships(smart governance and publicprivate collaboration).The United Nations defines Mobili
323、ty-as-a-Service(MaaS)as“a user-centric transportation management system,using intelligent mobility distribution systems and IOT applications,in which all transport modes service operators and infrastructure providers are connected under a single platform,which supplies mobility options to travelers,
324、providing real-time traffic information,service conditions,and operator arrangements,and delivering online ticketing and payment options”(UNECE 2020).The service integrates all of a destinations means of transport,like public transport,taxis,vehicle hires,bicycles,etc.,through a single service provi
325、der via a mobile app.Service providers in Europe include Whim in Helsinki,WienMobil in Vienna,and Mobilitatsshop in Hanover,among others.Critical issues affecting travel in cities include inefficient management of tourist mobility,overcrowding of public places,and lack of measures to reduce the ecol
326、ogical footprint of the entire travel ecosystem.MaaS tackles these issues with the use of geolocation technology and effective use of the mobile platform.The platform can design the optimal path of travel between two points as it has access to all transport modes available,both public and private.Th
327、is helps provide last-mile connectivity by offering alternative means of transport.The platform also provides integrated payment solutions.Fromthe users perspective,the service has five different levels depending on the degree of integration of travelservices.(i)Level 1 means there is no integration
328、 at all.Different service providers have different modes of operations,and the traveler needs to plan his journey manually.(ii)Level 2 includes integration of just information on travel services into one interface.This allows the traveler to search for routes and modes of transport at a given time o
329、f the day.(iii)Level 3 builds upon the previous level and allows the traveler to find,book,and pay for the trip entirely through a single app.For example,moovel or moovit in Germany allow multimodal ticketing in multiple cities.The passengers can book tickets on Germanys national train service,Deuts
330、che Bahn,and can cover the rest of the journey with car or bike sharing.8 Delhi Airport.DigiYatra:A Contactless Air Travel Solution.https:/www.newdelhiairport.in/digiyatra;and India.gov.in.Digi YatraA New Digital Experience for Air Travellers.https:/www.india.gov.in/spotlight/digi-yatra-new-digital-
331、experience-air-travellers.28Promoting Smart Tourism in Asia and the Pacific through Digital Cooperation(iv)Level 4 builds upon the previous level by adding an additional service of subscription packages.These packages have a fixed time period like a month or week.For example,Whim app in Helsinki pro
332、vides different monthly packages which allow discounted taxi rides,car rentals,etc.across the city.(v)Level 5 goes beyond the link of supply and demand for mobility.This level also takes societal and economic objectives into account,like encouraging most virtuous means of transport.Thislevel require
333、s involvement of public authorities of cities in terms of preparing suitable public policies,providing incentives,etc.The MaaS service is beneficial to multiple stakeholders.For travelers,it provides integrated and easily accessible travel options to explore the destination.Businesses can identify new markets and new business opportunities.The actual transport operators benefit from reduced operat