《CIDEG:2023亚太工业可持续性指数报告(英文版)(20页).pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《CIDEG:2023亚太工业可持续性指数报告(英文版)(20页).pdf(20页珍藏版)》请在三个皮匠报告上搜索。
1、Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2023Produced by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office1Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.31 Focus on Industrial Sustainability in the Asia-Pacific Region.42 Assessing Urban Industry Sustainability.42.1 Analysis Framework.42.2 Index System.42.3 Evaluat
2、ion Methodology.62.4 Sample Selection.63 Evaluation Results.83.1 Overall Performance.83.2 Drivers.103.3 Pressures.113.4 States.123.5 Impacts.133.6 Responses.144 Best Practices.154.1 Case 1:Seizing opportunity during crisis:San Francisco technology industry in the pandemic.154.2 Case 2:Singapores gre
3、en data center promotes sustainable industrial development.164.3 Case 3:Chongqings path of“green+smart”manufacturing transformation.164.4 Case 4:Brunei diversifying energy structure,achieving coordinated environmental and economic development.164.5 Case 5:The two-way drive of the rise of Tokyo indus
4、trial clusters and the agglomeration of industrial factors.175 Outlook:Working together to create a sustainable future for urban industries under the influence of normalized uncertainty.17Appendix.18Appendix I Instructions for Adjustment of Index System.18Appendix II Data Standardization.18Appendix
5、III Handling of Missing Data Values.18Tables.Table 1 AP-ISI Index System.3Table 2 Subjects of AP-ISI.5Table 3 Overall Ranking.7Table 4 Instructions for Adjustment of Index System.32Figures.Figure 1 The Conceptual Framework of AP-ISI(DPSIR).4Figure 2 First-Level Indicator Scores of Some Developed Eco
6、nomies in 2021.8Figure 3 First-Level Indicator Scores of Some Developing Economies in 2021.9Figure 4 First-Level Indicator Scores of Some Frontier Economies in 2021.9Figure 5 AP-ISI Scores of Drivers(2021).10Figure 6 AP-ISI Scores of Basic Production Factors(2021).10Figure 7 AP-ISI Scores of Advance
7、d Production Factors(2021).10Figure 8 AP-ISI Scores of Pressures(2021).11Figure 9 AP-ISI Scores of Resource Constraints(2021).11Figure 10 AP-ISI Scores of Environmental Capacities(2021).11Figure 11 AP-ISI Scores of States(2021).12Figure 12 AP-ISI Scores of Industrial Scales(2021).12Figure 13 AP-ISI
8、Scores of Industrial Structures(2021).12Figure 14 AP-ISI Scores of Impacts(2021).13Figure 15 AP-ISI Scores of Economic Growth(2021).13Figure 16 AP-ISI Scores of Social Well-Being(2021).13Figure 17 AP-ISI Scores of Ecosystems(2021).14Figure 18 AP-ISI Scores of Responses(2021).14Figure 19 AP-ISI Score
9、s of Business Environments(2021).14Figure 20 AP-ISI Scores of International Communications(2021).15Figure 21 AP-ISI Scores of Urban Governances(2021).15AcknowledgmentsWe have received strong support from many institutions,academic experts,and scholars,at home and abroad,during the process of researc
10、hing and compiling the AP-ISI 2023 Index.We are grateful for the guidance and support of Violante di Canossa,head of Research and Policy Team of UNDP China;Dong Wang,director for SDG Localization programme in China;and Siqi Zheng,STL Champion Professor of Urban and Real Estate Sustainability at Depa
11、rtment of Urban Studies and Planning of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and director of economics at the Crawford School of Public Policy at the Australian National University.Emeritus Professor Peter Drysdale and Frank Jotzo,head of Energy with the Australian National University Institute for
12、 Climate,Energy and Disaster Solutions,also provided advice and support for this project.We are also pleased to acknowledge the support of Tsinghua University.All errors remain our own.2Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2023ContributorsAdvisory CommitteeChairLan Xue Distinguished Professo
13、r of Arts,Humanities and Social Sciences;Dean of Schwarzman College;Joint Chairperson of the Academic Committee of the Center for Industrial Development and Environmental Governance(CIDEG),Tsinghua University;Chief Expert of“Sustainable China Industry Development Initiative 2022”Committee Members(in
14、 alphabetical order by last name)Peter Drysdale Emeritus Professor of Economics,Head of the East Asian Bureau of Economic Research and East Asia Forum,Crawford School of Public Policy,Australian National UniversityDong Guo Associate Professor,Director of the Earth Institute China Initiative,Columbia
15、 UniversityShaoqing Huang Professor,Antai College of Economics and Management,Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityLi Jiang Executive Secretary General,APEC China Business CouncilYabin Wu Director,Investment and Technology Promotion Office,United Nations Industrial Development Organization(Beijing,China)Dao
16、jiong Zha Professor,School of International Studies;Institute of South-South Cooperation and Development,Peking UniversityJuwang Zhu Director,Public Administration and Development Management Division at the Department of Economic and Social Affairs,United NationsXufeng Zhu Professor,Executive Dean o
17、f School of Public Policy&Management;Executive Director of Institute for Sustainable Development Goals,Tsinghua UniversityResearch teamLead ScientistLing Chen Associate Professor,School of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua University,Director,Tsinghua CIDEGTeam MembersZixuan Han Postdoctoral Researc
18、her,Tsinghua CIDEGLe Xu Research Assistant,Tsinghua CIDEG Xianglong Deng Research Assistant,Tsinghua CIDEGXiaopeng Sun Project Manager,Tsinghua CIDEG Rong Zuo Department of Innovation,Entrepreneurship,and Public Policy,Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyChunyi Zhan Chinese Academy of Inte
19、rnational Trade and Economic Cooperation,Ministry of Commerce,Institute of Industrial Internationalization StrategyData SupportYu Cheng Department of Chemical Engineering,Tsinghua UniversityYing Huang Center for Science Education Management and Evaluation(CSEME),Wuhan UniversityQiankun Wang Center f
20、or Science Education Management and Evaluation(CSEME),Wuhan UniversitySiyuan Chen Center for Science Education Management and Evaluation(CSEME),Wuhan UniversityJiaqing Wang Department of Political Science,Central European UniversityYuchen Liu China University of Political Science and LawYuan Tong Ts
21、inghua UniversityJunhui Ma Department of Economics,Wuhan UniversityYuqin Lei Department of Economics,Wuhan UniversityProject CoordinationShali Pan Director of the Administrative Office,Tsinghua CIDEG Fangfang Li Executive Assistant to the Director,Tsinghua CIDEG Wei Zhang Director,Liaison Office,APE
22、C China Business Council SecretariatYiwei Zhang APEC China Business Council SecretariatContent EditorJackie Oberst American Association for the Advancement of ScienceLayout DesignJeremy Huntsinger American Association for the Advancement of ScienceSuggested CitationCenter for Industrial Development
23、and Environmental Governance(CIDEG),Tsinghua University.Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index(2023).3Executive SummaryAsia-Pacific cities are gathering hubs for global manufacturing.The industrial sustainability of Asia-Pacific cities is closely related to global supply chain resilience.The A
24、P-ISI 2023 report continues to focus on the sustainable construction process of urban industries in the Asia-Pacific region.Through analyzing the status and trends of sustainable urban industry construction with extensive radiating effects,the report accurately presents the overall industry developm
25、ent trends,advancements,and the performance of sustainable development processes in the Asia-Pacific region and those of the world.AP-ISI 2023 selected 50 cities in the Asia-Pacific region1,covering developed,developing,and frontier economies to evaluate their industrial sustainability performance f
26、rom 2017 to 2021.The evaluation results for 2021 are as follows:The top 10 cities in the overall AP-ISI ranking are,in order:Tokyo;San Francisco;New York City;Singapore;Beijing;Seoul;Shenzhen;Hong Kong,China;Philadelphia;and DallasThe top 10 cities in order of AP-ISI production factor supply(drivers
27、)are:Tokyo;Shenzhen;Seoul;Guangzhou;Hangzhou;Suzhou;Beijing;Chengdu;Shanghai;and YokohamaThe top 10 cities of AP-ISI in terms of resources and environmental constraints(pressures)are:Fiji;Brunei Darussalam;Laos;Papua New Guinea;Auckland;Chongqing;Chengdu;Timor-Leste;Hangzhou;and Washington,D.C.The t
28、op 10 cities in order of AP-ISI industry development level(states)are:Tokyo;Chinese Taipei;Singapore;Seoul;Beijing;New York City;San Francisco;Dallas;Hong Kong,China;and BangkokThe top 10 cities in order of economic-social-ecological effects(impacts)of AP-ISI are:San Francisco;Singapore;Macao;New Yo
29、rk City;Los Angeles;Timor-Leste;Washington,D.C.;Dallas;Philadelphia;and ChicagoThe top 10 cities in AP-ISI response ranking are:New York City;Toronto;Mexico City;Hong Kong,China;Los Angeles;San Francisco;Shanghai;Beijing;Dallas;and SeoulThe AP-ISI report combines assessment results and case practice
30、s in promoting sustainable industrial development and draws the following main conclusions:First and foremost,the growth rate of basic production factors such as industrial labor and capital in Asia-Pacific cities has slowed down while advanced production factors such as technological innovation and
31、 digitalization technology have maintained growth.The transformation of industrial structure has ushered in a historic opportunity.Cities in developing economies such as China,Indonesia,and Malaysia have outstanding performance in basic production factors such as labor supply and capital stock.Citie
32、s in developed economies such as the United States and Japan have significant advantages in advanced production factors such as digitalization and technological innovation.On the overall trend,COVID-19 has promoted the development of high-tech industries,such as biopharmaceuticals and internet commu
33、nications,and has driven the growth of advanced production factors.Second,as Asia-Pacific cities industrial resource constraints and environmental capacities increase,effective ways to coordinate environmental and economic development must be actively explored in the post-pandemic era.Small island d
34、eveloping economies perform well in terms of resource and environmental constraints,as they have large spaces for industrial construction,abundant marine resources,and rich ecological vegetation.Therefore,they also have great potential to develop a sustainable ecological economy.Developed economies
35、and developing economies are facing greater pressure in terms of resource and environmental constraints.It is necessary to limit economic and social activities within the boundaries of their resources and environmental constraints through scientific industrial layout,efficient utilization,and optimi
36、zation of resource allocation.Third,Asia-Pacific cities have varying degrees of industrial development.A rationalized and advanced industrial structure will be the key to maintaining economic and social resilience.Developed economies have large industrial scales and generally have strong capability
37、to optimize industrial structure allocation.However,some developing and frontier economies have weak economic foundations,relatively single industrial structures,and are more sensitive to the external environment,therefore upgrading industrial structures is urgently needed.In terms of overall trends
38、 of industrial development in Asia-Pacific regions,while COVID-19 has had a strong impact on traditional industrial manufacturing and service industries,the pandemic has also created opportunities for new digital economy development.Fourth,the impact of industrial development in Asia-Pacific cities
39、has gradually been back on track in the post-pandemic era.Cities in various economies have also continued to pay more attention to and promote the coordinated development of economy,society,and environment.In 2021,the Asia-Pacific region has entered a normalization stage of the pandemic.The impact o
40、f industrial development on economicsocialecological system changes has gradually recovered since COVID-19.Developed cities have the upper hand in economic and social resilience,while small island economies have better ecological performance.Judging from the trend,some developing economies and front
41、ier economies have gradually placed more emphasis on improving urban welfare,strengthening emergency management capabilities,and transitioning to clean energy.In 2023,the world is still in an era of multiple uncertainties such as geopolitics,COVID-19,and technological transformation.Starting in 2022
42、,the Center for Industrial Development and Environmental Governance(CIDEG)of Tsinghua University and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)China Business Council have jointly developed the Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index(AP-ISI).For the first time,this index system maps sustainabil
43、ity to the industrial development level in urban space,focusing on the systematic coordination of nature,economy,and society in urban industrial development.It also guides economies and regions around the world to promote sustainable development practices based on industry.1 This report assesses cit
44、ies,but when analyzing the five economies of Papua New Guinea,Laos,Timor-Leste,Fiji,and Brunei Darussalam,the population in major cities in these regions are much smaller.There is also a lot of missing data in major cities.The report thus directly assesses these economies and uses economy-level data
45、 accordingly.3Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2023Executive Summary4Analysis Framework2.1The index system of AP-ISI 2023 adopts the DPSIR framework(Figure 1),and optimizes the three-level indicators based on AP-ISI 2022(see Appendix I for details).Index System2.2The index system of AP-I
46、SI 2023 includes five first-level indexes of drivers,pressures,states,impacts,and responses,12 secondary indexes,and 25 tertiary indexes(Table 1).Fifth,the industrial response capabilities of Asia-Pacific cities have continued to improve,and they have strong resilience in the face of external shocks
47、.From 2017 to 2021,the overall business environment in the Asia-Pacific has gradually improved,international communications and cooperation have strengthened,infrastructure construction has developed steadily,and climate governance capabilities have continued to improve.Some developing economies hav
48、e emphasized carbon neutrality as defined by the United Nations as“the idea of achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by balancing those emissions so they are equal(or less than)the emissions that get removed through the planets natural absorption;in basic terms it means we reduce our emissions
49、 through climate action.”and climate governance.Although COVID-19 has objectively restricted the rapid development of the business legal environment,entrepreneurial activity,and urban governance levels,the performance in response of cities in all economies has returned to pre-pandemic levels in 2021
50、.AP-ISI 2023 focuses on cities from Asia-Pacific economies.Economies in the Asia-Pacific region are the worlds most important contributors to industrial development and the main sources of pollutants.The observation of urban industry sustainability in the Asia-Pacific region will be a concentrated r
51、eflection of the global sustainability construction process.At the same time,not only developed economies will shoulder the responsibility for achieving sustainable transformation when realizing sustainable development goals.Other economies should also shoulder responsibilities based on their capabi
52、lities and formulate their own path to achieve sustainable development based on their own circumstances.Therefore,this report adopts a more refined method to classify the economies to which cities belong and includes more cities from less developed economies in the Asia-Pacific region as samples.Thi
53、s report thus includes a wider range of regions and more diverse types of research observations to form a cross-regional comparison of characteristics and a collection of experiences.1 Focus on Industrial Sustainability in Asia-Pacific Cities2 Assessing Urban Industry SustainabilityIndustry Sustaina
54、bilityPressuresDriversResponsesImpactsStatesFigure 1.The Conceptual Framework of AP-ISI(DPSIR).52 Assessing Urban Industry SustainabilityTable 1.Index SystemLevel 1 Indexes(Weight)Level 2 Indexes(Weight)Level 3 Indexes(Weight)Final weightingDefinition and selection of indexesData SourcesA Drivers(20
55、%)A1.Basic production factors(40%)A11.Labor supply(50%)4%Labor force participation rate,i.e.,the ratio of the economically active population to the working-age populationBureau of Statistics or Statistical Yearbook;World Bank;OECD;International Labor Organization(ILO)A12.Capital stock(50%)4%Ratio of
56、 capital stock to GDP where capital stock is the total amount of capital in the economy and society at a point in timeInternational Monetary Fund(IMF)A2.Advanced production factors(60%)A21.Technological innovation(50%)6%Number of patents per million people.The number of patents refers to the number
57、of new applications for invention patents through the Patent Cooperation Treaty in the same yearDerwent InnovationA22.Digitalization level(50%)6%Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 peopleThe International Telecommunication Union(ITU)B Pressures(20%)B1.Resource constraints(40%)B11.Energy use(50%)4%
58、Renewable share(modern renewables)in final energy consumptionInternational Energy Agency(IEA)B12.Land use(50%)4%The share of built district in urban areaOpen Street MapB2.Environmental capacities(60%)B21.Forest coverage(33.3%)4%Ratio of forested area to total land areaGlobal Forest WatchB22.Soil car
59、bon content(33.3%)4%Amount of organic carbon per unit of soilFood and Argriculture Organization of the United NationsB23.Air quality index(33.3%)4%The degree of clean or polluted air measured by the amount of particulate matter 2.5(PM 2.5)per unit of airIQAirC States(20%)C1.Industrial scale(50%)C11.
60、Per capita industrial value added(50%)5%Industrial value added generated per personUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization CIP Index DatabaseC12.Emerging industry(50%)5%Total revenue for listed new economy companiesOsiris,Global Company DataC2.Industrial structure(50%)C21.Service industry
61、 share(50%)5%Share of the GDP generated by service industryBureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookC22.High-tech industry share(50%)5%Medium-and high-tech manufacturing value addedWorld Bank;OECD-GREDD Impacts(20%)D1.Economic growth(40%)D11.Per capital GDP(50%)4%Gross domestic product per capita
62、Bureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookD12.GDP growth(50%)4%GDP growth rateBureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookD2.Social well-being(30%)D21.New employments(50%)3%Proportion of newly employed persons in the current period relative to the number of persons employed in the pervious periodB
63、ureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookD22.Gini coefficient(50%)3%The fairness of income distribution according to the Lorenz curve definitionBureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookD3.Ecosystem(30%)D31.Terminal CO2 emissions(50%)3%CO2 emissions from fuel combustion for electricity and heati
64、ng per total electricity output(MtCO2/TWh)International Energy AgencyD32.Ocean health index(50%)3%The degree to which ocean regions are free of contaminants such as chemicals,eutrophication,harmful algal blooms,disease pathogens,and trashOcean Health IndexE Responses(20%)E1.Business environment(30%)
65、E11.Legal environment(50%)3%Number of practicing lawyers per million peopleLawyers Association or Justice BureauE12.Entrepreneurial activity(50%)3%Number of unicorn companiesCB Insights;Huruns Global Unicorn IndexE2.International communications(30%)E21.Cross-border mobility(50%)3%Number of internati
66、onal flights,i.e.,the number of direct international flights that originate and end in that cityOAGE22.International trade(50%)3%The sum of exports and imports of goods and services,divided by the gross domestic productOECD;IMF;World BankE3.Urban governance(40%)E31.Infrastructure development(50%)4%C
67、ity congestion factor,i.e.,a baseline of a 30-minute trip in a city without congestions,congestion level=(actual time spent for a 30-minute trip-30 minutes)/30 minutes)TOMTOME32.Carbon regulation(50%)4%Carbon emissions trading system and carbon tax implementation,implementation time,and levelCarbon
68、Pricing Dashboard6Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20232 Assessing Urban Industry SustainabilityEvaluation Methodology2.3Regarding index weighting and evaluation methods,this report combines the Delphi method and hierarchical analysis to assign weights to the comprehensive index system.T
69、he weights of indexes at each level are detailed in Table 1.In the standardization process,this report chose the min-max standardization method to normalize the data.Among them,B12,B23,D22,D31,E31 are negative indicators.For this,we performed negative processing to ensure that their scores and ranki
70、ngs were consistent with the positive indicators.The standardization and negative processing algorithms are shown in Appendix II.It is worth noting that the issue of missing data is one of the main challenges in compiling indexes of sustainable development of urban industries.The current missing urb
71、an data under each index primarily falls under the missing completely at random(MCAR)category.To mitigate the potential impact of missing data on this study,we selected K-means clustering method,LOCF(Last observation carried forward),and NOCF(Next observation carried forward)to minimize the error in
72、duced by data imputation.See Appendix III for specific handling methods.Sample Selection2.4AP-ISI 2023 assessment targets a total of 50 cities in 30 economies in the Asia-Pacific region.New economies and cities include Dhaka,Yangon,Santiago,Cambodia,Laos,and Timor-Leste(Table 2).This report refers t
73、o the United Nations2 and MSCI classification standards3 and divides economies in the Asia-Pacific region into developed economies,developing economies,and frontier economies based on their development level and geographical location.There are three major categories of economies,among which frontier
74、 economies include small island developing economies,landlocked developing economies,and least-developed economies.The industrial sustainability of the three economy types has different characteristics due to significant differences in resource endowments and industrial structures.The above classifi
75、cation will help local governments,industrial investors(enterprises),and residents of each economy to accurately find reference objects and learn from experience.Table 2.Subjects of AP-ISIEconomyCityTypeChinaShanghaiDeveloping economyChinaBeijingDeveloping economyChinaShenzhenDeveloping economyChina
76、GuangzhouDeveloping economyChinaChongqingDeveloping economyChinaChengduDeveloping economyChinaSuzhouDeveloping economyChinaHangzhouDeveloping economyIndiaMumbai MADeveloping economyIndiaDelhiDeveloping economyIndiaBangaloreDeveloping economyThe United StatesNew York CityDeveloped economyThe United S
77、tatesLos AngelesDeveloped economyThe United StatesChicagoDeveloped economyThe United StatesSan FranciscoDeveloped economyThe United StatesWashington,D.C.Developed economyThe United StatesDallasDeveloped economyThe United StatesHoustonDeveloped economyThe United StatesPhiladelphiaDeveloped economy2Un
78、ited Nations.2021.World Economic Situation and Prospects 2022.www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2022_ANNEX.pdf3MSCI.2023.MSCI 2023 Global Market Accessibility Review R economyIndonesiaSurabayaDeveloping economyIndonesiaMedanDeveloping economyBangladeshDhakaDeveloping e
79、conomyRussiaMoscowDeveloping economyMexicoMexico CityDeveloping economyJapanTokyoDeveloped economyJapanOsakaDeveloped economyJapanYokohamaDeveloped economyPhilippinesQuezonDeveloping economyVietnamHo Chi Minh CityDeveloping economyThailandBangkokDeveloping economyMyanmarYangonLeast developed economy
80、Republic of KoreaSeoulDeveloping economyCanadaTorontoDeveloped economyPeruLimaDeveloping economyMalaysiaKuala LumpurDeveloping economyAustraliaSydneyDeveloped economyChinese TaipeiChinese TaipeiDeveloping economyChileSantiagoDeveloping economyCambodiaPhnom PenhLeast developed economyPapua New Guinea
81、*Papua New GuineaSmall island developing economyHong Kong,ChinaHong Kong,ChinaDeveloping economyLaos*LaosLandlocked developing economy,least developed economySingapore*SingaporeDeveloping economyNew ZealandAucklandDeveloped economyMongoliaUlaanbaatarLandlocked developing economyTimor-Leste*Timor-Les
82、teSmall island developing economy,least developed economyFiji*FijiSmall island developing economyMacaoMacaoDeveloped economyBrunei Darussalam*Brunei DarussalamDeveloping economy*Note:(1)There are difficulties in collecting urban data in economies such as Papua New Guinea,Laos,Timor-Leste,Fiji,and Br
83、unei Darussalam.The entire economy is thus used as the assessment object in this case.(2)Singapore is a city-state,so the entire economy is used as the assessment object.2 Assessing Urban Industry Sustainability8Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20233 Evaluation ResultsTable 3.Overall Ran
84、kingEconomyCity/RegionScoreRankingVariationScoreRankingVariationScoreRankingVariationScoreRankingVariationScoreRankingVariationScoreRankingVariationJapanTokyo57.171016.83109.0023214.271010.5112-96.5617-6The United StatesSan Francisco50.992410.091509.3021010.387012.89108.3467The United StatesNew York
85、 City50.99319.0125-18.4929-210.986011.3741211.1410SingaporeSingapore50.524-19.242239.7018011.953012.35237.2812-4ChinaBeijing48.955012.167-38.7426411.39508.453558.208-3Republic of koreaSeoul48.696-413.80305.0846011.644-210.421317.7510-6ChinaShenzhen48.487115.75208.7227-18.541398.3936-77.08131Hong Kon
86、g,ChinaHong Kong,China47.268-19.6517-110.111409.55909.102698.854-1The United StatesPhiladelphia46.56939.2323-210.661108.2920-210.83987.54111The United StatesDallas46.551019.352008.1832-39.918011.12817.9791ChinaGuangzhou45.9311-112.634110.361208.092308.7232-56.1219-1The United StatesHouston45.5512410
87、.261409.891508.3219110.571116.52181New ZealandAuckland45.531309.7816112.90505.9332410.1215-116.81160The United StatesWashington,D.C.45.381419.3321-210.801008.5512111.167-15.54212CanadaToronto45.2415-610.941307.1439-17.5424010.2414-79.3820The United StatesLos Angeles44.981659.1924-17.6035-18.5214111.
88、215138.4654The United StatesChicago44.731729.381938.8824-18.7811110.7910106.91152ChinaHangzhou44.6918-112.585111.69907.062708.8829-104.48272ChinaShanghai44.4519-511.74918.0933-18.1422-18.2637-58.217-1ChinaChengdu44.2120011.978312.34716.273108.2338-55.39220ChinaSuzhou43.1821312.44627.903436.662919.20
89、2386.98141Chinese TaipaiChinese Taipei41.9822-47.2130-210.2113012.27228.6433-253.6633-5JapanOsaka40.9523-111.3111-29.412008.361819.1324-12.7541-5MexicoMexico City40.822447.362919.501908.4715-46.204729.3034ChinaChongqing40.4825411.2912012.56605.353908.493402.79402Brunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam39.
90、4926-17.8127013.80205.813308.9428-173.13354JapanYokohama39.2227-111.3710-36.784018.3917-19.0427-33.63341AustraliaSydney38.7728-19.501806.354208.4516-29.6519-64.82260MalaysiaKuala Lumpur37.8529-66.683309.741708.2121-49.5121-193.7032-5ChileSantiago36.153016.503509.881604.934008.8830-85.96200ThailandBa
91、ngkok36.1031-17.442817.163819.171009.9016102.4247-16MacaoMacao33.773267.832606.244305.6236-411.553332.54442FijiFiji33.7433-13.4945015.35102.474509.751742.68423VietnamHo Chi Minh City32.153407.143228.253105.413707.5942-43.76311PeruLima31.173566.253618.5528-64.334209.1325212.90371IndonesiaJakarta30.78
92、36-15.3139-13.144907.502509.442235.3823-2RussiaMoscow30.1637-46.6334-26.7041-14.674109.6520-102.5245-8IndonesiaSurabaya30.1138-15.7537-13.794806.742808.7331-15.09240IndonesiaMedan29.4339-35.2740-15.4145-15.693407.9839-115.09250PhilippinesQuezon29.294044.034227.5736-17.142609.6718250.88500Timor-Leste
93、Timor-Leste28.9441-22.2749012.308-10.6850-111.18692.50461CambodiaPhnom Penh28.8242-27.203109.142220.974917.3643-24.15282IndiaBangalore27.8243-13.404607.4337-15.643507.344414.02294LaosLaos26.6744-13.9044-213.32302.064805.3649-12.03480Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea26.514500.1850013.31402.254707.9340
94、-32.83382IndiaMumbai MA24.734613.404704.844705.393807.304523.80304MyanmarYangon23.7847-14.644108.862532.444606.1048-61.75490BangladeshDhaka22.874813.914305.904412.624407.6441-22.80395MongoliaUlaanbaatar21.7649-15.483828.463032.764302.135002.93365IndiaDelhi20.485002.734801.835006.3230-17.0046-22.6143
95、0SustainabilityDriversPressuresStatesImpactsResponsesOverall Performance3.1Overall,developed economies and some developing economies in East Asia have better overall performance in urban industrial sustainability.Compared with 2020,the rankings of the top 10 cities are relatively stable.In terms of
96、overall trends,Tokyo topped the ranking for 5 consecutive years due to its strong industrial drivers.Cities in developed economies represented by North American economies have balanced performance in the five dimensions.Their strong economic foundations,advanced industrial technology,and perfect urb
97、an governance systems enable them to remain competitive in terms of resource allocation,ecological protection,and social welfare.0369121518DriverPressureStateImpactResponseTokyoSan FranciscoNew York CityTorontoSydneyFigure 2.First-Level Indicator Scores of Some Developed Economies in 2021.Note:Table
98、 3 shows the total scores and the first-level indicators for AP-ISI for 2021.For each of these indicators,the scores,rankings,and changes in ranking compared to the previous year are shown.The arrow icon sets signal the change in ranking compared to the previous year.Red indicates a decrease in rank
99、ing,yellow indicates no change,and green indicates an increase.92 Assessing Urban Industry Sustainability93 Evaluation ResultsThe sustainable development models of urban industries in developing economies have their own characteristics and have large room for growth in industrial sustainability.Citi
100、es in developing economies in East Asia,such as China,Republic of Korea,and Singapore,have demonstrated strong industrial drivers and industrial states with active labor markets and rapid development of high-tech industries.Judging from the overall ranking,cities in developing economies represented
101、by Guangzhou,Chongqing,Mexico City,and Quezon have significantly improved their overall performance over the past 5 years.Cities in frontier economies are concentrated in the middle and lower sections of this index ranking.Their performance in the five major dimensions is relatively uneven.In 2021,F
102、iji and Papua New Guinea ranked first and fourth respectively in the“pressures”indicator,but ranked 33rd and 45th respectively in the overall ranking.The outstanding performance of small island economies in terms of pressures is mainly due to their large industrial construction space and rich ecolog
103、ical resources.Therefore,these cities have the potential to develop an ecological economy.COVID-19 has impacted socio-economic conditions in the Asia-Pacific region.It can be seen from the data that the pandemic has had a more severe impact on cities in frontier economies and some developing economi
104、es,which exposes the vulnerability of economies with a relatively single industrial structure in responding to emergencies.Compared with 2020,2021 rankings of cities such as Chinese Taipei,Kuala Lumpur,Medan,and Timor-Leste also dropped significantly.Judging from this trend,in the face of“black swan
105、”events such as the COVID-19,cities need to continue to explore how to“toughen up”and enhance the resilience of industrial development.0481216DriverPressureStateImpactResponseSingaporeBeijingSeoulShenzhenMexico CityKuala LumpurQuezon0481216DriverPressureStateImpactResponseFijiTimor-LestePhnom PenhLa
106、osPapua New GuineaUlaanbaatarFigure 3.First-Level Indicator Scores of Some Developing Economies in 2021.Figure 4.First-Level Indicator Scores of Some Frontier Economies in 2021.10Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20233 Evaluation ResultsDrivers3.2The driving force is developing steadily,a
107、nd major economies in East Asia lead the Asia-Pacific region with absolute advantages.Looking at the overall trends in Asia-Pacific in 2021,the industrial sustainability drivers of cities slowly bounced back;basic productional factors gradually dwindled while advanced productional factors remained g
108、rowing,sparking new opportunities in industrial structure transformation.East Asian cities in major economies maintain their preponderant positions as cities in China,Japan,and Republic of Korea dominate all top 10 spots in the index ranking,consistent with their performance in 2020.Cities in develo
109、ped economies,such as Houston and San Francisco in the United States and Toronto in Canada,appear at the middle of the ranking.Figure 5.AP-ISI Scores of Drivers(2021).Figure 6.AP-ISI Scores of Basic Production Factors(2021).012345678Papua New GuineaTimor-LesteDelhiMumbai MABangaloreQuezonDhakaFijiSa
110、ntiagoChinese TaipeiLaosMacaoNew York CityHong Kong,ChinaLos AngelesSan FranciscoPhiladelphiaUlaanbaatarMoscowDallasHoustonChicagoMexico CityWashington,D.C.YangonHo Chi Minh CitySingaporeSydneyMedanJakartaTorontoAucklandBangkokSeoulPhnom PenhKuala LumpurLimaSurabayaOsakaBrunei DarussalamYokohamaBeij
111、ingTokyoShanghaiChongqingSuzhouChengduHangzhouShenzhenGuangzhou05101520Papua New GuineaTimor-LesteDelhiMumbai MABangaloreFijiLaosDhakaQuezonYangonMedanJakartaUlaanbaatarSurabayaLimaSantiagoMoscowKuala LumpurHo Chi Minh CityPhnom PenhChinese TaipeiMexico CityBangkokBrunei DarussalamMacaoNew York City
112、Los AngelesPhiladelphiaSingaporeWashington,D.C.DallasChicagoSydneyHong Kong,ChinaAucklandSan FranciscoHoustonTorontoChongqingOsakaYokohamaShanghaiChengduBeijingSuzhouHangzhouGuangzhouSeoulShenzhenTokyoFigure 7.AP-ISI Scores of Advanced Production Factors(2021).(1)Basic production factorsBasic produc
113、tion factors include labor supply and capital stock.East Asian economies performed outstandingly in basic production factors in 2021.The top 10 include eight cities in China,and Tokyo and Yokohama in Japan,implying these cities have relatively sufficient labor and capital supplies.Of note,cities in
114、developed economies score relatively low in basic production factors.024681012Timor-LestePapua New GuineaYangonLaosDelhiFijiSurabayaJakartaMedanMumbai MABangaloreDhakaQuezonLimaUlaanbaatarKuala LumpurPhnom PenhBrunei DarussalamBangkokMoscowHo Chi Minh CitySantiagoMexico CityChinese TaipeiMacaoSingap
115、oreSydneyAucklandChongqingWashington,D.C.ChengduDallasChicagoLos AngelesPhiladelphiaNew York CityGuangzhouShanghaiHangzhouSuzhouYokohamaHong Kong,ChinaOsakaHoustonSan FranciscoTorontoBeijingShenzhenSeoulTokyo(2)Advanced production factorsAdvanced production factors,such as technological innovation a
116、nd digitalization,dictate the durability and superiority of the industry.In terms of advanced production factors in the Asia-Pacific region,performances vary by the types of economies,with developed economies taking the lead.In the 2021 rankings,cities from China,the United States,Japan,Republic of
117、Korea,Canada,and other economies swept the top 10 spots in this sub-category.In addition,a comparison with data from 2017 to 2021 found that the pandemic promoted the growth of advanced production factors while negatively impacting most other sub-categories.Virtual economic scenarios such as remote
118、communication and online entertainment caused by social distancing may be a major factor that stimulates cities in developed economies to usher in a new wave of growth in advanced production factors,creating new opportunities for transforming the industrial structure of Asia-Pacific cities.112 Asses
119、sing Urban Industry Sustainability113 Evaluation ResultsPressures3.3The pandemic has improved the performance in Pressure,and small island developing economies have performed outstandingly.In view of the trend,the pandemic has temporarily elevated the level of industrial sustainability pressures.Dur
120、ing the pandemic,industrial production stagnated,and population mobility slowed down while air quality improved in 2020.In 2021,small island developing economies topped the pressure rankings with their abundant resources.Developed economies were mostly located in the middle and later part of the ran
121、king.Developing Southeast Asian cities faced challenges in industrial sustainability pressures.However,in the post-pandemic era,whether such improvement persists remains to be seen.Figure 8.AP-ISI Scores of Pressures(2021).Figure 9.AP-ISI Scores of Resource Constraints(2021).Figure 10.AP-ISI Scores
122、of Environmental Capacities(2021).0481216DelhiJakartaSurabayaMumbai MASeoulMedanDhakaMacaoSydneyMoscowYokohamaTorontoBangkokBangaloreQuezonLos AngelesSuzhouShanghaiDallasHo Chi Minh CityUlaanbaatarNew York CityLimaShenzhenBeijingYangonChicagoTokyoPhnom PenhSan FranciscoOsakaMexico CitySingaporeKuala
123、 LumpurSantiagoHoustonHong Kong,ChinaChinese TaipeiGuangzhouPhiladelphiaWashington,D.C.HangzhouTimor-LesteChengduChongqingAucklandPapua New GuineaLaosBrunei DarussalamFiji012345678MoscowYokohamaSeoulJakartaSydneySingaporeMedanSurabayaQuezonDelhiTorontoMacaoBangkokChinese TaipeiMumbai MATokyoOsakaChi
124、cagoHo Chi Minh CityPhiladelphiaLos AngelesShenzhenDallasHoustonHong Kong,ChinaNew York CityBangaloreSan FranciscoSuzhouBrunei DarussalamKuala LumpurDhakaUlaanbaatarShanghaiMexico CityYangonBeijingTimor-LesteGuangzhouHangzhouSantiagoLimaAucklandLaosPhnom PenhWashington,D.C.Papua New GuineaChongqingF
125、ijiChengdu024681012DelhiDhakaJakartaSurabayaMumbai MALimaPhnom PenhBangaloreShanghaiSuzhouUlaanbaatarMedanLos AngelesBeijingSeoulChengduYangonMacaoDallasSantiagoNew York CityHo Chi Minh CityWashington,D.C.Mexico CityShenzhenBangkokSan FranciscoSydneyGuangzhouKuala LumpurTorontoChicagoYokohamaChongqi
126、ngMoscowQuezonHoustonTokyoHong Kong,ChinaOsakaHangzhouPapua New GuineaPhiladelphiaTimor-LesteAucklandLaosChinese TaipeiFijiSingaporeBrunei Darussalam(1)Resource constraintsClean energy and land supply are major resource constraints for industrial sustainable development.In 2021,small island developi
127、ng economies and developed economy cities acted as frontline practitioners in resource constraints.Fiji and Papua New Guinea occupy the top five positions in the index ranking.Chengdu,Chongqing,and Washington,D.C.also perform very well.On one hand,cities in developed economies have strong capabiliti
128、es and solid financial support to develop clean energy.On the other hand,small island developing economies have more abundant renewable energy sources and a relatively large amount of constructable urban land for industrial development.Thus,both economies rank high in terms of resource constraints.S
129、ome cities in developing economies,such as Delhi,Jakarta,and Surabaya,however,are facing greater challenges in resource constraints due to their rapid technological development,market development,and industrial hyperconcentration.(2)Environmental capacitiesThe constraints of environmental capacity o
130、n industrial development can be described by forest coverage rate,soil organic carbon,and air quality index.In 2021,the environmental capacity rankings of cities with different economies are relatively stable.Cities in small island developing economies still have significant environmental advantages
131、.Among the top 10 cities are three small island economy cities,namely in Fiji,Timor-Leste,and Papua New Guinea.Auckland and Philadelphia,two cities from developed economies,rank 6th and 8th respectively.These cities are highly urbanized while having excellent eco-management and eco-preservation.In a
132、ddition,cities in developing economies are concentrated in the middle and later part of the environmental capacity ranking.Some of these cities are still in the stage of rapid expansion and industrialization transformation.For example,Dhaka,Bangladesh,and Delhi have high CO2 emissions and air pollut
133、ion.12Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20233 Evaluation ResultsIndustrial structures and scales with different characteristics,and new economic industries are embracing development opportunities.Urban development varies widely among economies in the Asia-Pacific region.Cities in develope
134、d economies are generally more advantageous in optimizing the allocation of industrial structures,while cities in developing economies have different evolution potentials in industrial structures.The pandemic has had an impact on traditional industrial manufacturing and service industries,but it has
135、 also nurtured development opportunities in new forms of business such as the digital economy.Many new arenas that possess the features characterized by“digitalization and high technology”have ushered in favorable changes during the pandemic.Statistics also show that the industry is more resilient t
136、han the service sector.Therefore,establishing a reasonable and advanced industrial structure is crucial to the resilient development of the economy and society.(1)Industrial scalesThe scale of industrial development is characterized by industrial value added and emerging industries.In 2021,the four
137、major economiesChina,the United States,Japan,and Singaporeoccupy eight of the top 10 in this ranking,while the frontier economies performed weakly.The central cities of the four major bay areas in the worldSan Francisco,New York City,Tokyo,and Shenzhenare all on the list.San Francisco has always bee
138、n a leader in the global technology industries such as artificial intelligence and electronic information;New York City leads in finance and real estate while vigorously developing technical business services and information industries;Tokyo developed remarkably in value-added manufacturing such as
139、precision machining and automobile manufacturing as well as heavy industries that include petroleum refining and steel processing;Shenzhen focuses on promoting the construction of new manufacturing industry clusters with innovative elements.It is worth noting that Brunei Darussalam scores third in t
140、he ranking,with per capita industrial value added far exceeding the average level in the Asia-Pacific region.This is mainly due to its abundant oil reserves and oil-and gas-driven industrial clusters.Figure 11.AP-ISI Scores of States(2021).03691215Timor-LestePhnom PenhLaosPapua New GuineaYangonFijiD
141、hakaUlaanbaatarLimaMoscowSantiagoChongqingMumbai MAHo Chi Minh CityMacaoBangaloreMedanBrunei DarussalamAucklandChengduDelhiSuzhouSurabayaHangzhouQuezonJakartaTorontoGuangzhouShanghaiKuala LumpurPhiladelphiaHoustonOsakaYokohamaSydneyMexico CityLos AngelesShenzhenWashington,D.C.ChicagoBangkokHong Kong
142、,ChinaDallasSan FranciscoNew York CityBeijingSeoulSingaporeChinese TaipeiTokyo012345678Papua New GuineaYangonPhnom PenhFijiDhakaDelhiQuezonLaosUlaanbaatarHo Chi Minh CityLimaMacaoBangaloreTimor-LesteMedanMumbai MAWashington,D.C.YokohamaKuala LumpurChengduBangkokMexico CitySantiagoChongqingAucklandPh
143、iladelphiaMoscowSurabayaLos AngelesOsakaTorontoHangzhouSydneyJakartaChicagoHoustonShanghaiGuangzhouHong Kong,ChinaSuzhouSeoulDallasNew York CityShenzhenSan FranciscoSingaporeBeijingBrunei DarussalamChinese TaipeiTokyoFigure 12.AP-ISI Score of Industrial Scales(2021).Figure 13.AP-ISI Scores of Indust
144、rial Structures(2021).0246810Timor-LesteBrunei DarussalamPhnom PenhLaosPapua New GuineaFijiYangonUlaanbaatarDhakaMoscowLimaSantiagoSuzhouChongqingMumbai MAMedanAucklandHo Chi Minh CityMacaoBangaloreShenzhenSurabayaChengduHangzhouJakartaGuangzhouShanghaiTorontoHoustonDelhiBeijingChinese TaipeiSydneyD
145、allasSan FranciscoOsakaQuezonChicagoLos AngelesPhiladelphiaHong Kong,ChinaKuala LumpurYokohamaMexico CityNew York CityWashington,D.C.SingaporeTokyoBangkokSeoulStates3.4(2)Industrial structuresThe proportions of the service industry and high-tech industry are used to describe the internal structure a
146、nd degree of advancement of the industry.The industrial structures of different cities vary by the type of economy.Cities in developed economies such as Tokyo,Washington,D.C.,and New York City industrialized rather early,with clusters of high-tech industries,and have relatively mature industrial str
147、uctures.Cities in developing economies,such as Seoul and Bangkok,continue to optimize their industrial structure by powering up the development of tertiary industries and cutting-edge technology.With the rapid growth of developing economies,the pandemic has promoted the development of high-tech indu
148、stries such as biopharmaceuticals and electronic communications,and has assisted the structural transformation and sustainable development of urban industries.132 Assessing Urban Industry Sustainability133 Evaluation ResultsImpacts3.5Figure 14.AP-ISI Scores of Impacts(2021).Figure 15.AP-ISI Scores o
149、f Economic Growth(2021).03691215UlaanbaatarLaosYangonMexico CityDelhiMumbai MABangalorePhnom PenhHo Chi Minh CityDhakaPapua New GuineaMedanChengduShanghaiShenzhenBeijingChongqingChinese TaipeiGuangzhouSurabayaSantiagoHangzhouBrunei DarussalamYokohamaHong Kong,ChinaLimaOsakaSuzhouJakartaKuala LumpurM
150、oscowSydneyQuezonFijiBangkokAucklandTorontoSeoulTokyoHoustonChicagoPhiladelphiaDallasWashington,D.C.Timor-LesteLos AngelesNew York CityMacaoSingaporeSan Francisco0123456YangonDelhiLaosMumbai MAUlaanbaatarBangaloreMexico CityFijiPapua New GuineaSydneyPhnom PenhMedanDhakaHo Chi Minh CityChongqingQuezo
151、nChengduSantiagoTorontoSurabayaAucklandYokohamaGuangzhouMoscowShenzhenShanghaiBrunei DarussalamJakartaLimaOsakaBeijingHangzhouKuala LumpurSuzhouSeoulHoustonHong Kong,ChinaPhiladelphiaChicagoDallasBangkokChinese TaipeiTokyoLos AngelesWashington,D.C.New York CityMacaoTimor-LesteSingaporeSan FranciscoT
152、he differences in industrial impact are small,and development is back on track in the post-pandemic era.In 2021,the Asia-Pacific region entered a stage of ongoing prevention and control of the pandemic.Overall,the economic,social,and ecological system changes caused by industrial development in the
153、Asia-Pacific region have gradually recovered due to the impact of the pandemic.Cities in developed economies such as those of the United States have advantages in economic and social resilience,while small island developing economies perform better in terms of ecological and environmental impacts.(1
154、)Economic growthEconomic growth is measured by GDP per capita and GDP growth rate.In 2020,the economies of cities in the Asia-Pacific region began to recover from the pandemic.Among them,cities in developed economies and some developing economies such as the ones in China recovered quickly.Among the
155、 top 10 cities in 2021,American cities occupied four spots.The economic performance of small island developing economies and landlocked economies continues to be sluggish,and cities such as Fiji,Ulaanbaatar,and Mexico City have experienced continuous negative GDP growth since 2019.However,Macaos eco
156、nomic growth performance is outstanding,ranking fourth.With the relaxation of pandemic control in Macao,the rapid recovery of Macaos backbone industries,tourism and gambling,has enabled it to achieve economic recovery in the short term1.012345UlaanbaatarChinese TaipeiSantiagoMedanBangkokSurabayaMexi
157、co CityHong Kong,ChinaShanghaiBeijingKuala LumpurOsakaJakartaHo Chi Minh CityShenzhenLaosMoscowYangonYokohamaHangzhouLimaWashington,D.C.Papua New GuineaPhnom PenhChicagoHoustonTokyoDelhiMumbai MABangaloreSan FranciscoChengduNew York CityLos AngelesGuangzhouPhiladelphiaSuzhouTorontoDallasDhakaTimor-L
158、esteChongqingSydneyBrunei DarussalamSeoulAucklandSingaporeMacaoFijiQuezon(2)Social well-beingThe new employment rate and Gini coefficient reflect social well-being.COVID-19 has impacted the social well-being of urban residents by affecting the industrial development process.It also poses challenges
159、to the citys social security system and emergency management capabilities.From 2017 to 2021,Auckland and Sydney maintained their positions in the top 10,showing stronger social resilience in the face of external shocks.In 2021,Quezon,Fiji,Macao,and Singapore also performed well.Quezons flexible pand
160、emic prevention policies and employment plans have averted large-scale unemployment and maintained relative economic stability.The rankings of some developing and frontier economies fluctuate greatly,such as Ulaanbaatar and Santiago.Slums appeared in Ulaanbaatar after the outbreak of the pandemic.Co
161、upled with domestic coal corruption problems,frequent protests occurred in the city center,which increased the risk of infection and social instability.The pandemic has amplified the inherent contradictions and shortcomings of cities and intensified social and political unrest.Figure 16 AP-ISI Score
162、s of Social Well-Being(2021).14Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20233 Evaluation Results(3)EcosystemsThe impact of the industry on the ecosystem is evaluated through CO2 emissions from end consumption and ocean cleanliness.In 2021,cities in developed economies performed better in terms o
163、f ecosystem.Eight of the top 10 cities are from developed economies such as Canada,Australia,and the United States.Santiago tops the list by actively involving in the United Nations Clean Marine Environment Program and has made significant achievements in marine protection actions.At the same time,I
164、ndonesias performance stands out among developing economies.From 2017 to 2021,Indonesias CO2 emissions per unit of power generation were the lowest among all sample cities2.Figure 17.AP-ISI Scores of Ecosystems(2021).0123456UlaanbaatarLaosMexico CityDhakaPhnom PenhBrunei DarussalamYangonSingaporeQue
165、zonHo Chi Minh CityDelhiMumbai MABangaloreHong Kong,ChinaShanghaiBeijingShenzhenHangzhouChengduGuangzhouSuzhouChongqingMacaoChinese TaipeiTimor-LestePapua New GuineaLimaOsakaYokohamaTokyoSeoulFijiBangkokAucklandKuala LumpurMedanSurabayaJakartaWashington,D.C.ChicagoHoustonSan FranciscoNew York CityLo
166、s AngelesPhiladelphiaDallasMoscowSydneyTorontoSantiagoResponses3.6Asia-Pacific cities have strong business response capabilities and strong resilience.The major economies of China and the United States have obvious advantages.In 2021,the top five cities for responsiveness are New York City;Toronto;M
167、exico City;Hong Kong,China;and Los Angeles.New York City ranks first for its excellent international communications and business environment,while Mexico City ranks third for its outstanding performance in carbon pricing mechanisms.Figure 18.AP-ISI Scores of Responses(2021).024681012QuezonYangonLaos
168、BangkokTimor-LesteMoscowMacaoDelhiFijiOsakaChongqingDhakaPapua New GuineaLimaUlaanbaatarBrunei DarussalamYokohamaChinese TaipeiKuala LumpurHo Chi Minh CityMumbai MABangalorePhnom PenhHangzhouSydneyMedanSurabayaJakartaChengduWashington,D.C.SantiagoGuangzhouHoustonTokyoAucklandChicagoSuzhouShenzhenSin
169、gaporePhiladelphiaSeoulDallasBeijingShanghaiSan FranciscoLos AngelesHong Kong,ChinaMexico CityTorontoNew York City0123456LaosDhakaYokohamaOsakaChongqingKuala LumpurChengduSuzhouPhnom PenhMoscowMacaoSingaporeHo Chi Minh CityJakartaHong Kong,ChinaBangkokTokyoGuangzhouQuezonYangonTimor-LesteFijiPapua N
170、ew GuineaUlaanbaatarBrunei DarussalamMedanSurabayaSeoulHangzhouShenzhenTorontoDelhiDallasChinese TaipeiLimaHoustonSantiagoPhiladelphiaWashington,D.C.AucklandSydneyMexico CityShanghaiChicagoLos AngelesBeijingMumbai MABangaloreSan FranciscoNew York City(1)Business environmentThe business environment i
171、s evaluated based on the law environment and entrepreneurial activity.In 2021,developed economies have the best business environment in the Asia-Pacific region,while developing economies are relatively weaker.Four cities in the United States enter the top 10,with New York City retaining the top spot
172、 for 3 consecutive years(2019-2021).In terms of trends,cities in all economies have returned to pre-pandemic levels in 2021.Figure 19 AP-ISI Scores of Business Environments(2021).152 Assessing Urban Industry Sustainability3 Evaluation Results15Combined with the evaluation results of the AP-ISI 2023,
173、the report selected five typical cases to objectively demonstrate their best practices in promoting industrial sustainability from five dimensions.Case 1:Seizing opportunity during crisis:San Francisco technology industry in the pandemic4.1During the COVID-19 pandemic,the internet became a compensat
174、ory field for people after in-person activities ceased.The exponentially increasing demand for virtual scenes has fueled the rapid growth of internet-related technology companies in San Francisco.Taking Meta as an example,from April to June 2020,the number of users across various Meta platforms incr
175、eased by 15%.At the same time,the innovative development of the biopharmaceutical industry has accelerated,becoming another opportunity to stabilize San Franciscos economy.Companies such as Genentech and Gilead Sciences have made outstanding contributions to the research of new COVID-19 treatments.G
176、enentech in particular ranked third in the global pharmaceutical company corporate reputation survey organized by CISION in 2020,being recognized as one of the pharmaceutical companies with the best response to the COVID-19 pandemic3.In addition,San Francisco especially has focused on the pandemic r
177、ecovery of micro,small,and medium-sized enterprises.The government has provided more than USD 83 million in grants and loans to more than 4,800 small businesses.It also offered training and assistance with(2)International CommunicationsInternational communication is measured by cross-border mobility
178、 of people and international trade.In 2021,the changes in the foreign exchange scores of most cities were relatively stable.From 2017 to 2021,Hong Kongs international communication score remained first.Despite the reduction in the number of international flights during the pandemic,Hong Kong still r
179、anked first for its import and export trade.Affected by the weak recovery of domestic tourism,Bangkok and other east or southeast Asian cities have seen a slow recovery in international communication.It should be noted that in terms of international communication,none of the cities selected in the r
180、eport have yet returned to pre-pandemic levels.0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0MedanTimor-LesteSurabayaYangonChongqingQuezonLaosFijiHangzhouChengduGuangzhouBangalorePhiladelphiaMacaoPapua New GuineaUlaanbaatarWashington,D.C.JakartaAucklandDhakaBeijingMumbai MADallasPhnom PenhLimaSydneySantiagoOsakaBrunei
181、 DarussalamSuzhouSan FranciscoHo Chi Minh CityShenzhenDelhiBangkokChinese TaipeiShanghaiKuala LumpurTokyoChicagoSeoulLos AngelesTorontoYokohamaHoustonMexico CityMoscowSingaporeNew York CityHong Kong,China012345678MoscowQuezonMumbai MABangaloreDelhiYangonBangkokLimaChinese TaipeiTimor-LesteLaosFijiMa
182、caoPapua New GuineaUlaanbaatarBrunei DarussalamOsakaYokohamaDhakaChongqingSydneyKuala LumpurHo Chi Minh CityNew York CityPhnom PenhSan FranciscoHangzhouWashington,D.C.ChicagoHoustonSantiagoMedanSurabayaJakartaSingaporeHong Kong,ChinaTokyoAucklandChengduLos AngelesGuangzhouBeijingShenzhenShanghaiSeou
183、lMexico CityPhiladelphiaSuzhouDallasTorontoFigure 20 AP-ISI Scores of International Communications(2021).Figure 21.AP-ISI Scores of Urban Governances(2021).(3)Urban governanceThe level of infrastructure construction and carbon supervision reflects urban governance capabilities.The level of urban gov
184、ernance largely shapes the sustainable development path of an industry.In 2021,Chinese cities occupied five of the top 10 seats in urban governance mainly due to the improvement of governance capabilities and implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms.Suzhou continues to promote the construction of
185、 smart cities by merging sensing equipment,navigation map congestion warning modules,and other systems in traffic management to promote more efficient logistics and personnel flow.Mexico City,ranked fifth,has outstanding performance in the carbon pricing mechanism.In 2020,it became the first city in
186、 Latin America to launch a carbon emissions trading system.By implementing a carbon pricing mechanism,cities can promote the application of low-carbon technologies and the development of low-carbon industries.4 Best Practices16Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20234 Best Practicespreferen
187、tial terms for leasing to small businesses that experienced slower economic recovery or served low-and moderate-income communities4.With this series of industrial support plans,coupled with its own mature accumulation in high-end industry,San Francisco has demonstrated good industrial resilience in
188、the face of external shocks such as the COVID-19.Case 2:Singapores green data center promotes sustainable industrial development4.2In recent years,data centers have become a key infrastructure for Singapores economic development and technological innovation.However,the energy consumption of traditio
189、nal data centers raises environmental concerns.Therefore,in 2019,the Singaporean government announced a moratorium on the construction of new data centers and proposed a green data center construction plan.This plan aims to encourage enterprises to adopt more innovative technologies and operating me
190、thods that save energy and emit less carbon.It also requires newly built data centers to obtain Green Mark Platinum certification from the Construction Bureau and the Information Bureau while ensuring that energy usage effectiveness(or power usage effectiveness,referred to as PUE)does not exceed 1.3
191、5.The DC Tuas data center,scheduled to become operational in 2025,will be the green data center with the highest power density and the only one with an integrated submarine cable landing station.Through more efficient liquid cooling technology,the rack density of each cabinet in the center will reac
192、h 80 kW,thereby achieving a PUE control of below 1.3.The successful practice of green data centers has helped Singapore become a global benchmark for digital construction,which in turn attracts many international companies to establish data centers bringing about technological cooperation and invest
193、ment opportunities within Singapore.In July 2023,Microsoft,Equinix,GDS Holdings,and other companies jointly won 80 MW of data center capacity allocation.Green data centers not only provide a range of services including big data analysis and cloud computing to various industries,serving as a crucial
194、support for other industries technological upgrading and green transformation,but also stimulate development of related industries such as the application of liquid cooling technology,green building materials,and green construction.The achievements in green construction are truly remarkable.Case 3:C
195、hongqings path of“green+smart”manufacturing transformation4.3Intelligent green transformation is an important engine for sustainable industrial development in Chongqing.In February 2023,the Chongqing Municipal Economic and Information Technology Commission issued the“Notice on Issuing the Key Points
196、 of Chongqings Manufacturing Digital Transformation Action in 2023.”The notice proposed several directions to demonstrate and guide industrial development,including integrating the digital transformation of manufacturing and indicator systems of green and low-carbon development,actively promoting th
197、e coordinated development of“green+intelligence”in factories,and focusing on establishing a batch of digitalized and green benchmark projects6.Chongqing actively promotes the concept of industrial“carbon reduction,”the development of“greening,”and initiated a pilot project of net-zero carbon emissio
198、n zones.In April 2023,the Chongqing Municipal Government announced the first batch of nine net-zero carbon zone pilot lists to adapt to the trend of carbon peak and carbon neutrality,and promote sustainable construction in these zones7.Among them,Chongqing Digital Intelligence Industrial Park in Ban
199、an District has established a carbon reduction management mechanism,focusing on the digital industry chain,introducing low-energy consumption projects,and promoting industrial carbon reduction.On the other hand,leveraging an industrial internet logo,the zone has constructed a green manufacturing sys
200、tem,improving the efficiency of green supply chain management8.It is estimated that by 2025,the carbon emission intensity per unit of industrial added value of Chongqing Digital Intelligence Industrial Park will decrease by 25%compared to 2020,the proportion of clean energy will reach 83%,the propor
201、tion of high technology enterprises will reach 72%,the proportion of green buildings will reach 100%,and the enterprises carbon emission quota compliance rate will reach 100%,thereby achieving a balance between corporate development and energy consumption.Case 4:Brunei diversifying energy structure,
202、achieving coordinated environmental and economic development4.4As a small developing economy rich in mineral resources,Bruneis economy has long been driven by the oil and gas industry alone,making its economic development vulnerable to external factors.To break free from over-reliance on the oil and
203、 gas industry and simultaneously respond to the international communitys sustainable development initiatives,in 2012,Brunei launched a diversified energy structure strategy.It strives to promote the development of the renewable energy industry to achieve sustainable economic growth.Brunei has taken
204、multiple measures to promote the development of green electricity and the transformation of its energy structure.In terms of goal guidance,Brunei has made strategic arrangements for the overall development of new energy.In 2012,the Ministry of Energy of the Brunei Prime Ministers Office released the
205、“Long-Term Strategy Report,”which planned to gradually realize transformation in the energy structure through both short-term energy conservation and long-term renewable energy development.In 2014,the Brunei Energy White Paper proposed the goal of achieving renewable energy generation accounting for
206、 10%of the total electricity generation by 20359.In terms of policy incentives,the Brunei government has launched a renewable energy feed-in tariff subsidy policy to promote the large-scale installation of distributed photovoltaics.In terms of industrial support,the Brunei government actively introd
207、uces advanced external technologies.In 2008,the Brunei government cooperated with Japans Mitsubishi to build Bruneis first solar photovoltaic power station,Tenaga Suri Brunei10.In 2021,solar panels were installed on the Temburong District Government Building,becoming the first solar-powered governme
208、nt building in Brunei.The power generation system can generate 100 kilowatts of clean energy and reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 66 tons per year11.To achieve its 2035 goals,Brunei encourages the private sector to participate in the development of new renewable energy projects through public-p
209、rivate partnerships.In April 2021,Brunei Shell Petroleum Company 174 Best Practices2023 marks the mid-term assessment year of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Currently,economies in the Asia-Pacific region and even around the world are facing multiple uncertainties brought
210、about by global public health events,geopolitics,technological innovation,unilateralism,climate change,and other factors.The advancement of global sustainable development is facing significant challenges.In the face of such uncertainty,achieving sustainable development of urban industries is the bas
211、is for maintaining stable economic and social operations.It also serves as the starting point for global development in seeking sustainability.As an important phase in the global political and economic landscape,achieving sustainable industrial development in the Asia-Pacific region plays a key role
212、 in stabilizing the global economic growth situation and promoting the global sustainable process.In recent years,uncertainty has become a normal factor,industrial development has been widely affected,the market-oriented division of labor in global industries has faced risks of political reshaping,c
213、ollaborative innovation in high-tech industries has faced regulation,and the process of industrial transformation and industrial sustainability in emerging economies has been hindered.Even so,industrial development in the Asia-Pacific region remains highly interconnected with industrial clusters den
214、sely intertwined.The AP-ISI 2023 fully reveals the impact of uncertainty on economies in the Asia-Pacific region.The close linkage between economies will lead to a widespread impact of non-market interventions on the industrial chain pattern,exposing economic and social stability and sustainable pro
215、cesses of all economies to significant risks.Under this situation,achieving stable and sustainable economic,social,and industrial development is still the common aspiration of all economies around the world.Seeking complementary advantages and open cooperation is also still the mainstream aspiration
216、 of all parties for a win-win situation.Therefore,how to achieve stable and sustainable development of major economies in the context of normalized uncertainty has become the underlying trend of our times.AP-ISI 2023 calls on all economies to adopt the sustainable construction of urban industries as
217、 the main method of achieving national and regional sustainable development,firmly and continuously promote the regional integrated development pattern,jointly seek the construction of regional innovative industry clusters,and strengthen the sustainability of urban industrial development.At the same
218、 time,they should seek and expand certainty amidst uncertainty,emphasizing centralized consensus in areas such as climate change response,and in the effort to mitigate impacts of climate change,fully leverage the profound influence of technological production transformations on both the underlying e
219、nergy structure and upper-level industrial structure.Gradually expanding cooperation opportunities,and using the sustainable construction of urban industries in various economies to drive multi-dimensional sustainable processes such as global economic development,industrial transformation,and social
220、 well-beingthese actions will promote the systemic transformation of the economy and society.launched a 3.3 MW solar power plant in Panaga,becoming Bruneis second solar park after the Tenaga Suri Brunei Photovoltaic Power Plant.In AP-ISI 2023,Brunei performed outstandingly in terms of industrial pre
221、ssure and industrial impact,thereby demonstrating its continuous efforts in achieving coordinated development of environment and economy.Case 5:The two-way drive of the rise of Tokyo industrial clusters and the agglomeration of industrial factors4.5Tokyo is a hub for high-end manufacturing in Japan.
222、In recent years,Japans Ministry of Economy,Trade,and Industry and Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science,and Technology have implemented industrial cluster plans,aiming to make technological breakthroughs using local advantageous industrial clusters.Taking this opportunity,Tokyo began to imple
223、ment the Tokyo Metropolitan Governments basic strategy for industrial revitalization,building the Tama regional science and technology center,and guiding the accelerated gathering of talent,capital,technology,information,and other advanced production factors with the goal of creating a world-class i
224、ndustrial cluster.Taking the northern part of Tokyo as an example,the industrial development process has formed an optical industry chain covering optical crystallization,semiconductors,fine processing,LED,instrumentation,optical communications,laser technology,and other processes.This has attracted
225、 key optical industry players such as Topcon and Nikon Kumagai Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.to move in.This area has now become the core of Japans optical industry.Tokyos Ota Ward is a gathering area for small and medium-sized enterprises with high-end processing technology.It has a total of 4,200 manufact
226、uring-related companies,of which 90%are small and medium-sized enterprises with less than 19 employees.Enterprises in the district are characterized by high-end processing technology.Based on core technologies such as machinery,metal processing,and special metal“spinning”molding processes,they opera
227、te cutting-edge manufacturing businesses such as planetary probe parts processing and the production of Japanese H2 rocket top parts.In 2006,the district also opened the“Emerging Industry Creation Support Facilities”and“Industrial-Academic Cooperation Facilities”to explore cutting-edge industrial ma
228、rkets such as nanotechnology through cooperation with research institutions.Today,Ota Ward has become a gathering hub for a complete set of high-precision machining technologies.5 Outlook:Working together to create a sustainable future for urban industries under the influence of normalized uncertain
229、ty18Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2023AppendicesAppendix I Instructions for Adjustment of Index SystemTable 4.Instructions for Adjustment of Indicator System.AP-ISI 2022Adjustment MethodAP-ISI 2023Adjustment InstructionsWater pollution indexIndex nameOcean Health IndexAdjust indicator
230、 name and directionEase of doing business indexIndex replacementNumber of practicing lawyers per million peopleThe original indicator is the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Index,which will no longer be updated in 2021.This years revision uses the number of lawyers per one million to measure the
231、business environment from the perspective of the rule of law.Number of economies that have signed free trade area agreementsIndex replacementNumber of international flightsMeasuring foreign exchanges based on cross-border population mobilityFDI to GDP ratioIndex replacementImport and export trade as
232、 a share of GDPReflect the scale and development level of foreign tradeAppendix II Data StandardizationAP-ISI uses the extreme value standardization method to standardize the data.We first divide the data into positive and negative indexes according to their relevance.The extreme values were then no
233、rmalized respectively,yielding the equations as follows.Positive indexes:x=xmin.(x)max.(x)min.(x)100Negative indexes:x=(1 xmin.(x)max.(x)min.(x)100Here,x is the original data value and max(x)and min(x)are the upper and lower limits of the index data,respectively,and x is the normalized value of the
234、index.The above formula measures the distance of an observation from the highest score(or the distance from the lowest score if it is a negative index)in the interval consisting of the highest and lowest scores for a given variable.Thus,the standardized treatment of the extreme value method can show
235、 the gap between this observation and the best practices in the study population,providing a realistic comparative framework and results for the industrial sustainability practices in each city.Appendix III Handling of Missing Data ValuesThe Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators prepared by
236、the OECD proposes that the methods for completing missing data values include single imputation,unconditional mean imputation,regression imputation,expected maximization imputation,and multiple imputation.According to the characteristics of this index dataset and the needs of subsequent index assign
237、ment and accounting,we chose K-means clustering as the missing data interpolation method by first determining the K closest data to the missing data based on correlation analysis and then taking the weighted average of these samples containing K values to supplement the missing data.We calculated ec
238、onomics scores based on two indexes:GDP and the share of service sector in GDP.We used World Bank data,standardized the data,and applied the entropy weighted method.Then,based on the principle of maximizing the difference between clusters and minimizing the difference within a cluster,we divided the
239、 dataset into three samples as the basis for missing value interpolation.References1.Statistics and Census Service,Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region,“Analysis report on the statistical indicator system of moderately diversified economic development in Macao”(2021);available at ht
240、tps:/www.dsec.gov.mo/zh-MO/Home/Publication/SIED2.Indonesia Government Regulation No.79/2014 of 2014 Concerning the National Energy Policy.3.McKinsey&Company,“How COVID-19 has pushed companies over the tech-nology tipping pointand transformed business forever”(2020);available at https:/ 4.City and C
241、ounty of San Francisco,“Mayor Breed Announces$4 Million in Grants to Help Fill Storefronts and Support Small Businesses Citywide”(2023);avail-able at https:/sf.gov/news/mayor-breed-announces-4-million-grants-help-fill-storefronts-and-support-small-businesses 5.PUE is the most common method to measur
242、e the energy efficiency of data centers.PUE=total energy consumption of data center/IT equipment energy consumption=(IT equipment energy consumption+air conditioning energy consumption+power supply and distribution system energy consumption+other energy consumption)/IT equipment energy consumption=1
243、+air conditioning energy consumption factor+power supply and distribution energy consumption factor+other energy consumption factors.The closer the PUE value is to 1,the higher the overall efficiency.6.Chongqing Municipal Peoples Government,“Chongqings comprehensive green and low-carbon transformati
244、on of economic and social development has achieved these results”(2020);available at https:/ 7.Chongqing Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau.2023.Chongqing Mu-nicipal Ecological Environment Bureau and Chongqing Municipal Economic and In-formation Technology Commission Announcement on the list of
245、 pilot projects for near-zero carbon zones in Chongqing.Chongqing8.Chongqing Banan District Peoples Government.2021.Notice on the issuance of the“14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)for the high-quality development of manufac-turing industry in Banan District.”Chongqing9.Brunei Darussalams Intended Nation
246、ally Determined Contribution(2015);available at https:/www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Brunei/1/Brunei%20Darussalam%20INDC_FINAL_30%20November%202015.pdf 10.Brunei Darussalam Department of Energy.https:/www.energy.gov.bn/SitePages/Pages/Visit%20to%20Tenaga%20Suria%20Brun
247、ei.aspx 11.The Scoop,“Temburong District Office becomes first solar-powered government building in Brunei”(2021);available at https:/thescoop.co/2021/07/13/temburong-district-office-becomes-first-solar-powered-government-building-in-brunei/Center For Industrial Development and Environmental Governance(CIDEG)School of Public Policy and Management,Tsinghua UniversityHaidian District,Beijing 100084,ChinaEmail:Website: