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1、Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2022Produced by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office1Table of ContentsContributors.3Executive Summary.41Urban Industrial Sustainability.52Focus on the Asia-Pacific Region.63Assessing Urban Industrial Sustainability.63.1Analytical Framework.63.2Index
2、System.73.3Evaluation Methodology.103.4Sample Selection.104Evaluation Results.124.1Overall Performance.124.2Performance by Item.135Best Practices:Regional,Industrial,and Corporate Cases.225.1Case 1:By introducing and nurturing talent,Singapore can boost its industrial upgrades.225.2Case 2:Tokyo aims
3、 at cutting-edge technology and promotes industrial development.225.3Case 3:Fiji turns to blue industries as a driving force of sustainable development.225.4Case 4:Bangkoks tourism industry has rebuilt its competitive edge amidst storms.225.5Case 5:Achievements in New Zealand ecology and environment
4、 and industrial sustainability.235.6Case 6:Shenzhen technology enterprises have a synergistic effect.235.7Case 7:Beijing has transformed from a heavy industrial base to achieve new green growth.236Summary and Prospects:Opportunity Gaps in Sustainable Urban Industrial Development in the Asia-Pacific
5、Region.246.1Opportunity Gaps in Industry Sustainability in the Asia-Pacific Region.246.2Asia-Pacific Urban Industrial Sustainability Action Guidelines.24APPENDIX.25APPENDIX I:Definition of Indexes and Data Sources at Various Levels.25APPENDIX II:Handling of Missing Data Values.26APPENDIX III:Data St
6、andardization.26References.26 COVER IMAGE:ELENABSL/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM2Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2022TABLETABLE 1Index System.8TABLE 2Subjects of AP-ISI.11TABLE 3Overall Ranking(2020).12FIGUREFIGURE 1The Conceptual Framework of AP-ISI.7FIGURE 2Ranking of Cities from Major Economies i
7、n 2020.12FIGURE 3Ranking of Cities from Emerging Economies in 2020.13FIGURE 4Ranking of Cities from Island Economies in 2020.13FIGURE 5AP-ISI Scores of Drivers(2017-2020).13FIGURE 6AP-ISI Scores of Basic Production Factors(2017-2020).14FIGURE 7AP-ISI Scores of Advanced Production Factors(2017-2020).
8、14FIGURE 8AP-ISI Scores of Pressures(2017-2020).15FIGURE 9AP-ISI Scores of Resource Constraints(2017-2020).15FIGURE 10AP-ISI Scores of Environmental Capacities(2017-2020).16FIGURE 11AP-ISI Scores of States(2017-2020).16FIGURE 12AP-ISI Scores of Industrial Scales(2017-2020).17FIGURE 13AP-ISI Scores o
9、f Industrial Structures(2017-2020).17FIGURE 14AP-ISI Scores of Impacts(2017-2020).18FIGURE 15AP-ISI Scores of Economic Growth(2017-2020).18FIGURE 16AP-ISI Scores of Social Well-being(2017-2020).19FIGURE 17AP-ISI Scores of Ecosystems(2017-2020).19FIGURE 18AP-ISI Scores of Responses(2017-2020).20FIGUR
10、E 19AP-ISI Scores of Business Environments(2017-2020).20FIGURE 20AP-ISI Scores of International Communications(2017-2020).21FIGURE 21AP-ISI Scores of Urban Governances(2017-2020).21AcknowledgementWe have received strong support from many institutions and academic experts from home and abroad during
11、the research and writing process of AP-ISI2022 report.We are grateful for the guidance and support of Dong Wang,director for SDG Localization programme in China,and Violante di Canossa,head of Research and Policy Team of UNDP China.We are also pleased to acknowledge the support of Tsinghua Universit
12、y.All errors remain our own.Contributors3Advisory CommitteeChairLan Xue Distinguished Professor of Arts,Humanities and Social Sciences;Dean of Schwarzman College,Joint Chairperson of the Academic Committee of the Center for Industrial Development and Environmental Governance(CIDEG),Tsinghua Universi
13、ty;Chief Expert of“Sustainable China Industry Development Initiative 2022”Committee MembersDaojiong Cha Professor,School of International Studies;Institute of South-South Cooperation and Development,Peking University Peter Drysdale Emeritus Professor of Economics and the Head of the East Asian Burea
14、u of Economic Research and East Asia Forum,Crawford School of Public Policy,Australian National UniversityDong Guo Associate Professor,Director of the Earth Institute China Initiative,Columbia UniversityShaoqing Huang Professor,Antai College of Economics and Management,Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityL
15、i Jiang Executive Secretary General,APEC China Business CouncilXufeng Zhu Professor,Executive Dean of School of Public Policy&Management;Executive Director of Institute for Sustainable Development Goals,Tsinghua UniversityResearch TeamLead Scientist:Ling Chen Associate Professor,School of Public Pol
16、icy&Management,Tsinghua University;Director,Tsinghua CIDEG.Team Members:Yue Yang Postdoctoral Researcher,Tsinghua CIDEGTuyu Zhou Research Assistant,Tsinghua CIDEG;Research Officer,Crawford School of Public Policy,Australian National UniversityXianglong Deng Research Assistant,Tsinghua CIDEGPingfan J
17、ia School of Architecture,Planning and Environmental Policy,University College DublinRong Zuo School of Public Affairs,Zhejiang UniversityWanqi Guo Department of Geography and Environment,London School of Economics and Political ScienceWendi Gao School of Interdisciplinary Studies,Hong Kong Universi
18、ty of Science and TechnologyJinchao Su School of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua UniversityYinong Ma School of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua UniversityChi Zhang School of Environment,Tsinghua UniversityXi Chen Harris School of Public Policy,University of ChicagoZebo Zheng Department of Applied
19、 Economics,School of Economics and Management,China Agricultural UniversityHanyue Niu School of Finance,University of International Business and EconomicsData SupportYu Cheng Department of Chemical Engineering,Tsinghua UniversityYing Huang Center for Science Education Management and Evaluation(CSEME
20、),Wuhan UniversityQiankun Wang CSEME,Wuhan UniversitySiyuan Chen CSEME,Wuhan UniversityJiaqing Wang Department of Political Science,Central European UniversityMingyang Jiao China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy,Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyJian Liu School of Geography,Uni
21、versity of EdinburghQi Liu School of Geography and Marine Science,Nanjing UniversityChuyi Yang School of Geography and Marine Science,Nanjing UniversityChunyi Zhan Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation,Ministry of Commerce,Institute of Industrial Internationalization Strate
22、gyContent EditorJackie Oberst American Association for the Advancement of ScienceLayout DesignJeremy Huntsinger American Association for the Advancement of ScienceProject CoordinationShali Pan Administrative Office Director,Tsinghua CIDEGFangfang Li Administrative Assistant to the Director,Tsinghua
23、CIDEGWei Zhang Director,Liaison Office,APEC China Business Council Secretariat Yiwei Zhang APEC China Business Council Secretariat Grace Yao American Association for the Advancement of ScienceSuggested CitationCenter for Industrial Development and Environmental Governance(CIDEG),Tsinghua University.
24、Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index(2022).4Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2022Executive summaryBased on the DPSIR framework(which stands for driver-pressure-state-impact-response),AP-ISI portrays the interactions between industrial development and urban economic-social-ecologi
25、cal systems in five aspects:production supply factors(driving forces,or drivers),resource and environmental constraints(pressures),industrial development level(states),economic and social effects(impacts),and policy measures and actions(responses).AP-ISI differs from the typical assessment of indust
26、rial development by systematically demonstrating the differences and diversity of industrial sustainability in the Asia-Pacific region;the priorities and development opportunities of different regions are highlighted,thereby promoting a new phase of global development that is balanced,coordinated,an
27、d inclusive.AP-ISI has constructed a comprehensive index system containing five primary indexes,12 secondary indexes,and 25 tertiary indexes in three dimensions:(1)input,(2)output,and(3)regulation,including the DPSIR framework(designated by AP-ISI as“driving forces,”“pressures,”“states,”“impacts,”an
28、d“responses”).AP-ISI 2022 selected 35 cities in the Asia-Pacific region,covering major,emerging,and island economies,to assess their industrial sustainability performance from 2017 to 2020.*The assessment results are as follows:The top 10 cities in the overall AP-ISI ranking are,in order:Tokyo,Beiji
29、ng,Singapore,Toronto,Shenzhen,San Francisco,Hong Kong,Seoul,Shanghai,and New York City.The top 10 cities in order of AP-ISI production factor supply(drivers)are:Tokyo,Shenzhen,San Francisco,Seoul,Suzhou,Guangzhou,Beijing,Chengdu,Shanghai,and Houston.The top 10 cities of AP-ISI in terms of resource a
30、nd environmental constraints(pressures)are,in order:Fiji,Papua New Guinea,Brunei Darussalam,New York City,Taipei,Toronto,Auckland,Chengdu,Hong Kong,and Beijing.The top 10 cities in order of AP-ISI industry development level(states)are:Tokyo,Seoul,Singapore,Beijing,Taipei,New York City,Hong Kong,San
31、Francisco,Bangkok,and Mexico City.The top 10 cities in order of economic-social-ecological effects(impacts)of AP-ISI are:Taipei,Singapore,Suzhou,San Francisco,Shenzhen,Auckland,Toronto,Guangzhou,Brunei Darussalam,and Shanghai.The top 10 cities in order of AP-ISI policy and action(responses)are:Singa
32、pore,Beijing,Toronto,San Francisco,Hong Kong,Shanghai,Suzhou,Mexico City,Shenzhen,and Auckland.The AP-ISI report identifies opportunities for improvement and gaps in action related to industrial sustainability,considering the ISI assessment results and case practices in promoting sustainable industr
33、ial development.It suggests that future improvements lie in optimizing the allocation of production factors;alleviating resource and environmental constraints;upgrading industrial structure and green transformation;unifying economic and social ecological effects;and ensuring a positive urban respons
34、e.Taking these steps will lead to continuous improvements in the industrial sustainability of Asia-Pacific cities.The main conclusions are as follows:I.The driving forces of urban industrial development in Asia-Pacific are changing from traditional basic factors of production,such as labor and capit
35、al,to advanced production factors,such as information,technology,and talent.Cities in the Asia-Pacific region have large disparities in the supply of production factors,and cities in major economies generally have relatively strong capabilities in technological innovation capabilities and informatio
36、n technology(IT)levels.Emerging and island economies need to strengthen the cultivation of advanced production factors;and cities need to combine the characteristics of their own factor endowments,a scientific layout of industrial planning according to local conditions,and optimal resource allocatio
37、n.Above all,advanced production factors for sustainable industrial development need to be further freed up.II.The development of urban industries in the Asia-Pacific region is generally constrained by resource and environmental aspects.Major economies generally underperform in terms of resource and
38、environmental constraints,although advanced economies remain ahead in terms of resource constraints due to their advanced resource reuse and recycling technologies.However,as they have already gone through The world in 2022 is at a historic turning point.The impact of the COVID-19 on the global econ
39、omy has not yet subsided,extreme weather phenomena such as heat and drought are frequent,and global supply chains and innovation cooperation networks are deeply mired in political,economic,and energy-related and technological uncertainties.In different economies,industrial sustainability has become
40、a common concern for both survival and development.To this end,the Center for Industrial Development and Environmental Governance(CIDEG)of Tsinghua University and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)China Business Council jointly developed the Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index(AP-I
41、SI).This report aims to objectively measure the level of sustainability of urban industries in the Asia-Pacific region,showcasing best practices in several cities and providing a yardstick and decision-making reference for public policy,investment,and entrepreneurship sectors of practice.*Please not
42、e that though city is the basic analysis unit of the report,we refer to the whole economy instead of a city in the analysis of Papua New Guinea,Fiji,and Brunei.This is due to the difficulties of data collection.Executive summary5a period of rapid industrial development,most cities are approaching th
43、e boundaries of resource and environmental constraints.Emerging economies have a latecomer advantage and should conform to the global concept of green development and sustainable development and avoid repeating the traditional industrialization path of“pollution first and treatment later.”With their
44、 abundant renewable energy and low ratio of urban buildup,island economies are in an advantageous position in terms of resource constraints and environmental capacities,which is conducive to exploring a sustainable development path for industries with regional characteristics.III.In their industrial
45、 development,Asia-Pacific cities have differing resilience to external shocks such as epidemics.The large industrial size and complete industrial structure of major economies spread out the pressures and risks of economic development in the face of epidemic shocks.Emerging economies have a sustainab
46、le industrial structure that can fuel their future expansion.In particular,cities with medium-and high-technology-based industries as leading industries benefit from the growth opportunities of the biopharmaceutical,medical,and low technology-intensive industries.Island economies are limited by thei
47、r own geographical location and resource endowment,have higher industrial vulnerability,and are particularly sensitive to the international environment.IV.There is an urgent need to unify the economic-social-ecological benefits of urban industrial development in the Asia-Pacific region.Due to the in
48、ternational communitys growing concern over global sustainable development issues such as climate change and waste pollution,cities in major economies are gradually paying attention to and improving the externalities of industrial development on the ecological environment.However,there is an urgent
49、need for emerging and island economies to transform their industries into green ones in order to reduce their impact on the ecological environment.Most cities in emerging economies do not pay enough attention to the impact of industrial development on social well-being and should make full use of va
50、rious policy tools to further guide enterprises to actively assume social responsibility and achieve equitable enjoyment of the fruits of development.V.Cities in the Asia-Pacific are increasing their responsiveness and level of development in terms of industrial sustainability.Thanks to an improved
51、business environment,a proactive approach to openness and cooperation,investment in infrastructure development,and increasing levels of climate governance,cities in emerging economies and China continue to improve their performance in terms of their response to industrial sustainability.However,some
52、 major economies still have room for improvement,due to limitations in external exchanges,climate awareness,and policies.Economic growth and social progress since the industrial revolution have been accompanied by developmental crises such as resource constraints,environmental pollution,and ecologic
53、al degradation.These are constant reminders of the importance of living in harmony with nature.Sustainability refers to the capacity of a complex system to balance its economy,society,ecology,and the surrounding environment.It approaches human activity as a complex system rather than focusing on a p
54、articular process within the system,and is becoming a key concept for measuring the compatibility of human economic and social development with the natural ecological environment13 Practitioners develop strategies for sustainable development by objectively measuring the level of sustainability of sp
55、ecific industries,regions,and human activities.4Industrial development is the engine of development of regions,countries,and cities.It is breaking through traditional industrial or manufacturing production boundaries and gradually covering all sectors that support life and production.5 Industrial su
56、stainability determines the level and quality of sustainable development of economies.For this reason,it has received increasing attention.6Cities are the spatial carriers of industrial development,providing the factors and institutional guarantees for sustainable industrial development.They are als
57、o the optimal sites and necessary pathways for acting on sustainable development.7,8 For this reason,there is ample practical significance in exploring the issue of industrial sustainability using the city as the unit of analysis.There is an urgent need for policies and actions to promote sustainabl
58、e industrial development from the national level down to the urban level in order to help industry address environmental,economic,and social challenges and achieve industrial transformation and development.In sum,the industrial sustainability of cities reflects the capacity of industrial development
59、 to adapt to their natural-economic-social conditions.While a city must provide sufficient production factors to drive industrial development,such as labor,capital,and technology,it also needs to ensure industrial development does not exceed the carrying capacity of its resource endowments and envir
60、onmental capacities.By improving the capacity and level of urban governance,scientific industrial planning and effective allocation of resources can be achieved.This improves the inputoutput relationship of industrial development,optimizing the economic benefits brought by industrial development,alo
61、ng with social and ecological benefits.1 Urban Industrial SustainabilityAsia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20222 Focus on the asia-pacific region6The Asia-Pacific region is home to 60%9 of the global population.It includes continental and maritime economies,and it has a diverse history and
62、 culture as well as a complex economic and industrial structure.The region occupies an important position in global economic development and the industrial division of labor.The three largest economies in the world in terms of total gross domestic product(GDP)the United States,China,and Japanare loc
63、ated there.The APEC has given the region a new engine for economic cooperation and free trade,which has greatly promoted the extensive distribution of regional economies in the global industrial chains.It has also made the regions sustainable development irreplaceable for the stable and efficient op
64、eration of the global industrial chain.The Asia-Pacific region has given rise to many new technologies,industries,and mechanisms,and has become a global leader in innovation development,having benefited from rapid economic growth and urbanization,unique intellectual resources,and a deep tradition of
65、 innovation.At the same time,resource consumption is also prominent in some economies,the environmental problems behind rapid development are equally severe,and industrial development in many cities has stalled due to lack of sustainability.For this reason,assessing the industrial sustainability of
66、cities in the Asia-Pacific region is helpful not only to show other regions the performance and experience of different cities in the region in promoting industrial sustainability,but also to provide stakeholders with a relatively objective perspective by which to reexamine the current complex indus
67、trial system;identify constraints in advance;and introduce more reasonable,effective,and sustainable urban governance and industrial development plans for Asia-Pacific cities.Analytical Framework3.1The Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index(AP-ISI)is based on the DPSIR framework and uses the c
68、ity as the unit of analysis to assess the level of industrial sustainability in the Asia-Pacific region.The DPSIR framework is a conceptual model of an evaluation index system that is widely used in environmental systems and was constructed by the European Environment Agency10 based on earlier studi
69、es by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development11 and the United Nations Division for Sustainable Development.12 The framework divides the evaluation metrics into the five modules of driving forces(drivers),carrying capacity(pressures),states,impacts,and responses,with several metric
70、s under each module.The DPSIR framework constructs a causal chain between the input and output of environmental problems caused by human activities,13 which can be used to show the interactions between industrial development and nature-economy-society.It provides a technical framework for studying t
71、he industrial sustainability of cities.Urban industrial development consists of a three-phase process:(1)the input process:acquiring production factors from the natural,social,and economic systems of the city;(2)the output process:developing industrial activities in a market environment to provide c
72、ity residents,businesses,and government with required products and services;and(3)the regulation process:imposing intervening policies through public policy and governments on industrial development and its impacts.The AP-ISI thus assesses the five modules of driving forces,pressures,states,impacts,
73、and responses in the three dimensions of input,output,and regulation in order to quantitatively characterize the overall process of urban sustainability(Figure 1).First,the economic and social development of the city provides the power source for sustaining industry,and the basic or advanced product
74、ion factors required for production become the driving forces for the sustained development of industry(driving forces).Specifically,the basic factors of production,including labor supply and capital supply,determine the primary accumulation of development,which can be specifically measured by the l
75、abor participation rate and capital stock.Advanced factors of production,including technological innovation and digitalization level,determine the durability and superiority of development,which can be specifically measured by the number of Patent Cooperation Treaties per million people and the numb
76、er of fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 people.Second,sustainable industrial development cannot exceed the carrying capacity of natural resources and the ecological environment(pressures).Specifically,the degree of energy cleanliness and the proportion of land supply,as the main resource constra
77、ints necessary for industrial development,are measured by the ratio of renewable energy to end-use energy consumption and the proportion of built-up areas,respectively.In addition,the forest cover,soil carbon content,and air quality index are used to portray the environmental capacities of a city.Th
78、ird,the results of industrial development are directly reflected in the real state of the industry(states).The quantity and quality of industrial development can be characterized in two dimensions:industrial scale and industrial structure.Specifically,the scale of industrial development is character
79、ized by industrial value added and emerging industries.The proportion of services and the proportion of high technology are used to describe the industrial structure,reflecting the internal structure and advanced degree of industry.Fourth,industrial production activities and behavioral decision-maki
80、ng processes in turn impact economic growth,social well-being,and the ecological environment(impacts).Specifically,stable,healthy,and sustainable industrial development will certainly boost regional economic growth and create new jobs,strengthen the social security system,and increase social welfare
81、.At the same time,industrial development has an impact on the regional ecological environment,which can be measured by end-use consumption CO2 emissions and the Ocean Health Index.Fifth,the above-mentioned natural-economic-social impacts in turn prompt cities to take measures to respond to changes i
82、n the industrial development(responses).These responses are mainly reflected in three areas:improving the business environment,enhancing external exchanges,and improving the capacity and level of urban governance.Specifically,improving the business environment is an effective measure to liberate 3 A
83、ssessing urban industrial sustainability73 Assessing urban industrial sustainabilityproductivity,enhance industrial competitiveness,and strengthen market vitality.AP-ISI has selected the“ease of doing business”index and entrepreneurial activity to depict the business environment.External exchanges c
84、ontribute to the creation of high-quality jobs,the introduction of modern production methods,and the promotion of technological innovation in local companies;they are an enabler for the sustainable development of city industries.AP-ISI has selected the number of free trade partners and foreign direc
85、t investment(FDI)as a share of GDP to measure the performance of cities in terms of external exchanges.Strong urban governance capacity is conducive to scientific industrial planning and effective allocation of resources and provides a good incubation environment for sustainable industrial developme
86、nt.AP-ISI has selected infrastructure development and the level of carbon regulation to reflect city governance capacity.Index System3.2Proceeding from the three dimensions of industrial development input,output,and regulation,AP-ISI has constructed a comprehensive index system comprising the five p
87、rimary indexes of driving forces,pressures,states,impacts,and responses;12 secondary indexes;and 25 tertiary indexes(Table 1).The data sources and indexes of the three levels of the system are detailed in Appendix I.per capitaGDPGDP growthemploymentNewcoeficientGiniCO2emissionsEnd-useHealthIndexOcea
88、nBusinessIndexDoingactivityEntrepreneurialFree TradePartnersNumber ofof GDPFDI shareInfastructureCarbonregulationLaborsupplyCapitalstockTechnologicalinnovationlevelDigitalizationProductionFactorsBasicAdvancedProductionFactorsConstraintsResourcesCapacitiesEnvironmentScaleIndustrialStructureIndustrial
89、GrowthEconomicWell-BeingSocialEcosystemEnvironmentBusinessCommunicationInternationalGovernanceUrbanStatesImpactsResponsesDriversPressuresvalue addedper capitaIndustrialindustriesEmergingserviceShare ofindustryhigh-techShare ofindustryEnergy useLand usecoverageForest contentSoil carbonIndexAir Qualit
90、yFIGURE 1.The Conceptual Framework of AP-ISIAsia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2022TABLE 1.Index SystemLevel 1 Indexes(weight w1)Level 2 IndexesLevel 3 Indexes(weight w3)FinalWeightingDefinition and Selection of IndexesA.Drivers(20%)A1.Basic production factors(50%)A11.Labor supply(50%)5%La
91、bor force participation rate,i.e.,the ratio of the economically active population to the working-age populationA12.Capital stock(50%)5%Ratio of capital stock to GDP where capital stock is the total amount of capital in the economy and society at a point in timeA2.Advanced production factors(50%)A21.
92、Technological innovation(50%)5%Number of patents per million people.The number of patents refers to the number of new applications for PCT invention patents through the Patent Cooperation Treaty(PCT)in the same yearA22.Digitalization level(50%)5%Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 people,i.e.,the
93、number of fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 peopleB.Pressures(20%)B1.Resource constraints(40%)B11.Energy use(50%)4%Renewable share(modern renewables)in final energy consumptionB12.Land use(50%)4%The share of built district in urban area.The built district refers to large-scale developed quarters
94、 within city(county)jurisdiction with basic facilities and utilitiesB2.Environment capacities(60%)B21.Forest coverage(33.3%)4%Forest coverage,i.e.,the ratio of forested area to total land areaB22.Soil carbon content(33.3%)4%Soil carbon content,i.e.,the amount of organic carbon per unit of soilB23.Ai
95、r Quality Index(33.3%)4%Air quality index:the degree of clean or polluted air measured by the amount of particulate matter 2.5(PM 2.5)per unit of air83 Assessing urban industrial sustainability9C.States(20%)C1.Industrial scale(50%)C11.Per capita industrial value added(50%)5%Industrial value added pe
96、r capita,i.e.,industrial value added generated per personC12.Emerging industry(50%)5%Emerging industries,i.e.,total revenue for listed new economy companiesC2.Industrial structure(50%)C21.Service industry share(50%)5%Service industry share,i.e.,GDP generated by service industry as a share of GDPC22.
97、High-tech industry share(50%)5%Medium-and high-tech manufacturing value added share in total manufacture value addedD.Impacts(20%)D1.Economic growth(40%)D11.Per capita GDP(50%)4%GDP per capita,or gross domestic product per capitaD12.GDP growth(50%)4%GDP growth rate,i.e.,annual growth rate of gross d
98、omestic productD2.Social well-being(30%)D21.New employment(50%)3%New employment,i.e.,the proportion of newly employed persons in the current period relative to the number of persons employed in the previous periodD22.Gini coefficient(50%)3%Gini coefficient,i.e.,the fairness of income distribution ac
99、cording to the Lorenz curve definitionD3.Ecosystem(30%)D31.Terminal CO2 emissions(50%)3%CO2 emissions from fuel combustion for electricity and heating per total electricity output(MtCO2/TWh)D32.Ocean Health Index(50%)3%Ocean pollution index,i.e.,the extent to which marine waters under national juris
100、diction are contaminated with chemicals,excess nutrients,human pathogens,and litterE.Responses(20%)E1.Business environment(30%)E11.Doing Business Index(50%)3%The ease with which local companies can conduct business activities within their regulatory environmentE12.Entrepreneurial activity(50%)3%The
101、number of unicorn enterprises,i.e.,the number of enterprises entered on the list of unicorn enterprises by authoritative institutionsE2.External exchanges(30%)E21.Number of Free Trade Partners(50%)3%Number of economies that have signed a free trade agreement with a country or regionE22.FDI-to-GDP ra
102、tio(50%)3%FDI to GDP ratioE3.City governance(40%)E31.Infrastructure development(50%)4%City congestion factor,i.e.,a baseline of a 30-minute trip in a city without congestion,congestion level=(actual time spent for a 30-minute trip 30 minutes)/30 minutesE32.Carbon regulation(50%)4%Carbon emissions tr
103、ading system and carbon tax implementation,implementation time,and level10Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2022Evaluation Methodology3.3Regarding index weighting and evaluation methods,the report combines the Delphi method and hierarchical analysis to assign weights to the comprehensive
104、index system.The weights of indexes at each level are detailed in Table 1.In the specific index standardization process,this report uses the minmax standardization method,and the detailed steps and formulas of standardization are shown in Appendix II.It is worth noting that the issue of missing data
105、 is one of the main challenges in compiling indexes of sustainable development of urban industries.The current missing urban data under each index is dominated by missing completely at random(MCAR)category,which means that the probability of missing data is independent of the values of other variabl
106、es and the hypothetical values of the data and has a low impact on the unbiasedness of the sample.To mitigate the impact of missing data on the study,we processed the missing values.Considering the characteristics of this index dataset and the need for subsequent index weighting and accounting,we se
107、lected the K-means clustering method,LOCF(last observation carried forward),and NOCF(next observation carried backward)method to minimize the error induced by data imputation.The specific steps and formulas are shown in Appendix III.Sample Selection3.4For its evaluation,the AP-ISI report selected ci
108、ties from economies in the Asia-Pacific area.For the top three economies with the highest GDPs and over 300 million people,56 cities were selected.For the economies with 200300 million people,23 cities were selected.For economies with populations less than 200 million,the city with the top GDP was s
109、elected.Besides,considering the difficulties of data collection,we take the entire economy instead of a city for some economies as evaluation subject.A list of 60 candidate cities were created.The Asia-Pacific region covered by the APEC has diverse economic patterns.*The mainstream classification me
110、thods of economies include demographic characteristics,economic aggregates,income variables,operation lending categories,and classification of cross-regional organizations.14 Considering that this study focuses on the sustainable development of urban industries,it classifies Asia-Pacific economies i
111、nto three categories:major economies,emerging economies,and island economies,based on the completeness of the industry chain.Due to the significant differences in resource endowment and industrial structure among the three types of economies,their sustainable industrial development has different pat
112、terns and needs.The implications and requirements for local governments,industrial investors(businesses),and residents are also different:Major economies are economies with large economic volumes,complete industrial chains,and industrial systems.They have high pricing and bargaining power in the int
113、ernational market.All aspects of industrial development,including production capacity and domestic markets,are extremely important to global economic development.Relatively complete and diversified industrial chains make major economies more resilient to shocks from international political and econo
114、mic fluctuations.Emerging economies are those that have some characteristics of a developed market but do not fully meet its standards due to factors such as lack of industrialization and inadequate capital markets.Emerging economies are usually in a dual phase of industrial expansion and structural
115、 adjustment.The contradiction between the development process and resource consumption is prominent,and because emerging economies are often dominated by labor-intensive industries,they are in the middle and low end of the industrial chain,making them vulnerable to global economic fluctuations.An is
116、land economy is one in which the entire regional boundary line consists of a coastline or is constituted by an island that is connected to the adjacent mainland by a bridge or dike.15 Island characteristics play a decisive role in the main shape of an economy,its resource endowment,industrial charac
117、teristics,development strategy,and international political status.The single and scarce resource endowment characteristics of island economies lead to a generally high degree of external dependence.With a single industrial structure,the economy is vulnerable to fluctuations in the international indu
118、strial chain.The AP-ISI assessment covers all three types of economies mentioned above.Considering data availability,timeliness,and comparability,35 assessment targets were finally selected from 60 candidate cities.The list is shown in Table 2.*The scope of this report is the economies in the Asia-P
119、acific region.Among them,most of them are APEC member economies except India,Mongolia,and Fiji.The purpose of incorporating three non-APEC member economies is to provide a more diverse reference for comparison.Specifically,as the worlds second populous country,India is an important developing and em
120、erging economy in the Asia-Pacific region;Mongolia is a vast,landlocked economy;and Fiji,rich in forests,minerals,and fisheries,is a relatively developed island economy in the Pacific area.Three economies add representative samples to land and sea,landlocked,and island economies to the evaluation,wh
121、ich is conducive to better reflecting the diversified development patterns in the area.In addition,due to data collection problem,we do not incorporate APEC member economy Chile.113 Assessing urban industrial sustainabilityEconomyCityType of EconomyChinaShanghaiMajor economyChinaBeijingMajor economy
122、ChinaShenzhenMajor economyChinaGuangzhouMajor economyChinaChengduMajor economyChinaSuzhouMajor economyUnited StatesNew York CityMajor economyUnited StatesLos AngelesMajor economyUnited StatesChicagoMajor economyUnited StatesHoustonMajor economyUnited StatesSan FranciscoMajor economyUnited StatesWash
123、ington,D.C.Major economyJapanTokyoMajor economyCanadaTorontoMajor economyAustraliaSydneyMajor economyIndiaDelhiEmerging economyIndonesiaJakartaEmerging economyIndonesiaSurabayaEmerging economyIndonesiaMedanEmerging economyRussian FederationMoscowEmerging economyMexicoMexico CityEmerging economyPhili
124、ppinesQuezon CityEmerging economyVietnamHo Chi Minh CityEmerging economyThailandBangkokEmerging economyKorea,Rep.SeoulEmerging economyPeruLimaEmerging economyMalaysiaKuala LumpurEmerging economyChinese TaipeiTaipeiEmerging economyHong Kong,ChinaHong Kong Emerging economyMongoliaUlaanbaatarEmerging e
125、conomyPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaIsland economySingaporeSingaporeIsland economyNew ZealandAucklandIsland economyFijiFijiIsland economyBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamIsland economyTABLE 2.Subjects of AP-ISINote:(1)Given the difficulties of data collection,we include the entire economies of Pa
126、pua New Guinea,Fiji,and Brunei as the subject of our assessment.(2)Delhi,Bangalore,and Mumbai were initially included in the assessment for this report.However,due to missing data,only Delhi was retained in this report.12Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20224 Evaluation resultsOverall pe
127、rformance4.1Overall,cities in the major economies performed better in terms of overall industrial sustainability,with cities on the Pacific west coast performing particularly well.In 2020,the combined ranking of major-economy cities is significantly higher than that of emerging and island economies.
128、Most cities in major economies have relatively strong industrial driving forces and are more inclined to actively respond to the impacts of industrial development.In combination with geographic location,cities in major economies located on the Pacific west coast performed particularly well.For examp
129、le,cities such as Tokyo,Beijing,Shenzhen,and Shanghai had been among the top 10 in the ISI one or more times between 2017 and 2020.Cities that have risen significantly in rankings in recent years,such as Shenzhen and Shanghai,are also located on the Pacific west coast.Cities in emerging economies ar
130、e increasingly concerned about regulating the impact of industrial development and have the most room to rise in the ISI.In terms of overall ranking,cities in emerging economies such as Seoul,Hong Kong,and Taipei have relatively better overall performance in industrial sustainability,while cities su
131、ch as Jakarta have been rising significantly in overall ranking in recent years.The data show that in recent years,many cities in emerging economies are gradually increasing their focus on industrial sustainability issues.For example,cities such as Mexico City and Hong Kong ranked in the top 10 in t
132、he individual category of“responses”in 2020;cities such as Ho Chi Minh City and Jakarta ranked significantly higher in“responses”in 2020 compared to 2017.The increased attention to industrial sustainability issues in cities in emerging economies will help these cities to build more sustainable indus
133、trial development models.The cities of island economies have mixed industrial sustainability rankings and can further explore sustainable development paths in TABLE 3 Overall Ranking(2020)Note:Table 3 shows the total score and the first level indicators for AP-ISI for 2020.For each of these indicato
134、rs,the score,ranking and change in ranking compared to the previous year are shown.The arrow icon sets signal the change in ranking compared to the previous year.Red indicates a decrease in ranking,yellow indicates no change,and green indicates an increase.EconomyCity/RegionScoreRanking VariationSco
135、reRanking VariationScoreRanking VariationScoreRanking VariationScoreRanking VariationScoreRanking VariationJapanTokyo56.901015.90113.9626014.321013.341349.3813-5ChinaBeijing55.772011.97707.0310010.854013.5912-212.3421SingaporeSingapore52.78308.4019-25.9012011.003014.862012.6210CanadaToronto52.504010
136、.801108.58607.4117113.827-211.893-1ChinaShenzhen51.595115.222-14.6718-17.6614013.9751710.0693United StatesSan Francisco51.506-112.89303.972509.058013.984311.6240Hong Kong,ChinaHong Kong50.33709.1715-37.39909.347013.1615411.2751Korea,Rep.Seoul48.678112.64401.7630111.472013.191479.6011-2ChinaShanghai4
137、8.169111.21914.542207.5516013.6510411.216-1United StatesNew York City47.7410-28.591819.00419.406012.382008.3717-2ChinaChengdu46.7611011.27807.55805.2624113.621109.0614-1ChinaSuzhou46.6712312.04504.641925.6122014.2431210.1474ChinaGuangzhou46.2613111.97604.6121-56.3720013.77849.54124New ZealandAucklan
138、d45.9514-29.551307.87704.8128013.916109.8110-3Chinese TaipeiTaipei45.5615-26.1226-28.985-19.425016.35124.6927-2United StatesChicago43.021609.101606.561107.6215-211.862357.89201United StatesLos Angeles41.531708.951714.312407.3418-111.982218.9615-1AustraliaSydney41.051819.251415.3315-18.2211111.482556
139、.7723-1United StatesHouston40.8919-111.1110-11.7531-27.9912-212.252157.7921-1Brunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam40.752008.362009.52305.1427013.709-14.03292United StatesWashington,DC40.352119.581225.351445.1825-212.6119-17.63221MexicoMexico City38.7022-16.132534.502308.3610-19.6431010.0882ThailandBang
140、kok37.362307.232115.3316-18.979611.7624-154.06280MalaysiaKuala Lumpur34.322406.782321.3434-27.8713-213.0216-125.31251VietnamHo Chi Minh City33.902505.3030-44.781724.7329012.8218-56.28240IndonesiaJakarta32.482626.072731.143505.1626011.2626-28.85161IndonesiaSurabaya31.882706.552431.363315.2623110.3530
141、-58.37180IndonesiaMedan31.3428-26.052815.871303.4832-17.5734-18.37180Russian FederationMoscow29.742906.9322-14.622004.2230011.1328-12.8434-4PeruLima28.683015.7829-63.012703.9131111.132754.86261Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea27.143142.9733211.53200.783508.643223.22321FijiFiji26.823203.8832011.92101.
142、613406.533502.87331PhilippinesQuezon City26.3033-32.8334-12.302806.7419012.8617-161.57350IndiaDelhi24.0734-12.3235-11.383215.9121010.9129-233.54311MongoliaUlaanbaata21.2635-14.903101.872912.083308.6333-43.7930-1ResponsesSustainabilityDriversPressuresStatesImpacts0246810121416DriversPressuresStatesIm
143、pactsResponsesTokyoBeijingTorontoShenzhenSan FranciscoShanghaiFIGURE 2.Ranking of Cities From Major Economies in 2020Table 3 AP-ISI Overall Score Ranking and Subscore Ranking134 Evaluation resultsthe future,considering their own strengths.Singapore and Auckland,as cities of typical island economies,
144、rank high in the Industrial Development Sustainability Index,ranking third and sixth,respectively,in 2020.Brunei,Papua New Guinea,and Fiji,which are also island economies,are ranked 20th,31st,and 32nd,respectively.As can be seen,there is wide disparity in the ranking of different cities among the is
145、land economies.One advantage shared by cities from island economies is that industrial development puts less pressure on resources and the environment.From 2017 to 2020,Fiji and Papua New Guinea have consistently ranked in the top four for“pressures,”while Auckland and Singapore have remained in 6th
146、 and 11th place.Due to their special geographical location and natural conditions,the islands cannot fully learn from the development models and experience from mainland cities,and hence face serious challenges for sustainable development.However,in the future,these cities from island economies can
147、consider giving full play to their own resources and environmental advantages to further explore the unique path of sustainable development.024681012141618DriversPressuresStatesImpactsResponsesHong KongSeoulTaipeiMexico CityBangkokKuala LumpurHo Chi Minh CityPerformance by subindex4.24.2.1 Stable ra
148、nking by driving forces and absolute dominance of major economiesThere was a clear dominance of industrial driving forces by major economies in 2020;holding nine of the top 10 places in driving force rankings,Japanese and Chinese cities stand out among these.Tokyo,Japan,ranked first,while the six Ch
149、inese cities of Shenzhen,Suzhou,Guangzhou,Beijing,Chengdu,and Shanghai were in the top 10.U.S.cities also rank high,with San Francisco ranking 3rd and Houston ranking 10th.Seoul(an emerging economy)and Auckland(an island economy)also ranked in the top 10.In terms of trends,from 2017 to 2020,the rank
150、ing of major economies has remained stable as the overall basic and advanced production factors have continued to improve as compared to the island economies and emerging economies,although we have observed a slight waning of driving forces due to the pandemic.(1)Basic production factorsThe major ec
151、onomies stand out in 2020 with eight cities among the top 10 rankings.These include the six Chinese cities of Shenzhen,Guangzhou,Suzhou,Chengdu,Beijing,and Shanghai,indicating that labor and capital factors are playing an important role in the industrial sustainability.In addition,Tokyo,Japan,and To
152、ronto,Canada,are also in the top 10.Emerging economies have better basic factors of production than island economies.Among the top 10,Surabaya in Indonesia is among the emerging economies.Brunei is the only one of the island economies to be among the top 10.Although Brunei has a relative labor short
153、age,it has developed an 0246810121416DriversPressuresStatesImpactsResponsesSingaporeAucklandBrunei DarussalamPapua New GuineaFijiFIGURE 3.Ranking of Cities From Emerging Economies in 2020FIGURE 4.Ranking of Cities From Island Economies in 2020FIGURE 5.AP-ISI Scores of Drivers(20172020)32201913353431
154、302928272625242322243206070FijiBrunei DarussalamSingaporeAucklandCities from Island EconomiesDelhiQuezon CityUlaanbaataHo Chi Minh CityLimaMedanJakartaTaipeiMexico CitySurabayaKuala LumpurMoscowBangkokHong KongSeoulNew York CityLos AngelesChicagoSydneyWashington,D.C.
155、TorontoHoustonShanghaiChengduBeijingGuangzhouSuzhouCities from Emerging EconomiesSan FranciscoShenzhenTokyoCities from Major EconomiesDriver 2017Driver 2018Driver 2019Driver 202014Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2022economic diversification strategy,and has established strategic partner
156、ships with domestic and international companies by reducing tax rates,among other things.By using its strengths wisely,it has increased the productivity of its labor force and has accumulated capital advantages.16It is important to note that tourism is an important pillar of finance and employment i
157、n emerging Asia-Pacific economies.Since the coronavirus outbreak,tourism closures have been a major cause of economic and employment losses in Asia-Pacific economies.Data from the International Labour Organization(ILO)indicate that job losses in tourism-related industries in the five economies of Br
158、unei,Mongolia,the Philippines,Thailand,and Vietnam will be four times higher than in nontourism industries in 2020.The average number of hours worked in each economy has also decreased by varying degrees,with the most significant impact being in the Philippines,with a decrease of 38%.17(2)Advanced p
159、roduction factorsIn terms of advanced production factors,the development of major economies,emerging economies,and island economies is highly uneven.Eight of the top 10 cities are in major economies and two are in emerging economies.Major economies have significant advantages in advanced production
160、factors such as digitalization level and technological innovation,which is also one of the key reasons for the high competitiveness of their industries.Specifically,in 2020,Tokyo ranks the first.In addition,Chinese and U.S.cities such as Shenzhen,Beijing,Hong Kong,San Francisco,Houston,Washington D.
161、C.,and Los Angeles have a near complete lock on the top half of the advanced production factor rankings.In terms of trends,major economies have maintained their favorable position in terms of advanced production factors over the 4-year period of 20172020.Within the chains of Asia-Pacific industries,
162、the major economies have further expanded their scale advantages in information and technology.This can further contribute to the sustainable development of their industries.Emerging economies also show significant potential in the accumulation of advanced production factors.Among them,as the capita
163、l of Korea,Seoul has a series of developed high-tech industries,including the semiconductor and IT industry,with intense high-quality human resources accumulated here.It also leads trend of digitalization of urban planning around the globe.Innovation has fueled the engine of Seouls industrial develo
164、pment.FIGURE 6.AP-ISI Scores of Basic Production Factors(20172020)3330328252322232303540Papua New GuineaFijiSingaporeAucklandBrunei DarussalamCities from Island EconomiesQuezon CityDelhiTaipeiHo Chi Minh CityUlaanbaataMoscowMexico CityHong KongL
165、imaBangkokSeoulKuala LumpurMedanJakartaSurabayaCities from Emerging EconomiesNew York CityLos AngelesSan FranciscoChicagoHoustonWashington,D.C.SydneyTorontoTokyoShanghaiBeijingChengduSuzhouGuangzhouShenzhenCities from Major EconomiesBasic Production Factor 2017Basic Production Factor 2018Basic Produ
166、ction Factor 2019Basic Production Factor 2020FIGURE 7.AP-ISI Scores of Advanced Production Factors(2017-2020)353325029282726242322286542303540Papua New GuineaFijiBrunei DarussalamSingaporeAucklandCities from Island EconomiesDelhiJakartaSurabayaMedanQuezon
167、CityLimaUlaanbaataKuala LumpurBangkokMexico CityHo Chi Minh CityMoscowTaipeiHong KongSeoulCities from Emerging EconomiesChengduGuangzhouSydneySuzhouShanghaiNew York CityChicagoLos AngelesBeijingWashington,D.C.TorontoShenzhenHoustonSan FranciscoTokyoCities from Major EconomiesAdvanced Production Fact
168、or 2017Advanced Production Factor 2018Advanced Production Factor 2019Advanced Production Factor 2020154 Evaluation results4.2.2 Pressure indexes have diverse causal factors;Island economies have a high carrying capacityOverall,island economies have a clear advantage in terms of the pressure indexes,
169、with emerging economies following closely behind.In 2020,all three large types of economies have a share of the top 10 cities in terms of pressure indexes.Among them,four island economy cities,two emerging economy cities,and four major economy cities are represented among the top 10 cities.In terms
170、of trends,the ranking of cities in various types of economies in terms of pressure indexes has not changed significantly.Despite fluctuations in the ranking of some economies between 2018 and 2019,the predominance of island economies is still evident.(1)Resource constraintsIsland economies and major
171、 economies have fewer resource constraints,while emerging economies are more tightly constrained.Specifically,cities in island economies still occupy the top three spots in terms of the resource constraints index.However,unlike the ranking of the overall index of pressures,with the exception of the
172、city of Medan in Indonesia among emerging economies,which occupies sixth place,the remaining six top 10 regions are all from major economies,with Chengdu,Toronto,and Beijing all in the top 10.With regard to trend for 20172020,most of the top 10 ranked cities have not changed position.This may be for
173、 two reasons:On the one hand,the ability of major economies in resource utilization and recycling technology guarantees the sustainability of resource use.On the other hand,island economies consumed more renewable energy due to their natural resource endowment and have slower expansion of urban buil
174、t-up areas due to their latecomer advantage,which causes them to rank relatively higher in terms of resource constraints.By contrast,emerging economies are facing more intense resource constraints due to their rapid development and transition strategy toward a more resource-friendly development mode
175、l.(2)Environmental capacitiesThe environmental advantage of island economies is equally clear,with emerging economies following closely behind,while major economies are clearly lagging behind both.Specifically,cities in island economies occupy the top three positions in the environmental capacities
176、index.In addition,three of the top 10 cities are emerging economies,while New York City,Toronto,and Tokyo are ranked fifth,seventh,and ninth among the major economies.In terms of trends,the top 10 cities barely changed from 2017 to 2020.This result may be due to the fact that the major economies hav
177、e gone through a rapid development phase.Their urban industries are all close to the environmental capacity boundary,and their natural resources have relatively limited capacity to support further urbanization and industrialization in the future.The emerging economies and island economies,because of
178、 their own endowments and development stage as latecomers,are still in the phase of rapid expansion,and the sustainability of environmental capacity is stronger.FIGURE 8.AP-ISI Scores of Pressures(20172020)FIGURE 9.AP-ISI Scores of Resource Constraints(20172020)3323029282723206
179、252422220253035404550SingaporeAucklandBrunei DarussalamPapua New GuineaFijiCities from Island EconomiesJakartaKuala LumpurSurabayaDelhiSeoulUlaanbaataQuezon CityLimaMexico CityMoscowHo Chi Minh CityBangkokMedanHong KongTaipeiCities from Emerging EconomiesHoustonTokyoSan Francis
180、coLos AngelesShanghaiGuangzhouSuzhouShenzhenSydneyWashington,D.C.ChicagoBeijingChengduTorontoNew York CityCities from Major EconomiesPressure 2017Pressure 2018Pressure 2019Pressure 202023932282725242220262015202530SingaporeBrunei DarussalamAucklandPapua Ne
181、w GuineaFijiCities from Island EconomiesUlaanbaataSeoulKuala LumpurJakartaSurabayaQuezon CityDelhiMoscowMexico CityLimaBangkokHo Chi Minh CityTaipeiHong KongMedanCities from Emerging EconomiesTokyoHoustonSan FranciscoWashington,D.C.GuangzhouSydneyShanghaiChicagoSuzhouShenzhenLos AngelesNew York City
182、BeijingTorontoChengduCities from Major EconomiesResource Constraints 2017Resource Constraints 2018Resource Constraints 2019Resource Constraints 202016Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20224.2.3 Structure and scale with different characteristics;emerging industries lead the growth rate pac
183、kAsia-Pacific industrial development contributes greatly to global growth.There are large disparities in the level of development within the region,with the major economies still taking the lead.The Asian region has a clear advantage over other regions such as North America.The top five cities,in or
184、der,according to the 2020 industry status ranking,are Tokyo,Seoul,Singapore,Beijing,and Taipei.The size of the industry is an important index for intuitively visualizing the development of the industry.The west coast of the United States,Japan,South Korea,and the eastern coast of China are global hu
185、bs of mid-and high-end industries.East Asia and Southeast Asia are global manufacturing centers.For the Asia-Pacific region,major economies such as the United States,Canada,and Australia have already industrialized and urbanized.In terms of the technological intensity of the industrial structure,the
186、 major economies and some emerging economies have always had a higher share of medium-and high-tech industries.Japan,South Korea,China,and Chinese Taipei have undergone industrial transformation and upgrading from resource-based,low-tech industries to medium-and high-tech industries,and have achieve
187、d multiple rounds of industrial transfer.(1)Industrial scaleThere is high variability in the industrial scale of the different types of economies,with the major economies ranking high.Among the major economies,Tokyo has a highly diversified manufacturing base.As its population has aged,it has develo
188、ped stable industries in emerging areas such as pharmaceuticals,health care,and nursing.This diversity has kept it in the leading position in terms of industrial scale.Brunei,as an important oil exporter in the Asia-Pacific region,has achieved extraordinarily outstanding results by actively promotin
189、g industrial diversification while developing its petrochemical industry,which is ranked second.Beijing,New York,and the emerging economy of Singapore continue to place in the top five.Singapore has advanced manufacturing represented by electronics and precision engineering,making it an important gl
190、obal exporter of high-tech products.Furthermore,the energy and chemical industry of Singapore is developed,thanks to its geographical approximation to Southeast Asian oil-producing economies.While some cities from emerging and island economies show outstanding performance,cities from major economies
191、 generally score higher than other economies in terms of industrial scale.FIGURE 10.AP-ISI Scores of Environmental Capacities(20172020)2320928272623025AucklandSingaporeFijiBrunei DarussalamPapua New GuineaCities from Island EconomiesDelhiSurabay
192、aJakartaLimaKuala LumpurMedanQuezon CitySeoulUlaanbaataHo Chi Minh CityBangkokMexico CityMoscowHong KongTaipeiCities from Emerging EconomiesLos AngelesShenzhenShanghaiSuzhouHoustonGuangzhouSydneyChengduBeijingWashington,D.C.ChicagoSan FranciscoTokyoTorontoNew York CityCities from Major EconomiesEnvi
193、ronmental Capacity 2017Environmental Capacity 2018Environmental Capacity 2019Environmental Capacity 2020FIGURE 11.AP-ISI Scores of States(20172020)35342827333323524222023040506070Papua New GuineaFijiAucklandBrunei DarussalamSingaporeCities from Island Econ
194、omiesUlaanbaataMedanLimaMoscowHo Chi Minh CityJakartaSurabayaDelhiQuezon CityKuala LumpurMexico CityBangkokHong KongTaipeiSeoulCities from Emerging EconomiesWashington,D.C.ChengduSuzhouGuangzhouLos AngelesTorontoShanghaiChicagoShenzhenHoustonSydneySan FranciscoNew York CityBeijingTokyoCities from Ma
195、jor EconomiesState 2017State 2018State 2019State 2020174 Evaluation results(2)Industrial structureThe major economies have the leading industrial structure scores,while emerging economies are developing robustly.The major economies ranked high overall,while most emerging economies were among the top
196、 10.Among cities from emerging economies,Seoul,Bangkok,Singapore,Hong Kong,and Mexico City have ranked consistently in the top five.With the globalization of industry,the importance of industrial sustainability is increasing everywhere.Due to the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic on global in
197、dustrial development,the ranking of industrial Structures assessment in 2020 has changed significantly.However,emerging economies continued to grow steadily during the year.Seoul and Bangkok have overtaken the major economies to rank first and second.4.2.4 Diverging impacts,with significant pandemic
198、 shockOverall,the integrated economic-social-ecological system impact of industrial development in the Asia-Pacific region was strongly influenced by the pandemic.The top 10 cities in 2020 were Taipei,Singapore,Suzhou,San Francisco,Shenzhen,Auckland,Toronto,Guangzhou,Brunei,and Shanghai.The cities t
199、hat maintained large increases in ranking are largely from major economies with a strong industrial base and diversified structure,such as China and Japan.This reflects their strengths in economic and social resilience,while we see that emerging and island economies are more effective in terms of ec
200、ological impact.FIGURE 12.AP-ISI Scores of industrial Scales(20172020)FIGURE 13.AP-ISI Scores of Industrial Structures(20172020)35332342343230292726252473330Papua New GuineaFijiAucklandSingaporeBrunei DarussalamCities from Island EconomiesDelhiQuezon CityL
201、imaUlaanbaataHo Chi Minh CityKuala LumpurBangkokMexico CityMoscowJakartaMedanHong KongSeoulSurabayaTaipeiCities from Emerging EconomiesWashington,D.C.ChengduGuangzhouChicagoLos AngelesSydneyTorontoSan FranciscoShanghaiSuzhouHoustonShenzhenNew York CityBeijingTokyoCities from Major EconomiesIndustria
202、l Scale 2017Industrial Scale 2018Industrial Scale 2019Industrial Scale 20203534332543238232225540Brunei DarussalamPapua New GuineaFijiAucklandSingaporeCities from Island EconomiesUlaanbaataMedanSurabayaMoscowLimaJakartaHo Chi Minh CityDelhiTaipe
203、iQuezon CityKuala LumpurHong KongMexico CityBangkokSeoulCities from Emerging EconomiesSuzhouShenzhenChengduHoustonWashington,D.C.GuangzhouShanghaiTorontoNew York CityLos AngelesBeijingChicagoSydneySan FranciscoTokyoCities from Major EconomiesIndustrial Structure 2017Industrial Structure 2018Industri
204、al Structure 2019Industrial Structure 202018Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2022(1)Economic growthThe novel coronavirus pandemic has brought dramatic shock to industrial economies everywhere;but the major economies have shown greater economic resilience.Six of the top 10 scoring cities
205、in 2020 are from major economies,namely San Francisco,Toronto,Washington D.C.,Suzhou,New York City,and Houston.Cities from emerging economies such as Taipei and Quezon City also performed well;among the island economies,Singapore and Brunei were among the top 10.Cities from emerging economies and is
206、land economies were significantly affected by the pandemic.For example,Quezon City consistently topped the list before 2019,but after 2019 exhibited more serious negative growth.The same impact was seen in cities like Kuala Lumpur,Bangkok,Java,Delhi,Ulaanbaatar,and Jakarta.These regions showed signi
207、ficant growth before the pandemic,but they all regressed after the pandemic.Clearly,industry should further enhance resilience in the face of such“black swan”events.(2)Social well-beingSocial well-being has also been greatly impacted by the pandemic,with urban industrial development improving social
208、 well-being more significantly in emerging and island economies before the pandemic.Cities in the major economies showed greater social resilience during the pandemic,however.In terms of ranking,the island economy Brunei and the emerging economy cities of Bangkok,Kuala Lumpur,Quezon,Singapore,and Ul
209、aanbaatar had been in the top 10 of the list one or more times prior to 2020.For cities in emerging economies,this shows the positive driving effect of industrial development on their progress in social equity.It merits noting that cities of the major economies have demonstrated greater social resil
210、ience in response to external shocks.In 2020,cities of the major economies occupied six of the top 10 spots on the list.Shenzhen and Suzhou are among the major economies that have risen more than 10 places in the rankings compared to 2019.It can be seen that faced with a crisis,cities in the major e
211、conomies have relatively sufficient experience in coping with the crisis and can deploy resources more easily,allowing them to adjust and respond faster to ensure social stability.FIGURE 14.AP-ISI Scores of Impacts 20172020)FIGURE 15.AP-ISI Scores of Economic Growth(20172020)3532962343332
212、42523222030405060FijiPapua New GuineaBrunei DarussalamAucklandSingaporeCities from Island EconomiesMedanUlaanbaataMexico CitySurabayaDelhiMoscowLimaJakartaBangkokHo Chi Minh CityQuezon CityKuala LumpurHong KongSeoulTaipeiCities from Emerging EconomiesSydneyChicagoLos
213、 AngelesHoustonNew York CityWashington,D.C.TokyoBeijingChengduShanghaiGuangzhouTorontoShenzhenSan FranciscoSuzhouCities from Major EconomiesImpact 2017Impact 2018Impact 2019Impact 2020353302927262524232200152025FijiPapua New GuineaAucklandBrunei Darussalam
214、SingaporeCities from Island EconomiesMexico CityDelhiUlaanbaataMedanSurabayaMoscowHong KongHo Chi Minh CityLimaKuala LumpurBangkokJakartaSeoulQuezon CityTaipeiCities from Emerging EconomiesSydneyChicagoChengduLos AngelesBeijingShanghaiGuangzhouTokyoShenzhenHoustonNew York CitySuzhouWashington,D.C.To
215、rontoSan FranciscoCities from Major EconomiesEconomic Growth 2017Economic Growth 2018Economic Growth 2019Economic Growth 2020194 Evaluation results(3)EcosystemsThe 2020 ranking shows that among the major economies,cities located on the west coast of the Pacific performed better in terms of ecosystem
216、,mainly because economies such as China and Japan have increased their attention to ecological aspects in recent years and have made some progress.The emerging and island economies generally excelled in terms of ecological impact.Mexico City and Hong Kong have taken first and second place for the fo
217、urth consecutive year,largely due to their effective control of water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.All listed Chinese cities,as well as Singapore and Delhi,are also among the top 10 in 2020,and their rankings are on an upward trend,indicating that their actions in energy conservation and p
218、ollution control are gradually reducing the impact of industry on the ecological environment.Among the island economies,Singapore has ranked fourth for 4 consecutive years,indicating that it has been able to maintain high-quality industrial development while keeping greenhouse gas emissions and envi
219、ronmental pollution at relatively low levels.It should also be noted that some of the major economies and emerging economies with high industrial scale and economic growth performance still have room for improvement in terms of their ecological environment.Against the backdrop of a global ecological
220、 crisis that requires a joint response,reducing the impact of human activities on the ecological environment has also become a crucial necessity,limiting the potential for future industrial development.333323028272522624232152025Papua New GuineaFijiSingapo
221、reBrunei DarussalamAucklandCities from Island EconomiesMedanMexico CityLimaDelhiBangkokJakartaSurabayaHong KongQuezon CityUlaanbaataHo Chi Minh CityMoscowSeoulKuala LumpurTaipeiCities from Emerging EconomiesSan FranciscoWashington,D.C.HoustonNew York CityChicagoLos AngelesBeijingShanghaiShenzhenGuan
222、gzhouChengduTokyoSuzhouTorontoSydneyCities from Major EconomiesSocial Well-being 2017Social Well-being 2018Social Well-being 2019Social Well-being 2020FIGURE 16.AP-ISI Scores of Social Well-Being(20172020)FIGURE 17.AP-ISI Scores of Ecosystems(20172020)343326272532202
223、0200152025Papua New GuineaFijiBrunei DarussalamAucklandSingaporeCities from Island EconomiesUlaanbaataJakartaSurabayaMedanMoscowBangkokKuala LumpurQuezon CitySeoulLimaHo Chi Minh CityDelhiTaipeiMexico CityHong KongCities from Emerging EconomiesSydneyTorontoNew York CityLos AngelesChicagoH
224、oustonSan FranciscoWashington,D.C.TokyoShanghaiBeijingShenzhenGuangzhouChengduSuzhouCities from Major EconomiesEcosystem 2017Ecosystem 2018Ecosystem 2019Ecosystem 202020Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20224.2.5 Stable response rankings and steady improvement in the performance of emergi
225、ng economiesThe top 10 cities in terms of response in 2020 are Singapore,Beijing,Toronto,San Francisco,Hong Kong,Shanhai,Suzhou,Shenzhen,and Auckland.Singapore was ranked No.1 for the fourth consecutive year due to its impressive performance in external exchanges and urban governance.In terms of tre
226、nds,Toronto and Singapore have consistently maintained a continuous advantage in response scores.Cities with large improvements in response scores have been in China,thanks to improvements in business environment and urban governance.(1)Business environmentThere was little fluctuation in the overall
227、 business Environments rankings between 2017 and 2020,with Beijing,San Francisco,New York,Auckland,Seoul,Chicago,and Singapore consistently performing well.Beijing topped the list for the third consecutive year,and other Chinese cities also achieved rapid growth thanks to a series of measures to imp
228、rove the business environment and increase the vitality of market players.These have included the launch of Chinas national administrative system reform in recent years,the simplification of the approval process,and the introduction of the national enterprise credit information disclosure system.18
229、All six U.S.cities are in the top 11 with strong advantages.In terms of trend,the Chinese cities of Shanghai,Shenzhen,and Guangzhou have all improved their rankings significantly.(2)International communicationThe five cities with the most active international Communications in 2020 were Singapore,Ho
230、ng Kong,Jakarta,Surabaya,and Medan.Eight of the top 10 economies were accounted for by emerging economies,reflecting the potential for industrial development embedded in emerging economies based on external exchanges.Singapore became the most active city in terms of foreign exchanges during the 4-ye
231、ar period.Toronto is the only Canadian city in the top 10 from the major economies,placing a high priority on bringing in foreign investment and introducing a white paper in 2018.This further enhanced FDI diversification,with FDI becoming a high-growth sector in Canada.19 Among the emerging economie
232、s,Mexico and Indonesia have been favored by foreign investors due to their population size,rapid economic growth,and investment-friendly policies,and their rankings have always been near the top.At the same time,it bears noting that China and the United States,as major trading nations,are both econo
233、mies that are an order of magnitude ahead of other economies in terms of total FDI.However,their cities do not rank well in terms of external exchanges,mainly because of the low proportion of FDI to GDP,in addition to the sharp decline in total FDI compared to previous years due to regulatory interv
234、ention and trade friction.20FIGURE 18.AP-ISI Scores of Responses(20172020)FIGURE 19.AP-ISI Scores of Business Environments(20172020)333229282726252432222030405060FijiPapua New GuineaBrunei DarussalamAucklandSingaporeCities from Island EconomiesQuezon CityM
235、oscowDelhiUlaanbaataBangkokTaipeiLimaKuala LumpurHo Chi Minh CitySurabayaMedanJakartaSeoulMexico CityHong KongCities from Emerging EconomiesSydneyWashington,D.C.HoustonChicagoNew York CityLos AngelesChengduTokyoGuangzhouShenzhenSuzhouShanghaiSan FranciscoTorontoBeijingCities from Major EconomiesResp
236、onse 2017Response 2018Response 2019Response 202035342785333232422024681012141618Papua New GuineaFijiBrunei DarussalamSingaporeAucklandCities from Island EconomiesQuezon CityUlaanbaataLimaSurabayaMedanHo Chi Minh CityJakartaDelhiMexico CityMoscowBangkokTaip
237、eiKuala LumpurHong KongSeoulCities from Emerging EconomiesSuzhouChengduTokyoTorontoGuangzhouSydneyShenzhenHoustonWashington,D.C.Los AngelesChicagoShanghaiNew York CitySan FranciscoBeijingCities from Major EconomiesBusiness Environment 2017Business Environment 2018Business Environment 2019Business En
238、vironment 20204 Evaluation results(3)Urban governanceThe top five cities in 2020 for urban governance are Toronto,Suzhou,Mexico City,San Francisco,and Shanghai.Nine of the top 10 cities are part of major economiesgiving those economies a clear advantageand six of the 10 are in China.All of those Chi
239、nese cities have improved substantially in 4 years,thanks to continuous improvement in urban governance capabilities.This includes the gradual establishment of urban intelligent transportation systems(ITS),21 integrated security risk monitoring,and early warning detection systems.22 Toronto excels i
240、n digital infrastructure development,having launched the Digital Infrastructure Plan(DIP)in 2019 to further customize city services,combat climate change,and enhance social inclusion.23 As a representative of the emerging economies,Mexico City is high on the urban governance list due to the robustne
241、ss of its carbon regulatory instruments.U.S.cities,with the exception of Los Angeles and San Francisco,have not yet undertaken carbon regulation efforts,affecting the ranking of the remaining cities.2624202322223225FijiBrunei DarussalamPapua New
242、 GuineaAucklandSingaporeCities from Island EconomiesTaipeiBangkokMoscowQuezon CityKuala LumpurUlaanbaataDelhiLimaMexico CityHo Chi Minh CitySeoulJakartaSurabayaMedanHong KongCities from Emerging EconomiesWashington,D.C.New York CityLos AngelesChicagoSan FranciscoHoustonSydneySuzhouGuangzhouShenzhenB
243、eijingChengduShanghaiTokyoTorontoCities from Major EconomiesInternational Communication 2017International Communication 2018International Communication 2019International Communication 2020262626232277654230Papua New GuineaFijiBrunei DarussalamSi
244、ngaporeAucklandCities from Island EconomiesMoscowQuezon CityDelhiBangkokLimaKuala LumpurUlaanbaataTaipeiHo Chi Minh CitySeoulSurabayaMedanJakartaHong KongMexico CityCities from Emerging EconomiesSydneyNew York CityChicagoWashington,D.C.HoustonTokyoChengduLos AngelesBeijingGuangzhouShenzhenShanghaiSa
245、n FranciscoSuzhouTorontoCities from Major EconomiesUrban Governance 2017Urban Governance 2018Urban Governance 2019Urban Governance 2020FIGURE 20.AP-ISI Scores of International Communications(20172020)FIGURE 21.AP-ISI Scores of Urban Governances(20172020)21IMAGE:VECTORMINE/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM22Asia-Paci
246、fic Industrial Sustainability Index 20225Regional,industrial,and corporate casesBest Practices:Combining the results of the evaluation of industrial sustainability in Asia-Pacific cities,the report selected six typical cases and objectively demonstrated their best practices in promoting industry sus
247、tainability in five evaluation dimensions.Case 1:By introducing and nurturing talent,Singapore can boost its industrial upgrades5.1Manufacturing has long played an important role in Singapores economic growth,accounting for about 21%of its GDP in 2020.24 Currently,with a strong and diversified manuf
248、acturing base,Singapore is a leader in aerospace,electronics,biomedical,and precision engineering.To further promote the continuous transformation and upgrading of its manufacturing industry,the Singapore government has attached great importance to the introduction and cultivation of high-tech talen
249、t.The TechSG program,jointly launched by the Economic Development Board(EDB)and the Enterprise Development Group(EDG),can effectively help fast-growing technology companies bring in foreign expertise and locate their teams and operations in Singapore by providing a variety of incentives to eligible
250、companies,including grants for research,innovation,training,and production.25 In terms of local talent development,Singapore has implemented the Manufacturing 2030(M2030)program for graduates of polytechnical and technical education colleges who have received training in industry-related skills,work
251、ing with industry to enhance job prospects in the manufacturing sector.Under the M2030 program,Singapore Precision Engineering and Technology(SPETA)will work with industry partners such as the Singapore Semiconductor Industry Association and local tertiary institutions to develop the Manufacturing E
252、mployers Handbook to support companies in developing structured career progression pathways for their employees.In addition,the local government will also pilot a career takeoff program for manufacturing technology and assistant engineers with some enterprises,providing them with subsidies to train
253、talent and build a solid foundation for industrial development.Case 2:Tokyo aims at cutting-edge technology and promotes industrial development5.2Tokyo has always been known as the heart of the Japanese economy.With the advent of the information age,the information and communications industry,along
254、with the IT-based content industry and other high technologies,have become the mainstream direction of industrial development in Tokyo.26 Against the backdrop of the declining birthrate and a lack of population,“Tokyo 2040,a Grand Design for Urban Development”27 proposes to increase personal labor p
255、roductivity through technological innovation,emphasizing the use of cutting-edge technologies as a means of promoting urban development.As a result,Tokyo has gradually developed an innovative development strategy led by cutting-edge technology,with technology application and openness moving forward
256、hand in hand.In the robotics industry,for example,in the face of new forms of development and demand,leading Tokyo robotics companies such as FANUC,Yaskawa Electric,and Mitsubishi Electric are committed to integrating automation and robotics with existing industrial production.They have introduced h
257、umanrobot collaboration robots,artificial intelligence robots,and integrated solutions for smart factories in order to develop the global market and revitalize Tokyos urban economy.Case 3:Fiji turns to blue industries as a driving force of sustainable development5.3Fiji is rich in marine natural res
258、ources.The value of its marine resources can reach USD 2.5 billion annually,mainly from tourism,fishing,coastal protection,and carbon storage.28 The sudden emergence of COVID-19 has hit the economies of many small island developing states(SIDS)hard,with Fijis economy contracting by 15.7%in 2020 alon
259、e.29 A study commissioned by the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy(Ocean Panel)shows that for every USD 1 invested in a sustainable ocean economy,there will be a return of USD 5 over 30 years.30 Relying on its rich marine resources,Fiji has decided to develop blue industries to transf
260、orm its natural environment into a sustainable driving force for development.Based on this goal,Fiji started with five areas of national policy:climate legislation,net-zero goals,ecosystem management,limiting of seabed mining,and development of new sustainable business models.31,32 Using the example
261、 of Fijis Mamanuca Islands,the World Bank notes that every dollar invested in supporting protected areas and sustainable tourism can raise local incomes by USD 1.83.The report also shows that prior to the pandemic,sustainable tourism had provided over 6,000 new jobs in the Mamanuca Islands.33 It is
262、clear that the current series of initiatives by the Fiji government are effective in alleviating the pressure of water pollution while bringing new growth to a tourism industry that has been hit hard by COVID-19.Case 4:Bangkoks tourism industry has rebuilt its competitiveness amidst storms5.4Bangkok
263、 is the economic center of Thailand and the countrys hub for investment and development.Tourism is a significant contributor to the local economy.Thailand attained a record high of 40 million visitors in 2019,with the top three spending categories for inbound visitors that year being accommodation(2
264、8%of spending),shopping(24%of spending),and food and beverage(21%of spending).34 As the capital and largest city of Thailand,Bangkok has a highly developed tourism industry and was ranked number one in the Mastercard Global Destination Cities Index for 4 consecutive years before the pandemic.35 In a
265、ddition,Bangkoks share of the overall service sector in Thailand reached 48.4%,while the service sector accounted for 49%of Thailands GDP.36 However,COVID-19 dealt a serious blow to tourism in Bangkok,and even Thailand as a whole.In response,Thailand has taken active measures to make up for the loss
266、 of inbound tourism.In August 2020,the Thai government launched the We Travel Together program,with a budget of USD 640 million to help promote domestic tourism.37 Faced with the impact of limited international travel by main tourist groups,the Thai government has quickly adjusted to the expansion o
267、f new international travel markets with a long-term residency program that seeks to capture new international travel segments and regain competitive advantage in markets where international travel demand is recovering quickly.This is being done through the issuance of long-term resident(LTR)visas(up
268、 to 10 years),tax and investment incentives,and foreign residency for affluent,retired,and highly skilled professionals from around the world.The road to recovery after the pandemic will be long and difficult,requiring joint action at the international community,local government,and industry level i
269、n order to respond positively and share experiences.23Best Practices:5Case 5:Achievements in New Zealand ecology and environment and industrial sustainability5.5The dairy industry has been a key driving force of the New Zealand economy.In the early days,the dairy industry had a large environmental i
270、mpact with particularly severe water pollution to the point that there was a controversy over“dirty dairying.”With the governments continued focus on this issue,New Zealands dairy industry has continued to move in a sustainable direction over the past two decades.38 The New Zealand government has in
271、troduced a variety of laws and regulations to address issues such as intensive winter grazing,caps on nitrogen fertilizer use,and restrictions on grazing areas to prevent excessive growth of the dairy industry and its impact on the sustainability of the industry.38 Industry leaders have actively foc
272、used on the sustainable development of the entire industrial chain.For example,Fonterra links upstream suppliers to build ecological pastures.Moreover,the industry association DairyNZ focuses on cooperation between business and research,attempting to reduce nitrate leaching through the cultivation o
273、f dairy cattle breeds and to control methane emissions in the dairy industry,among other projects.39 The overall carbon footprint of the New Zealand dairy industry is currently only 0.77 units,well below the industry average(1.47 units).This ecofriendly brand image also effectively fosters the marke
274、t competitiveness of the New Zealand dairy industry.Yang et al.conducted a farming study in the Waikato region of New Zealand and found that consumer premiums for environmentally friendly dairy products ranged from 5.3%to 47.5%.40Case 6:Shenzhen technology enterprises have a synergistic effect5.6In
275、recent years,Shenzhens high-tech industry has gradually become the preeminent growth point of the local economy.In 2021,the added value of strategic emerging industries will reach RMB 1.21 trillion,accounting for 39.6%of Shenzhens GDP.To achieve sustainable development in the high-tech park industry
276、,Futian District has created a development belt around the central business district(CBD)for high-tech industry and the high-end service industry.Shenzhen will also construct the Futian Science and Technology Plaza,a high-tech headquarters in the central area of Shenzhen and a center for public tech
277、nology,modern finance,and intermediary service technology platforms.This initiative has greatly improved the influence and radiant strength of the high-tech industry and high-end service development belt around the CBD,gathering a number of innovative enterprises such as Huawei and ZTE.Driven by the
278、se two leading enterprises,Shenzhen has formed an optimal industrial and innovation chain centered on communications equipment.The added value of the network and communications equipment industry reached RMB 204.6 billion in 2021.Similarly,in the field of smart terminals,Shenzhen has also formed a r
279、elatively complete industrial chain.It has established a smart terminal industry system,integrating core parts of R&D,original equipment manufacturing(OEM),complete machine production,and eco-construction.In general,Shenzhens new technologies,new industries,and new business models are flourishing.In
280、 the context of the global carbon peak and a carbon neutral strategy,the production of major high-tech products represented by new energy vehicles,industrial robots,3D printing equipment,and other technologies is growing rapidly,imparting a strong impetus to the sustainability of Shenzhens industry.
281、Case 7:Beijing has transformed from a heavy industrial base to achieve new green growth5.7In the past,Beijings large-scale industrial development and that of its surrounding cities brought about serious environmental pollution.Beijings business environment and urban governance are two major avenues
282、through which to explore an effective path to scientifically promote the long-term sustainable development of the industry.Since 2011,Beijing has been actively promoting industry-wide carbon emission management.As one of the first pilot cities approved to carry out carbon emission trading in China,B
283、eijing has introduced the Decision on Piloting Carbon Emission Trading under the Precondition of Strictly Controlling Total Carbon Emissions41 and formulated the“Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Beijing,”42 using a combination of constraints and incentives for carbon emi
284、ssion management targets.33,34 By implementing hundreds of low-carbon environmental standards,the government ensures that emissions are always subject to statutory regulation.Since 2015,Beijing has been promoting urban transformation through industrial planning.The Capital Iron and Steel Works,now t
285、he Shougang Group,which has borne witness to the 100-year history of changes in Chinas steel industry,is an example of this.Shougang North District seized the opportunity of the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committees settlement to drive a revival of its industrial base.With“Sports+”and“Technology+”as
286、 goals to accelerate the functional transformation of the old industrial zone,landscape restoration work in the park has steadily advanced.The landscape of the western part of the city has greatly improved the regional ecological environment.Industrial transformation has created a large number of em
287、ployment opportunities,and all of the 10,000 workers who had been left behind have achieved reemployment and benefited from a good social impact.Since 2019 Beijing has been improving its business environment through establishment of the 12345-enterprise service hotline.Nearly 100 employees answer ca
288、lls from companies 7 days a week,18 hours a day.As of the beginning of 2022,more than 40,000 enterprises have called the hotline,highlighting more than 130,000 questions and problems encountered in business development.In the face of common problems such as startups lack of understanding of policies
289、 and regulations,the hotline provides guidance and support to companies by strengthening business training and setting up a knowledge base.This enhances the success rate of entrepreneurship.Beijing is building a new pattern of industrial green development around the future development barriers of re
290、source constraints and environmental capacities.It actively leverages the power of science and technology to fully explore new energy,new infrastructure,the digital economy,and other green and low-carbon economic growth points.Regional,industrial,and corporate casesIMAGE:PETOVARGA/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM24
291、Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 20226Summary and prospects:opportunity gaps in sustainable urban industrial development in the asia-pacific regionOpportunity Gaps in Industry Sustainability in the Asia-Pacific Region6.1Asia-Pacific cities perform unevenly in terms of industrial sustaina
292、bility.In the future,to continuously improve industrial sustainability,it will be possible to identify opportunity gaps in terms of optimizing production factor allocation,alleviating resource and environmental constraints,upgrading industrial structure and green transformation,and unifying economic
293、 and socio-ecological effects and positive urban responses.First,the scientific layout of localized industrial planning is an objective prerequisite for cities in the Asia-Pacific region to achieve optimal allocation of production factors and alleviate the pressure of resource constraints.Due to the
294、ir factor endowments in natural resources and labor,emerging and island economies had attracted some industrial shifts and international investments and achieved higher economic growth before the coronavirus pandemic.However,these regions have tended to be at the middle and low end of the industrial
295、 chain,and hence have been hit harder facing short-term fluctuations and long-term adjustments in the global industrial chain.These cities should combine their own resource and environmental characteristics and scientifically formulate industrial development plans.They should gradually reduce the de
296、pendence of industrial development on resources and the environment,increase investment in human capital,and actively achieve an upward ascent of the industrial chain.They should also promote a high-end green transformation of industry and avoid retraveling the old industrialization route of“polluti
297、on first and treatment later.”Second,technological intensity and structural diversity are critical keys to enhancing industrial resilience and robustness in cities in the Asia-Pacific region.The pandemic has restricted the urbanrural,domestic,and international mobility of basic factors of production
298、 such as labor and capital,and hit cities dominated by industries such as petrochemicals,tourism,and retail catering strongly.However,cities dominated by medium-and high-tech-based industries have been less affected by the pandemic and even benefited from development opportunities in the pharmaceuti
299、cal,medical,and internet industries brought on by the pandemic.A diversified industrial structure disperses the pressure and risk of economic development in the face of the pandemic,and a proactive industrial transformation effectively enhances resilience of municipal industries.Third,enhancing soci
300、al well-being and improving the ecological environment are the requirements for cities in the Asia-Pacific region to realize the unification of industrial development and economic-social-ecological benefits.While urban industrial development drives regional economic growth,it also faces problems suc
301、h as uneven resource allocation and environmental pollution.A top priority for the sustainable upgrading of urban industries in the Asia-Pacific region involves the balancing of economic,social,and ecological factors as well as social well-being and equitable access to the fruits of development.Emer
302、ging economies and small island economies are paying more attention to this,which will inevitably give rise to a great deal of socially responsible investment and sustainable thematic investment opportunities.Fourth,improved urban governance and proactive steps on global issues such as climate respo
303、nse are trends in the sustainable development of industries in cities across the Asia-Pacific region.Due to an improved business environment,a proactive approach to openness and cooperation,investment in infrastructure development,and increasing levels of climate governance,cities in emerging econom
304、ies and China continue to improve their performance in terms of their response to industrial sustainability.However,some major economies still have room for improvement,due to limitations in the areas of external exchanges,climate awareness,and policies.Moreover,urban public governance capacity is c
305、ritical to enhance industrial sustainability in the face of external shocks such as pandemics.Despite differences in attitudes and policies on epidemic prevention and control between China and the United States,proactive responses such as fiscally supported consumption vouchers,cash transfers,and ta
306、x breaks43 have all been effective in stimulating consumption,reducing production costs,and providing strong institutional safeguards for the recovery of urban industries.Asia-Pacific Urban Industrial Sustainability Action Guidelines6.2The profound changes in the world economic landscape,the novel c
307、oronavirus pandemic,the RussiaUkraine conflict,soaring energy and agricultural prices,and high inflation rates continue to influence the decision-making judgment of global investors.Industrial layouts and capital flows increasingly favor economies and regions that are politically stable,able to cont
308、rol expectations,and open to foreign services.First,industrial structure optimization and upgrading and industrial green transformation should be priorities for Asia-Pacific economies.The government should fully combine its own resource endowments and environmental capacities,and formulate scientifi
309、c and reasonable industrial plans and policies.It should fully mobilize social resources,coordinate various stakeholders,reasonably allocate production factors,and make comprehensive use of various policy tools to actively guide the green transformation of industries.In doing so,it can promote the h
310、igh-quality development of industries.Enterprises should play a major role in promoting the implementation of sustainable development goals,and should implement relevant industrial and environmental policy requirements.They should actively assume social responsibility,link various stakeholders in th
311、e industrial chain,and pursue the unity of economic interests and social benefits.Second,the transformation of production factors and resource and environmental constraints to promote industrial transformation and upgrading will give rise to opportunities for the development of new industries in cit
312、ies in the Asia-Pacific region.The driving force for sustainable development of Asia-Pacific industries is changing from traditional basic factors of production such as labor and capital to advanced production factors such as information,technology,and talent.Asia-Pacific cities should create the so
313、il for the development and growth of high-tech industries,serve as a platform for industry,research,and technology exchange,and implement supportive policies for new industries.However,despite the high growth and high profitability of high-tech industries,those pursuing technological innovation shou
314、ld also consider market demand.In order to reasonably allocate resources and capital and reduce the waste of resources,high-tech enterprises need to clarify the advantages of regional industrial development.In a comprehensive way,they must sort out the local industrial layout proceeding from a polic
315、y perspective,so as to organically combine sustainable industrial development with regional economic growth.Finally,external uncertainty creates growth opportunities for Asia-Pacific cities that are proactive and responsive.Although the pandemic has impacted the industrial development of the Asia-Pa
316、cific region and original cooperation in resources,technology,and economy in the region,it has also pushed regional enterprises to accelerate a more diversified industrial layout and build a new trade cooperation system.Economic globalization is an irreversible historical trend in line with the obje
317、ctive law of development of productive forces.Adhering to open cooperation for 6Summary and prospects:opportunity gaps in sustainable urban industrial development in the asia-pacific region25mutual benefit is conducive to the activation of urban production factors such as talent,capital,and technolo
318、gy.The cross-fertilization of local ideas and cultures is also conducive to accelerating the construction of a more just,reasonable,and transparent system of international industrial rules.Asia-Pacific cities should embrace globalization with an open and inclusive attitude and actively carry out ext
319、ernal exchange activities at all levels.They should also opt for different modalities of response that accord with their own industrial characteristics and development stages,creating an open and stable internal environment while continuously improving the capacity of urban governance to face the co
320、mplex international environment with more resilience.APPENDIX I:Definition of Indexes and Data Sources at Various LevelsLevel 2Level 3IndexSourceBasic production factorsLabor supplyLabor participation rateBureau of Statistics or Statistical Yearbook;World Bank;Organization for Economic Cooperation a
321、nd Development(OECD);ILOCapital stockRatio of capital stock to GDPIMFAdvanced produc-tion factorsTechnological InnovationNumber of patents per million peopleDerwent InnovationDigitalization levelFixed broadband subscriptions per 100 peopleInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU)Resourceconstraints
322、Energy useRatio of renewable energy to end-use energy consumptionInternational Energy Association(IEA);Pacific Data HubLand usePercentage of built-up areaBureau of Statistics or Statistical Yearbook;Atlas of Urban Expansion;WikipediaEnvironmental capacitiesForest coverageForest coverageGlobal Forest
323、 WatchSoil carbon contentSoil carbon contentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsAir Quality IndexAir Quality IndexIQAirIndustryscalePer capita industrial value addedPer capita industrial value addedUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization Competitive Indus-trial Performa
324、nce(CIP)index databaseEmerging industryEmerging IndustryOsirisIndustrystructureShare of service industryService sector GDP shareBureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookHigh-tech industry shareRatio of medium and high technology manufacturing to manufacturing value addedWorld Bank;OECD-GERD(gross
325、 domestic expenditure on research and development)EconomicgrowthPer capita GDPPer capita GDPBureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookGDP growthGDP growthBureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookSocialwell-beingNew employmentNew employmentBureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookGini coeffic
326、ientGini coefficientBureau of Statistics or Statistical YearbookEcosystemEnd-use CO2 emissionsEnd-consumer CO2 emissionsIEAOcean Health IndexOcean Health IndexOcean Health IndexBusinessenvironmentEase of Doing Business IndexEase of Doing Business IndexWorld Bank Open DataEntrepreneurial activityNumb
327、er of unicorn startupsCB Insights;Hurun Global Unicorn ListInternational communicationNumber of free trade partnersNumber of economies with FTA agreementsOfficial websites and government announcements for each trade agree-ment relationshipFDI-to-GDP ratioFDI-to-GDP ratioOECD;IMF;World BankUrban gove
328、rnanceInfrastructure developmentUrban congestion factorTomTomCarbon regulationCarbon pricing mechanism implemen-tationCarbon Pricing DashboardAppendices26Asia-Pacific Industrial Sustainability Index 2022AppendicesAPPENDIX II:Handling of Missing Data Values The Handbook on Constructing Composite Indi
329、cators prepared by the OECD proposes that the methods for completing missing data values include single imputation,unconditional mean imputation,regression imputation,expected maximization imputation,and multiple imputation.According to the characteristics of this index dataset and the needs of subs
330、equent index assignment and accounting,we chose K-means clustering as the missing data interpolation method by first determining the K closest data to the missing data based on correlation analysis and then taking the weighted average of these samples containing K values to supplement the missing da
331、ta.We calculated economics scores based on two indexes:GDP and the share of service sector in GDP.We used World Bank data,standardized the data,and applied the entropy weighting method.Then,based on the principle of maximizing the difference between clusters and minimizing the difference within a cl
332、uster,we divided the dataset into three samples as the basis for missing value interpolation.APPENDIX III:Data StandardizationWe standardized the data using the extreme value normalization method.We first divided the data into positive and negative indexes according to their relevance.The extreme va
333、lues were then normalized separately,yielding the equations as follows:Positive indexes:x=xmin.(x)max.(x)min.(x)100Negative indexes:x=(1 xmin.(x)max.(x)min.(x)100Here,x is the original data value,max(x)and min(x)are the upper and lower limits of the index data,respectively,and x is the normalized value of the index.The above formula measures the distance of an observation from the highest score(or