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1、Waste Management in Germany 2023Facts,data,figures2Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresPublished byFederal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection(BMUV)Division T II 1 11055 Berlin GermanyEmail:TII1bmuv.bund.de Website:www.bmuv.de/englis
2、hEdited byBMUV,Division T II 1Designdesign_idee,bro_fr_gestaltung,Erfurt Printed byBMUV printing officePicture credits See page 50DateApril 2023First print run200 copies(printed on recycled paper)Where to order this publicationBMUV,Division T II 1Email:TII1bmuv.bund.deDownload:www.bmuv.de/en/publica
3、tionsNoteThis publication of the Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,NuclearSafety and Consumer Protection is distributed free of charge.It is not intended for sale and maynot be used to canvass support for political parties or groups.Further information can be found at www.bmuv
4、.de/en/publicationsPublication details3Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresContents Introduction 41 Waste generation 62 Waste prevention 103 Recovery and disposal 124 Commercial waste 165 Waste graphic paper 186 Waste wood 207 Packaging waste 228 Biowaste 249 Marketing of composts and
5、 digestates 2610 Residual waste 2711 Sewage sludge 3012 Waste electrical and electronic equipment 3213 Waste batteries 3414 End-of-life vehicles 3615 Mineral waste 4016 Waste shipment 4217 Waste management as climate action 44Information on the Internet 46List of abbreviations 48List of figures 49Pi
6、cture credits 504Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresThe goal of circular economy is to reduce resource consumption by using raw materials efficiently and keeping them in the industrial cycle for as long as pos-sible.Circular economy embraces all stages,from resource extraction,produc
7、t de-sign and manufacture to sale,consumption and the closure of the cycle through reuse and recycling.This means that while the concept of closed substance cycles focuses on closing the loop at the end of the cycle through waste management,circular economy goes beyond that to include aspects such a
8、s raw material sup-ply,procurement,eco-design and waste prevention.As early as the 1980s,environmental policy prioritised the closed substance cycle as an extension of waste management.Germanys above average per capita con-sumption of resources gives the country a particular responsibility in this m
9、atter.The German public is generally aware of the importance of waste separation and recycling.Modern sorting,treatment and recycling technologies are now well-established,and recycling capacity has been expanded.Allowing for economic and structural changes,waste volumes generally reflect the materi
10、al standard of living.A decrease in waste volumes irrespective of eco-nomic influences was recorded up to 2009 measured as waste intensity(ratio of economic performance to waste volumes).This is why the challenges are continu-ing to grow.It will remain crucial to recover raw materials and energy sou
11、rces from waste and return them to the industrial cycle.Circular economy also pays off financially.It has evolved into a major high-performance economic sector in Germany.Around 11,000 companies with more than 280,000 employees in total generate an annual turnover of roughly 80 bil-lion euros.The ma
12、nagement infrastructure comprises 14,500 facilities,achiev-ing high rates of recycling for municipal waste(67 percent),production and Introduction5Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figurescommercial waste(around 70 percent)and construction and demolition waste(almost 90 percent).In Germany
13、,the core elements of circular economy are set out in the 2018 Circu-lar Economy Act(KrWG).It transposes the EU Waste Framework Directive into national law,forms the legal basis for circular economy and contains key fun-damental principles.Beginning with the legal definition of waste,these include i
14、n particular the polluter pays principle,the five-step waste hierarchy,producer responsibility,waste prevention and the new duty of care for distributors and traders in the careful management of their goods.The aim of this publication is to showcase what citizens achieve together with their municipa
15、lities and industry,and to provide examples to other countries wishing to close their materials cycles in an ecologically sound way.Ultimately,circular economy is a global task,and German companies,scientific institutions and municipal stakeholders can make a valuable contribution with their experti
16、se,services and modern technologies.Circular economy also pays off financially6Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresWaste generation1Germany still produces far too much waste.Waste volumes reflect material prosperity,but there are a number of ways to decouple this prosperity from the g
17、eneration of waste.For municipal waste in particular,it is imperative to step up efforts to promote consumer awareness and waste prevention.Waste prevention is necessary,but it is not an alternative to circular economy.To protect the environment,combat climate change and conserve resources,we will a
18、lways need state-of-the-art waste management facilities.Key elements of this are recycling,energy recovery from non-recyclable waste and landfilling of residues.The high costs of energy recovery resulting from environmental stipu-lations,especially for flue gas purification,create the necessary econ
19、omic incen-tives to give priority to recycling.Every year around 340 million tonnes of waste are generated(without double counting).The vast majority of this waste is construction and demolition waste that is reused for construction measures.Around two-thirds of the approx.50 million tonnes of munic
20、ipal waste are recycled.However,the share of recyclates from recyc-ling is only just over 50 percent of municipal waste.7Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figures050406.7366.4351.2362.3356.1340.8322.2333.50300350400450Construction and demolitionProduction and commerceMineral res
21、ourcesMunicipalTotal200020032006200920020Figure 1:Waste generation in Germany 2000 to 2020 including hazardous waste Source:Federal Statistical Office,2020in million tonnes50.147.748.2260.749.646.746.7223.446.454.842.0197.748.451.327.5195.049.754.230.3199.351.659.231.4209.050.355.128.8228
22、.150.947.328.6229.38Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figures020100 100102.2111.4113.9121.7131.383.584.78288.387.64060800020042008201220162020Figure 2:Decoupling waste generation from economic performance 2000 to 2020Source:Federal Statistical Office,2022 in billion euros 10081.
23、7Net waste generationGross domestic product,price adjusted Waste intensity of net waste generation7671.972.666.79Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresTo protect the environment,combat climate change and conserve resources,we will always need state-of-the-art waste management facilities
24、10Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresWaste prevention2In addition to the waste industry,circular economy also covers the upstream industrial phases,where these may influence how waste is generated and man-aged.In this context,the recycling-friendly design of products in terms of thei
25、r ease of dismantling,pollu-tant content and resource consumption and exploring options for waste prevention both play an important role.The aim of waste prevention is to minimise waste generation and pollutant content of waste,with a view to conserving resources.To this end,the German government an
26、d federal states(Lnder)adopted the second Waste Prevention Programme in 2020.The first programme,adopted in 2013,provided for public measures.The updated programme addresses the many opportunities for waste prevention available to the public,private companies and institutions.It is therefore crucial
27、 to raise public awareness and sensitise people to the bene-fits of effective waste prevention.Opting for durable,streamlined and repairable goods rather than unnecessary and short-lived products,switching from prod-ucts to services and from ownership to shared use,a change in behaviour these are ju
28、st some examples of how each of us can help protect the planet through informed decisions.11Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresAdditionally,at the event organised by the German Association of Local Public Utilities(VKU)every year at the end of November to mark the start of the Euro-p
29、ean Week for Waste Prevention,commissioned by the Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection,best-practice examples are presented and new developments are discussed.It is crucial to raise public awareness and sensitise people to the benefits of ef
30、fective waste prevention12Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresRecovery and disposal3To achieve sustainable development,we need to decouple resource consumption from economic growth.Germany,with its above average resource consump-tion,needs answers so it can live up to its responsibili
31、ty.However,an efficiency strategy can only be successful in the long term if its efficiency gains are not swallowed up by rising production and consumption.Waste prevention and in-creased materials recovery from waste are a key to this.Our goal is to transform the waste industry into a source for ob
32、taining raw materials and for the produc-tion of goods.The high recycling and recovery rates in Germany help save resources and primary energy,and highlight the waste industrys contribution to sustainable economic practices.Non-recoverable waste must be disposed of safely,without harming human healt
33、h or the environ-ment.Prior to being landfilled,organic waste must undergo mechanical biological treatment(MBT)or thermal treatment to render it inert and significantly reduce releases of leachate and landfill gases.The methane that forms in landfills is 34 times more damaging to the climate than CO
34、2.The landfilling of untreated organic waste has been banned since mid-2005.13Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresIn 2017,68 waste incineration plants with a capacity of around 20 million tonnes were operating in Germany for the treatment of residual waste.A further approx.5 million t
35、onnes of incineration capacity were available in 32 refuse-derived fuel(RDF)power plants.In 2017,a total of 45 MBT plants with a capacity of around 5million tonnes treated some 4.5 million tonnes of waste.Only around 0.5 mil-lion tonnes of this waste was subsequently landfilled.14.6 Household waste,
36、similar commercial waste 3Bulky waste 5Waste from bio-bins 5.7Garden and park waste,biodegradable 5.2Plastic/lightweight packaging 0.8Waste electronic and electric equipment(not recorded separately)6.9Paper2.6Glass2.2Other(metals,textiles,etc.)Figure 3:Composition of household waste in 2020 in milli
37、on tonnesTotal46.6Source:Federal Statistical Office,2022;BMUV 14Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figures0550Figure 4:More recyclables than residual waste in 2020 household wasteSource:Federal Statistical Office,2022 in million tonnes Residual waste Biowast
38、e,packaging,glass,paper 15Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresMaterials recovery Landfilling Energy recovery Incineration and treatment 1.49721.577Total recovery:197.5 million tonnes Total disposal:23.1 million tonnes 196.4631.088Figure 5:Construction and demolition waste in 2020(incl
39、uding road construction waste,non-hazardous)in million tonnesTotal220.6Source:Federal Statistical Office,2022;BMUV 16Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresCommercial waste4Waste from private households is generally collected by public waste manage-ment providers,but the 3.6 million plus
40、 businesses in Germany are themselves responsible for the disposal or recovery of their waste.To implement the five-step waste hierarchy,the new Commercial Wastes Ordin-ance(GewAbfV),which entered into force on 1 August 2017,introduced a strict cascade of obligations prioritising the separate collec
41、tion and recycling of paper,board and cardboard,glass,plastics,metals,wood,textiles,biowaste and other production-specific waste fractions.17Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresAny remaining mixed waste must be consigned to pre-treatment to extract the recoverable components for recyc
42、ling.Mixed waste may only undergo energy recovery or be disposed of if its separation is shown to be technically impossible or economically unreasonable.Additionally,since 1 January 2019,pre-treatment facilities must fulfil specific technical requirements(including minimum components)and achieve a s
43、orting rate of at least 85 percent and a recycling rate of at least 30 percent.The German government is currently reviewing the recycling rate based on developments in the waste industry and the experience gained.Operators of facilities must document compliance with requirements for sep-arate collec
44、tion,giving reasons for any deviation,and keep a record of waste consigned to pre-treatment and energy recovery.Authorities can request corres-ponding documentation from operators to check compliance with the require-ments of the Commercial Wastes Ordinance.18Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,d
45、ata,figuresWaste graphic paper5At the initiative of the Federal Environment Ministry,on 26 September 1994 the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Graphische Papiere(graphic paper working group,AGRAPA),an alliance of associations and organisations of the paper produc-ing,importing and printing industry,paper wholesa
46、lers and publishing houses,signed a voluntary commitment declaration pledging to gradually increase the recovery rate of waste graphic paper and,from 2000,to meet a recovery target of 60 percent.The term graphic paper refers to print products and paper for office and ad-ministration purposes.In Sept
47、ember 2001,the positive results led AGRAPA to reaffirm its 1994 voluntary commitment and further pledge to permanently maintain the rate at 80 percent(+/-3 percent).To date,it has been able to achieve this target,which is very welcome news for the environment.The paper industry is clearly meeting it
48、s producer responsibility,while at the same time the com-mitment reinforces the value of waste paper recycling in the German paper in-dustry and makes a significant contribution towards relieving the burden on the environment.19Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figures001,0001086%81%64%80%
49、82%88%93.5%2,000203,000304,000405,000506,000607,000708,000809,0009010,000100Consumption of graphic paper products Recovery rate 620020Figure 6:Recovery of waste graphic paper 1994 to 2019(recovery rate)Source:Arbeitsgemeinschaft Graphische Papiere,Federal Environment Agency,202
50、2;BMUV in 1,000 tonnes in percent 4,9177,3187,4736,5856,0905,4895,0017,6799,0238,6878,2427,3716,2355,35020Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresWaste wood6In 2016,around 10 million tonnes of waste wood were generated in Germany.Of this,4 million tonnes were construction and demolition w
51、aste,2.6 million tonnes from woodworking and wood processing,0.9 million tonnes of household and bulky waste,0.6 million tonnes of packaging waste and 0.5 million tonnes of municipal waste.In addition,3.2 million tonnes of waste wood were imported and 1.8 million tonnes were exported.Following mecha
52、nical treatment,7.7 mil-lion tonnes underwent energy recovery and 0.6 million tonnes were thermally treated.Around 1.7 million tonnes per year were recycled and used in the wood recycling industry for chipboard manufacture(including exports).Waste wood management in Germany is regulated by the Waste
53、 Wood Or-dinance(AltholzV).The ordinance covers materials and energy recovery and disposal of waste wood,and sets out the requirements for safe,high-quality recycling.Most recycling takes place in the wood recycling industry during the production of chipboard;the waste wood used must comply with str
54、ingent limit 21Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresFigure 7:Waste wood managementSource:Federal Statistical Office,2018 in million tonnesin million tonnesImports Recovery Thermal treatment Energy recovery Municipal waste Packaging waste Bulky waste Wood working and wood processing Con
55、struction and demolition wastevalues for contaminants as specified in the ordinance.Energy recovery takes place in around 80 waste wood power plants with an installed capacity of around 800 megawatts that are subject to the requirements of air quality law.Since the entry into force of the Waste Wood
56、 Ordinance in 2002,there have been changes in the legal framework(priority of recycling over energy recovery in line with the five-step waste hierarchy)and technological advances in sorting,pre-treatment,sampling and quality control of waste wood for recycling.The Ger-man government is currently rev
57、ising the Waste Wood Ordinance to reflect these changes and better exploit the potential of waste wood for recycling.1.410.520.560.922.554.041.700.587.73 Recycling22Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresPackaging waste7Packaging is part of daily life.It generally comprises glass,alumini
58、um,tinplate,plastic,paper,cardboard,paperboard and wood.Reusing or recycling these valu-able(secondary)raw materials helps conserve natural resources,save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.The separate collection of packaging waste in households,regulated by the Packaging Act(VerpackG),has
59、great public support and is widely used.In 2020,around 97 percent of Germanys packaging waste was consigned to re-covery.On average,every German citizen already consigns around 30 kilograms 23Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresTable 1:Development of recovery rates for packaging waste
60、 1991 to 2020 (packaging subject to a quota)Source:Gesellschaft fr Verpackungsmarktforschung mbH(GVM),2021;BMUVof separately collected waste for recovery in bags and bins for packaging.On top of this is the separate collection of glass and paper packaging.To encourage the prevention of packaging was
61、te in particular and promote well-functioning circular economy,the Packaging Act was revised in 2021.This included the prevention of unnecessary packaging waste by introducing a ban on the sale of lightweight plastic carrier bags from 1 January 2022.In addition,with effect from 1 January 2023,restau
62、rants,bistros and cafs offering takeaway food and drinks are required to also sell their products in reusable packaging.The goal is to replace plastic one-way disposable packaging.720020Glass53.783.583.784.784.484.184.2Aluminium16.679.774.291.491.195.996.0Tinplate37.179.591.693
63、90.991.591.9Plastics11.66162.29999.499.699.7Paper,cardboard55.888.686.999.499.799.899.8Beverage cardboard061.666.798.899.499.699.6Total recovery rate39.282.679.296.396.896.896.924Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresBiowaste8Over the past 30 years,the volume of biowaste collected separ
64、ately as part of municipal and commercial waste management has increased considerably,and continues to rise.The reason for this is the obligation,which was introduced by the Circular Economy Act(KrWG)and entered into force on 1 January 2015 to ensure the separate collection of biowaste from private
65、households.In light of this,public waste management bodies are continuously expanding their services for the sep-arate collection of biowaste from households(in particular by providing bio-bins and setting up collection points for green waste).According to the Federal Statistical Office,in 2020 in G
66、ermany around 13.65 mil-lion tonnes of biodegradable waste(biowaste)from private households,facil-ities and of commercial and industrial origin were treated in composting plants(around 7.41 million tonnes)and in anaerobic digestion plants and biogas instal-lations(around 6.24 million tonnes).Around
67、5.3 million tonnes were collected in bio-bins(64 kilograms per capita)and 5.33 million tonnes of garden and park waste(64 kilograms per capita)were collected separately(in total around 10.63 million tonnes/128 kilograms per capita).The Federal Statistical Office also estimated that in 2020,private h
68、ouse-holds themselves composted and used around 2.6 million tonnes(31 kilograms per cap-ita)of their own biowaste.25Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresIn the same year,1,102 composting and anaerobic digestion plants treating bio-degradable waste separately or with other waste were re
69、corded in waste statistics.Of these,218 were biowaste composting facilities,599 green waste composting facilities,227 anaerobic digestion plants(biogas plants)and 58 combined anaerobic digestion and composting facilities.In total,97 percent of all biodegradable waste brought to waste management faci
70、l-ities in 2020 underwent materials recovery,in other words was recycled.In the case of waste composted by private households,100 percent recycling in gardens and plant pots can be assumed.Around 4.8 million tonnes of compost were produced from biowaste,which was used as fertilisers and soil improve
71、rs in various sectors(see figure 8).Figure 8:Use of compost in 2020Source:Federal Statistical Office,2022;BMUV2,949.7 tonnes66.8%Agriculture and forestry(including horticulture,perennial cropping,viticulture,hop growing,etc.)932 tonnes 21.1%Private households(e.g.allotments),other purposes531.9 tonn
72、es 12.1%Landscaping and landscape manage-ment/land reclamation26Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresMarketing of composts and digestates9Separately collected biowaste is turned into high-quality composts and diges-tates for use as fertilisers(nutrients)and soil improvers(humus).Digest
73、ing suit-able biowaste in biogas plants also allows usable energy(biogas)to be recovered,while composted biowaste can be made into substrate mixtures for specific ap-plications.This approach can contribute significantly to resource conservation.Biowaste also plays an increasingly important role in e
74、nergy generation.Biogas can be used to generate power and heat,or processed and fed into the natural gas grid.The Renewable Energy Sources Act(EEG)therefore supports the addition of a digestion phase for existing composting plants.Combined processes of this kind generate both usable biogas and valua
75、ble compost,which can be used as fertiliser and soil improver.27Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresResidual waste10Revised EU waste legislation requires member states to increase their recycling rates.Up to now,the goal has been to recycle 50 percent of municipal waste(i.e.waste from
76、 private households and small businesses).The new targets call for recycling rates of 55 percent in 2025,60 percent in 2030 and 65 percent in 2035.The revised legislation also changes the calculation of the rate from an input-based to an output-based method.This means that Germany,too,must further i
77、ncrease its waste recycling.Figure 9 shows the waste fractions in residual waste that to date have not been recycled.Organic waste in particular holds huge potential,accounting for nearly 40 percent of residual waste.This potential must be tapped.The separate col-lection of biowaste has not yet been
78、 introduced across the whole of Germany,even though there is an obligation to do so.Other fractions of residual and bulky waste are equally suitable for recycling.High-quality waste recycling cannot be achieved without separate col-lection.That is why Germanys recycling and waste man-agement industr
79、y supports the separation of waste and waste fractions right from the source.For instance,packaging waste or other physical contaminants mistakenly put in the bio-bin prevent the compost produced from meeting the quality requirements for fertilisers and other uses.Glass in the paper bin makes the wa
80、ste paper un-usable in paper mills;uncleaned pack-aging waste makes sorting difficult.28Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresFigure 9:Composition of household waste in Germany in percent by weightSource:Federal Environment Agency,20206.3%Fine waste(up to 10 mm)5.2%Waste paper1.3%Wood/c
81、ork3.5%Waste textiles4.3%Composites6.7%Plastics2.0%Metals4.6%Waste glass8.9%Other3.9%Inert material13.5%Hygiene products0.5%Residues and contaminants39.3%Native organic wasteThe introduction of separate collection systems for different waste fractions(paper,glass,packaging,biowaste,harmful substance
82、s,residual waste etc.)gave an enormous boost to recycling(67 percent is now recycled)and slashed the volume of residual waste.Figure 10 shows the decline in residual waste volumes from private households from 1985(239 kilograms per capita per year)up to 2018(128kilograms per capita per year).It also
83、 shows the drop in volumes of indi-vidual residual waste fractions.This data is from a Federal Environment Ministry research project on residual waste analysis.29Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figures0500128Residues and contaminantsResidues and contaminantsWaste gl
84、assMetalsWaste textilesNative organic wasteOther waste/fine wasteCompositesWaste paperWaste glassMetalsPlasticsWaste textilesOther waste/fine wasteCompositesWaste paperPlasticsNative organic wasteFigure 10:Comparison of specific household waste volumes and composition in 1985 and 2018 All figures in
85、 kg per capita per yearSource:Federal Environment Agency,202030Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresSewage sludge11Sewage sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants(around 1.7 million tonnes dry weight)contains a range of plant nutrients,in particular phos-phorous,which is essential
86、 to all living things.For this reason,sewage sludge is used as a fertiliser in agriculture(around 15 percent in 2020)and in landscaping(between one and two percent in 2020).Figure 11:Management and use of sewage sludge in 2020 Source:Federal Environment Agency,2020 14.9%Agriculture 1.4%Landscaping 7
87、.0%Other 76.7%Thermal treatment31Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresFigure 12:Use of sewage sludge in agriculture 1997 to 2020Source:Federal Environment Agency,2020 in percent 099720002003200620092002041.037.033.429.329.429.423.718.114.9However,some 77 percent o
88、f sewage sludge was incinerated and the ash either landfilled,used in road construc-tion or for backfilling in underground mines.The valuable phosphorous is usu-ally lost in this process.Since there are only limited reserves of phosphorous worldwide,the German government supports procedures for the
89、recovery of phosphorous from domestic wastewater and sewage sludge to supplement the direct application of sewage sludge on soils.In contrast,the Government and federal states have jointly resolved to sig-nificantly restrict direct application of sewage sludge on soils,especially in agri-culture,in
90、a step-by-step process starting in 2029.An obligation to recover phos-phorous from sewage sludge will be introduced at the same time.To enforce this,the German government revised the 1992 Sewage Sludge Ordinance(AbfKlrV).The amended ordinance entered into force on 3 October 2017.32Waste Management i
91、n Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresIn the period between 2011 and 2020,around 8 million tonnes of waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE)were collected and consigned to proper treat-ment processes.To date,each year Germany has far exceeded the recovery and recycling targets for WEEE prescribed
92、 by the EU.Up to 2018,EU member states had to meet a return and collection rate for waste equipment from private households and businesses of 45 percent of the amount placed on the market in the preceding three years.This rate was increased to 65 percent in 2019.Achieving the increased collection ra
93、te is proving to be a difficult challenge.A rate of around 45 percent has been reached to date.In light of the new target and with a view to improving resource efficiency,it is imperative that we continue to improve WEEE collection rates in future,in terms of both quantity and quality.Waste electric
94、al and electronic equipment1233Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresSource:Federal Statistical Office,2022;BMUVVolumes returned(tonnes per year)710,250836,907947,067722,968853,1241,037,00020Figure 13:Collection volumes and recovery rates of electrical and electron
95、ic equipment 2011 to 2020in percentkilograms per capitaSpecific volumes collected from private households30405060708090121020Recovery Recycling96.495.497.097.397.398.284.784.285.885.685.486.734Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresWaste batteries13Since the EU Battery Directi
96、ve entered into force in 2006,the separate collection and recycling of all batteries has been mandatory in the EU member states.A collection rate of 45 percent has applied in all EU member states since 2016(based on the amounts placed on the market during the preceding three years).Every year,more t
97、han 60,000 tonnes of portable batteries and accumulators are placed on the market in Germany.Although the amount of portable batteries sold continues to increase every year,Germany consistently complies with the applicable EU-wide collection provisions.Containers for waste portable batteries are ava
98、ilable in shops and at municipal collection points.Automotive and indus-trial batteries are also collected and consigned to recycling.Valuable secondary raw materials such as zinc,iron,lead,cobalt,plas-tic and lithium can be recovered from waste batteries for reuse.35Waste Management in Germany 2023
99、|Facts,data,figuresFigure 14:Sales and collection volumes of portable batteries in 2021Source:Federal Environment AgencySales in thousand tonnesCollection in thousand tonnes0040205025607030Portable batteriesPortable batteriesLead-acid batteriesLead-acid batteriesNickel-cadmium batteriesNi
100、ckel-cadmium batteriesOther batteriesOther batteries63,21029,62427,03960,7492,3251,3541371,23136Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresSince 2015,the EU End-of-Life Vehicles Directive(2000/53/EC)and the German End-of-Life Vehicles Ordinance(AltfahrzeugV)have prescribed a recycling rate(r
101、euse,recycling)of 85 percent and a total recovery rate(reuse,recovery)of 95 percent by an average empty weight per vehicle.These rates apply to the total volume of end-of-life vehicles(ELV)in a given year and do not have to be met for each individual ELV.From 2005(recycling)and 2006(recovery),German
102、y consistently exceeded the binding targets for the period 2006 to 2014 of 80 and 85 percent respectively.Since 2006,(recycling)and 2010(recovery),Germany has almost without excep-tion exceeded the higher targets of 85 percent and 95 percent that came into End-of-life vehicles1437Waste Management in
103、 Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresforce in 2015.However,the recovery target of 95 percent was narrowly missed in 2019(93.6 percent)and in 2020(94 percent).The main reason in both years was that the shredding facilities only received a very low number of scrap bodies in comparison with the number of en
104、d-of-life vehicles.38Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresFigure 15:Total end-of-life vehicle recycling rates in Germany 2015 to 2020Source:Federal Statistical Office,2020;BMUV20152016 20018in percentTarget applicable in each year pursuant to EC End-of-Life Vehicles Directiv
105、e(increase since 2015)Export(non-metals)Shredder(non-metals)Dismantling(non-metals)Metals0070809010039Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresFigure 16:Total end-of-life vehicle recovery rates in Germany 2015 to 2020Source:Federal Statistical Office,2020;BMUV20152016 2017202020
106、192018in percentTarget applicable in each year pursuant to EC End-of-Life Vehicles Directive(increase since 2015)Export(non-metals)Shredder(non-metals)Dismantling(non-metals)Metals0506070809010040Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresMineral waste15Mineral waste is the larges
107、t waste stream in Germany,amounting to an annual volume of more than 275 million tonnes.As well as construction and demolition waste and excavated soil,it includes slag and ash from incineration processes in the energy and metals industries.Mineral waste holds enormous potential for recycling.Around
108、 90 percent of mineral waste can currently be recovered.A significant proportion of mineral waste is used in the construction industry as a substitute building material,for example as aggregate in recycled building materials used for roads,railway lines and paved surfaces,in building construc-tion a
109、s recycled concrete,as a substitute material in landfill construction,or for backfilling in underground mines.In light of the continuously increasing con-struction activities in Germany and the resource conservation goals,it is crucial to promote high-quality recycling in the long term.The Substitut
110、e Building Materials Ordinance(EBV)will enter into force on 1 August 2023.It will promote the use of secondary raw materials and enhance circular econ-omy in the process.At the same time,stringent standards for the materials to be used will protect soil and groundwater as valu-able resources,and saf
111、eguard against the release of en-vironmentally hazardous substances.41Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresFigure 17:Origin of mineral wasteSource:Federal Environment Agency,201732.0%Construction anddemolition waste7.7%Waste from productionprocesses9.6%Waste from thermalprocesses50.7%S
112、oil materialand dredgingwasteThe Substitute Building Materials Ordinance is the first nationwide ordinance regulating the manufacture of mineral substitute materials and their use in tech-nical constructions.If the provisions on manufacture and the requirements on use in technical constructions are
113、met,there is no need for a permit under water law.Private and public authorities and clients that so far have been put off by the different,federal state-specific provisions can now use quality-assured substitute building materials without complication and with legal certainty.The ordinance will lea
114、d to a further increase in demand for substitute building materials in Germany,and to greater deployment of recycled building materials.42Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresThe Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazard-ous Wastes and their Disposal entered
115、into force in 1992.There are around 190 Parties to the Convention.In the EU,the Basel Convention was transposed by adopting the EU Waste Ship-ment Regulation,which is legally binding for all member states.The German Waste Shipment Act(AbfVerbrG)contains supplementary provisions applicable in Germany
116、.The shipment of hazardous waste in particular requires consent.Where waste shipments require consent,this consent must be obtained in advance from the relevant authorities.Transport and disposal operations are tracked in the move-ment documents.More stringent EU stipulations on the shipment of plas
117、tic waste have applied since 1 January 2021.They are based on a decision in the framework of the Basel Convention.The large volumes of waste imported into Germany compared with its waste ex-ports in the case of shipments requiring consent is primarily attributable to the high standard of waste manag
118、ement structures in Germany,in conjunction with economic factors.Waste shipment1643Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresFigure 18:Transboundary waste shipment 2008 to 2020Source:Federal Environment Agency,2022;BMUV0020725200820082008200820000
119、000202020IMPORTIMPORTEXPORTEXPORTrequiring consentnot requiring consentin million tonnes44Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresWaste management as climate action17The main contribution of waste management and circular economy to climate action is that i
120、t has ended the landfilling of untreated biodegradable waste.As a result of the 2005 ban on the landfilling of biodegradable waste alone,emissions from landfills in particular fell by around 77 percent compared with 1990 levels.Today,these emissions only total around 10 million tonnes of carbon diox
121、ide equivalents(CO2 equivalents).To lend added impetus to this natural decline of residual landfill gas emissions,Germanys National Climate Initiative funds measures for improving landfill ventilation and modernising gas collection systems in existing landfills.The aim is to further cut landfill gas
122、 emissions to around 5 million tonnes of CO2 equiva-lents by 2030.CO2 equivalent describes the warming effect of a greenhouse gas compared with that of CO2.Further gas-reducing effects are achieved through 45Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figures15-2020-1525--3010-25LoadReli
123、ef0Figure 19:Emissions of climate gases 1990 to 2020Source:IFEU study 2010,ko-Institut e.V.;BMUVin million tonnes of CO2 equivalentswaste prevention,reuse,recycling of materials such as metals,glass,paper and cardboard,packaging,plastics and waste wood,as well as through the energy recove
124、ry of waste as a substitute for fossil fuels.Since 1990,annual emissions from the waste management industry have been reduced in this way by around 65 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents.46Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresInformation on the InternetThe Federal Environment Ministry we
125、bsite provides a wealth of useful informa-tion,including links and references,especially to contact points for waste man-agement and environmental organisations:Latest information and press releases on the German governments waste policies www.bmuv.de/WS103Waste policies www.bmuv.de/WS585Waste law w
126、ww.bmuv.de/WS591Types of waste/waste streams www.bmuv.de/WS596Waste treatment/waste technologies www.bmuv.de/WS614International policies www.bmuv.de/WS621German RETech Partnership www.bmuv.de/WS620 www.retech- statistics www.bmuv.de/WS62647Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresEuropean
127、Week for Waste Reduction www.wochederabfallvermeidung.de/home/waste prevention48Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresList of abbreviationsAGRAPA Arbeitsgemeinschaft Graphische Papiere (graphic paper working group)AbfKlrV Sewage Sludge OrdinanceAbfVerbrG Waste Shipment ActAltfahrzeugV E
128、nd-of-Life Vehicles OrdinanceAltholzV Waste Wood OrdinanceBMUV Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Nuclear Safety and Consumer ProtectionCO2 carbon dioxideEBV Substitute Building Materials OrdinanceEEG Renewable Energy Sources ActEU European UnionGewAbfV Commercial Wastes Ordina
129、nceKrWG Circular Economy ActVerpackG Packaging ActVKU German Association of Local Public Utilities49Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figuresList of figuresFigure 1 Waste generation in Germany 2000 to 2020 7Figure 2 Decoupling waste generation from economic performance 2000 to 2020 8Figure
130、 3 Composition of household waste in 2020 13Figure 4 More recyclables than residual waste in 2020 household waste 14Figure 5 Construction and demolition waste in 2020 15Figure 6 Recovery of waste graphic paper 1994 to 2019(recovery rate)19Figure 7 Waste wood management 21Figure 8 Use of compost in 2
131、020 25Figure 9 Composition of household waste in Germany 28Figure 10 Comparison of specific household waste volumes and composition in 1985 and 2018 29Figure 11 Management and use of sewage sludge in 2020 30Figure 12 Use of sewage sludge in agriculture 1997 to 2020 31Figure 13 Collection volumes and
132、 recovery rates of electrical and electronic equipment 2011 to 2020 33Figure 14 Sales and collection volumes of portable batteries in 2021 35Figure 15 Total end-of-life vehicle recycling rates in Germany 2015 to 2020 38Figure 16 Total end-of-life vehicle recovery rates in Germany 2015 to 2020 39Figu
133、re 17 Origin of mineral waste 41Figure 18 Transboundary waste shipment 2008 to 2020 43Figure 19 Emissions of climate gases 1990 to 2020 45Table 1:Development of recovery rates for packaging waste 1991 to 2020(packaging subject to a quota)2350Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figurespage 1:
134、focus finder/StockA page 5:malp/StockApage 6:cgdeaw/StockApage 9:MichaelUtech/iSpage 11:pick-uppath/iSpage 12:Peeradontax/StockApage 14:AndreyPopov/iSpage 15:CL-Medien/StockApage 16:karepa/StockApage 18:gmg9130/StockA page 20:Klaus Eppele/StockA page 22:M.Schuppich/StockA page 24:gabort/StockApage 2
135、6:ThomBal/StockApage 27:Animaflora PicsStock/StockA page 31:M-Production/StockApage 32:Ronald Rampsch/StockA page 34:bluedesign/StockApage 36:Aufwind-Luftbilder/StockA page 37:Ronald Rampsch/StockA page 40:Martin Debus/StockApage 42:stockdevil/StockApage 44:Leonid Andronov/StockA page 47:momius/StockAPicture credits51Waste Management in Germany 2023|Facts,data,figureswww.bmuv.de/english