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1、Leo Gergs,Principal AnalystWIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEINTRODUCTION:DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN MANUFACTURINGLooking at todays factory floor,it becomes apparent that fixed-line connec-tivity is still the name of the game.Industry 4.0,however,calls for a tech-nology upgrade,establishing a more automa
2、ted factory through wireless cellular connectivity.Connectivity is a key element of hyper-efficient manu-facturing operations,and it is crucial to have a singular connectivity protocol that provides ubiquitous connection to all the devices and machinery on the factory floor.The more industrial and m
3、anufacturing firms use common standards in their connectivity solutions,the more they eliminate points of friction between robots,systems,and controls to connect to mission-critical processes.Smart manufacturing connectivity should enable the combina-tion of high mobility,high throughput,and low lat
4、ency to support increas-ingly automated production processes.Current macroeconomic conditionsfueled,in part,by geopolitical eventsalso put manufacturers and their supply chains into a difficult posi-tion,as Figure 1 shows.TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION:DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN MANUFACTURING.1KEY DRI
5、VERS FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION&THE NEED FOR WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY.3CELLULAR CONNECTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING:WHY SHOULD WE CARE?.5MANAGING INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION:FROM WIRED TO WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY .11A GUIDE TO DEPLOYING PRIVATE CELLULAR NETWORKS.15STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANUFACTURERS WIRED
6、 TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEFigure 1:Geopolitical Effects and Their Impact on Macroeconomic Conditions(Source:ABI Research)To remain competitive,industrial and manufacturing firms need to invest in digital transforma-tion and evaluate the technology needed to best support these reengineering efforts fo
7、r maxi-mum Return on Investment(ROI).This whitepaper provides recommendations as manufacturers consider the move from wired to wireless operations.To inform this paper and gain valuable insights from industry decision makers,the Digital Manu-facturing and Cybersecurity Institute(MxD),together with i
8、ts partners Betacom and ABI Research,conducted a survey among more than 100 decision makers within automotive,metal/steel,and process manufacturing sites in the United States.Key survey findings are included here,offering manufacturers insight into strategic considerations for making the best possib
9、le decision on how to support their digital transformation efforts.Chart 1 reports basic demographics of the survey,which allows the reader to better understand and interpret the results in the context of this guide.Chart 1:Demographics of the Survey by MxD,Betacom,and ABI Research(Source:ABI Resear
10、ch)12 2023 ABI ResearchGraphs for the paperCOVID-19 EffectLasting War in Ukraine Frequent imposition of regional lockdowns disrupt productionSupply chains and energy production fail to keep up with rebounding demand Increasing geopolitical tensions will have a spillover effect on global trading part
11、nersEnergy shortage will impact production capabilities(e.g.,in Germany)Supply Chain Pressure&Disruption 2023 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without li
12、mitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.4 CR-BETA-102:WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE Research,conducted a survey among more than 100 decision makers within automotive,metal/steel,and process manufacturing sites
13、 in the United States.Key survey findings are included here,offering manufacturers insight into strategic considerations for making the best possible decision on how to support their digital transformation efforts.Chart 1 reports basic demographics of the survey,which allows the reader to better und
14、erstand and interpret the results in the context of this guide.Chart 1:Demographics of the Survey by MxD,Betacom,and ABI Research (Source:ABI Research)2.KEY DRIVERS FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION&THE NEED FOR WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY Industry 4.0 promises factory owners increased efficiency due to a flexib
15、le factory layout,opportunities around automated quality control of finished products,predictive and preventative maintenance of production machines,and safety monitoring by using massive wireless sensor networks,Machine Vision(MV),and Artificial Intelligence(AI)capabilities.In this context,providin
16、g connectivity to the factory floor becomes increasingly important to enable the growing automation of production processes and transmission of large amounts of data.As Chart 2 shows,the survey among manufacturers in the United States identifies that digitalization priorities are similar between res
17、pondents from Information Technology(IT)and Operational Technology(OT)backgrounds.Both consider security,capacity/flexibility,and quality improvements as their top priority.This means that both IT and OT departments should work together,combine their Primary Metal Manufacturing13%Automotive9%Transpo
18、rtation Equipment10%Chemicals16%Food&Beverage16%Pharmaceuticals10%Cosmetics12%Paints&Coatings9%Oil&Gas5%WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEKEY DRIVERS FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION&THE NEED FOR WIRELESS CONNECTIVITYIndustry 4.0 promises factory owners increased efficiency due to a flexible factory layout,op
19、-portunities around automated quality control of finished products,predictive and preventative maintenance of production machines,and safety monitoring by using massive wireless sensor networks,Machine Vision(MV),and Artificial Intelligence(AI)capabilities.In this context,providing connectivity to t
20、he factory floor becomes increasingly important to enable the growing automa-tion of production processes and transmission of large amounts of data.As Chart 2 shows,the survey among manufacturers in the United States identifies that digitaliza-tion priorities are similar between respondents from Inf
21、ormation Technology(IT)and Operational Technology(OT)backgrounds.Both consider security,capacity/flexibility,and quality improve-ments as their top priority.This means that both IT and OT departments should work together,combine their forces and investment capabilities,and decide on one common conne
22、ctivity layer to support their digitalization efforts.Chart 2:Investment Drivers for OT and IT,N=114(Source:ABI Research)THE ROLE OF WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY IN THE INDUSTRIAL DIGITZATION JOURNEYEven though fixed-line connectivity is well established within manufacturing(ABI Research finds that,current
23、ly,only 14%of all connections in industrial manufacturing are wireless),so connect-ing machines wirelessly becomes increasingly important as it offers distinct advantages.First,production processes become increasingly complex.Automotive manufacturing,for example,is tasked with a growing demand for c
24、ustomization,while process manufacturers face more and more small batch production,requiring more flexibility.All in all,the number of components requiring a connection is constantly increasing.Validated by several discussions with assorted 2023 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the
25、individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.5 CR-BETA-102:WIRED TO WIRELESS CH
26、ANGE GUIDE forces and investment capabilities,and decide on one common connectivity layer to support their digitalization efforts.Chart 2:Investment Drivers for OT and IT,N=114 (Source:ABI Research)2.1.THE ROLE OF WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY IN THE INDUSTRIAL DIGITZATION JOURNEY Even though fixed-line con
27、nectivity is well established within manufacturing(ABI Research finds that,currently,only 14%of all connections in industrial manufacturing are wireless),so connecting machines wirelessly becomes increasingly important as it offers distinct advantages.First,production processes become increasingly c
28、omplex.Automotive manufacturing,for example,is tasked with a growing demand for customization,while process manufacturers face more and more small batch production,requiring more flexibility.All in all,the number of components requiring a connection is constantly increasing.Validated by several disc
29、ussions with assorted manufacturing enterprises,ABI Research estimates that a manufacturer faces an average cost of US$225 per cable drop,which translates to hundreds of thousands of dollars(US$),assuming that there are at least 50 cable drops per factory.Furthermore,wired connections on constantly
30、rotating machine components need to be replaced frequently,incurring additional deployment costs.All of this underlines the growing importance of wireless connectivity on the factory floor.0%10%20%30%40%50%60%Reduce downtimeImproved reportingReplace/update aging infrastructureSafety regulations or i
31、mprovementBetter traceabilityImproved efficiency/operationsIncreased flexibilityQuality goalsIncreasing capacityImproved SecurityOTITMain drivers for OT investment:1)Improved Security(4 47 7%)2)Increasing Capacity(4 42 2%)3)Quality Goals(3 39 9%)Main drivers for IT investment:1)Improved Security(5 5
32、4 4%)2)Increasing Flexibility(4 46 6%)3)Quality Goals(38%)WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEmanufacturing enterprises,ABI Research estimates that a manufacturer faces an average cost of US$225 per cable drop,which translates to hundreds of thousands of dollars(US$),assuming that there are at least 50 ca
33、ble drops per factory.Furthermore,wired connections on constantly rotating machine components need to be replaced frequently,incurring additional deployment costs.All of this underlines the growing importance of wireless connectivity on the factory floor.SATISFACTION WITH WI-FIWi-Fi provides one of
34、the possibilities for wireless connectivity on the factory floor,based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)802.11 standard.Given its compatibility with wired Ethernet(often referred to as wireless Ethernet)and the fact that Ethernet-based automa-tion networks,such as PROFIN
35、ET or Modbus,are still significantly used on the factory floor,one of the clear advantages of using Wi-Fi is that it allows any of those Ethernet-based machines or devices to be configured wirelessly.However,it uses frequencies on the Industrial,Scientific,and Medical(ISM)bands,which are used by one
36、-fourth of industrial devices,resulting in a high risk of interference.Furthermore,devices using the ISM bands are required to employ what is often referred to as“listen before talk”(or“listen before transmit”),whereby a radio transmitter first needs to sense its radio environment before it starts a
37、 transmission.Waiting for this sensing of the environment introduces an additional source of latency in the machine communication and results in a breakdown of the network in case of a jamming incident.Consequently,Wi-Fi receives particularly high scores from manufacturers when it comes to cost and
38、bandwidth considerations,while it lags behind in aspects like performance and security,as Chart 3 shows.This is mainly due to issues with mobility use cases,as the transmission of connec-tivity from one access point to another can result in unpredictably high latencies,and poor out-door coverage.Fur
39、thermore,indoor access points would need to be deployed a lot more densely to achieve at least similar coverage levels as private 5G.Chart 3:Satisfaction with Current Wi-Fi Technologies,N=114(Source:ABI Research)2023 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchas
40、ing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.6 CR-BETA-102:WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE 2.1.1.Satisfaction
41、 with Wi-Fi Wi-Fi provides one of the possibilities for wireless connectivity on the factory floor,based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)802.11 standard.Given its compatibility with wired Ethernet(often referred to as wireless Ethernet)and the fact that Ethernet-based a
42、utomation networks,such as PROFINET or Modbus,are still significantly used on the factory floor,one of the clear advantages of using Wi-Fi is that it allows any of those Ethernet-based machines or devices to be configured wirelessly.However,it uses frequencies on the Industrial,Scientific,and Medica
43、l(ISM)bands,which are used by one-fourth of industrial devices,resulting in a high risk of interference.Furthermore,devices using the ISM bands are required to employ what is often referred to as“listen before talk”(or“listen before transmit”),whereby a radio transmitter first needs to sense its rad
44、io environment before it starts a transmission.Waiting for this sensing of the environment introduces an additional source of latency in the machine communication and results in a breakdown of the network in case of a jamming incident.Consequently,Wi-Fi receives particularly high scores from manufac
45、turers when it comes to cost and bandwidth considerations,while it lags behind in aspects like performance and security,as Chart 3 shows.This is mainly due to issues with mobility use cases,as the transmission of connectivity from one access point to another can result in unpredictably high latencie
46、s,and poor outdoor coverage.Furthermore,indoor access points would need to be deployed a lot more densely to achieve at least similar coverage levels as private 5G.Chart 3:Satisfaction with Current Wi-Fi Technologies,N=114 (Source:ABI Research)55%59%61%65%69%71%78%45%41%39%35%31%29%22%0%10%20%30%40%
47、50%60%70%80%90%100%PerformanceSecurityFlexibilityCoverageReliabilityBandwidthCost(Very)satisfied(Very)WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDETHE ROLE CELLULAR CONNECTIVITY PLAYS IN MANUFACTURING TRANSFORMATIONBecause of its unique capabilities,as discussed at length in Section 3.1.1,private 5G can become an
48、integral part of a manufacturers transformation and digitalization strategy.In fact,discussions with manufacturing enterprises(specifically in automotive,aerospace,and process manufac-turing)support this assumption.As Chart 4 shows,the interest in deploying private cellular for manufacturers is high
49、.This shows that cellular connectivity already plays a key role in enabling manufacturers digitalization projects.Chart 4:Manufacturers Plans for Investing in Private Cellular,N=114(Source:ABI Research)There is a general interest in using cellular connectivity for manufacturing transformation.At the
50、 same time,it should also serve as a critical call to action for manufacturers to use this current exploratory phase to identify realistically achievable use cases.Advanced features like Ultra-Reli-able Low Latency Communication(URLLC)and full support for Time-Sensitive Networking(TSN)require specif
51、ic chipsets and devices that are not expected to emerge until 1Q 2024.CELLULAR CONNECTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING:WHY SHOULD WE CARE?Several connectivity technologies can deliver some of these requirements,such as industrial Wi-Fi,often referred to as Industrial Wireless Local Area Network(IWLAN),which i
52、s a proprietary exten-sion to conventional Wi-Fi from one of the prominent factory automation vendorsBluetooth,and other Internet of Things(IoT)-specific technologies.This approach,however,inevitably results in the factory operator having to employ a multitude of different connectivity solutions on
53、the fac-tory floor,leading to an unnecessarily high amount of infrastructure investment needed to deploy each connectivity system.When digitalization first hit the manufacturing sector,manufacturers connected machines via Ethernet,and then used Wi-Fi to connect their IT and workers tablets,and used
54、Bluetooth for beacons.As machines and other production equipment have a very long lifecycle of several decades,all of these different connectivity technologies still exist on the factory floor today and concurrently managing them individually consumes workers resources.2023 ABI Research The material
55、 contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.7 CR-
56、BETA-102:WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE 2.1.2.The Role Cellular Connectivity Plays in Manufacturing Transformation Because of its unique capabilities,as discussed at length in Section 3.1.1,private 5G can become an integral part of a manufacturers transformation and digitalization strategy.In fact,d
57、iscussions with manufacturing enterprises(specifically in automotive,aerospace,and process manufacturing)support this assumption.As Chart 4 shows,the interest in deploying private cellular for manufacturers is high.This shows that cellular connectivity already plays a key role in enabling manufactur
58、ers digitalization projects.Chart 4:Manufacturers Plans for Investing in Private Cellular,N=114 (Source:ABI Research)There is a general interest in using cellular connectivity for manufacturing transformation.At the same time,it should also serve as a critical call to action for manufacturers to use
59、 this current exploratory phase to identify realistically achievable use cases.Advanced features like Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC)and full support for Time-Sensitive Networking(TSN)require specific chipsets and devices that are not expected to emerge until 1Q 2024.3.CELLULAR CONNE
60、CTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING:WHY SHOULD WE CARE?Several connectivity technologies can deliver some of these requirements,such as industrial Wi-Fi,often referred to as Industrial Wireless Local Area Network(IWLAN),which is a proprietary extension to conventional Wi-Fi from one of the prominent factory au
61、tomation vendorsBluetooth,and other Internet of Things(IoT)-specific technologies.This approach,however,inevitably results in the factory operator having to employ a multitude of different connectivity solutions on the factory floor,leading to an unnecessarily high amount of infrastructure investmen
62、t needed to deploy each connectivity system.When digitalization first hit the manufacturing sector,manufacturers connected machines via Ethernet,Dont know 5%Neither 4G or 5G 6%Yes,both 4G and 5G 31%Yes,5G only 58%WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEFrom a technology point of view,non-cellular connectivity
63、 technologies like Wi-Fi often use unli-censed spectrum,which compromises reliability and predictive latency,so they cannot be used for business-critical applications.By providing dedicated spectrum,cellular connectivity offers a high degree of data safety and network integrity by design.Latency can
64、 also be brought down to a minimum,which is arguably even more important for guaranteed business continuity on a predictable basis.Furthermore,Wi-Fi is lacking in terms of security provision,mainly due to two factors.First,the so-called ISM bands,which Wi-Fi devices use for spectrum,are open to ever
65、y-one.Without additional security solutions,the network would remain open for unauthorized access.Second,devices on the ISM bands must employ what is often referred to as“listen before transmit,”whereby a radio transmitter first needs to sense its radio environment before it starts a transmission.Wa
66、iting for this sensing of the environment introduces an additional source of latency in the machine communication and leaves the network vulnerable to jamming incidents.5G CAPABILITIES FOR MANUFACTURINGWhen it comes to the manufacturing world,5G connectivity offers three main capabilities that can e
67、nable a uniquely wide set of industrial use cases,namely Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB),Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication(URLLC),and Massive Machine-Type Communication(mMTC).Figure 2:5G Capabilities for Manufacturing(Source:5G-ACIA)Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB)describes the provision o
68、f particularly high band-width for transmitting data-intensive files.For manufacturers,eMBB will enable data-intensive applications,such as 4K/8K Ultra High-Definition(UHD)videos,Augmented Reality(AR)/Virtual Reality(VR),cloud gaming,and enhanced mobile media.2023 ABI Research The material contained
69、 herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.9 CR-BETA-102:W
70、IRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE Figure 2:5G Capabilities for Manufacturing(Source:5G-ACIA)Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB)describes the provision of particularly high bandwidth for transmitting data-intensive files.For manufacturers,eMBB will enable data-intensive applications,such as 4K/8K Ultra High-
71、Definition(UHD)videos,Augmented Reality(AR)/Virtual Reality(VR),cloud gaming,and enhanced mobile media.Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC)is arguably the key enabler for 5G to support innovative use cases for manufacturers.In addition to particularly low latencies(in the range of several
72、 milliseconds),the high availability and reliability renders 5G as an interesting connectivity technology for particularly critical use cases that require a constantly available network.Massive Machine-Type Communication(mMTC)describes the density of supported connections.With 5G,manufacturers will
73、be able to connect a much larger number of devices than with Wi-Fi or previous generations of cellular connectivity.This enables deploying,for example,large sensor networks for condition-based monitoring of hazardous production areas or large outdoor facilities,such as oil&gas fields.5Gs unique feat
74、ure set can make 5G an umbrella technology that manufacturers use to address a range of both critical and non-critical use cases on their factory floors.Therefore,5G connectivity can WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC)is arguably the key enabler for 5G to s
75、upport innovative use cases for manufacturers.In addition to particularly low latencies(in the range of several milliseconds),the high availability and reliability renders 5G as an interesting connectivity technology for particularly critical use cases that require a constantly available network.Mas
76、sive Machine-Type Communication(mMTC)describes the density of supported con-nections.With 5G,manufacturers will be able to connect a much larger number of devices than with Wi-Fi or previous generations of cellular connectivity.This enables deploying,for ex-ample,large sensor networks for condition-
77、based monitoring of hazardous production areas or large outdoor facilities,such as oil&gas fields.5Gs unique feature set can make 5G an umbrella technology that manufacturers use to address a range of both critical and non-critical use cases on their factory floors.Therefore,5G connectiv-ity can hel
78、p manufacturers replace the current patchwork of different technologies and instead manage and operate processes concurrently.5G USE CASES FOR MANUFACTURING 5G connectivity is particularly well suited for very critical,highly mobile use cases.As found dur-ing the survey(see Figure 3),manufacturers a
79、re expecting to predominantly address flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing,digitize physical assets(e.g.,the Industrial IoT(IIoT),and ensure quality assurance use cases by deploying private cellular connectivity.Figure 3:Anticipated Use Cases for Enterprise Cellular,N=86(Source:ABI Research)202
80、3 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written p
81、ermission of Licensor.10 CR-BETA-102:WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE help manufacturers replace the current patchwork of different technologies and instead manage and operate processes concurrently.3.1.1.5G Use Cases for Manufacturing 5G connectivity is particularly well suited for very critical,high
82、ly mobile use cases.As found during the survey(see Figure 3),manufacturers are expecting to predominantly address flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing,digitize physical assets(e.g.,the Industrial IoT(IIoT),and ensure quality assurance use cases by deploying private cellular connectivity.Figure
83、3:Anticipated Use Cases for Enterprise Cellular,N=86(Source:ABI Research)Enterprises currently considering transforming their operations should use these as a guide and consider private cellular connectivity,particularly for use cases that either require a high degree of flexibility(e.g.,flexible ma
84、nufacturing lines or the use of Automated Guided Vehicles(AGVs)and More Flexibility/Reconfigurability 13%Quality Assurance/Training 10%Digitalizing Existing Physical Assets/Machines(Adding IIoT)12%Predictive/Automated Maintenance 6%Workplace Safety 6%Digital Twin Applications 6%Asset Tracking 9%Auto
85、nomous Material Handling Using AMRs or AGVs Paperless Factory Floor 4%Condition-Based Monitoring 4%Environmental/Facility Management 4%Security/Surveillance 3%Employee Productivity 7%Time-sensitive Networking 5%Mobile Robots/Cobots 3%Push-to-talk/Push-to-video 3%WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEEnterpr
86、ises currently considering transforming their operations should use these as a guide and consider private cellular connectivity,particularly for use cases that either require a high degree of flexibility(e.g.,flexible manufacturing lines or the use of Automated Guided Vehicles(AGVs)and Autonomous Mo
87、bile Robots(AMRs)or highly-critical use cases(e.g.,emergency shutdown,condition-based monitoring,or emergency push-to-talk/push-to-video use cases),while other applications could be sufficiently served with other technologies like Wi-Fi.Automotive,metal forging,and process manufacturing are emerging
88、 as the most interesting sectors for private 5G deployments in the short term,so the remainder of this section discusses the most prominent use cases for these three sectors.Automotive Manufacturing The need for flexible manufacturing is particularly high within the automotive sector,as rigid produc
89、tion linesand,therefore,reliance on fixed-line connectivityentails important short-comings.In todays world,cars are increasingly customized products based on end customers requirements,so they need to be fitted with different components.Juggling these tasks,in addi-tion to a particularly fast produc
90、tion pace,strains production line workers.Furthermore,this is a potential source for errors,as every wrong pairing of components and car model will need to be corrected.A flexible factory layout with moving production units/workstations can make work-ing in these environments much more stress free a
91、nd less prone to mistakes,minimizing the amount of preventable machine downtime.In this context,5G can be used as a connectivity technology to power AGVs and AMRs to create a modularized production layout and provide the foundation for a fully flexible manufacturing layout.This becomes even more imp
92、ortant,as cars become smarter and more complex,requir-ing several thousand different components.AMRs,in this context,will be much more efficient and accurate in providing and mounting all of these individual components.Steel/Metal ManufacturingTo make industrial production more sustainable,steel and
93、 metal manufacturing has a particu-larly long way to go.Calculations from the International Energy Agency(IEA)suggest that the production of 1 ton of steel results in emitting 1.4 tons of Carbon Dioxide(CO2),due to current crude steel production.5G connectivity can play an integral role in reducing
94、emissions and lead-ing to more sustainable steel production.First,5G can enable the large-scale adoption of smart roller loaders.These can be fitted with MV technology that compares actual footage with an AI algorithm to ensure proper functionality.The grinding of metal and steel typically generates
95、 exceptionally high temperatures,which,in a tradi-tional setting,must be controlled by three staff members.As 5G connectivity helps reliably moni-tor their condition by using MV in combination with AI algorithms,it allows the remote operation of these roller loaders.While in a traditional setting,th
96、ree engineers are needed to monitor one roller,5G allows one engineer to operate one intelligent roller loader remotely.Even though these rollers are not mobile,5G connectivity is an important enabler for large-scale deployment,as the transmission of MV data requires high bandwidth with as low laten
97、cies as WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDESecond,stacker reclaimers are used to transfer coal ore and iron ore in the stockyard,with work-ers usually operating them outdoors in the open,where they are exposed to strong sunlight,coal powder,and ore dust.The stockyard environment is harsh,and operators ne
98、ed to climb into the cab on top of the vehicle to control the crane.This results in very inefficient operations in particu-larly harsh environments.By providing the needed networking reliability,as well as low latencies even for outdoor deployments,5G can enable remote control of these stackers,incr
99、easing effi-ciency considerably.Furthermore,5G can be used to control welding operations as they happen or enable the automatic identification of steel coil Inside Diameters(IDs).Process ManufacturingProcess industries(including chemicals and oil&gas)find themselves under immense pres-sure,fueled by
100、 current macroeconomic conditions and recent geopolitical events.Furthermore,extraordinary global events,such as the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,highlighted the im-portance of a fully transparent supply chain to anticipate sudden changes in demand and supply,adjusting production accordingly.Wh
101、at is true for every manufacturing segment holds particular importance for process industriesunplanned downtime is the enemy of productivity.There-fore,reliability,availability,and predictability are much more important technological capabilities than the provision of extremely low latencies.Pulp an
102、d paper mills are characterized by large single pieces of machinery converting wood pulp into paper-based products.Process industries are embracing sustainability by using recycled materials and have clearly embraced the circular economy.Despite these steps,the giant ma-chines within a paper mill ar
103、e a single point of failure.Against this background,5G can be used to connect scanners,smartphones,and tablets for emergency use cases to monitor production capabilities.As these process industry sites are often more than 3,000 feet long with several steel structures and concrete walls,Wi-Fi reaches
104、 its propagation limits.In addition,5G can be used to map factories and storage areas,forklifts,and raw material areas as digital twins to assess the impact of new production processes and tweak the workflow before it is applied to the production line.This allows manufacturers to try out new innovat
105、ive process-es,while ensuring the continuity of their core business.As the name suggests,process manu-facturing requires highly accurate and precise workflows.With 5G connectivity,process manu-facturers can deploy real-time monitoring and control systems for critical processesthanks to particularly
106、low latencies and highly reliable connectivity.This allows operators to remotely monitor equipment performance,collect data,and adjust in real time to make sure no process is further disrupted.Thereby,5G will be an important building block in increasing the Overall Equipment Efficiency(OEE)and minim
107、izing unforeseen plant downtime because of either faulty production or machine WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEDIFFERENT DEPLOYMENT MODELS FOR ENTERPRISE 5GTo digitalize/automate production workflows and realize the efficiency and quality enhance-ments,manufacturers can choose between different deploy
108、ment models and architectures.There are three different architectures that should be discussed in this context:1)A dedicated private network,where all necessary connectivity infrastructure(e.g.,Radio Ac-cess Network(RAN),core,grandmaster,and security gateway)and functions remain within the perimeter
109、s of the respective manufacturer.2)A hybrid network architecture,which uses a private network for on-premises operations and augments it with public wireless network solutions for off-premises use cases,such as for supply chain monitoring.3)A public cellular network,with no dedicated connectivity in
110、frastructure deployed on manu-facturing sites,meaning that all data will have to leave the respective premises.This is also known as“network slicing.”As all these different deployment models have their own unique characteristics,they have dis-tinct benefits and shortcomings for manufacturers,as Tabl
111、e 1 reports.Table 1:Benefits and Disadvantages of Different Deployment Models(Source:ABI Research)These deployment models come with their own technological characteristics,so each will be more applicable to different use cases.Most importantly,a dedicated private network with all equipment deployed
112、on enterprise premises will be an important building block to automate highly critical(mission-or even life-critical)use cases.As the manufacturing environment is characterized by predominantly very harsh production environments,where workers are often under extreme pressure,this requires a maximum
113、degree of control over network performance.Figure 4 illustrates these key considerations and their implications.Using public cellular connec-tivity provided from a Mobile Network Operator(MNO),even in the form of a network slice,is not 16 2023 ABI ResearchPros and cons different deployment modelsDed
114、icated Private NetworkHybrid NetworkPublic Network Full control over network functions&performance Full ability for network customization Maximum degree of data integrity Full guarantee of non-interference Cost&resource-intensive deployment Solid partnership strategy needs to be in place Inconsisten
115、t network coverage&performance No control over network functions,integrity,interference management Additional arrangements for data integrity Competitive price point,as no additional infrastructure needs to be deployed No/minimal CAPEX component,mostly OPEX based Roaming arrangements between private
116、 and public network provider Devices need to support two networks Growingly complex management&customization Control over network functions&performance A certain degree of data integrity can be guaranteed Connectivity beyond enterprise sites WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEconsidered a viable option f
117、or most industrial enterprises because it lacks security and custom-izability and provides little to no local control over network management and functionality.The downside of a completely dedicated network is that it only offers connectivity within the respec-tive manufacturing site,while some use
118、cases might require connectivity beyond that.In the current manufacturing process,for example,“just-in-time”manufacturing is still widely adopted.Ensuring-smooth operations greatly benefits from being able to track individual manufacturing components,such as a control element for cars or individual
119、ingredients for medication or cos-metics,along the entire supply chain.Enabling this,while ensuring the integrity of all on-premises data,manufacturers should look at the hybrid network model that includes dual Subscriber Iden-tity Module(SIM)solutions to allow devices to access the dedicated networ
120、k while on premises and securely roam onto the or public network while in transit.Figure 4:Manufacturers Guide to Different Deployment Models(Source:ABI Research)MANAGING INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION:FROM WIRED TO WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY In developing a durable strategy to manage industrial transformatio
121、n processes,looking at the experience of early adopters can help mitigate risks.The most prominent issues for success-ful manufacturing transformation projects are around data security and guaranteeing business continuity throughout the transformation process.Furthermore,building up the necessary ta
122、lent pool to manage and accompany transformation processes is seen as a main challenge for manu-facturers transformation,as responses to the survey by MxD,Betacom,and ABI Research show(Chart 5).Connectivity beyond own premises requiredOnly on-premises connectivity required FULL customizability of ne
123、twork required NO customizability of network required FULL integrity of networking data requiredNO integrity of networking data requiredDedicated Private NetworkHybrid NetworkPublic NWIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEChart 5:Main Challenges for Enterprise Digitalization,N=114(Source:ABI Research)Let us
124、look at each of these challenges and outline how deploying a private cellular network can help manufacturers mitigate them.SAFEGUARDING DATA AND SECURING WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY NETWORKSThe main challenge for manufacturing transformation projects is guaranteeing data safety and networking integrity th
125、roughout the process.This becomes more important as use cases within an industry are increasingly business critical.After all,the number of production lines,data on their condition,or position of movable machines and workstations are critical for every operation and,therefore,need to be protected fr
126、om unauthorized access,as this would allow competitors to gain vital insights into the production conditions.In addition,a hacking or ransomware attack has the potential to cripple operations,resulting in significant costs from downtime and security mitigation.Deploying private 5G for manufacturing
127、use cases will mean that critical manufacturing data will be digitized.Consequently,a profound security strategy needs to include cybersecurity consid-erations as well.5G networks represent greater device connectivity,increased software usage,more cloud functionality,and,therefore,an increased attac
128、k surface for new threat vectors.5G requires security implementation across various parts:user equipment,radio access,Multi-ac-cess Edge Computing(MEC),core network,and cloud,as well as for the data generated,com-municated,and stored across the network.Overall,the most important security requirement
129、s to be delivered center around resilience,communication and data security,identity manage-ment,and privacy.As Chart 6 illustrates,manufacturers that are early adopters are particularly happy with the secu-rity guarantee of a private 5G network.This is due to the additional security characteristics
130、that private cellular networks offerapart from security software solutions.First,a private network requires specifically designated SIM cards to grant devices access to that network,creating an 2023 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and m
131、ay not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.16 CR-BETA-102:WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE Chart 5:Main Challenges for Enterpr
132、ise Digitalization,N=114 (Source:ABI Research)Let us look at each of these challenges and outline how deploying a private cellular network can help manufacturers mitigate them.4.1.SAFEGUARDING DATA AND SECURING WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY NETWORKS The main challenge for manufacturing transformation projec
133、ts is guaranteeing data safety and networking integrity throughout the process.This becomes more important as use cases within an industry are increasingly business critical.After all,the number of production lines,data on their condition,or position of movable machines and workstations are critical
134、 for every operation and,therefore,need to be protected from unauthorized access,as this would allow competitors to gain vital insights into the production conditions.In addition,a hacking or ransomware attack has the potential to cripple operations,resulting in significant costs from downtime and s
135、ecurity mitigation.Deploying private 5G for manufacturing use cases will mean that critical manufacturing data will be digitized.Consequently,a profound security strategy needs to include cybersecurity considerations as well.5G networks represent greater device connectivity,increased software usage,
136、more cloud functionality,and,therefore,an increased attack surface for new threat vectors.5G requires security implementation across various parts:user equipment,radio access,Multi-access Edge Computing(MEC),core network,and cloud,as well as for the data generated,communicated,and stored across the
137、network.Overall,the most important security requirements to be delivered center around resilience,communication and data security,identity management,and privacy.As Chart 6 illustrates,manufacturers that are early adopters are particularly happy with the security guarantee of a private 5G network.Th
138、is is due to the additional security characteristics that private cellular networks offerapart from security software solutions.First,a private network requires 17%42%53%58%62%68%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%Lack of understanding of the benefits of digital transformationLimited budget/resourcesResistan
139、ce to change from employeesDifficulty in finding the right talent or expertiseIntegration with existing systems Data privacy and security WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEadditional physical layer of security.Furthermore,the deployment of a private 5G network allows all connectivity infrastructure to r
140、emain within enterprise premises.Therefore,all sensitive net-working data can remain on the manufacturing site and can be clearly separated from any public network using a combination of traffic segregation,The 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)tunneling,encryption,and granular access controls
141、.Chart 6:Satisfaction with Enterprise Cellular,N=86(Source:ABI Research)GUARANTEEING BUSINESS CONTINUITY DURING THE CHANGE PROCESS Understandably,manufacturers are particularly concerned with guaranteeing the continuity of their operations during an upgrade to their communication and production infr
142、astructure.Most importantly,this will need to be underpinned with a reliable time frame for digital transformation projects,as unplanned downtime is detrimental to productivity.Business continuity,however,is also important beyond the borders of an individual manufacturers premises.Supply chains have
143、 become a lot more globally interconnected,which means that a sudden,unplanned stop of pro-duction within one manufacturing site can have wider consequences for manufacturers globally.These considerations have become more important since the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent me
144、asures to curb its spread highlighted the vulnerabilities of global supply and value chains.In anticipation,manufacturers will need to factor this in when deciding on a digitalization path.In other words,how can they upgrade infrastructure in a way that does not affect their ability to produce?Manuf
145、acturers will need to put this on their checklist for potential digitalization part-ners.At the same time,this is a call for any suppliers of private cellular networking solutions to include solutions in their portfolio that safeguard manufacturers business continuity throughout the transformation p
146、rocess.2023 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express
147、 written permission of Licensor.17 CR-BETA-102:WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE specifically designated SIM cards to grant devices access to that network,creating an additional physical layer of security.Furthermore,the deployment of a private 5G network allows all connectivity infrastructure to remai
148、n within enterprise premises.Therefore,all sensitive networking data can remain on the manufacturing site and can be clearly separated from any public network using a combination of traffic segregation,The 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)tunneling,encryption,and granular access controls.Char
149、t 6:Satisfaction with Enterprise Cellular,N=86(Source:ABI Research)4.2.GUARANTEEING BUSINESS CONTINUITY DURING THE CHANGE PROCESS Understandably,manufacturers are particularly concerned with guaranteeing the continuity of their operations during an upgrade to their communication and production infra
150、structure.Most importantly,this will need to be underpinned with a reliable time frame for digital transformation projects,as unplanned downtime is detrimental to productivity.Business continuity,however,is also important beyond the borders of an individual manufacturers premises.Supply chains have
151、become a lot more globally interconnected,which means that a sudden,unplanned stop of production within one manufacturing site can have wider consequences for manufacturers globally.These considerations have become more important since the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent meas
152、ures to curb its spread highlighted the vulnerabilities of global supply and value chains.In anticipation,manufacturers will need to factor this in when deciding on a digitalization path.In other words,how can they upgrade infrastructure in a way that does not affect their ability to produce?Manufac
153、turers will need to put this on their checklist for potential digitalization partners.At the same 57%63%67%70%73%77%80%43%37%33%30%27%23%20%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%CostReliabilityFlexibilityPerformanceCoverageBandwidthSWIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEBUILDING UP INTERNAL CAPABILITIES TO MANAG
154、E DIGITALIZATION PROJECTSManufacturers report challenges in recruiting the necessary personnel capability and know-how for digitalization projects,which again highlights the importance of fruitful partnerships for suc-cessful transformation projects.Manufacturers should choose their partners based o
155、n a careful analysis of their own capabilities.First,they need to identify gaps within their own expertise and identify the necessary skillset that is required from partners.Second,the skillset of potential part-ners should be examined in several different ways.Manufacturers should look at the partn
156、ers track record.What other projects did they work on?Have they assisted manufacturers with simi-lar requirements in the past?Manufacturers should also use trial periods and Proof of Concept(PoC)projects to find out whether a potential partner has the required skills and if the potential partner spe
157、aks the same language as the respective manufacturer.Both checks are important to ensure a smooth transition.Manufacturers should bear in mind that this transitionand the digitalization of manufacturing processes in generalis a fundamental change that a dedicated team needs to carefully manage.At th
158、e same,new technologies themselves can ease the demand for personnel know-how in managing transformation projects.Using AR and VR allows external partners to assist and train on-site staff,expanding their capabilities or instructing them on a case-by-case basis.UNDERSTANDING THE BENEFITS OF DIGITALI
159、ZATION PROJECTS AND FINDING THE MONEYThere is no question that cellular connectivity deployment is a considerable investment that needs to be well thought through,especially in times of harsh macroeconomic conditions.To justify the investment,manufacturers should consider the quantifiable benefits o
160、f deploying 5G connectivity,as well as the opportunity cost of not deploying 5G.Informed by extensive discus-sions with the manufacturing industry,ABI Research has been working on a model to quantify both benefits and the Cost of Inaction(COI).As Figure 5 shows,these efficiency enhancements,quality
161、improvements,and production increases are considerable and,therefore,need to be factored into any kind of investment planning:Overall,ABI Research forecasts thatby streamlining processes and operationsprivate 5G can yield a potential US$1 billion for a Tier One factory in the United States over a 5-
162、year period.Assuming a cost per cable drop of US$225,an average factory will save several thousands of dollars in cabling costs per year.Early deployment data show that an AGV on 5G can be operated at a 30%higher speed,due to robust signal handover.Early deployments of private 5G around the world ha
163、ve shown that cloud quality control increases testing capacity by 25%.The higher accuracy reduces waste material and translates into significant materials WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEFigure 5:Enterprise Cellular Use Cases on the Factory Floor(Source:ABI Research)Furthermore,manufacturers can choos
164、e between different models of private 5G to exactly fit their financial capabilities.Most importantly,they can look at deploying a private 5G network on their premises in a managed service model.In addition to benefits around network manage-ment and ownership,it also allows manufacturers to minimize
165、 their upfront Capital Expenditure(CAPEX)investment and focus on monthly recuring managed service fees.How these managed service fees are determined varies from provider to provider.A GUIDE TO DEPLOYING PRIVATE CELLULAR NETWORKSAs the previous sections of this guide have shown,the drive for manufact
166、urers to modernize their connectivity infrastructure is clear,as are the capabilities that wireless connectivity can bring to particularly harsh environments.At the same time,however,the extensive survey among manufacturers in the United States has shown that manufacturers currently face important d
167、iffi-culties in managing their transformation journey,which can be mitigated by choosing to deploy a private 5G network in the right way.To support manufacturers in deciding on the optimal private WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEcellular model and ensuring a safe and smooth transition,digitalization p
168、artners need to cater to these requirements and develop solutions to address them.OBTAINING SPECTRUMObtaining mobile network spectrum is the backbone of private cellular networks,especially because of the unique security features of private cellular over Wi-Fi connectivityincreased security and netw
169、ork integrity,in particulardue to fact that private cellular uses licensed spec-trum that cannot be simply accessed by anyone.This will ultimately benefit manufacturers,but it creates additional considerations around choosing the best possible spectrum asset.DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOBILE NETWORK SPECTRU
170、MBroadly speaking,there are three different types of spectrum assets.Each has its distinct advan-tages and disadvantages for manufacturers.Low Band Spectrum(6 GHz):Radio waves operating in high band spectrum can carry particularly high amounts of data,and therefore are ideal for high-capacity use ca
171、ses.At the same time,however,they suffer from poor propagation characteristics,as they can be blocked off even by thin walls.Therefore,network infrastructure would need to be deployed a lot more densely,which would create additional costs for network deployments.THE CITIZEN BROADBAND RADIO SERVICEIn
172、 the United States,the Federal Communication Commission(FCC)decided in 2019 to open 150 Megahertz(MHz)on the Citizen Broadband Radio Service(CBRS),which operates between 3.55 GHz and 3.7 GHz,i.e.,mid band spectrum,for spectrum sharing between enterprises and(in-cumbent)government users.To avoid inte
173、rference with incumbent government users,access is granted on a tier-based approach.This model makes it easier for enterprises to deploy a private cellular network using their own spectrum and allows digitization partners to bring new end-to-end automation solutions to the table.The CBRS is widely s
174、een as the spectrum that is used for innovation within enterprises and provides optimal spectrum for private 5G WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDETo be able to operate a private cellular network using CBRS spectrum,manufacturers will need to follow a set procedure that ensures proper frequency coordinat
175、ion.1)ObtainanFCCPart96Certification:In the United States,the FCC regulates the use of the CBRS spectrum.Manufacturers need to obtain an FCC Part 96 certification for their wireless equipment,such as access points and user devices,to operate in the CBRS band.2)Register with the Spectrum Access Syste
176、m:The CBRS spectrum is managed dynamically through a Spectrum Access System(SAS).Manufacturers must register their CBRS devices with an authorized SAS provider.The SAS provider coordinates the spectrum usage to pre-vent interference with incumbent users and other CBRS devices.3)Obtain a Grant from t
177、he SAS:Once registered,the SAS will grant the manufacturer access to a portion of the CBRS spectrum based on the availability and demand in the specific geo-graphical area where the private network is to be deployed.4)Deploy the CBRS Network:After obtaining the spectrum grant,the manufacturer can de
178、-ploy their private wireless network using CBRS-compliant equipment and follow the guidelines provided by the FCC and the SAS provider.INVESTING IN EQUIPMENT FOR PRIVATE NETWORKSWhile determining which spectrum solution is right for your operations,you also need to con-sider the equipment ecosystem
179、that supports it.For example,you need to find the RAN,End-User Device(EUD),wireless gateways and routers,and Customer Premises Equipment(CPE)that support the spectrum you selected.To find a list of certified equipment for CBRS spectrum,visit the On Go Alliance.Hardware and software needed for an end
180、-to-end private wireless network includes RAN au-tomation,element management system,SIMs,5G core,grandmaster(important for network timing),switch,router,firewall/security gateway,Uninterrupted Power Supply(UPS),and Wireless Wide Area Network(WWAN)backup solutions.If you choose to Do It Yourself(DIY)
181、,you will need to research and integrate all these components.Alternatively,you can select a service provider who can plan,design,install,and operate the end-to-end solution.Wireless gateways and wireless routers are used for connecting equipment that does not have 5G already embedded,such as Progra
182、mmable Logic Controllers(PLCs)and cameras.There are two major categories of 5G wireless gateways and wireless routers:Ethernet gateways and IIoT gateways.Ethernet gateways can physically connect with manufacturing equipment via Ethernet ports.IIoT gateways offer a wider variety of port interfaces fo
183、r connecting with existing manufacturing equipment,including Ethernet,Wi-Fi,Universal Serial Bus(USB),Input/Output(I/O)ports,serial ports,Modbus,and MQTT.Two examples of industrial-grade IIoT gateway/wireless routers are the Siemens SCALANCE MUM856-1(RoW)and AMIT IOG880-0G1BWIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE
184、GUIDEAnother aspect of integration with OT equipment is that the solution needs to interface with the protocols used on the factory floor.Protocols include PROFINET RT/IRT,Ethernet/IP,and Modbus TCP.Table 2 provides additional context for when each is used.Table 2:Different Protocols in Manufacturin
185、g and Their Use Cases(Source:Betacom)FINDING THE IDEAL PARTNER FOR PRIVATE CELLULAR NETWORK DEPLOYMENTS Much of the success of digital transformation projects depends on selecting capable partners.Manufacturers will need to decide carefully who to partner with when it comes to introducing new connec
186、tivity technologies to the factory floor.As the manufacturing environment is char-acterized by particularly harsh environments and highly critical use cases,any transition needs to be carefully managed to ensure a smooth transition and business continuity throughout the process.Therefore,manufacture
187、rs should carefully assess the capabilities of different digitalization part-ners.In doing so,they should not only focus on the technological capabilities of potential part-ners,but also“soft skills”that include a companys ability to guide manufacturers through trans-formation processes.The checklis
188、t on the left lists the capabilities that manufacturers should be looking for in their digitalization partner based on our recent survey.Because private wireless networks are relatively new to the market,manufacturers might not have a team of cellular experts on-site to plan,design,install,and opera
189、te them effectively,which was one of the perceived barriers to adoption identified in our survey.To mitigate these barriers,manufacturers should look at partners that can offer a managed service package that includes network monitoring,security monitoring,patches and upgrades management,network opti
190、mi-zation for new use cases,and break-fix repair,with a Service-Level Agreement(SLA)that meets their expectations.It is important to note that there are a number of private network providers in the United States,including Betacom,that can offer Private Wireless-as-a-Service,offering net-2023 ABI Res
191、earch The material contained herein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission
192、 of Licensor.22 CR-BETA-102:WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDE integrate all these components.Alternatively,you can select a service provider who can plan,design,install,and operate the end-to-end solution.Wireless gateways and wireless routers are used for connecting equipment that does not have 5G alr
193、eady embedded,such as Programmable Logic Controllers(PLCs)and cameras.There are two major categories of 5G wireless gateways and wireless routers:Ethernet gateways and IIoT gateways.Ethernet gateways can physically connect with manufacturing equipment via Ethernet ports.IIoT gateways offer a wider v
194、ariety of port interfaces for connecting with existing manufacturing equipment,including Ethernet,Wi-Fi,Universal Serial Bus(USB),Input/Output(I/O)ports,serial ports,Modbus,and MQTT.Two examples of industrial-grade IIoT gateway/wireless routers are the Siemens SCALANCE MUM856-1(RoW)and AMIT IOG880-0
195、G1B1.Another aspect of integration with OT equipment is that the solution needs to interface with the protocols used on the factory floor.Protocols include PROFINET RT/IRT,Ethernet/IP,and Modbus TCP.Table 2 provides additional context for when each is used.Table 2:Different Protocols in Manufacturin
196、g and Their Use Cases (Source:Betacom)5.3.FINDING THE IDEAL PARTNER FOR PRIVATE CELLULAR NETWORK DEPLOYMENTS Much of the success of digital transformation projects depends on selecting capable partners.Manufacturers will need to decide carefully who to partner with when it comes to introducing new c
197、onnectivity technologies to the factory floor.As the manufacturing environment is characterized by particularly harsh environments and highly critical use cases,any transition needs to be carefully managed to ensure a smooth transition and business continuity throughout the WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE
198、GUIDEwork design and installation,and then securely managing network operation to meet the manu-facturers performance requirements.As touched upon in Section 4.4,manufacturers should also consider different approaches to determining the managed service fee in choosing the right partner.The number of
199、 connected devices or data usage amounts are among the most prominent determinants.In addition,certain providers are looking at the coverage area,or the operating time of the network.There is no right or wrong in this,so it ultimately comes down to each manufacturers individual financial capabili-ti
200、es and their preference of predictable recurring fees versus usage-based pricing.Table 3 provides an overview of how network operators,telco infrastructure vendors,system integrators/managed service providers,and hyperscalers approach the most important partner-ship selection criteria.Table 3:Compet
201、itive Assessment of Private Cellular Providers(Source:ABI Research)Partnership selectionSecurity ProvisionCustomizabilityEnterprise SupportCost-EfficiencyIntegration CapabilitiesFew additional enterprise-grade security features available.Direct to-enterprise sales are fairly new,so support channels
202、need to be developed.Standard connectivity elements available that can be customized to a certain extent.No dedicated enterprise security features apart from what cellular connectivity offers.Enterprise support channels for IT solutions would need to be improved.“Build it and they will come”offer fr
203、om the consumer market,limited customizability.Rich portfolio of additional security solutions available.Dedicated support during planning,design,commissioning and monitoring phases.Everything-as-a-Service:Solution can be customized based on manufacturers KPIs.Ties to app developers allow hyperscale
204、rs to offer dedicated security applications.Limited room for customizability;hyperscalers sell their public infrastructure.Network Operators Telco Infrastructure Vendors System Integrators/Managed Service ProvidersHyperscalersBusiness model relies on Connectivity-as-a-Service;no way to ensure cost e
205、fficiency.Network operator provides connectivity,integration will fall back to manufacturers.Network solution is fairly CAPEX intensive,so no direct way to ensure cost efficiency.Telco infra vendors are not experts when it comes to adjacent connectivity technology.Highly experienced,as integration i
206、s their everyday job.Monthly service fee means manufacturers can ensure that their investment is efficient.Monthly Service Fee:Manufacturers can ensure that their investment is efficient.Unless explicitly specified,hyperscalers are not in charge of integration.Enterprise support channels for IT solu
207、tions would need to be improved.VENDOR SELECTION CRITERIA4 Security and data privacy capabilities4 Customizationandflexibilitycapabilities4 Customer service/support4 Reliability and scalability of solutions4 Communication and collaboration4 Cost-effectiveness4 Financial stability of digitization par
208、tner4 Integration capabilities with other solutions/vendors4 Culturalfit4 Industry knowledge and understanding4 Experienceandexpertise4 Reputation and track WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDESTRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANUFACTURERS The discussions within this whitepaper showed that wireless connectiv
209、ity technology deployment should be the end point to a carefully carved out digital transformation process.Therefore,the discussions from this report lead to important strategic recommendations as to how manufac-turers should plan this journey to ensure it leads to the desired outcome.PRE-DEPLOYMENT
210、Define Use Cases and Technology Capabilities ManufacturersshouldbeginthinkingaboutupdatingtheircommunicationinfrastructurebyidentifyingspecificusecasesandIIoTapplicationsthatcouldbenefitfromaprivate5Gnetwork.Todothis,manufacturersshouldengageinadetailedcost-benefitanalysis.Manufacturerswillneedtogat
211、heroffersfromdifferentprovidersandquantifytheeffectofautoma-tionondifferentusecases.Whendeterminingpainpoints,theyshouldalsodevelopaprofoundunderstandingofhowtoquantifytheeffectofthebottlenecks:Howmuchrevenuetheyloosefromunplannedmachinedowntime,howmanyfaultyproductsneedtobecorrectedaftertheyleaveth
212、efactoryfloor,orhowmuchmoneyandtimeittakesto(re-)cableafactoryfloorcouldbeaspectstodeterminethemostpressingusecases.Thiscouldincludeareaslikereal-timemonitoring,assettracking,autonomousvehicles,orremote-controlledmachinery.Understandingtheusecaseswillhelpwithdesigningandoptimizingthenetworkaccording
213、ly.Tobenchmarkthefinancialbenefitsofacellularnetwork,manufacturerswillalsoneedtodefinetheirownfinancialcapabilities,whichwillinfluencethenetworkdeploymentconsiderablyandhaveeffectsontheamountofconnectivityinfrastructure,coveragearea,andeventhepartnershipstrategy.Amanufacturerchoosingtomanagetheentir
214、edeploy-mentontheirownwillhavetoinvestsignificantlymoreCAPEXinpurchasingnecessaryequipment.Sidingwithamanagedserviceprovider,ontheotherhand,allowsmanufacturerstofinancemostofthesedeploymentsthroughrecurringfees.Plan the Network and Partnership StrategyBasedontheseusecase-specificconsiderations,manuf
215、acturersshouldthenstarttoplanthenetworkdeployment.Attheheartofthis,manufacturersshoulddefinetheintendedcoverageareathatisnecessarytoaddresstheidentifiedusecases.Furthermore,aspecifictimehorizonfortheentirenetworkdeploymentprojectshouldbeinternallyformulatedtoincreaseaccountability.Furthermore,atthis
216、stage,manufacturersshoulddecidewhethertheywanttodeploy,manage,andoper-atethenetworkontheirown(inaDIYmodel)orpartnerwithamanagedserviceprovider,whichcanprovideafullturnkeysolution to manufacturers so they do not have to spend valuable production time planning any of the networking aspects thatwillfol
217、low.Design the Network Based on the initial planning steps,manufacturersshouldthenstarttodesignthecellularnetwork.Thisentailsseveralsteps.First,manufacturerswillneedtodecideonthetypeofcellularnetworkspectrumthatshallbeused.Asdiscussedinprevioussectionsofthisguide,severaltypesofmobilenetworkspectrumo
218、fferdifferent(dis-)advantagestomanufacturersthatshouldbecarefullyassessed.Lowbandspectrumprovidescoverageforawidearea.Highband(MillimeterWave(mmWave)spectrumoffersexceptionallyhighdatarateswithlowpropagation,espe-ciallyinharshenvironmentswithahighdegreeofmetalinfrastructure.Midbandspectrumisemerging
219、astheperfectcompromise,asitofferstheoptimalcombinationofpropagationcharacteristics(andtherefore,alargeenoughcoveragearea)andthroughput.ManufacturerscanusetheCBRSintheUnitedSWIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEInconnectionwiththis,manufacturerswillneedtomakeadetailedRadioFrequency(RF)designtoensurethatthen
220、etworkusestherightamountofinfrastructureequipmenttocovertheintendedareasandusecases.Second,manufacturerswillneedtodefinethenetworkinfrastructurethatisrequired(includingenddevices,cloudcomponents,securitygateways,thecellularcorenetwork,theRAN,spectrumaccessmanagementsolutions,andSIMcards).Third,manuf
221、acturerswillneedtoagreeonanoperatingmodelfornetworkmonitoring,securitymonitoring,patchesandupdates,andbreak-fixrepairs.Aspartofthis,SLAsregardingnetworkuptimeandotherperformanceindicatorswillneedtobediscussedwitheachcomponentvendor.DEPLOYMENT AND COMMISSIONING Install Cellular Connectivity Infrastru
222、cture Asthefirststepofdeploymentandcommissioning,manufacturerswillneedtomount,install,andintegratetheconnectivityinfrastructure.Thisincludespullingpowerandfibercables,mountingsmallcells,installingthenecessaryITinfrastructure,aswellasthecellularcorenetwork.Asallnetworkequipmentwillbeprovidedbydiffere
223、ntvendors,integrationcanvaryincomplexityandtakeseveraldays.Inaddition,SIMcardsandotherindustrialenddeviceswillneedtobeprovidedfortheintendedusecasesandbeproperlyintegratedintotheoverallnetworkinfrastructure.Initial Post-Deployment Tests and Commissioning of the NetworkOnceallinfrastructureismounted,
224、installed,andintegrated,thefullnetworkingsolutionwillneedtobetestedtoensureproperfunctionality.Thisshouldincludeatestofallnetworkingcomponentsindividually,butalsotestinteroperabilityofthedifferentcomponents.Certainsoftwaresolutionsmayhelpspecificallytoprovideappealingandeasy-to-useinterfaces.Onceall
225、interoperabilitytestshavebeencompleted,thenetworkcanbehandedovertothedifferentproductionunitsforuseinareal-timecommercialenvironment.Create the Right Structures to Operate the Network After successful commissioning of the network,manufacturers will need to ensure that appropri-atestructuresareinplac
226、etomanageandoperatethenetworkaseffortlesslyaspossible.ThisincludesstaffingateamforTierOnesupport(forimmediatesupportincaseofproblemswiththenetwork)withcellularandcybersecurityexperts,aswellasbreak-fixrepairresources.Asmanufacturersgenerallydonothavethisexpertisein-housealready,aDIYapproachcommonlywi
227、llhavetoincludenewhiresandsignificantinvestmentsinstaffing.Aspartofthis,manufacturerswillneedtodefineandmeasurenecessarySLAsinaccordancewithwhathasbeendefinedearlierintheprocess.SoftwaresolutionsintheformofSoftware-as-a-Service(SaaS)orreadilyavailabletestkitsthatsomeoftheleadingmanufacturersoftestan
228、dmeasurementequipmentprovidecanbeofhelptoeasemonitoring.Ensure Warranty and Support Arrangements Apartfromcreatingtheappropriatestructuresinternallytomanageandoperatethecellularnetwork,manufacturerswillalso need to ensure that warranty arrangements with the individual component vendors are in place
229、for level-2 support andbeyond.Onceagain,carefulselectionofpartnerscanmitigatetheworkloadformanufacturers,asmanagedserviceproviders,forexample,WIRED TO WIRELESS CHANGE GUIDEPOST NETWORK DEPLOYMENTContinuously Monitor Network Performance and AdjustOncetheprivate5Gnetworkisdeployed,manufacturerswillnee
230、dtoestablishamonitoringandoptimizationframework.Thisincludesanalyzingnetworkperformanceinaccordancewiththepre-definedKeyPerformanceIndicators(KPIs).Mostcommonly,thiswillincludemeasuringavailabilityandreliability,averageandpeakdatarates,andend-to-endlatency.Bynow,anumberofglobally-leadingtestandmeasu
231、rementprovidershavededicatedsoftwareandhardwaresolutionsinplace,somanufacturersdonothavetobuildsuchasystemfromscratch.Furthermore,todesignafuture-proofnetwork-ingsolution,manufacturerswillhavetoidentifyareasforimprovement,andproactivelyaddressanyissuesorbottlenecks.Again,softwaresolutionsusingAIalgo
232、rithmscanhelpsimulatenetworkextension.Designingadigitaltwinoftheprivatenetwork,forexample,canenablemanufacturerstotesthowextensionsmightaffectthenetworkperformancewith-outhavingtotestitoutinthereal-timecommercialenvironment.Private5Goffersmanufacturersimmenseopportunitiestodigitalizetheiroperationsa
233、ndprovideamuch-neededupgradetotheircommunicationinfrastructure.Thedeployment,however,shouldonlybethelastbuildingblockinamuchwiderdigitaltransformationstrategy.Inallofthis,manufacturersshouldbearinmindthatinnovationincellularconnectivitywillnotstandstill.Instead,itwillgraduallyadvanceitsfeaturesand,t
234、herefore,usecasesandapplicationscenarios.Tomanagethischangefromwiredtowirelessconnectivityonthefactoryfloor,manufacturerswillneedpartnerswithlinkstothetelecomsindustrythatwilldesign,manage,andoperateaneasilyupgradable,future-proofprivate5Gnetworktogetherwithmanufacturers.Published October 2023157 Co
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